Transition To Guardianship The Indian Navy 1991-2000
Author: Unknown
Date: 2022-02-10T23:54:27+00:00

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AN EQUIDISTANT MAP OF T}[E WORLD CENTRED ON DELHI

SHOWING

TRUE BEARINGS & DISTANCE

FROM DELHI

Scale 1 : 4 5 5 0 0 0 0 0

Projection : Lam bert Azimuthal Equidistant

(Oblique Aspect)

O RIGIN : D ELH I

Latitude 2 8 ° 3 5 ’N

Longitude 7 7 ° 1 3 ’E

/ 7

Read off the value on the graduated circle to get
the true bearing to the nearest degree, of well
known places radially from Delhi.

E xa m p le s T ru e bearings from Delhi to

San Francisco, Tokyo, Cape Town and Moscow
are 015°, 065°, 226°, and 325°, respectively.

Published a,
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G o v e rn m e n t o f In d ia .

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© G o v e r n m e n t of India Copyright. 2003

Transition
to

Guardianship

The Indian Navy 1991-2000

Transition
t o

Guardianship

The Indian N avy 1 9 9 1 -2 0 0 0

Vice Admiral GM Hiranandani

PVSM, AVSM, NM, PhD (Retd)

Published by

Principal Director o f Administration

Integrated Headquarters

M inistry o f Defence (Navy)

Naval Headquarters, New Delhi

L a n c e r • New Delhi • Frankfort, IL
w w w .lan cerpu blishers.com

[flNCEB

P u b l i s h e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s b y

T h e L a n c e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l I n c

1 9 5 5 8 S . H a r l e m

A v e . ; S u i t e 1 ,

F r a n k f o r t , I L . 6 0 4 2 3 .

F i r s t p u b l i s h e d i n I n d i a b y

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2 / 4 2 ( B ) S a r v a p r i y a V i h a r ,

N e w D e l h i - 1 1 0 0 1 6

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N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s , N e w D e l h i , 2 0 0 9

A l l r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . N o p a r t o f t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n m
a y b e r e p r o d u c e d , s t o r e d i n a r e t r i e v a l s y s t e m o r t r a n s m
i t t e d
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P r i n t e d a n d b o u n d i n I n d i a .

I S B N - 1 3 : 9 7 8 - 1 - 9 3 5 5 0 1 - 2 6 - 8 • I S B N - 1 0 : 1 - 9 3 5 5 0 1 - 2 6 - 7

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Dedication

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Contents

F o r e w o r d
x i i i

P e r c e p t i o n s f r o m D e c l a s s i f i e d A m
e r i c a n

A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
x v

F o r e i g n P o l i c y D o c u m
e n t s

1 7

P r e f a c e
x v i i

T h e D e f e n c e R e v i e w s a f t e r t h e 1 9 7 1 W
a r

1 9

G l o s s a r y & A b b r e v i a t i o n s
x x x i

S h i p A c q u i s i t i o n s , M
o d e r n i s a t i o n s a n d C o n v e r s i o n s
b e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 9 0

20

S E C T I O N I

S u b m a r i n e A c q u i s i t i o n s a n d M
o d e r n i s a t i o n s

E M

E R G E N C E O F A N E W

W

O R L D O R D E R :

b e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 9 0

20

T H E C O N T E X T O F N A V A L G R O W

T H 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

A i r c r a f t , H e l i c o p t e r A c q u i s i t i o n s a n d M
o d e r n i s a t i o n s

20

P r e a m
b l e

1

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f M
a j o r I n d i g e n o u s W
a r s h i p s

20

1 .

S e a L i n e s o f C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n & C h o k e P o i n t s i n

R e t r o s p e c t

21
t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n

4

S h i p s a n d S u b m a r i n e s A c q u i r e d B e t w e e n 1 9 4 7 a n d 1 9 7 5

21

S e c u r i t y o f t h e S L O C s

4

S h i p s a n d S u b m a r i n e s A c q u i r e d B e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 9 0

2 4

S a f e g u a r d i n g t h e S L O C s

5

Reference Note

2 7

M
a j o r C h o k e P o i n t s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

5

Looking East — Past, Present and Future

2 7

T h e E m
e r g e n c e o f N e w T h r e a t s

6

Towards Regional Maritime Cooperation

31

2 .

M
a j o r N a v i e s i n t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n

8

History o f Early Indian Ocean Trade

33

T h e U n f o l d i n g o f E v e n t s

8

Diego Garcia

36

D e v e l o p m
e n t i n t h e 9 0 s

9

Exercise with Foreign Navies

39

A m
e r i c a n N a v a l P r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

9

S E C T I O N I I

F r e n c h N a v a l P r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

9

S A F E G U A R D I N G T H E S E A L A N

E S :

C h i n e s e N a v a l P r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

1 0

T H E E M

E R G I N G R O L E O F T H E I N D I A N N A V Y I N T H E

J a p a n e s e N a v a l P r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

1 0

N E W

W

O R L D O R D E R

P r e a m
b l e

4 3

3 .

T h e D
e v e l o p m
e n t o f t h e N a v y , 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 9 0

1 2

O v e r v i e w

12

4 .

O
p e r a t i o n M
u f f e t i n S o m
a l i a 1 9 9 2 t o 1 9 9 4

4 5

C h i n a ' s I n v a s i o n i n 1 9 6 2 a n d t h e 1 9 6 3 - 6 4

T h e U N A d m i n i s t e r e d H u m
a n i t a r i a n O p e r a t i o n s

4 5

D e f e n c e R e v i e w

13

O p e r a t i o n P R O V I D E R E L I E F

4 5

T h e C h a n g e o v e r t o R u s s i a n N a v a l A c q u i s i t i o n s

1 3

O p e r a t i o n R E S T O R E H O P E

4 5

T h e S e p t e m
b e r 1 9 6 5 I n d o - P a k i s t a n W
a r

1 4

I n d i a n P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n U N R E S T O R E H O P E

4 5

T h e R u s s i a n A c q u i s i t i o n s

1 6

O p e r a t i o n M

U F F E T

4 6

T h e S e a k i n g A n t i - S u b m
a r i n e H e l i c o p t e r s

1 6

O p e r a t i o n S H I E L D a n d O p e r a t i o n B O L S T E R

4 7

T h e A d v e n t o f A n t i - S h i p M
i s s i l e s

1 6

O p e r a t i o n a l S i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e S o m
a l i a O p e r a t i o n s

5 0

T h e 1 9 7 1 W
a r

1 7

L e s s o n s L e a r n t

5 1

a r o u n d O f f s h o r e S t r u c t u r e s

5 .

O p e r a t i o n T a s h a

O f f s h o r e D e v e l o p m
e n t s i n t h e 1 9 9 0 s

B a c k g r o u n d

5 2

T h e N e w V e s s e l a n d A i r T r a f f i c M
a n a g e m
e n t

O p e r a t i o n T a s h a

5 2

S y s t e m ( V A T M S )

O p e r a t i o n a l C o n s t r a i n t s

5 3

O r g a n i s a t i o n a l S t r u c t u r e

5 4

1 2 . T h e M
a r i n e C o m
m
a n d o s

M
a j o r A n t i - S m u g g l i n g / G u n T r a f f i c k i n g O p e r a t i o n s

5 4

P r e a m
b l e

L o n g T e r m E f f e c t s o n N a v a l F o r c e s

5 5

M

C F O r g a n i s a t i o n

F u t u r e o f O p s T a s h a

5 5

R o l e a n d T r a i n i n g

I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h O t h e r ' S p e c i a l F o r c e s '

8 2

6 .

O
p e r a t i o n S w a n o n t h e W
e s t C o a s t

5 6

D e p l o y m e n t s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 1 a n d 2 0 0 0

8 2

B a c k g r o u n d

5 6

N a v a l D e t a c h m
e n t s

5 6

1 3 . G o o d w i l l V i s i t s t o F o r e i g n P o r t s

8 3

C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l

5 7

P o r t s V i s i t e d b y F l e e t S h i p s a n d S u b m
a r i n e s

8 3

I n t e l l i g e n c e A s p e c t s

5 7

G o o d w i l l V i s i t s B y C a d e t T r a i n i n g S h i p s

88

F u t u r e o f O p s S w a n

5 8

1 4 . V i s i t s o f F o r e i g n N a v a l S h i p s 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

8 9

7 .

O
p e r a t i o n L e e c h , F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 8 : A n t i G
u n - r u n n i n g

O p e r a t i o n s i n t h e A n d a m
a n S e a

5 9

Reference Note

B a c k g r o u n d

5 9

Indian Ocean Deep Seabed M ining

92

O p e r a t i o n L e e c h i n 1 9 9 8

6 0

Assistance Rendered by the Navy in Peace Time

94

Background o f Sri Lankan Tamil Conflict

105

8 .

O
p e r a t i o n R a i n b o w —

N
o v e m
b e r 1 9 9 9

6 2

Background o f the Somalia Conflict

108

9 .

O
p e r a t i o n T a l w a r d u r i n g t h e K a r g i l W
a r i n 1 9 9 9

6 3

S E C T I O N I I I

G e n e s i s o f t h e C o n f l i c t

6 3

C O N S O L I D A T I N G F O R C E C A P A B I L I T Y : E N H A N C I N G

T h e I n t r u s i o n

6 5

T H E N A V Y ' S C A P A B I L I T Y T O F U L F I L L I T S E M

E R G I N G

I n d i a ' s R e a c t i o n t o t h e I n t r u s i o n

6 5

R O L E

T h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s O p e r a t i o n

66

P r e a m
b l e

111

A n a l y s i s o f t h e O p e r a t i o n

6 7

1 5 . I h e R u s s i a n A c q u i s i t i o n s

1 1 3

T h e P a k i s t a n i P e r s p e c t i v e

68

O v e r v i e w

1 1 3

P o s t W
a r R e t r o s p e c t

68

I n d o - R u s s i a n D e f e n c e C o o p e r a t i o n

1 1 3

1 0 . T h e N a v y ' s P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e E x p e d i t i o n s t o I n d o - R u s s i a n D e f e n c e C o o p e r a t i o n a f t e r t h e C o l d W
a r

1 1 3

A n t a r c t i c a

7 2

I n d o - R u s s i a n F i n a n c i a l T r a n s a c t i o n s

1 1 4

P r e a m b l e

72

T h e E a r l y 9 0 s

1 1 4

T h e N a v y ' s I n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e A n t a r c t i c E x p e d i t i o n s 7 2

S i t u a t i o n i n t h e M
i d a n d E n d 1 9 9 0 s

1 1 5

I n d i a ' s A n t a r c t i c a E x p e d i t i o n s

73

I n f r a s t r u c t u r e f o r M
a i n t e n a n c e a n d R e f i t o f

C h a r t i n g o f A n t a r c t i c a W
a t e r s

74

R u s s i a n A c q u i s i t i o n s

1 1 5

C h r o n o l o g y o f E x p e d i t i o n s 1 9 8 9 t i l l 2 0 0 7

74

A g r e e m e n t s t o S u p p o r t N e w C o m
m
e r c i a l A r r a n g e m
e n t s

1 1 5

11

R u s s i a n a n d I n d i a n D e f e n c e I n d u s t r i e s

. D e f e n c e o f O f f s h o r e H
y d r o c a r b o n A s s e t s

7 7

1 1 6

T h e F i r s t O f f s h o r e D i s c o v e r i e s

77

1 6 . W
a r s h i p P r o d u c t i o n a n d A c q u i s i t i o n

1 2 0

T h e D e f e n c e o f O f f s h o r e A s s e t s

77

B a c k g r o u n d

120

P r o v i s o s i n t h e U N C L O S r e g a r d i n g ' S a f e t y Z o n e s I n d i g e n o u s W
a r s h i p D e s i g n a f t e r 1 9 9 0

121

Viii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

V e s s e l s D e s i g n e d a n d C o n s t r u c t e d D u r i n g 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

1 2 2

T r a i n e r A i r c r a f t

1 5 7

I n d o - S o v i e t I n t e r a c t i o n i n I n d i g e n o u s W
a r s h i p

T h e H e l i c o p t e r F l e e t

1 5 7

D e s i g n a n d P r o d u c t i o n

1 2 2

P e r s o n n e l a n d T r a i n i n g

1 5 9

W
a r s h i p M
o d e r n i s a t i o n a n d S e r v i c e L i f e

D e v e l o p m
e n t o f A i r c r a f t O p e r a t i n g F a c i l i t i e s A s h o r e

1 6 0

E x t e n s i o n P r o g r a m
m
e s

1 2 3

A i r A r m L o g i s t i c s

1 6 0

R e t r o s p e c t

1 2 4

A i r c r a f t R e f i t , M
a i n t e n a n c e a n d

O v e r v i e w o f S h i p I n d u c t i o n s 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

1 2 5

M
o d e r n i s a t i o n I n f r a s t r u c t u r e

1 6 1

1 7 . P r o j e c t . 1 7 S t e a l t h F r i g a t e s

1 2 8

O v e r v i e w o f t h e G r o w t h o f t h e A i r A r m

1 6 1

P r e a m
b l e

1 2 8

2 1 . I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r ( I A C )

1 6 3

G e n e s i s o f P r o j e c t 1 7

1 2 8

G e n e r a l F a c t o r s A f f e c t i n g A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r D e s i g n

1 6 3

P r o p u l s i o n S y s t e m I n t e g r a t i o n

1 2 9

G e n e r a l F e a t u r e s o f I A C

1 6 4

S t e a l t h D e s i g n

1 3 0

2 2 . M
a i n t e n a n c e , R e p a i r a n d R e f i t F a c i l i t i e s

1 6 6

1 8 . H
i e S u b m
a r i n e A r m

1 3 3

N a v a l D o c k y a r d , M
u m b a i

1 6 6

P r e a m
b l e

1 3 3

N a v a l D o c k y a r d , V i s a k h a p a t n a m

1 6 9

S u b m
a r i n e W
a r f a r e a n d S u b m
a r i n e T a c t i c s

1 3 3

N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d ( N S R Y ) , K o c h i

1 7 0

A n t i - s u b m
a r i n e W
a r f a r e a n d T a c t i c s

1 3 5

N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d , P o r t B l a i r

1 7 1

D e v e l o p m
e n t s B e t w e e n 1 9 9 1 a n d 2 0 0 0

1 3 7

T h e P r o b l e m
s o f S u b m
a r i n e M
e d i u m

R e f i t s ( M

R s )

1 3 8

2 3 . T h i r d N a v a l B a s e a t K a r w
a r

1 7 2

I n d u c t i o n o f R u s s i a n 8 7 7 E K M

S i n d h u g h o s h

B a c k g r o u n d

1 7 2

C l a s s S u b m
a r i n e s

1 3 8

T h e C h o i c e o f K a r w a r

1 7 2

S u b m
a r i n e R e f i t , M
a i n t e n a n c e & S u p p o r t F a c i l i t i e s

1 3 9

R e v i s e d P h a s e I

1 7 3

N u c l e a r P r o p u l s i o n f o r S u b m
a r i n e s

1 4 0

C o m p l e t i o n o f P h a s e I

1 7 4

O v e r v i e w o f t h e S u b m
a r i n e A r m 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

1 4 1

2 4 . L o g i s t i c s

1 7 6

1 9 . C o m
m
e n c e m
e n t , C e s s a t i o n & R e s u m
p t i o n o f

O v e r v i e w

1 7 6

I n d i g e n o u s S u b m
a r i n e C o n s t r u c t i o n

1 4 4

I n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e L o g i s t i c s C a d r e

1 7 6

O v e r v i e w

1 4 4

D e v e l o p m
e n t 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

1 7 7

R e c o n s t r u c t e d C h r o n o l o g y o f I n d i g e n o u s

S u b m
a r i n e D e s i g n

1 4 4

R e m
i n i s c e n c e s

1 7 8

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f S S K 1 a n d S S K 2 i n G e r m
a n y

1 4 5

2 5 . I n t e g r a t e d L o g i s t i c s M
a n a g e m
e n t S y s t e m

[ I L M

S ] 1 8 0

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f S S K 3 a n d S S K 4 i n M

D L

1 4 5

L o g i s t i c s M
a n a g e m
e n t

1 8 2

R e a s o n s f o r S l i p p a g e s i n C o n s t r u c t i o n

1 4 5

D e v e l o p m
e n t o f I L M S

1 8 0

N e g o t i a t i o n s f o r S S K 5 a n d 6

1 4 7

I n v e n t o r y M
a n a g e m
e n t a f t e r I L M S

1 8 1

C o m
m
e n c e m
e n t o f S u b m a r i n e C o n s t r u c t i o n P r o j e c t 7 5

1 4 9

2 6 . T h e C o n t r i b u t i o n o f R e s e a r c h a n d D
e v e l o p m
e n t

2 0 . T h e N a v a l A i r A r m

1 5 1
t o S e l f - R e l i a n c e

1 8 2

C o m
b a t C a p a b i l i t y o f t h e A i r A r m

1 9 9 1

1 5 1

B a c k g r o u n d

1 8 2

A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r D e v e l o p m
e n t s

1 5 1

S c i e n t i f i c P r o g r e s s 1 9 7 5 t o 1 9 9 0

1 8 2

S e a H a r r i e r F i g h t e r A i r c r a f t

1 5 3

S c i e n t i f i c P r o g r e s s 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0

1 8 3

A l i z e A n t i - S u b m
a r i n e A i r c r a f t

1 5 5

R e t r o s p e c t

1 8 4

M
a r i t i m
e R e c o n n a i s s a n c e A i r c r a f t

1 5 5

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP i x

T h e N e w M
a n a g e m
e n t S t r a t e g y ( N M

S )

2 7 . U n d e r w a t e r R a n g e s

1 8 6

2 2 4

D G R a n g i n g

1 8 6

P r o g r e s s B e t w e e n 1 9 9 3 t o 2 0 0 0

2 2 7

N o i s e R a n g i n g

1 8 6

3 2 . H
a r n e s s i n g I n f o r m
a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

2 2 8

H i e U n d e r w a t e r R a n g e s P r o j e c t

1 8 7

O v e r v i e w

2 2 8

2 8 . A n t i M
i s s i l e D e f e n c e ( A M D ) S y s t e m s

1 8 8

I T P o l i c y f o r t h e N a v y

2 2 8

P r e a m b l e

1 8 8

F i v e Y e a r C o m
p u t e r i s a t i o n P l a n o f N a v y 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

2 2 9

N e e d f o r A M D

1 8 8

M
a j o r I T P r o j e c t s

2 2 9

S e q u e n c e o f E v e n t s

1 8 9

3 3 . C h a n g e s i n C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l S t r u c t u r e

2 3 1

T h e B a r a k S y s t e m

1 8 9

B a c k g r o u n d

2 3 1

Reference Notes

T h e N a v y ' s C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l S t r u c t u r e i n 1 9 9 0

2 3 1

Background o f Warship Building Yards

192

T h e V A d m K A S Z R a j u C o m
m
i t t e e R e p o r t o f 1 9 9 1

2 3 2

Commissioning and Decommissionings

194

C o m
m
i t t e e f o r R e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f H Q s , 1 9 9 4

2 3 3

Commissioning Commanding Officers o f Major

N a v a l O f f i c e r s - i n - C h a r g e ( N O I C )

Inductions

2 3 3

199

T h e N a v y ' s C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l S t r u c t u r e i n 2 0 0 3

2 3 5

S E C T I O N I V

3 4 . C h a n g e s i n N a v a l H
e a d q u a r t e r s O
r g a n i s a t i o n

I N T R O S P E C T I O N , P E R S P E C T I V E & P E R S O N N E L

2 3 6

P L A N N I N G : S T R U C T U R A L D I L E M

M

A S A N D

O r g a n i s a t i o n o f N a v a l H
e a d q u a r t e r s i n 1 9 9 2

2 3 6

C H A L L E N G E S

D e v e l o p m
e n t s B e t w e e n 1 9 9 0 t o 2 0 0 0

2 3 8

P r e a m b l e

201

O r g a n i s a t i o n o f N a v a l H
e a d q u a r t e r s i n 2 0 0 4

2 3 9

2 9 . C o m
m
i t t e e s o n H i g h e r D e f e n c e M
a n a g e m
e n t

3 5 . P e r s o n n e l a n d T a l e n t M
a n a g e m
e n t

2 4 1

E x c e r p t s o n A s p e c t s A f f e c t i n g t h e N a v y

2 0 3

I n t r o d u c t i o n

T h e E s t i m a t e s C o m m i t t e e R e p o r t

2 4 1

2 0 4

O f f i c e r s

T h e R e p o r t o f t h e 2 0 0 0 K a r g i l R e v i e w C o m
m
i t t e e

211

2 4 1

T h e S h o r t S e r v i c e C o m
m
i s s i o n ( S S C )

R e v i e w o f t h e M
a n a g e m e n t o f D e f e n c e b y t h e

2 4 1

A r u n S i n g h T a s k F o r c e

I n d u c t i o n o f S S C L a d y O f f i c e r s

2 1 3

2 4 3

C o m
m
a n d a t S e a

2 4 3

3 0 . P e r s p e c t i v e N a v a l P l a n n i n g

2 1 4

T h e C o m
m
a n d E x a m

D e b a t e

2 4 4

D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g S t a f f F u n c t i o n & O b j e c t i v e s 2 1 4

P r o m
o t i o n s

N a v a l P l a n s a n d P r o j e c t s

2 4 4

2 1 5

C r i t e r i a A p p o i n t m
e n t o f F l a g R a n k

T h e 3 0 Y e a r P e r s p e c t i v e P l a n — O c t 1 9 8 4

2 4 5

2 1 6

P r o p o s e d M
e r g e r o f E & L B r a n c h e s

N a v a l P e r s p e c t i v e P l a n 1 9 8 5 - 2 0 0 0

2 4 6

2 1 6

C a d r e M
a n a g e m
e n t b e t w e e n 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 0 0

P e r s p e c t i v e P l a n s f o r t h e P e r i o d 1 9 9 2 - 2 0 0 7

2 4 7

2 1 7

N e w C o u r s e s / T r a i n i n g S c h e m
e s

V I I th N a v a l P l a n ( 1 9 8 5 - 9 0 )

2 4 8

2 1 7

S a i l o r s

V U I * N a v a l P l a n ( 1 9 9 0 - 9 7 )

2 4 8

2 1 7

I s s u e s o f S a i l o r S h o r t a g e s

I X th N a v a l P l a n ( 1 9 9 7 - 2 0 0 2 )

2 4 8

2 1 8

S a i l o r ' s N e w A c c e l e r a t e d P r o m
o t i o n S c h e m
e ( S N A P S ) 2 5 0

R t a S

N a v a l R e c r u i t m
e n t O r g a n i s a t i o n ( N R O )

N

^
e m

"

“

S t t "

e g y ( N M

S ) -

2 5 0

G e n e r a l P e r s o n n e l I s s u e s

T h e B r i t i s h L e g a c y o f F i n a n c i a l C o n t r o l

222

2 5 0

S a i l o r s C a d r e M
a n a g e m
e n t

T h e N a v a l B u d g e t

2 5 1

2 2 3

T h e N a v y ' s C i v i l i a n P e r s o n n e l

2 5 2
x TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 6 . N a v a l T r a i n i n g

2 5 5

T h e S u r v e y F l o t i l l a

2 9 2

P r e a m
b l e

2 5 5

D e v e l o p m e n t s 1 9 9 0 t o 2 0 0 0

2 9 3

C h a n g e s i n C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l o f T r a i n i n g

2 5 6

T h e N a v a l H y d r o g r a p h i c S c h o o l , G o a

2 9 4

2 9 4

T r a i n i n g o f O f f i c e r s

2 5 7

I N T C h a r t s

S a i l o r s ' T r a i n i n g

2 6 0

4 2 . N a v a l O
c e a n o l o g y a n d M
e t e o r o l o g y

2 9 6

D e v e l o p m
e n t s i n T r a i n i n g

2 6 1

D e v e l o p m
e n t s U n t i l 1 9 9 0

2 9 6

M
a j o r T r a i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s

2 6 5

D i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l O c e a n o l o g y a n d M
e t e o r o l o g y

2 9 7

3 7 . T h e N e w N a v a l A c a d e m
y a t E z h i m
a l a

4 3 . N a v a l C e r e m
o n i a l

2 9 9

D e v e l o p m
e n t s U n t i l 1 9 9 0

268

R e v i e w s o f t h e F l e e t b y t h e P r e s i d e n t

2 9 9

D e v e l o p m
e n t s 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0

269

P r e s e n t a t i o n o f C o l o u r s b y t h e P r e s i d e n t

3 0 0

D e v e l o p m
e n t s A f t e r 2 0 0 0

269

3 0 0

N a v a l B a n d s

3 8 . F l a g O f f i c e r S e a T r a i n i n g

2 7 0

4 4 . T h e N a t i o n a l C a d e t C o r p s a n d i t s N a v a l W
i n g

3 0 2

W
o r k u p O r g a n i s a t i o n

270

G e n e s i s o f t h e N a t i o n a l C a d e t C o r p s ( N C C )

3 0 2

C r e a t i o n o f F O S T

2 7 ^

T h e D e v e l o p m
e n t o f t h e N C C

3 0 2

3 0 3

3 9 . M
o r a l e a n d D i s c i p l i n e

2 7 1

I n s t r u c t i o n a l S t a f f f o r t h e N C C

3 0 3

P r e a m
b l e

2 7 1

T h e N C C T o d a y

3 0 3

O f f i c e r L i k e Q u a l i t i e s ( O L Q ) a n d D i s c i p l i n e

2 7 1

A c t i v i t i e s

3 0 5

L e a d e r s h i p a n d M
o r a l e

2 7 2
p r o s p e c t

2 7 2

S p o r t s a n d A d v e n t u r e

3 0 6

4 5 . S a i l i n g a n d Y a c h t i n g

B o a r d o f I n q u i r e s a n d D i s c i p l i n a r y I s s u e s

3 0 6

P r e a m
b l e

R eference Notes

S e a C a d e t S a i l T r a i n i n g S h i p ( S T S ) V a r u n a

3 0 6

Historical Overview o f the M anagem ent o f Defence

275

I n d i a n N a v a l S a i l i n g V e s s e l ( I N S V ) S a m
u d r a

3 0 7

Training o f Foreign Naval Personnel

276

I n d i a n N a v a l S a i l T r a i n i n g S h i p ( S T S ) I N S T a r a n g i n i 3 0 7

3 0 7

C h r o n o l o g y o f A c t i v i t i e s

S E C T I O N V

3 0 8

T h e N a v a l S a i l i n g C l u b , M
u m b a i

I N U N I S O N : A S S O C I A T E D O R G A N I S A T I O N S ,

T h e I n d i a n N a v a l S a i l i n g A s s o c i a t i o n ( I N S A )

3 0 8

C O L L A B O R A T I V E E F F O R T S A N D R E F E R E N C E D A T A

2 8 3

P r e a m
b l e

4 6 . T h e F i f t h C e n t r a l P a y C o m
m
i s s i o n

3 1 0

F o u r t h P a y C o m m i s s i o n

3 1 0

4 0 . T h e C o a s t G u a r d

2 8 5

C o n s t i t u t i o n o f F i f t h C P C

3 1 0

T h e C o a s t G u a r d A c t o f 1 9 7 8

2 8 5

3 1 0

T h e M
a r i t i m
e Z o n e s o f I n d i a

2 8 5

T h e V th C P C A w a r d

C o a s t G u a r d R e s o u r c e s

2 8 7

3 1 2

4 7 . G
a l l a n t r y A w a r d s

R e g i o n a l O r g a n i s a t i o n

2 8 8

3 2 2

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l s o f t h e C o a s t G u a r d S i n c e I n c e p t i o n 2 8 9

4 8 . W
e l f a r e

3 2 2

E d u c a t i o n

4 1 . N a v a l H
y d r o g r a p h y a n d M
a r i n e C a r t o g r a p h y

2 9 0

3 2 3

W
e l f a r e A c t i v i t i e s

2 9 0

O v e r v i e w

3 2 3

W
e l f a r e F u n d s

T h e 1 9 8 2 U N C o n v e n t i o n o n t h e L a w o f t h e

3 2 5

R e s e t t l e m
e n t

2 9 1

S e a ( U N C L O S )

3 2 6

S e l e c t B i b l i o g r a p h y

2 9 1

M
a r i t i m
e B o u n d a r y A g r e e m
e n t s

3 2 7

I n d e x

2 9 2

S u r v e y s o f N a t i o n a l I m
p o r t a n c e

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP x i

List of Maps

L o c a t i o n o f S o m
a l i a w i t h R e s p e c t t o I n d i a

4 6

E q u i d i s t a n t M a p o f t h e W o r l d C e n t r e d o n D e l h i

F r o n t A s t a r

T h e I n d i a n O c e a n

4

O p e r a t i o n M
u f f e t U N P e a c e k e e p i n g i n S o m
a l i a

1 9 9 3 - 1 9 9 4

4 6

I n d i a n O c e a n S e a L i n e s o f C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s ( S L O C s )

5

M
a j o r C h o k e P o i n t s o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

6

O p e r a t i o n L e e c h i n 1 9 9 8

6 2

I n d i a ' s O f f s h o r e O i l B a s i n s

7 9

D j i b o u t i a n d L a R e u n i o n I s l a n d s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o M
u m b a i

10

M
a p o f O f f s h o r e E x p l o r a t i o n A r e a s

8 0

D i e g o G a r c i a

3 6

I n d i a ' s E x c l u s i v e E c o n o m
i c Z o n e

2 8 6

P o s i t i o n o f D i e g o G a r c i a ( a s a l s o t h e 5 t h f l e e t b a s e a t T h e I S R R

2 8 7

B a h r a i n ) w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o M
u m b a i

3 7

P o r t s V i s i t e d b y I n d i a n N a v a l S h i p s 1 9 7 6 - 1 9 9 0

R e a r A s t a r

T O T ^ I c T O
f c f f a

c f t !

i»c£|<£d

(Tll t l ' ril)

Hs? Reel] -110011

• ^ f r ^ F T i K t ^

I n t e g r a t e d H e a d q u a r t e r s

A
d m
i r a l N irm al V erm a

M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e ( N a v y )

PVSM, AVSM, ADC

N e w D e l h i - 1 1 0 0 1 1

C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f

Foreword

" W
e c a n n o t a f f o r d t o b e w e a k a t s e a . H i s t o r y h a s s h o w n t h a t w h a t e v e r p o w e r c o n t r o l s t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , h a s i n t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e , I n d i a ' s s e a b o r n e t r a d e a t h e r m e r c y , a n d i n t h e s e c o n d , I n d i a ' s v e r y i n d e p e n d e n c e i t s e l f ’ !

P a n d i t J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u

T h e m
a r i t i m
e t r a d i t i o n o f I n d i a i s a s o l d a s o u r c i v i l i z a t i o n . E v i d e n c e o f o u r s e a f a r i n g h e r i t a g e h a s e x i s t e d i n m
a n y f o r m s , s u c h a s t a l e s a n d a n e c d o t e s r e c o u n t e d i n t h e V e d a s a n d o t h e r m
y t h o l o g i c a l t e x t s . T h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l r e m
a i n s t h a t p r o v e d t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a d o c k y a r d a t L o t h a l i n t h e H a r a p p a n c i v i l i z a t i o n a r e a t e s t i m
o n y t o o u r a n c i e n t m
a r i t i m
e m o o r i n g s . I n t h e p a s t , r e c o r d
o f t h e I n d i a n N a v a l h i s t o r y w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y e m i n e n t w r i t e r s s u c h a s C R L o w , w h o s e b o o k o n
t h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y c o v e r e d t h e p e r i o d 1 6 1 3 t o 1 8 6 3 . B u t m o r e r e c e n t l y , i t h a s b e e n a s t e r l i n g
i n d i g e n o u s e n d e a v o u r t h a t h a s k e p t t h e h i s t o r y c l o c k t i c k i n g . I n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e i m p e r a t i v e s o f a n e e d f o r r e c o r d i n g r e c o l l e c t i o n s a n d e x p e r i e n c e s f o r p o s t e r i t y , t h e I n d i a n N a v y e m b a r k e d u p o n a h i s t o r i c a l j o u r n e y , w h i c h h a s l e d t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f f i v e b o o k s t h u s f a r .

T h e f i r s t t w o b o o k s : U nder Two Ensigns — The Indian Navy 1 9 4 5 -1 9 5 0 a n d B lueprint to

Bluewater — The Indian Navy 1951-1965, w e r e s t e e r e d b y R e a r A d m i r a l ( L a t e ) S a t y i n d r a S i n g h ( R e t d ) , t o w h o m
w e o w e i m
m
e n s e g r a t i t u d e f o r c h r o n i c l i n g t h e o r i g i n s o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y a n d i t s t r a n s i t i o n t o a B l u e w a t e r f o r c e .

T h e b a t o n t h e n p a s s e d t o V i c e A d m i r a l G M H i r a n a n d a n i ( R e t d ) , w h o s e e f f o r t s r e s u l t e d i n Transition to Trium ph

— Histoiy o f the Indian Navy 1965-1975, a n d Transition to Eminence — The Indian Navy 1976-1990. T h e s e t w o b o o k s e n c a p s u l a t e d t h e I n d i a n N a v y ’ s r o l e i n t h e w a r s w i t h P a k i s t a n a s a l s o o u r s t e a d y p r o g r e s s i n b e c o m i n g a B u i l d e r s N a v y .

C o n t i n u i n g w i t h t h e n a r r a t i v e , t h i s f i f t h b o o k i n t h e s e r i e s c o v e r s t h e u n i q u e p e r i o d o f t r a n s i t i o n i n g t o a s t a g e o f

' g u a r d i a n s h i p ! T h e e n d o f t h e C o l d W
a r i n t r o d u c e d a n e w s e t o f d y n a m i c s , w h i c h r e q u i r e d u s t o c h a n g e t a c k a n d y e t m
a i n t a i n o u r m
o d e r n i s a t i o n p r o c e s s . T h e n a t i o n m
a d e a d r a m
a t i c e n t r y i n t o t h e n u c l e a r c l u b a n d p u s h e d b a c k t h e K a r g i l i n t r u s i o n d u r i n g t h i s t i m
e . A g o v e r n m
e n t a l r e v i e w c o m
m
i t t e e s e t u p i n i t s a f t e r m
a

,
e g a n a p e r i o
o
e e n c e
t r a n s f o r m
a t i o n , a p r o c e s s t h a t i s s t i l l i n p r o g r e s s . I n l i n e w i t h s t r e a m l i n i n g o f d e f e n c e b u d g e t i n g p r o c e u r e s ,
e
a v y o o
b e g a n t o l a y m
o r e s t r e s s o n j u d i c i o u s p e r s p e c t i v e p l a n n i n g .

V i c e A d m i r a l H i r a n a n d a n i ' s e r u d i t e e x p o s i t i o n c o m p r e h e n s i v e l y c o v e r s t h i s m
o m
e n t o u s p e r i o d a n d t h o s e w h o h a v e
a ' s e n s e o f h i s t o r y ' w o u l d f i n d t h i s b o o k a n e n l i g h t e n i n g s o u r c e t o d w e l l u p o n . T h e i l l u s t r i o u s a u t h o r , u n f o r t u n a t e l y , p a s s e d a w a y j u s t b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s w o r k . B u t h i s s p i r i t s h a l l c o n t i n u e t o g u i d e u s i n i s o n e r o u s i n i t i a t i v e
a
w e h a v e u n d e r t a k e n t o t e s t i f y t o t h e e x p e r i e n c e s o f o u r o w n p a s t .

(Nirmal Verma)

Admiral

Chief of the Naval Staff

Acknowledgements

D u r i n g t h e f o u r y e a r s o f r e s e a r c h t h a t p r e c e d e d c o m p i l a t i o n o f t h i s v o l u m e , t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n s a n d p e o p l e w h o h e l p e d a r e t o o n u m
e r o u s f o r a l l t o b e m
e n t i o n e d b y n a m
e , b u t s o m
e m
u s t b e s i n g l e d o u t f o r s p e c i a l t h a n k s .

I o w e a d e b t o f g r a t i t u d e t o t h e P S O s , A P S O s a n d N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s D i r e c t o r a t e s f o r t h e i r u n f a i l i n g r e a d i n e s s t o h e l p v a l i d a t e t h e f a c t s .

I a m
g r a t e f u l t o t h e n u m
e r o u s s e n i o r s e r v i c e a n d c i v i l i a n o f f i c e r s , s e r v i n g & r e t i r e d , w h o s h a r e d t h e i r i n s i g h t s . T h o s e w h o h a d n o o b j e c t i o n t o b e i n g q u o t e d h a v e b e e n m e n t i o n e d . T h e w i s h e s o f t h o s e w h o d e s i r e d t o r e m a i n a n o n y m
o u s
h a v e b e e n r e s p e c t e d .

T h e r e s e a r c h f o r t h i s v o l u m e i n v o l v e d m
a n y s o u r c e s o t h e r t h a n t h o s e l i s t e d i n t h e S e l e c t B i b l i o g r a p h y . I w a s f o r t u n a t e t o b e a b l e t o i n t e r a c t w i t h s c o r e s o f s e n i o r o f f i c e r s w h o w e r e g e n e r o u s i n s p a r i n g t h e i r t i m e f o r c l a r i f y i n g g r e y a r e a s . I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k a l s o t h e m
a n y p e o p l e w h o h e l p e d m
e w i t h p o i n t s o f d e t a i l a n d d i r e c t e d m
e t o s o u r c e s I d i d n o t k n o w
a b o u t .

M
a n y o t h e r p e o p l e h a v e m
a d e i m
p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s , w h i c h d e m
a n d m
y g r a t e f u l a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t . T h o s e f r o m
w h o s e w o r k I h a v e b e n e f i t e d — o f t e n l o n g b e f o r e I c o n s i d e r e d w r i t i n g t h i s t r i l o g y —
a n d t h e c o l l e a g u e s f r o m w h o s e
c o n v e r s a t i o n s I h a v e l e a r n e d m
u c h c a n n o t b e a c k n o w l e d g e d i n d i v i d u a l l y , t h o u g h I a m h a p p y t o r e c o r d t h e d e b t I o w e
t o t h e m

.

I a m
e s p e c i a l l y g r a t e f u l t o : -
o

S u c c e s s i v e C o m
m
o d o r e s o f t h e B u r e a u o f S a i l o r s ( C A B S ) f o r p r o v i d i n g r e q u i r e d m a n p o w e r .

o

T h e w r i t e r s a i l o r s o f t h e N a v a l H i s t o r y P r o j e c t O f f i c e , P e t t y O f f i c e r W
r i t e r s M
a n o h a r G a v a d e , V i j a y a n , M
a n g a l S i n g h ,

S a t y a P r a k a s h S i n g h a n d L e a d i n g W
r i t e r s A b h i l a s h K , A n u p K u m a r a n d L M

E N o e l A l p h o n s e f o r t h e i r a s s i d u o u s
t y p i n g o f s u c c e s s i v e d r a f t c h a p t e r s a n d i n s e r t i n g f i n i s h i n g d e t a i l s i n t o t h e m a p s .

T h e p h o t o g r a p h s , e s p e c i a l l y t h e c o v e r p a g e s , h a v e b e e n c u l l e d f r o m t h e a r c h i v e s o f N H Q s D i r e c t o r a t e o f P e r s o n n e l S e m
c e s .

T h e m
a p s h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d b y t h e N a t i o n a l H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e . I a m g r a t e f u l t o t h e C h i e f H y d r o g r a p h e r s R e a r

A d m i r a l B R R a o a n d R e a r A d m i r a l K R W
a s s a n , t o L t C d r N S S S r i n i v a s t o w h o m
t h i s t a s k w a s a s s i g n e d a n d t o h i s t e a m
o
c a r t o g r a p h e r s f o r p r e p a r i n g t h e m
a p s s o m
e t i c u l o u s l y .

I a m
g r a t e f u l t o t h e o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s , o f t h e N a v a l H i s t o r y D i v i s i o n f o r t h e i r h e l p i n s i f t i n g v o l u m i n o u s s o u r c e
m
a t e r i a l , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t o C d r A b h i j i t S i n g h a n d C d r E d w i n J o t h i R a j a n f o r t h e i r t i r e l e s s e f f o r t s i n c h e c k i n g t h e d r a f t c h a p t e r s a n d t h e p r o o f s o f t h e v o l u m
e .

E v e r y e f f o r t h a s b e e n m
a d e t o c o n t a c t a l l c o p y r i g h t h o l d e r s . T h e p u b l i s h e r s w i l l b e h a p p y t o m a k e g o o d i n f u t u r e e d i t i o n s a n y e r r o r s o r o m
i s s i o n s b r o u g h t t o t h e i r a t t e n t i o n .

A b o v e a l l , I s h o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k m
y w i f e B a n u , m y s o n M
a n i k a n d d a u g h t e r M
e e r a w h o a l w a y s f o u n d t h e t i m
e t o r e a d ,
r e - r e a d a n d c o m
m
e n t o n m
y w o r k i n g d r a f t s f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f a l a y r e a d e r .

T h e f u l l e x t e n t o f w h a t t h i s b o o k o w e s t o m
y w i f e B a n u i s i m
m
e a s u r a b l e . S u c h m e r i t s a s t h i s b o o k m a y p o s s e s s c o u l d h a r d l y h a v e f o u n d e x p r e s s i o n w i t h o u t h e r s u p p o r t . A m o m
e n t ' s r e f l e c t i o n w i l l r e v e a l t h e i m
p l i c a t i o n s o f s u e
a o n g t a s
o n f a m i l y ' s r o u t i n e , c o n v e n i e n c e a n d h a p p i n e s s .

T o m
y w i f e ' s b r o t h e r , a n d d e a r f r i e n d C a p t a i n ( R e t i r e d ) V i j a y K R a m c h a n d a n i , I n d i a n N a v y , I s h a l l r e m
a i n e x t r e m e l y
g r a t e f u l f o r h e l p i n g w i t h m
y p e r s o n a l a f f a i r s w h i c h a l l o w e d m
e t o c o n c e n t r a t e f u l l y o n r e s e a r c h a n d w r i t i n g .

Preface

"To be secure on land we have to be supreme at sea”.

—

P a n d i t J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u

Introduction
v o l u m e s d e p i c t t h e b r o a d c a n v a s o f t h e N a v y ' s a c t i v i t i e s o v e r a p e r i o d o f 3 5 y e a r s f r o m 1 9 6 5 t o 2 0 0 0 .

I n 1 9 9 5 , 1 w a s i n v i t e d t o w r i t e t h e H i s t o r y o f t h e N a v y c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 6 5 t o 1 9 7 5 . T h e i n t e n t w a s t o p r o v i d e A s i n t h e p r e c e d i n g v o l u m e s , t h i s v o l u m e " T r a n s i t i o n a u t h e n t i c h i s t o r i c a l m a t e r i a l f o r t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c , n a v a l t o G u a r d i a n s h i p " p r e s e n t s a c o n c i s e r e c o r d o f t h e s t a t e o f r e a d e r s , m
e d i a a n d s c h o l a r s , s e e k i n g p r i m
a r y s o u r c e s f o r
t h e N a v y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0 . W
h i l e t h e r e a d e r
r e s e a r c h o n o u r N a v y .

i s e n c o u r a g e d t o r e a d t h e p r e v i o u s v o l u m e s o f t h i s t r i l o g y , t h e i r c o n t e n t s a r e e n c a p s u l a t e d b e l o w s o t h a t t h i s v o l u m e T o
a c h i e v e
c r e d i b i l i t y w i t h o u t b r e a c h i n g s e c u r i t y o f
m a y b e r e a d a s a s t a n d a l o n e .

i n f o r m
a t i o n , t h e H i s t o r y a i m
e d t o :

A f e w w o r d s o n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f t h i s b o o k :

°

B e f a c t u a l , a u t h e n t i c , o b j e c t i v e a n d n o n - j u d g e m e n t a l t o e n a b l e t h e r e a d e r t o s i f t f a c t f r o m f i c t i o n .

P r e f a c e p r o v i d e s a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e e v e n t s p r e c e d i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 6 5 a n d o f t h e t w o p r e v i o u s v o l u m
e s . T h e

•

H o n e s t l y r e c o u n t a c h i e v e m
e n t s a n d s h o r t c o m i n g s ,
k e y s e c t i o n s o f t h i s v o l u m e a r e a l s o s u m
m
a r i s e d s o a s
w i t h o u t e x a g g e r a t i n g s u c c e s s e s o r h i d i n g s e t b a c k s , t o a l l o w t h e r e a d e r t o c h o o s e a r e a s o f i n t e r e s t a t w i l l , s u c h t h a t t h e o f f i c e r s o f t o m
o r r o w w e r e i n s p i r e d t o
w h i l e s a v i n g t h e r e s t f o r m
o r e l e i s u r e l y r e a d i n g .

d o b e t t e r a n d l e a r n f r o m l e s s o n s o f t h e p a s t .

S e c t i o n I p r o v i d e s t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e e m
e r g i n g r o l e o f

•

H e l p p e r c e p t i v e n a v a l o f f i c e r s d e s t i n e d f o r h i g h e r t h e N a v y , i n s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e I n d i a n O c e a n S L O C s .

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , t o u n d e r s t a n d w h a t t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s d i d , a n d w h y t h e y d i d o r d i d n o t s u c c e e d ; a s a l s o t o S e c t i o n I I d e s c r i b e s t h e v a r i o u s o p e r a t i o n s u n d e r t a k e n g i v e t h e m
a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h
b y t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n f u l f i l l i n g t h i s G u a r d i a n s h i p r o l e , h a v e a f f e c t e d a n d w h i c h w i l l c o n t i n u e t o a f f e c t t h e i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h o t h e r n a v i e s i n t h e r e g i o n .

d e v e l o p m
e n t o f o u r N a v y i n t h e y e a r s a h e a d .

S e c t i o n I I I p r o v i d e s a n o v e r v i e w o f h o w t h e

N a v y

•

P r e s e n t a n a l y s e s a n d o v e r v i e w s t h a t w o u l d h e l p c o n s o l i d a t e d
a n d
a u g m
e n t e d
f o r c e
l e v e l s
a n d
s p u r f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h .

a c c e l e r a t e d t h e p a c e o f s e l f r e l i a n c e a n d i n d i g e n i s a t i o n d e s p i t e
c o n s i d e r a b l e
o b s t a c l e s
a t
t h e
s t a r t
o f
t h e

I
f e l t i t w a s i m
p o r t a n t t o p r o v i d e a p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e
d e c a d e .

i m
p a c t t h a t
n u a n c e s
s u c h
a s g e o - p o l i t i c a l a l i g n m e n t s ,
t h e C o l d W
a r , t h e c o n f l i c t i n r e s o u r c e a l l o c a t i o n b e t w e e n S e c t i o n I V d e s c r i b e s t h e p e r s p e c t i v e p l a n s o f t h e N a v y d e v e l o p m
e n t
a n d
d e f e n c e ,
t h e
s h o r t a g e s
o f
f o r e i g n
a s t h e y r e l a t e d t o f o r c e l e v e l s , b u d g e t i n g , i n f o r m a t i o n e x c h a n g e , e t c h a d o n t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e t e c h n o l o g y a n d h u m
a n r e s o u r c e s .

N a v y ' s r e m
a r k a b l e a c h i e v e m
e n t s c a n b e s t b e u n d e r s t o o d

S e c t i o n V p r o v i d e s a n o v e r v i e w o f m
a t t e r s t h a t a r e
i f t h e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n e a c h o f t h e s e n u a n c e s i s f u l l y r e l a t e d t o a n d a n c i l l a r y t o t h e N a v y .

c o m
p r e h e n d e d .

E a c h s e c t i o n c o m
m
e n c e s w i t h a p r e a m
b l e t h a t s h a r e s t h e

T h e i n i t i a l v o l u m
e t u r n e d i n t o a t r i l o g y —

T r a n s i t i o n
c o n t e x t u a l r e f e r e n c e f o r t h e C h a p t e r s i n t h a t s e c t i o n . A t t h e t o T r i u m p h ' ! ( c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 6 5 t o 1 9 7 5 , p u b l i s h e d e n d o f e a c h s e c t i o n a r e H i s t o r i c a l R e f e r e n c e N o t e s w h i c h i n 1 9 9 9 ) , " T r a n s i t i o n t o E m
i n e n c e " ( c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d
o u t l i n e a m
o r e d e t a i l e d h i s t o r y o n c e r t a i n t o p i c s . I n c e r t a i n 1 9 7 6
t o

1 9 9 0 ,
p u b l i s h e d
i n

2 0 0 4 )

a n d

' T r a n s i t i o n
t o
c h a p t e r s , I h a v e a d d e d a r e t r o s p e c t , i n w h i c h 1 h a v e t a k e n G u a r d i a n s h i p " ( c o v e r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0 ) . T h e s e

o f p e r s o n n e l h a d r i s e n t o 3 0 1 4 o f f i c e r s a n d 2 7 , 4 3 3 r a t i n g s .

t h e l i b e r t y o f s h a r i n g a p e r s o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e o n t h e s u b j e c t o f t h e c h a p t e r i n l i g h t o f m o r e r e c e n t d e v e l o p m e n t s .

N e v e r t h e l e s s ,
d e s p i t e
t h e

S e c o n d

W
o r l d

W
a r ,
t h e
e n o r m
o u s i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e a c h i e v e m
e n t s o f t h e

I n d i a n A r m y , N a v y a n d A i r F o r c e m
a d e n o g r e a t i m
p a c t o n

T h e N
a v y ' s D
e v e l o p m
e n t t i l l 1 9 6 5
t h e p o l i t i c a l o r n a t i o n a l m i n d .

W
h e n I n d i a a t t a i n e d i n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 9 4 7 , v e r y f e w m
e n h a d a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f s e a p o w e r o r o f t h e r o l e o f T h e f i r s t s i g n i f i c a n t e v e n t t o
e v o k e
n a t i o n a l
i n t e r e s t
a N a v y . I n s c h o o l s a n d c o l l e g e s , h i s t o r y c l a s s e s p a i d m o r e
w a s
t h e
t r i a l
o f o f f i c e r s
o f t h e

I n d i a n

N a t i o n a l

A r m y
a t t e n t i o n t o t h e i n v a d i n g h o r d e s t h a t o v e r t h e c e n t u r i e s h a d ( I N A ) f o r t r e a s o n . T h e I N A , p r i m
a r i l y a f o r c e d r a w n f r o m
c o m
e f r o m C e n t r a l A s i a . L i t t l e s i g n i f i c a n c e w a s a t t a c h e d a m
o n g s t I n d i a n s o l d i e r s c a p t u r e d b y t h e J a p a n e s e a f t e r t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e f a r l e s s n u m
e r o u s E u r o p e a n s w h o
t h e f a l l o f M
a l a y a a n d B u r m
a i n 1 9 4 2 , w a s a n a n t i - c o l o n i a l
h a d c o m
e b y s e a , i n i t i a l l y t o t r a d e , h a d a c h i e v e d I n d i a ' s m
o v e m
e n t l e d b y N e t a j i S u b h a s C h a n d r a B o s e . T h e t r i a l i n s u b j u g a t i o n i n t o c o l o n i a l s t a t u s t h r o u g h n a v a l f o r c e .

1 9 4 5 , o f t h e I N A o f f i c e r s —
f o r g e d I n d i a n p u b l i c s e n t i m
e n t
t o g e t h e r . T h e r e w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e d e b a t e o n t h e c o m p l e x

M
o s t o f o u r f o u n d i n g f a t h e r s h a d r e c e i v e d t h e i r h i g h e r m i l i t a r y i s s u e o f w h e t h e r I n d i a n s o l d i e r s ( w h o h a d e a r l i e r e d u c a t i o n
i n

B r i t a i n
a n d
h a d
c l o s e
c o n n e c t i o n s
w i t h
s w o r n l o y a l t y t o t h e B r i t i s h ) f i g h t i n g f o r i n d e p e n d e n c e B r i t i s h p o l i t i c i a n s a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l s w h o s u p p o r t e d I n d i a ' s f r o m t h e B r i t i s h c o u l d b e c h a r g e d w i t h t r e a s o n . H o w e v e r , f r e e d o m
m o v e m e n t .

T h e y
w e r e
f a m i l i a r
w i t h

B r i t i s h
t h e n a t i o n a l f e r v o r i n f a v o u r o f t h e I N A w a s s o g r e a t t h a t p o l i t i c a l , b u r e a u c r a t i c a n d l e g a l p r o c e d u r e s a n d t u r n e d P a n d i t N e h r u h i m
s e l f d e f e n d e d t h e I N A o f f i c e r s o n t r i a l .

t h i s t o a d v a n t a g e i n t h e s t r u g g l e f o r f r e e d o m . A l l I n d i a n T h e B r i t i s h h a d t o c o m
p l y w i t h t h e c o u n t i y w
i d e d e m
a n d

C i v i l

S e n d e e
o f f i c e r s
r e c e i v e d
t h e i r
i n i t i a l
t r a i n i n g
i n
f o r t h e i r r e l e a s e .

B r i t a i n . O n r e t u r n t o I n d i a , t h e i r a s s i g n m e n t s w e r e t h e s a m
e a s t h o s e o f t h e i r B r i t i s h c o u n t e r p a r t s . B u t a t n o s t a g e , A s i m i l a r k i n d o f a w a r e n e s s w a s i g n i t e d i n t h e a f t e r m a t h
w a s s e a p o w e r o r t h e s e a w a r d d e f e n c e o f I n d i a w i t h i n t h e i r o f t h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v a l M
u t i n y o f 1 9 4 6 . T h e b a s i c c a u s e s
p u r v i e w . T h e d e f e n c e o f I n d i a w a s t h e p r e r o g a t i v e o f t h e o f t h i s m u t i n y s t e m
m
e d f r o m t h e s p e c t e r o f j o b l e s s n e s s

B r i t i s h C o m
m
a n d e r - i n - C h i e f o f t h e I n d i a n A r m e d F o r c e s
f o r t h e I n d i a n s a i l o r s b e i n g d e m
o b i l i z e d a f t e r t h e w
a r a n d
l o c a t e d i n D e l h i , i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e I m p e r i a l W
a r
t h e p e n t u p r e s e n t m
e n t a t t h e b l a t a n t a n d d e m
e a n i n g

O f f i c e i n L o n d o n .

d i s c r i m
i n a t i o n b y ' w h i t e ' o f f i c e r s a g a i n s t ' n a t i v e ' o f f i c e r s T h e

I n d i a n i s a t i o n o f t h e
o f f i c e r c o r p s
o f t h e A r m y ,
a n d m
e n . S e n i o r I n d i a n p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s h o w
e v e r r e f u s e d

N a v y a n d t h e A i r F o r c e w a s i n i t i a t e d a t I n d i a n p o l i t i c a l t o
e x t e n d
t h e i r s u p p o r t t o
t h e
m
u t i n e e r s .

O
n c e
a g a i n
i n s i s t e n c e i n t h e 1 9 2 0 ' s . U n t i l 1 9 3 9 , w h e n t h e S e c o n d W o r l d t h e
c o m
p l e x
i s s u e
a r o s e
o f
w
h e t h e r
n a v a l
m
u t i n y

W
a r s t a r t e d , m
o s t I n d i a n o f f i c e r s w e r e t r a i n e d i n B r i t a i n
w a s
j u s t i f i a b l e
i n
t h e
p o l i t i c a l
s t r u g g l e
f o r
f r e e d o m

.

—
t h e N a v y a t D a r t m
o u t h a n d G r e e n w i c h ; t h e A r m y a t

N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h i s a w a k e n e d s o m
e p u b l i c a w
a r e n e s s a s t o

S a n d h u r s t ,

C a m b e r l e y ,

L a r k h i l l
a n d

C h a t h a m

a n d
t h e
t h e ' e x i s t e n c e ' o f a N a v y .

A i r F o r c e a t C r a n w e l l . T h e s e B r i t i s h i n s t i t u t i o n s e n s u r e d P e r h a p s ,
t h e g r e a t e s t r e a s o n
f o r t h e
g e n e r a l
l a c k o f
t h a t t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l p e r c e p t i o n s o f I n d i a n o f f i c e r s w e r e a w a r e n e s s o f t h e r o l e o r i m
p o r t a n c e o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s
a n a l o g o u s t o t h o s e o f t h e i r B r i t i s h c o u n t e r p a r t s .

t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s e a w a r d d e f e n c e o f l n d i a h a d v e s t e d s o l e l y U n t i l 1 9 3 9 , t h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y ( R I N ) w a s r e s p o n s i b l e w i t h t h e B r i t i s h N a v y . A f t e r t h e d e f e a t o f J a p a n i n 1 9 4 5 , t h e f o r c o a s t a l d e f e n c e o n l y . I t h a d o n e n a v a l b a s e a t B o m b a y I n d i a n O c e a n r e v e r t e d t o b e i n g a B r i t i s h l a k e , d o m i n a t e d
a n d t r a i n i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s c a t t e r e d i n m
a n y r e g i o n s o f
b y t h e R o y a l N a v y . F o r a l l t h e a b o v e r e a s o n s , w h e n I n d i a

I n d i a . I n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 3 9 , w h e n t h e S e c o n d W
o r l d W
a r
a t t a i n e d i n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 9 4 7 , t h e d e f e n c e o f l n d i a f r o m s t a r t e d , t h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y h a d f i v e s l o o p s , o n e t r a w l e r , s e a w a r d a g g r e s s i o n w a s n o w h e r e o n t h e l i s t o f n a t i o n a l o n e s u r v e y s h i p a n d o n e p a t r o l c r a f t . I t h a d 1 1 4 o f f i c e r s a n d p r i o r i t i e s .

1 7 3 2 r a t i n g s ( s a i l o r s ) .

Ih e Fram ew ork of Naval Growth

D u r i n g t h e w a r , t h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y u n d e r w e n t a p h e n o m
e n a l e x p a n s i o n . I n

1 9 4 5 , w h e n t h e w a r e n d e d ,

1 9 4 7 -1 9 6 5

■ . *

'i
t h e N a v y h a d s e v e n s l o o p s , f o u r a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e f r i g a t e s !

T h e p a r t i t i o n o f t h e N a v y , b e t w
e e n I n d i a a n d P a k i s t a n
e i g h t c o r v e t t e s , f o u r t e e n m i n e s w e e p e r s , s i x t e e n t r a w l e r s , i n 1 9 4 7 , c r e a t e d s e v e r a l s e r i o u s d i s t o r t i o n s . F o r e x a m p l e ,
o n e s u r v e y s h i p , t w o d e p o t s h i p s , t h i r t y a u x i l l i a r y v e s s e l s !

t h e N a v y s B o y s T r a i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m
e n t a n d t h e G u n n e r y
o n e h u n d r e d a n d f i f t y l a n d i n g c r a f t s , t w o h u n d r e d h a r b o u r S c h o o l w e r e l o c a t e d i n K a r a c h i a n d w e n t t o t h e P a k i s t a n c r a f t s a n d f o r t y f i v e h a r b o u r d e f e n c e l a u n c h e s . T h e n u m b e r

N a v y . T h e I n d i a n N a v y h a d t o c r e a t e t h e s e s c h o o l s d e n o v o .

xv iii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

S i m i l a r l y , M
u s l i m s a i l o r s s e r v i n g i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y w e r e

N a v y .

C o m
m
o d o r e

N o t t
w a s
a b l e
t o
s y n t h e s i s e
t h e
g i v e n t h e o p t i o n t o r e m
a i n i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y o r g o t o t h e
r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s o f e a r l i e r c o m
m
i t t e e s i n t o f o r c e l e v e l s

P a k i s t a n N a v y . A s a r e s u l t o f t h i s c h o i c e , t h e I n d i a n N a v y a n d t o f o l l o w t h e m t h r o u g h t o a c c e p t a n c e .

f o u n d t h a t i n s o m
e s p e c i a l i z a t i o n s a l l t h e s e n i o r s a i l o r s

T h e I n d i a n N a v y c o n t i n u e d t o h a v e B r i t i s h C h i e f s o f w e n t o f f t o P a k i s t a n l e a v i n g o n l y j u n i o r s a i l o r s i n I n d i a , N a v a l S t a f f u n t i l 1 9 5 8 . B y a l l a c c o u n t s , e a c h o n e o f t h e m , w h i l e i n o t h e r s o n l y s e n i o r s a i l o r s r e m a i n e d . T h e r e f o r e , i n a f t e r s e e i n g a t f i r s t h a n d , t h e e a r n e s t n e s s , p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m t h e e a r l y y e a r s a f t e r i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e o v e r - r i d i n g p r i o r i t y a n d a b i l i t y o f I n d i a n n a v a l o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s , b e c a m e
o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s t o r e c o v e r f r o m t h e d i s t o r t i o n s o f a r d e n t s u p p o r t e r s o f l a r g e r a n d m
o r e m
o d e r n s h i p s f o r t h e
p a r t i t i o n .

I n d i a n N a v y .

I n
t h o s e
e a r l y
y e a r s ,
t h e
d e v e l o p m e n t a l
c h o i c e s

B r i t i s h A c q u i s i t i o n s . T h e r e i s a v i e w d i a t b y t r a n s f e r r i n g c o n f r o n t i n g t h e G o v e r n m
e n t w e r e n o t e a s y . O n t h e o n e
t o h e r d o m
i n i o n s a n d c o l o n i e s ( A u s t r a l i a , C a n a d a , I n d i a , h a n d
w a s
t h e
i d e a l i s t i c
p u l l
o f
p a c i f i s t ,
n o n - v i o l e n t ,

P a k i s t a n , N e w Z e a l a n d ) t h e w a r s h i p s , t a n k s a n d a i r c r a f t s o c i a l i s t , n o n a l i g n e d p o l i c i e s . A d h e r e n c e t o t h e s e p o l i c i e s r e n d e r e d
s u r p l u s
a f t e r t h e S e c o n d W
o r l d W a r ,

B r i t a i n
d e m
a n d e d
b u d g e t a r y p r i o r i t y f o r s o c i a l
a n d e c o n o m
i c
k i l l e d t w o b i r d s w i t h o n e s t o n e —
r a n d o w n t h e s t e r l i n g
d e v e l o p m
e n t a n d s u b s t a n t i a l i n v e s t m
e n t s i n a g r i c u l t u r e ,
d e b t a n d g o t r i d o f s u r p l u s e q u i p m
e n t . P o l i t i c a l l y , I n d i a
i n d u s t r y a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .

w a s
a
m
e m
b e r
o f t h e

B r i t i s h

C o m
m
o n w e a l t h .

B r i t a i n

O n
t h e
o t h e r
h a n d
w a s
t h e
p r a g m
a t i c
r e a l i s a t i o n ,
h a d e n v i s a g e d a c l e a r r o l e f o r t h e d o m
i n i o n ( l a t e r B r i t i s h
r e i n f o r c e d b y P a k i s t a n ' s f o r c i b l e o c c u p a t i o n o f K a s h m i r , C o m
m
o n w e a l t h ) n a v i e s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g C o l d W
a r o f t h e
t h a t
m i l i t a r y
c a p a b i l i t y
c o u l d
n o t
b e
n e g l e c t e d .

A n d

W
e s t e r n p o w e r s a g a i n s t C o m
m
u n i s m

. B r i t i s h f l e e t s b a s e d
w h e n e v e r d e f e n c e p r i o r i t i e s w e r e d i s c u s s e d , t h e A r m y a n d a t s t r a t e g i c p o i n t s w o u l d f o r m t h e n u c l e u s f o r t r a i n i n g t h e A i r F o r c e w e r e i n v a r i a b l y a c c o r d e d p r i o r i t y . T h e m a i n d o m i n i o n n a v i e s i n t h e r e g i o n , f o r e x a m
p l e t h e F a r E a s t
r e a s o n t h a t t h e N a v y c o u l d s u r v i v e t h i s d i f f i c u l t s i t u a t i o n B r i t i s h F l e e t w a s b a s e d a t S i n g a p o r e .

w a s t h e m
o m
e n t u m
o f t h e a c q u i s i t i o n p r o g r a m

, w h i c h t h e

H o w e v e r ,
a s f a r a s t h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s c o n c e r n e d ,

B r i t i s h t h e m
s e l v e s h a d i n i t i a t e d , b e f o r e i n d e p e n d e n c e .

b e c a u s e o f t h i s C o m
m
o n w e a l t h c o n n e c t i o n , i t c o u l d t r a i n

T h e

B r i t i s h

C o n t r i b u t i o n
t o

N a v a l

D
e v e l o p m
e n t .

I n
i t s o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s i n B r i t a i n u n t i l e q u i v a l e n t f a c i l i t i e s A u g u s t 1 9 4 7 , R e a r A d m i r a l J T S H a l l , R I N , w a s a p p o i n t e d a s w e r e s e t u p i n I n d i a . I t w a s a b l e t o o b t a i n e x p e r i e n c e d I n d i a ' s f i r s t F l a g O f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y
s e n i o r B r i t i s h n a v a l o f f i c e r s o n d e p u t a t i o n , u n t i l I n d i a n ( F O C R I N ) . H i s C h i e f o f S t a f f ( n o w c a l l e d t h e V i c e C h i e f o f n a v a l o f f i c e r s b e c a m
e s e n i o r e n o u g h t o
r e p l a c e t h e m

.

t h e N a v a l S t a f f ) w a s C o m
m
o d o r e M
a r t i n H S t L N o t t .

I t
c o n t i n u e d
t o
h a v e
a c c e s s
t o
w e s t e r n
n a v a l
t a c t i c a l
p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d j o i n t s e r v i c e s m
a n u a l s . A n d t h e I n d i a n

T h e s e t w o f a r s i g h t e d o f f i c e r s , g u i d e d b y R e a r A d m i r a l F l e e t , u n t i l 1 9 6 4 , p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e a n n u a l J o i n t E x e r c i s e s L o r d L o u i s M
o u n t b a t t e n , t h e n V i c e r o y o f I n d i a , a n d a s s i s t e d ( J E T ) a t T r i n c o m
a l e e i n w h i c h t h e n a v i e s o f A u s t r a l i a , N e w
b y C d r ( l a t e r A d m i r a l ) A K C h a t t e r j i , t h e f i r s t D i r e c t o r o f Z e a l a n d , P a k i s t a n , C e y l o n a n d M
a l a y a e x e r c i s e d w i t h t h e

N a v a l P l a n s , L t C d r ( l a t e r V i c e A d m i r a l ) N K r i s h n a n , t h e F a r E a s t B r i t i s h F l e e t i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

S t a f f O f f i c e r P l a n s a n d L t C d r Y N S i n g h , t h e n a v y ' s f i r s t a v i a t o r , p r e p a r e d o n " O u t l i n e P l a n f o r t h e R e o r g a n i s a t i o n A s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s g r o w t h a n d D e v e l o p m
e n t o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y " I t v i s u a l i s e d f o u r
w a s m
a d e b y A d m i r a l L o r d L o u i s M
o u n t b a t t e n , w h o w a s
e s s e n t i a l r o l e s f o r t h e N a v y :

t h e l a s t V i c e r o y a n d t h e f i r s t G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l o f I n d i a .

T h e r e i s r e a s o n t o b e l i e v e t h a t h e l e n t h i s s u p p o r t t o t h e

•

T o s a f e g u a r d I n d i a n s h i p p i n g .

f o r c e l e v e l s f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y p r o p o s e d b y C o m m
o d o r e

•

T o e n s u r e t h a t s u p p l i e s c o u l d r e a c h a n d l e a v e b y s e a N o t t i n 1 9 4 6 .

i n a l l c i r c u m
s t a n c e s .

H o w e v e r ,
t h e
m
o s t
i m
p o r t a n t
e l e m
e n t
i n

B r i t i s h

•

T o p r e v e n t a n e n e m
y l a n d i n g o n I n d i a ' s s h o r e s .

i n f l u e n c e
w a s
t h e
r e l i a n c e
p l a c e d
b y

P a n d i t

N e h r u ,
t h e I n d i a n P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r ,
o n
t h e a d v i c e a n d o p i n i o n

•

T o s u p p o r t t h e A r m y i n s e a b o r n e o p e r a t i o n s .

o f A d m i r a l L o r d

M
o u n t b a t t e n
o n

N a v a l

H e a d q u a r t e r s '

B y
a l l
a c c o u n t s ,

C o m
m
o d o r e

N o t t
w a s
a
h i g h l y
p r o p o s a l s f o r n a v a l a c q u i s i t i o n s . M
i e n t h e p r o p o s a l f o r
p r o f e s s i o n a l a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l m
a n , g i f t e d w i t h f o r e s i g h t .

a c q u i r i n g t h e s e c o n d c r u i s e r w a s e n c o u n t e r i n g o p p o s i t i o n T o
t h i s
d a y ,

N a v a l

H e a d q u a r t e r s
a w a r d s
a n
a n n u a l
i n t h e

M
i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e , A d m i r a l

P i z e y ,
t h e B r i t i s h

C o m
m
o d o r e

N o t t
p r i z e
f o r
t h e
b e s t
e s s a y
o n
n a v a l

C - i n - C , d i s c r e e t l y m
e n t i o n e d i t t o A d m i r a l M
o u n t b a t t e n i n
m
a t t e r s t o c o m
m
e m
o r a t e h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e I n d i a n

L o n d o n . T h e l a t t e r e q u a l l y d i s c r e e t l y m
e n t i o n e d t h e m e r i t s

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP x ix

i n d u s t r y , w h i c h h a d b e c o m
e d o r m
a n t a f t e r t h e B r i t i s h
o f t h e p r o p o s a l t o P a n d i t N e h r u , w h o i n h i s i n i m i t a b l e s t y l e N a v y s w i t c h e d f r o m w o o d e n w a r s h i p s t o s t e e l w
a r s h i p s i n
i n d i c a t e d h i s a s s e n t w i t h o u t r u f f l i n g t h e D e f e n c e M
i n i s t r y ' s
t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . I n 1 9 6 0 a n d 1 9 6 1 , M r . M
e n o n i n i t i a t e d
f e e l i n g s .

S i m i l a r l y ,
w h e n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n
o f a n
a i r c r a f t
d i s c u s s i o n s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f f r i g a t e s i z e d w a r s h i p s c a r r i e r r a n i n t o o p p o s i t i o n , A d m i r a l M
o u n t b a t t e n s a d v i c e
i n I n d i a .

t o P a n d i t N e h r u l e d t o t h e p r o p o s a l b e i n g a p p r o v e d .

I t i s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t d e s p i t e h a v i n g d o n e s o m u c h , Transition to Triumph

A d m i r a l

M
o u n t b a t t e n
w a s
u n a b l e ,
a s

C h i e f
o f
t h e

T h e f i r s t v o l u m
e i n t h e N a v a l H i s t o r y t r i l o g y , " T r a n s i t i o n B r i t i s h D e f e n c e S t a f f i n 1 9 6 5 , t o p r e v a i l u p o n t h e B r i t i s h t o

T r i u m p h ' , '

p r e s e n t e d
a n
o v e r v i e w
o f
t h e
e v e n t s

G o v e r n m e n t a n d t h e B r i t i s h A d m i r a l t y t o m
e e t t h e I n d i a n
c o n c e r n i n g t h e I n d i a n N a v y b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 7 5 . T h e N a v y ' s r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r B r i t i s h s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s .

d e c a d e w a s a c r u c i a l o n e , i n t h a t i t n o t o n l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h e T h i s B r i t i s h i n a b i l i t y l e d t o t h e I n d i a n N a v y t u r n i n g t o N a v y ' s c r e d i b i l i t y i n t h e e y e s o f t h e n a t i o n , b u t a l s o s o w e d R u s s i a f o r i t s n a v a l a c q u i s i t i o n s . N o t o n l y w a s R u s s i a a b l e t h e s e e d s f o r t h e t r a n s i t i o n t o a d e e p s e a N a v y .

t o m
e e t t h e N a v y ' s n e e d s a n d e x p e c t a t i o n s b u t a l s o , b e i n g i m p r e s s e d b y t h e a b i l i t y o f I n d i a n o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s , 1 9 6 2 - 1 9 6 5
p r o g r e s s i v e l y r e s p o n d e d t o t h e N a v y ' s r e q u e s t s f o r e v e n I n 1 9 5 8 , V i c e A d m i r a l R D K a t a r i t o o k o v e r a s t h e f i r s t b e t t e r s h i p s a n d s u b m
a r i n e s . H o w e v e r , i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e

I n d i a n C h i e f o f N a v a l S t a f f . T h e s e r i o u s m
i l i t a r y r e v e r s e s

G o v e r n m
e n t ' s p o l i c y o f n o n - a l i g n m
e n t , N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s
i n f l i c t e d o n I n d i a d u r i n g C h i n a ' s a g g r e s s i o n i n N o v e m b e r
c o n t i n u e d t o a c q u i r e n a v a l e q u i p m
e n t f r o m B r i t a i n a n d

1 9 6 2 c a m
e a s a h u m i l i a t i n g s h o c k t o t h e G
o v e r n m
e n t a n d
i n d e e d f r o m o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , w h e n e v e r t h e t e c h n o l o g y , t o t h e n a t i o n .

c o s t a n d t e r m
s o f p a y m
e n t m
e t i t s r e q u i r e m e n t s .

I m
m
e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e c e a s e f i r e , a n e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w w a s S e l f R e l i a n c e . T h e s t a n c e o f t h e W
e s t e r n p o w e r s o n I n d i a ' s
i n i t i a t e d o f d e f e n c e p r e p a r e d n e s s . T h e c h a n g e s i n d e f e n c e p o s i t i o n
o n

K a s h m i r
a n d
o n
h e r
n o n - a l i g n e d
f o r e i g n
p o l i c y f r o m 1 9 6 3 o n w a r d s w e r e t o h a v e a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t p o l i c y , a s w e l l a s t h e e m
b a r g o e s o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l C o l d W
a r
o n n a v a l d e v e l o p m
e n t . T h e m
a j o r c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e 1 9 6 3
p o l i t i c s m
a d e i t c l e a r t h a t d e p e n d e n c e o n a s i n g l e s o u r c e o f D e f e n c e R e v i e w w e r e :

s u p p l i e s w a s t o b e a v o i d e d . S e l f r e l i a n c e , t h e r e f o r e , b e c a m e
a p r i o r i t y f o r n a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m
e n t —
i n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

•

T h e c o u n t r y n e e d e d t o b e f r e e f r o m i t s d e p e n d e n c e f o o d g r a i n s , i n h e a v y i n d u s t r y a n d e s p e c i a l l y f o r d e f e n c e o n f o r e i g n s u p p l i e s f o r d e f e n c e n e e d s .

s u p p l i e s .

•

A D
e p a r t m
e n t o f D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n n e e d e d t o b e

S e l f
r e l i a n c e
g a t h e r e d
g r e a t
m
o m
e n t u m

a f t e r
s e t u p t o d e v e l o p a n a d e q u a t e p r o d u c t i o n b a s e .

M r . K r i s h n a M
e n o n b e c a m
e t h e D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r i n 1 9 5 7 .

P a n d i t N e h r u r e l i e d h e a v i l y o n M r . K r i s h n a M
e n o n ' s v i e w s

•

T h e A r m y a n d t h e A i r F o r c e w e r e t o b e e x p a n d e d o n d e f e n c e m
a t t e r s . D u r i n g h i s f i v e y e a r s i n o f f i c e t i l l 1 9 6 2 , a n d m
o d e r n i s e d t o c o p e w i t h t h e n e w t h r e a t f r o m

M r . M
e n o n i n i t i a t e d m
o s t o f t h e p r o j e c t s w h i c h e v e n t o d a y

C h i n a .

f o r m t h e b e d r o c k o f I n d i a n d e f e n c e p r o d u c t i o n :

•

T h e N a v y ' s o v e r a g e d s h i p s w e r e t o b e r e p l a c e d a n d

•

F o r t h e A r m y , t a n k s , a r t i l l e r y , v e h i c l e s , w e a p o n s a n d t h e N a v y m
a d e i n t o a b a l a n c e d f o r c e . N a v a l p r e s e n c e
m u n i t i o n s .

o n t h e E a s t c o a s t o f I n d i a a n d i n t h e A n d a m
a n a n d

N i c o b a r i s l a n d s w a s t o b e i n c r e a s e d .

•

F o r t h e A i r F o r c e , f i g h t e r s ,
f i g h t e r b o m
b e r s a n d
t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t .

T h i s
g a v e
t h e

N a v y ,
i t s
f i r s t
o p p o r t u n i t y
a f t e r
i n d e p e n d e n c e , t o s y s t e m
a t i c a l l y j u s t i f y i t s r e q u i r e m
e n t s .

•

F o r t h e N a v y , f r i g a t e s a n d t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d w e a p o n T h e G o v e r n m
e n t ' s a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e N a v y ' s r e q u i r e m
e n t s
a n d p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m s .

l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r s u b s e q u e n t p r o p o s a l s f o r n a v a l d e v e l o p m
e n t .

F r o m a n a v a l h i s t o r i a n ' s v i e w p o i n t , M r . K r i s h n a M
e n o n ' s
c o n t r i b u t i o n t o n a v a l s e l f r e l i a n c e w a s a s m
o n u m
e n t a l a s

T h e r e q u i r e m
e n t s w e r e p h a s e d i n t h e f o r m
o f a f i v e y e a r

A d m i r a l M
o u n t b a t t e n ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n . D u r i n g h i s t e n u r e ,
p l a n a n d l e d t o t h e f o r m
u l a t i o n o f t h e 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 6 9 D
e f e n c e

M r . M
e n o n a c q u i r e d t h e M
a z a g o n D o c k s S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d

P l a n . T h e r e q u i r e m
e n t s o f t h e P l a n w e r e
d i s c u s s e d b y
i n B o m
b a y f r o m M
c k i n n o n M
a c k e n z i e L t d a n d t h e G a r d e n
t h e

D e f e n c e

M
i n i s t e r ' s

D e l e g a t i o n s
d u r i n g
t h e i r
v i s i t s

R e a c h S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d i n C a l c u t t a . T h e s e s h i p r e p a i r y a r d s t o A m
e r i c a i n M
a y 1 9 6 4 , t o R u s s i a i n A u g u s t 1 9 6 4 a n d t o
b e c a m
e t h e h u b s f o r t h e r e v i v a l o f I n d i a ' s w a r s h i p b u i l d i n g B r i t a i n i n N o v e m
b e r 1 9 6 4 .

XX TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

N e i t h e r A m
e r i c a n o r B r i t a i n p e r c e i v e d a n y t h r e a t t o
p u r c h a s i n g t h e p r o p u l s i o n p l a n t a n d w e a p o n s y s t e m s o f

I n d i a f r o m C h i n a ' s N a v y . I n t h e i r v i e w , I n d i a ' s p r i o r i t y w a s t h e s h i p s .

t o c o n t a i n C h i n a o n I n d i a ' s l a n d b o r d e r s b y s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e A r m y a n d t h e A i r F o r c e . R u s s i a , h o w e v e r , w a s w i l l i n g 1 9 6 5 . I n M a y 1 9 6 5 , P a k i s t a n i n t r u d e d i n t o t h e R a n n o f t o m
e e t t h e N a v y ' s n e e d s f o r s h i p s a n c l s u b m
a r i n e s a n d

K u t c h . T h e 1 9 6 5 I n d o - P a k i s t a n c o n f l i c t s a w n o s i g n i f i c a n t t h i s l a i d t h e b a s i s f o r t h e I n d o - R u s s i a n N a v a l c o o p e r a t i o n .

n a v a l e n c o u n t e r s . T h e G o v e r n m e n t h a d e x p l i c i t l y d i r e c t e d B y e a r l y 1 9 6 5 , i t w a s c l e a r t h a t t h e N a v y ' s n e e d s , b o t h f o r t h e N a v y t o d e s i s t f r o m o f f e n s i v e a c t i o n o n t h e h i g h s e a s .

s u b m
a r i n e s a n d f o r s h i p s , a s a c c e p t e d i n t h e D e f e n c e P l a n T h e N a v y d i d , h o w e v e r , t a k e a w a y m
a j o r l e a r n i n g s .

1 9 6 4 - 6 9 , c o u l d o n l y b e m
e t b y R u s s i a .

T h e

B r i t i s h

G o v e r n m
e n t
i m p o s e d
a n
e m
b a r g o
o n
d e f e n c e s u p p l i e s t o b o t h c o u n t r i e s . T h i s p r e c i p i t a t e d I n d i a n I n N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s ,
h o w e v e r ,
t h e r e c o n t i n u e d
t o
p e r c e p t i o n s t h a t d e s p i t e I n d i a ' s t r a d i t i o n a l l i n k a g e s w i t h p r e v a i l a v e r y s t r o n g p r e f e r e n c e f o r B r i t i s h a c q u i s i t i o n s .

B r i t a i n , B r i t i s h c r e d i b i l i t y a s a s o u r c e o f d e f e n c e s u p p l i e s T h e

N a v y ’s
e n t i r e
o r g a n i z a t i o n ,
o p e r a t i o n a l
s t r u c t u r e ,
c o u l d n o t b e t a k e n f o r g r a n t e d . I n 1 9 6 5 i t s e l f , t h e f i r s t n a v a l m
a i n t e n a n c e
a n d
r e p a i r
s y s t e m ,
d o c u m
e n t a t i o n
a n d
c o n t r a c t w a s s i g n e d f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f R u s s i a n s u b m a r i n e s , l o g i s t i c
p r o c e d u r e s ,
w e r e
s i m i l a r
t o
t h e

B r i t i s h

N a v y .

a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e v e s s e l s a n d l a n d i n g s h i p s . R u s s i a n c r e d i t s T u r n i n g t o R u s s i a f o r n a v a l a c q u i s i t i o n s c o u l d r e s u l t i n f o r
d e f e n c e
s u p p l i e s
c o m
m
e n c e d
t h e
s a m
e
y e a r .

T h e
t h e B r i t i s h s t o p p i n g t h e s u p p l y o f c o n f i d e n t i a l s i g n a l i n g , i n d u c t i o n o f v e s s e l s f r o m R u s s i a w a s t o h a v e w i d e s p r e a d t a c t i c a l a n d m
a n o e u v r i n g p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d j o i n t s e r v i c e s
e f f e c t s o n t h e N a v y . *
m
a n u a l s w h i c h I n d i a w a s g e t t i n g a s a m
e m
b e r o f t h e

B r i t i s h C o m
m
o n w e a l t h . A l l o f t h e s e w e r e c r i t i c a l f o r d a y t o F u r t h e r , t w o m
a j o r d e f i c i e n c i e s d i d c o m
e t o l i g h t r e l a t i n g
d a y f u n c t i o n i n g a n d o p e r a t i n g w i t h o t h e r C o m
m
o n w e a l t h
t o s e a g o i n g f o r c e s . T h e f i r s t w a s t h a t w i t h o u t a f l e e t t a n k e r n a v i e s .

t o r e p l e n i s h s h i p s , d e s t r o y e r s a n d f r i g a t e s w e r e u n a b l e t o s t a y a t s e a f o r m
o r e t h a n a f e w d a y s . A n e w t a n k e r t h e r e f o r e

A m
a j o r p s y c h o l o g i c a l b a r r i e r w a s a l s o t h a t o f h a v i n g j o i n e d t h e f l e e t i n 1 9 6 7 .

t o
l e a r n
t h e

R u s s i a n
l a n g u a g e
t o
u n d e r s t a n d

R u s s i a n
e q u i p m
e n t
m
a n u a l s .

R u s s i a n
w e a p o n ,
p r o p u l s i o n ,

T h e s e c o n d d e f i c i e n c y w a s t h a t t h e r e w e r e j u s t n o t e l e c t r i c a l a n d e l e c t r o n i c s y s t e m
s w e r e e n t i r e l y d i f f e r e n t
e n o u g h s h i p s t o c a t e r f o r o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t i n g e n c i e s o n t h e E a s t a n d W
e s t c o a s t s o f I n d i a a n d a l s o i n t h e A n d a m
a n
f r o m t h o s e o f t h e B r i t i s h a n d t h i s w o u l d e n t a i l e x t e n s i v e a n d N i c o b a r i s l a n d s . T h i s d e f i c i e n c y w a s p a r t l y r e m e d i e d
a u g m
e n t a t i o n
o f
m
a i n t e n a n c e
a n d
r e p a i r
f a c i l i t i e s .

w h e n t h e E a s t e r n F l e e t w a s c o n s t i t u t e d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 7 1 , E x p e r i e n c e w i t h e a r l i e r B r i t i s h a c q u i s i t i o n s h a d s h o w n j u s t p r i o r t o t h e 1 9 7 1 I n d o - P a k i s t a n c o n f l i c t . H o w e v e r , i t t h a t i t t o o k s e v e r a l y e a r s t o s e t u p s u c h f a c i l i t i e s a n d i n t h e w a s n o t u n t i l 1 9 7 5 t h a t a d e q u a t e f o r c e l e v e l s c o u l d b e b u i l t i n t e r v e n i n g y e a r s , s h i p s d e t e r i o r a t e d .

u p i n t h e E a s t .

O v e r a l l t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s w e r e d a u n t i n g . I t i s p r a i s e w o r t h y t h a t
d e s p i t e
t h e s e
f o r m
i d a b l e
p r o b l e m s ,

N a v a l

R u s s i a n S h i p a n d S u b m
a r i n e A c q u i s i t i o n s

H
e a d q u a r t e r s t o o k t h e d e c i s i o n t o a c q u i r e R u s s i a n s h i p s F r o m

m
i d - 1 9 6 6
o n w a r d s ,

I n d i a n
s u b m
a r i n e
c r e w s
a n d
s u b m
a r i n e s .

W
i t h i n
a
b r i e f p e r i o d
o f f o u r y e a r s
p r o c e e d e d
t o

R u s s i a
f o r
t r a i n i n g ,
c o m
m
i s s i o n e d
b e t w e e n 1 9 6 1 a n d 1 9 6 5 , t h e g e o p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c
s u b m
a r i n e s a n d s a i l e d t h e m
h o m
e . A l l t h e s u b m
a r i n e r s
c o m
p u l s i o n s
o f

A m
e r i c a
a n d

B r i t a i n
l e d

I n d i a ' s

A i r
w h o w e r e e a r l i e r t r a i n e d i n B r i t a i n a l s o u n d e r w e n t t r a i n i n g F o r c e , A r m y a n d N a v y t o a c c e p t R u s s i a ' s g e n e r o u s o f f e r s i n R u s s i a . B y 1 9 7 0 , f o u r s u b m
a r i n e s a r r i v e d i n I n d i a . T h e
o f i t s l a t e s t c o n v e n t i o n a l d e f e n c e s y s t e m
s o n e x t r e m
e l y
s u b m
a r i n e d e p o t s h i p , INS A m ba, w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n f a v o u r a b l e f i n a n c i a l t e r m
s . T h e 1 9 5 6 R u p e e R o u b l e T r a d e
d i e B l a c k S e a i n 1 9 6 8 a n d a r r i v e d i n 1 9 6 9 .

A g r e e m
e n t w a s e x t e n d e d a l s o t o d e f e n c e s a l e s f r o m

1 9 6 5
o n w a r d s .

T h e f i r s t R u s s i a n s u r f a c e v e s s e l s t o a r r i v e w e r e f i v e s m a l l p a t r o l b o a t s . T h e s e w e r e f o l l o w e d b y t w o l a n d i n g s h i p s G r e a t c a r e w a s n e v e r t h e l e s s t a k e n , n o t t o s e v e r t h e i n

1 9 6 6 .

B y

1 9 7 0 ,
f i v e
a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
v e s s e l s
w e r e
n a v a l c o n n e c t i o n w i t h B r i t a i n a n d E u r o p e . I n 1 9 6 4 , I n d i a a c q u i r e d .

a n d B r i t a i n a g r e e d t o c o l l a b o r a t e o n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e B r i t i s h d e s i g n e d L e a n d e r c l a s s f r i g a t e i n M
a z a g o n

T h e
y e a r s
b e t w e e n

1 9 6 9
a n d

1 9 7 1
w e r e
e x t r e m
e l y

D o c k s , B o m
b a y . F o r t h i s p r o j e c t , t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m
e n t
c r i t i c a l f o r t h e I n d o - R u s s i a n n a v a l i n t e r a c t i o n . T h e N a v y p r o v i d e d c r e d i t o f 4 . 7 m i l l i o n p o u n d s , w h i c h w a s u s e d f o r h a d
s e l e c t e d s o m
e
o f i t s f i n e s t
o f f i c e r s
t o
i n d u c t t h e

1.

Refer Chapter titled, ‘Russian Acquisitions' in "Transition to Triumph"

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXi

h e l i c o p t e r s f r o m B r i t a i n . T h e s e a r r i v e d i n 1 9 7 1 . A p p r o v a l R u s s i a n s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s . T h e s e o f f i c e r s w e r e q u i c k w a s a l s o
a c c o r d e d f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o r v e t t e s i n
t o d i s c e r n t h e R u s s i a n s h i p s , l i m i t a t i o n s . F o i e x a m p l e , t h e I n d i a .

t r o p i c a l I n d i a n c l i m a t e w a s h o t a n d h u m i d . H o w e v e r , a i l -
c o n d i t i o n i n g s y s t e m s h a d b e e n d e s i g n e d f o r R u s s i a s c o o l H i e 1 9 7 1 W
a r 2 s a w t h e I n d i a n N a v y a c h i e v e c o n t r o l o f
a n d d r y t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t e . T h e s u b m a r i n e r s f o u n d t h a t d i e A r a b i a n S e a a n d t h e B a y o f B e n g a l w i t h i n a s p a n o f t h e i r v e s s e l s h a d n o t b e e n f i t t e d w i t h d i e l a t e s t e q u i p m e n t .

o n e w e e k . I n d i a h e l p e d t o l i b e r a t e B a n g l a d e s h s o t h a t t e n S i n c e t h e s a m e " R u s s i a t r a i n e d o f f i c e r s ”

s o o n m
a n n e d
m i l l i o n r e f u g e e s c o u l d
r e t u r n t o t h e i r h o m
e s .

A m
e r i c a
c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e s k s i n N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r d i r e c t o r a t e s , m
a d e i t s g e s t u r e o f s u p p o r t t o P a k i s t a n b y s e n d i n g t h e t h e y w e r e a b l e t o
i n t e r a c t w i t h
v i s i t i n g

R u s s i a n
n a v a l

ENTERPRISE c a r r i e r g r o u p i n t o t h e B a y o f B e n g a l . T h e d e l e g a t i o n s , a n d p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c n e e d s . I t t o o k a g r e a t R u s s i a n N a v y , i n a n e q u a l l y r e a s s u r i n g g e s t u r e o f s u p p o r t d e a l o f p e r s e v e r a n c e t o b r e a k t h r o u g h t h e i n i t i a l R u s s i a n t o I n d i a , s h a d o w e d t h e A m
e r i c a n N a v y ' s t a s k f o r c e i n t o
r e s i s t a n c e t o I n d i a n s u g g e s t i o n s . F o r t u n a t e l y , o v e r t i m e , t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . I n

1 9 7 1 , t h e I n d o - S o v i e t F r i e n d s h i p
b o t h
s i d e s
d e v e l o p e d
m u t u a l
r e s p e c t
f o r
e a c h
o t h e r s

T r e a t y a n d R u s s i a ' s v e t o i n t h e S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l d u r i n g t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l i s m .

I n d o - P a k i s t a n w a r h e l p e d c e m
e n t I n d o - R u s s i a n r e l a t i o n s .

A f t e r t h e 1 9 7 1 w a r , t h e R u s s i a n N a v y w o r k e d a l o n g s i d e t h e B y

1 9 7 1 ,
t h e

N a v y
w a s
a b l e
t o
i d e n t i f y
s e v e r a l

I n d i a n N a v y t o c l e a r t h e m
i n e s l a i d b y t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y i n
i m p r o v e m e n t s t h a t w e r e t o b e f i t t e d i n t h e n e x t s e r i e s o f t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o C h i t t a g o n g h a r b o u r .

R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s . I n t h e e n d o f 1 9 7 1 , f u r t h e r o r d e r s w e r e
p l a c e d
f o r
f o u r
s u b m a r i n e s ,
f i v e
a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e

I n 1 9 7 1 , t h e c o n c e p t o f t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n a s a ' Z o n e o f
v e s s e l s a n d s i x l a n d i n g s h i p s .

P e a c e ' c r y s t a l l i s e d i n d i e U N .

R u s s i a n M
i s s i l e B o a t A c q u i s i t i o n s

1 9 7 1 - 1 9 7 5

I n 1 9 6 4 , t h e I n d i a n d e f e n c e d e l e g a t i o n w e r e s h o w n F r o m
t h e n a v a l p o i n t o f v i e w , t h e t r i u m
p h o f 1 9 7 1 w a s
m i s s i l e b o a t s b u t t h e s e e v o k e d n o i n t e r e s t b e c a u s e t h e y a s i g n i f i c a n t t u r n i n g p o i n t i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n o f t h e I n d i a n h a d n o t b e e n o n t h e N a v y ' s l i s t o f r e q u i r e m
e n t s . I n 1 9 6 5 ,

N a v y :

p r o f e s s i o n a l n a v a l c i r c l e s s t a r t e d b e c o m
i n g a w a r e o f t h e
p o t e n c y o f t h e t h r e a t t h a t s u c h s m a l l b o a t s c o u l d p o s e t o

•

A f t e r t h e N a v y ' s a c h i e v e m
e n t s i n 1 9 7 1 , p o l i t i c i a n s ,
s h i p s m
u c h l a r g e r t h a n t h e m s e l v e s , b e c a u s e o f t h e i r s u r f a c e c i v i l s e r v a n t s a n d t h e g e n e r a l p u b l i c b e c a m
e a w a r e
t o s u r f a c e m i s s i l e s . R u s s i a h a d f i r s t s u p p l i e d t h e s e m i s s i l e o f w h a t a N a v y c o u l d a c h i e v e i n a m
i l i t a r y s i t u a t i o n .

b o a t s t o I n d o n e s i a w h o w a s e n g a g e d i n a c o n f r o n t a t i o n E q u a l l y i m
p o r t a n t , t h e N a v y ' s e f f e c t i v e i n t e r c e p t i o n
w i t h B r i t a i n a n d t h e B r i t i s h N a v y w a s n o t a t a l l c l e a r a b o u t o f P a k i s t a n ' s
m
e r c h a n t s h i p s
p r o c e e d i n g t o

E a s t
h o w t o d e a l w i t h t h i s t h r e a t .

P a k i s t a n a n d i t s c o n t r o l o f t h e m
a r i t i m
e a p p r o a c h e s
a n d o i l s u p p l i e s t o W
e s t P a k i s t a n d u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 1

R u s s i a
a l s o
s u p p l i e d
t h e s e
b o a t s
t o

E g y p t .

D u r i n g

I n d o - P a k i s t a n
c o n f l i c t
m
a d e
t h e

G
o v e r n m
e n t
t h e 1 9 6 7 A r a b - I s r a e l w a r , a n E g y p t i a n m i s s i l e b o a t s a n k r e a l i z e h o w t h e N a v y ' s c o n t r o l o f t h e s e a l a n e s c o u l d a n

I s r a e l i
f r i g a t e ,

Eliath, w i t h i n m i n u t e s , w h i c h w a s
d e c r e a s e t h e e n e m
y ' s a b i l i t y t o c o n t i n u e a f i g h t .

a p p r o a c h i n g P o r t S a i d . T h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s q u i c k t o s e e t h e a d v a n t a g e s o f t h i s n e w w e a p o n s y s t e m f o r c o a s t a l

•

I m
m
e d i a t e l y
a f t e r
t h e

1 9 7 1
c o n f l i c t ,
e i g h t
m
o r e
d e f e n c e ,
h a v i n g
s e e n
h o w
t h e

P a k i s t a n

F l e e t ,
i n
t h e
m i s s i l e b o a t s w e r e o r d e r e d h a v i n g l o n g e r r a n g e *

1 9 6 5 c o n f l i c t , h a d b o m b a r d e d D w a r k a a n d g o t a w a y . I n b e t t e r m i s s i l e s a n d a b e t t e r f i r e c o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r
e n d 1 9 6 8 , e i g h t m i s s i l e b o a t s w e r e o r d e r e d . T h e s e w e r e a n t i - a i r c r a f t d e f e n c e . T h e a t t a c k o n K a r a c h i i n c r e a s e d b e t t e r t h a n t h o s e s u p p l i e d t o I n d o n e s i a a n d E g y p t —
t h e y

R u s s i a ' s r e s p e c t f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s i n n o v a t i v e u s e c a r r i e d f o u r m i s s i l e s e a c h i n s t e a d o f t w o .

o f R u s s i a n m
i s s i l e b o a t s a n d m
a d e t h e m
p r o u d o n

T h e s e b o a t s a r r i v e d i n 1 9 7 1 a n d w e r e b a s e d i n B o m b a y , t h e e f f i c a c y o f R u s s i a n m
i s s i l e s y s t e m
s .

w h e r e a m i s s i l e p r e p a r a t i o n f a c i l i t y w a s b e i n g s e t u p .

•

W
i t h t h e p o t e n c y o f t h e R u s s i a n m
i s s i l e s h a v i n g

1 9 7 1 .

T h e D e f e n c e P l a n 1 9 7 0 - 7 4 w a s a p p r o v e d i n 1 9 7 0 .

b e e n s o v i v i d l y p r o v e d ,
t h e

N a v y
d e c i d e d
t o
f i t

I n a d d i t i o n t o s a n c t i o n s f o r t h e R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s a n d m i s s i l e s , i n a s m
a n y s h i p s , a s p o s s i b l e . T o s t a r t w i t h ,
i n d i g e n o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n , a p p r o v a l w a s a c c o r d e d f o r t h e t w o c o m
p l e t e s y s t e m
s o f m
i s s i l e l a u n c h e r s , m
i s s i l e

N a v y t o a c q u i r e s i x o f t h e l a t e s t S e a k i n g a n t i - s u b m a r i n e
f i r e c o n t r o l s y s t e m
s a n d a s s o c i a t e d p o w
e r s u p p l i e s

Refer Chapter titled 'The 1971 Indo-Pakistan War' in “Transition to Triumph"

x x ii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

w e r e r e m
o v e d f r o m t w o m i s s i l e b o a t s a n d f i t t e d i n
c l e a r t h a t t h e A p e x G r o u p ' s r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s w o u l d h a v e
t w o B r i t i s h f r i g a t e s , w h i c h w a s a n u n p r e c e d e n t e d t o b e r e v i e w e d .

a c h i e v e m
e n t .

O p e r a t i o n a l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
a l s o
f a v o u r e d
a n o t h e r
o

A f t e r t h e s i n k i n g o f INS Khukri, t h e G o v e r n m e n t r e v i e w . T h e A r a b - I s r a e l i W
a r r e v e a l e d t o t h e w o r l d a n e w
a c c e p t e d t h e N a v y ’ s u r g e n t n e e d f o r m a r i t i m
e p a t r o l
g e n e r a t i o n o f w e a p o n s t h a t R u s s i a h a d s u p p l i e d t o t h e a i r c r a f t h a v i n g t h e c a p a b i l i t y t o c o u n t e r a t t a c k a A r a b n a t i o n s . T h e I n d i a n D e f e n c e D e l e g a t i o n s w h o w e n t s u b m a r i n e .

t o a s s e s s t h e p e r f o r m
a n c e o f t h e s e n e w R u s s i a n w e a p o n
s y s t e m
s
r e c o m
m
e n d e d
t h e i r
a c q u i s i t i o n .

O f f s h o r e
o i l
o

T h e N a v y ' s i n s t a n t , i n v i s i b l e p r e s e n c e o f f t h e C e y l o n d i s c o v e r e d i n B o m
b a y H i g h a n d t h r e a t s t o t h e s e o f f s h o r e
c o a s t , i n r e s p o n s e t o t h e C e y l o n e s e G o v e r n m
e n t ’ s
a s s e t s w e r e t o b e c a t e r e d f o r . A f t e r t h e 1 9 7 1 w a r , P a k i s t a n ' s r e q u e s t f o r a s s i s t a n c e i n f o r e s t a l l i n g a c o u p w a s t h e a r m
e d f o r c e s h a d m
a d e s e v e r a l n e w a c q u i s i t i o n s .

f i r s t t i m e t h a t t h e N a v y w a s a s k e d t o u n d e r t a k e s u c h a t a s k . O n l y t h e N a v y c o u l d h a v e d o n e i t d i s c r e e t l y .

T h e G o v e r n m e n t c o n s t i t u t e d t h e S e c o n d A P E X G r o u p T h e u s e o f t h e A r m y o r t h e A i r F o r c e c o u l d h a v e i n 1 9 7 5 t o r e v i s e t h e D e f e n c e P l a n 1 9 7 4 - 7 9 a n d c o r r e l a t e r a i s e d p r o t e s t s o f i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s p h y s i c a l
a n d
f i n a n c i a l
t a r g e t s .

F o r t h e
f i r s t
t i m
e
a f t e r
o f C e y l o n .

i n d e p e n d e n c e , d e f e n c e p l a n n i n g w a s v i e w e d i n t h e w i d e r o

T h e
d i s c o v e r y
o f
o i l
a t

B o m
b a y

H i g h
a n d
t h e
p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m
y i n a n a t t e m
p t t o m e s h
a c c e p t a n c e
o f
t h e
n e e d
t o
p r o t e c t
e x p e n s i v e ,
t h e D e f e n c e F i v e Y e a r P l a n w i t h t h e n a t i o n a l f i v e y e a r v u l n e r a b l e o i l r i g s l e d t o t h e r e v i v a l o f t h e C o r v e t t e p l a n .

P r o j e c t . T h e

N a v y ' s
r e q u i r e m
e n t
t o
f i t
t h e
l a t e s t

T l i e S e c o n d A p e x g r o u p a c c e p t e d m
o s t o f t h e N a v y ' s
e q u i p m
e n t
m
a d e
i t
a t t r a c t i v e
f o r

E u r o p e a n
p r o j e c t i o n s .

T h i s

C o m
m
i t t e e
r e c o m
m
e n d e d
e n h a n c e d
c o n t e n d e r s t o o f f e r a n u m
b e r o f o p t i o n s f r o m t h e
a l l o c a t i o n o f f u n d s t o s u p p o r t c o r e n a v a l s c h e m e s w h i c h
b e s t e q u i p m
e n t , t h e n a v a i l a b l e .

o t h e r w i s e
w o u l d
h a v e
l a n g u i s h e d .

T l i e

G o v e r n m e n t ' s
o

I n 1 9 7 2 , INS Nilgiri, t h e f i r s t L e a n d e r c l a s s f r i g a t e a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e s e r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s u n d e r p i n n e d t h e
b u i l t b y

M
a z a g o n

D o c k s ,
w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d
o n
m
a j o r a c q u i s i t i o n s i n 1 9 7 5 .

s c h e d u l e . S h e w a s t h e f i r s t m
a j o r w a r s h i p t o b e b u i l t
i n I n d i a a f t e r a g a p o f o v e r a h u n d r e d y e a r s .

Transition to Eminence

T w o
m
a j o r

D e f e n c e

R e v i e w s
m a r k e d
t h e
c l o s i n g

T h e s e c o n d v o l u m
e i n t h e t r i l o g y o f N a v a l H i s t o r y e n t i t l e d
y e a r s o f t h e d e c a d e 1 9 6 5 t o 1 9 7 5 . I n 1 9 7 3 , a h i g h l e v e l

" T r a n s i t i o n t o

E m
i n e n c e ”

c o v e r i n g t h e
p e r i o d

1 9 7 6 t o

A p e x

C o m
m
i t t e e
r e c o m
m
e n d e d
s p e c i a l
c o n s i d e r a t i o n

1 9 9 0 d e s c r i b e s h o w t h e f o u n d a t i o n w a s l a i d f o r t h e N a v y ' s f o r
t h e

N a v y ' s
d e v e l o p m
e n t
a n d
c l e a r e d
t h e

N a v y ' s
e m
e r g e n c e a s t h e e m
i n e n t N a v y o f t h e S o u t h A s i a n r e g i o n .

p r o p o s a l s f o r r e p l a c i n g o l d s h i p s a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s . S o o n a f t e r d i e G o v e r n m
e n t a p p r o v e d

T l i e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m
p e t i t i o n t o ' s e l l a r m
s ’ p r e s e n t e d t h e
t h e
r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s ,
t h e r e
w e r e
s e v e r a l
a d v e r s e

N a v y w i t h a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o a c q u i r e t h e l a t e s t t e c h n o l o g y d e v e l o p m
e n t s .

f r o m b o t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e W
e s t a n d i n d i g e n i s e
t h e m
t h r o u g h t r a n s f e r o f t e c h n o l o g y a n d i n c r e a s e d s e l f T h e A r a b - I s r a e l w a r e r u p t e d i n O
c t o b e r

1 9 7 3 . A s a
r e l i a n c e .

r e a c t i o n t o A m
e r i c a h a v i n g r u s h e d m
i l i t a r y a i d t o I s r a e l ,
t h e A r a b
o i l
p r o d u c i n g n a t i o n s
s h a r p l y
i n c r e a s e d
t h e

T h e
a c q u i s i t i o n s
f r o m
a b r o a d
s y n e r g i s e d
w i t h
i n t e r n a t i o n a l p r i c e o f o i l . T h e o i l c r i s i s o f 1 9 7 3 a f f e c t e d i n n o v a t i o n s
i n
w a r s h i p
d e s i g n
a n d
p r o d u c t i o n .

N e w
e c o n o m
i e s w o r l d w i d e . S i n c e I n d i a i m
p o r t e d m
u c h o f h e r
t e c h n o l o g i e s d r o v e i n n o v a t i o n i n i n d i g e n o u s s h i p b u i l d i n g o i l f r o m t h e P e r s i a n G u l f , t h e u n a v o i d a b l e i n c r e a s e i n t h e c o n c e p t s ,
i n
t a c t i c a l
d o c t r i n e s ,
i n
p e r s o n n e l
p o l i c i e s
o u t f l o w o f f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e s e r i o u s l y d i s l o c a t e d n a t i o n a l a n d i n m
a i n t e n a n c e , r e f i t a n d l o g i s t i c p r o c e d u r e s . I n t h e b u d g e t i n g a n d d e c e l e r a t e d d e f e n c e p r o j e c t s .

p r e c e d i n g d e c a d e , t l i e t r a n s i t i o n h a d b e e n f r o m B r i t i s h B e t w e e n

1 9 7 3
a n d

1 9 7 5 ,

I n d i a ' s e c o n o m
i c s i t u a t i o n
a c q u i s i t i o n s t o R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s , f r o m g u n s t o m i s s i l e s , d e t e r i o r a t e d
s w i f t l y
a n d
s h a r p l y .

D
o m
e s t i c
i n f l a t i o n
f r o m s t e a m
p r o p u l s i o n t o g a s t u r b i n e s a n d f r o m a n a l o g u e
r e a c h e d
a n
u n p r e c e d e n t e d

3 0
p e r
c e n t
p e r
a n n u m

.

t o d i g i t a l e l e c t r o n i c s .

T h e r i s e i n p r i c e s o f i m
p o r t e d f o o d , f e r t i l i s e r a n d f u e l

B e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 9 0 , t h e t r a n s i t i o n w a s q u a l i t a t i v e l y d r a i n e d f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e r e s e r v e s . T h e r e w e r e s e t b a c k s d i f f e r e n t . S p e c i a l i s t t e a m
s m
u s h r o o m
e d w i t h a s h a r p e r
i n a g r i c u l t u r a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l o u t p u t . B y 1 9 7 5 , i t b e c a m e

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXiii

f o c u s o n h o w e f f e c t i v e l y t h e n e w s y s t e m s w o u l d m e e t
p r i v a t e

I n d i a n
i n d u s t r i e s
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i n

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o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d h o w t h e y w o u l d p e r f o r m R & D .

i n t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . E v e r y w o r k i n g l e v e l s t r o v e t o o b t a i n a n d s u s t a i n p e a k p e r f o r m
a n c e .

A l l t h e s e f a c t o r s c u l m
i n a t e d i n t h e s a n c t i o n s f o r t h e
i n d i g e n o u s
p r o d u c t i o n
o f
g u i d e d
m
i s s i l e
d e s t r o y e r s

D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , t h e N a v y ' s g r o w t h w a s a f f e c t e d b y ( P r o j e c t 1 5 ) a n d f r i g a t e s ( P r o j e c t 1 6 A ) , m
i s s i l e c o r v e t t e s
t h i e e c r i s e s , e a c h o f w h i c h d e l a y e d t h e i m p o r t o f n a v a l ( P r o j e c t 2 5 A ) , g a s t u r b i n e p r o p e l l e d m
i s s i l e b o a t s ( P r o j e c t
e q u i p m e n t a n d t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f a p p r o v e d p r o j e c t s : 1 2 4 1 R E ) , l a n d i n g s h i p s , s u r v e y s h i p s , t a n k e r s a n d d i v e r s e s m a l l e r s h i p s .

•

T h e f i r s t c r i s i s f o l l o w e d t h e 1 9 7 3 A r a b - I s r a e l W
a r
w h e n t h e p r i c e o f o i l r o s e v e r y s h a r p l y .

H i e f a i l u r e o f t h e m
o n s o o n i n 1 9 8 6 l e d t o t h e d r o u g h t
o f 1 9 8 7 a n d f i n a n c i a l s t r i n g e n c y u n t i l 1 9 9 0 . T h e f i n a n c i a l

•

T h e s e c o n d c r i s i s f r o m 1 9 8 7 o n w a r d s o r i g i n a t e d f r o m c r i s i s o f 1 9 9 1 p r o l o n g e d t h e p e r i o d o f a u s t e r e n a v a l b u d g e t s .

t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e m
o n s o o n i n 1 9 8 6 a n d t h e p r o l o n g e d
d r o u g h t a n d f i n a n c i a l a u s t e r i t y t h a t e n s u e d .

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s t a f f w o r k i n 1 9 8 5 a n d 1 9 8 6 h a d o b t a i n e d s a n c t i o n s f o r a l l

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s t a r t e d
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f r e e i n g
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c e n t r a l i s e d
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e n t i n d o l l a r s . T h e d e l i v e r i e s o f S o v i e t
a n d t h e A i r F o r c e i n t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f r e s o u r c e s , t h e N a v y e q u i p m e n t a n d s p a r e s w e r e d i s r u p t e d . I t t o o k s o m e
w a s n o t o n l y a b l e t o s t a y a b r e a s t o f o t h e r n a v i e s i n n a v a l y e a r s
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a l s o t o a c h i e v e a r e s p e c t a b l e m
e a s u r e o f s e l f r e l i a n c e .

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a r s h i p D e s i g n a n d I n d i g e n o u s R & D
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s u b s t i t u t e s a n d t o m a k e b e t t e r u s e o f i t s r e s o u r c e s .

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o f t h e

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h e h c o p t e r s . T h e s e R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s c o i n c i d e d r e d e s i g n i n g , t h e n i n p r o g r e s s , o f t h e f r i g a t e s t h a t n e P r o j e c t 1 6 G o d a v a r i c l a s s f r i g a t e s r e d e s i g n e d t o f i t t h e i S S S S a
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a s t e r e d o f i n t e r f a c i n g

I n
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1 9 7 0 s ,

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e n t , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e i r

E u r o p e a n s u b m
a r i n e s t o d e c i d e w h i c h o f t h e s e b e s t m e t
o r i g i n , v o l t a g e a n d f r e q u e n c y , t h e r e w a s n o l o o k i n g b a c k .

t h e

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R u s s i a n s o f f e r e d t h e i r l a t e s t w e a p o n s y s t e m s f o r t h e s e r i e s s h o r t - l i s t i n g o f t h e G e r m a n H D W

1 5 0 0 s u b m
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o f s h i p s t h a t f o l l o w e d — t h e 1 5 0 0 t o n m i s s i l e c o r v e t t e s o f t h e S w e d i s h K o c k u m s 4 5 B s u b m
a r i n e . T h e G e r m
a n H D W
t h e K h u k r i c l a s s , t h e 6 5 0 0 t o n m i s s i l e d e s t r o y e r s o f t h e D e l h i 1 5 0 0 w a s s e l e c t e d a f t e r p r o l o n g e d t e c h n i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s c l a s s a n d t h e 4 0 0 0 - t o n m i s s i l e f r i g a t e s o f t h e B r a h m a p u t r a
a n d c o m
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e r c i a l n e g o t i a t i o n s . C o n t r a c t s w e r e
c l a s s .

s i g n e d i n D e c e m
b e r 1 9 8 1 f o r t w o s u b m
a r i n e s t o b e b u i l t i n

S i d e b y s i d e w i t h t h e s e i n n o v a t i o n s i n w a r s h i p d e s i g n , G e r m a n y f o l l o w e d b y t w o t o b e b u i l t i n M
a z a g o n D o c k s ,
t h e N a v a l R & D l a b o r a t o r i e s d e v e l o p e d s e n s o r s , w e a p o n s w i t h a n o p t i o n c l a u s e f o r t w o m
o r e t o b e b u i l t i n I n d i a .

a n d
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s
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I n d i a ' s
t r o p i c a l
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T o l e a r n a l l a s p e c t s o f s u b m
a r i n e d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
c o n d i t i o n s a n d m a x i m i s i n g i n d i g e n o u s c o n t e n t .

o v e r s e e i n g ,
f a c t o r y
a c c e p t a n c e
a n d
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t r i a l s
a n d
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H i e o u t s t a n d i n g n a v a l R & D p r o j e c t o f t h i s p e r i o d w a s f a c i l i t a t e t r a n s f e r o f t e c h n o l o g y , p e r s o n n e l f r o m t h e N a v y t h e A P S O H s o n a r , s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d f o r h o t a n d h u m i d a n d
f r o m

M
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D o c k s
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t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d p r o v e d a t s e a i n I n d i a n w a t e r s . I t s w h i l s t t h e f i r s t t w o s u b m
a r i n e s w e r e b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d i n
d e r i v a t i v e s c o n t i n u e t o b e f i t t e d i n t h e N a v y ' s l a t e s t s h i p s , G e r m a n y . T h e s e t w o s u b m
a r i n e s a r r i v e d f r o m G e r m
a n y i n
t w e n t y y e a r s a f t e r i t w a s f i r s t d e v e l o p e d .

1 9 8 7 . T h e 3 r d a n d 4 t h s u b m
a r i n e s b u i l t i n M
a z a g o n D o c k s
w e r e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 2 a n d 1 9 9 4 . 5

T h e A i r A r m

T h e p e r f o r m
a n c e o f t h e H D W
s u b m
a r i n e s f u l l y m
e t

T h e r e w e r e n u m
e r o u s d e v e l o p m
e n t s i n t h e N a v a l A i r
t h e N a v y ' s o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m
e n t s . T h i s w a s a s m
u c h a

A r m i n t h i s p e r i o d . T h e c o m
b a t c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e A i r A r m
t r i b u t e t o I n d i a n l e a r n i n g s k i l l s a n d m
e t i c u l o u s i n s i s t e n c e
l e a p f r o g g e d f r o m t h e t e c h n o l o g y o f t h e 1 9 5 0 s t o t h a t o f t h e o n q u a l i t y a s t o t h e t h o r o u g h n e s s o f G e r m
a n t r a i n i n g a n d

1 9 8 0 s :

t r a n s f e r o f t e c h n o l o g y .

®

A s e c o n d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r , V i r a a t , a n d a w i d e v a r i e t y o f a i r c r a f t a n d h e l i c o p t e r s e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e l a t e s t D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , s t u d i e s t h a t h a d c o m
m
e n c e d i n t h e
s e n s o r s a n d w e a p o n s w e r e a c q u i r e d .

1 9 6 0 s , o n n u c l e a r p r o p u l s i o n w e r e c o n t i n u e d . T o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e t e c h n o l o g y , i t w a s d e c i d e d i n t h e e a r l y

°

V i k r a n t
u n d e r w e n t
t w o
m
o d e r n i s a t i o n s ,
i n

1 9 8 0 s t o l e a s e a n u c l e a r p r o p e l l e d s u b m
a r i n e f r o m t h e
p r e p a r a t i o n
f o r
e m
b a r k i n g
t h e
n e w S e a

H a r r i e r

S o v i e t U n i o n f o r t h r e e y e a r s . T h e c r e w u n d e r w e n t t r a i n i n g f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t a n d t h e n e w M k 4 2 B S e a k i n g A S W
i n R u s s i a . I N S C h a k r a o p e r a t e d i n I n d i a n w a t e r s f r o m 1 9 8 8
h e l i c o p t e r s .

t o 1 9 9 1 .

•

T h e m
a r i t i m
e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e r o l e w a s t r a n s f e r r e d

T h e S u b m a r i n e A r m h a d s t a r t e d w i t h e i g h t s u b m
a r i n e s
f r o m t h e A i r F o r c e t o t h e N a v y i n 1 9 7 6 w i t h t h e f r o m R u s s i a —
f o u r K a l v a r i c l a s s i n 1 9 6 8 - 6 9 a n d f o u r V e l a
t a k i n g o v e r o f t h e A i r F o r c e S u p e r C o n s t e l l a t i o n s .

c l a s s i n 1 9 7 3 - 7 4 . D
u e t o t h e i n c r e a s e d c o r r o s i o n e x p e r i e n c e d

T h e a c q u i s i t i o n i n 1 9 7 7 o f t h e M R A S W

I l y u s h i n ( I L )

i n
w a r m

s a l i n e
t r o p i c a l
w a t e r s
a n d
t h e
d e f e r m
e n t
o f

3 8 s f r o m d i e S o v i e t U n i o n m a r k e d t h e r e b i r t h o f t h e 6 - y e a r l y r e f i t s s i n c e t h e r e p a i r f a c i l i t i e s i n V i s a k h a p a t n a m s h o r e - b a s e d a r m
o f n a v a l a v i a t i o n .4 I n d u e c o u r s e ,

D o c k y a r d w e r e n o t r e a d y , t h e m
a t e r i a l s t a t e o f t h e f i r s t
t h e l o n g e r r a n g e a n d b e t t e r e q u i p p e d L o n g R a n g e f o u r s u b m
a r i n e s d e t e r i o r a t e d f a s t . S u b m
a r i n e s w e r e s e n t

M
a r i t i m
e P a t r o l T u p o l e v ( T U )

1 4 2 s r e p l a c e d t h e
b a c k t o R u s s i a f o r 6 - y e a r l y r e p a i r s . C o n c u r r e n t l y , 6 - y e a r l y S u p e r C o n n i e s .

r e p a i r s w e r e c o m
m
e n c e d i n V i s a k h a p a t n a m

. D i s c u s s i o n s

I h e S u b m
a r i n e A r m
w i t h t h e S o v i e t s i d e f o r s u c c e s s o r s t o t h e e a r l i e r s u b m a r i n e s
c u l m
i n a t e d
i n
t h e
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o f
t h e
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8 7 7

E K M

T h e r e w e r e
e q u a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t
d e v e l o p m
e n t s
i n
t h e
s u b m
a r i n e s b e t w e e n 1 9 8 6 a n d 1 9 9 0 . 6

N a v y ' s S u b m
a r i n e A r m .

4.

The amphibious Sealand aircraft had phased out in the 1960s.

5.

Negotiations for the 5th and 6th subm arines were discontinued in 1987 due to a com bination of cost escalation and resource constraints.

6.

Known in W estern parlance as the 'Kilo' class.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXV

m i l i t a n t s a n d t h e i r m
a t e r i a l b e t w e e n S r i L a n k a a n d I n d i a .

S u b m a r i n e A r m p r o j e c t s w e r e n o t r e s t r i c t e d t o E u r o p e O p e r a t i o n T a s h a s t a r t e d i n A p r i l 1 9 9 0 a n d c o n t i n u e s t o a n d R u s s i a . A l a n d m a r k d e a l w a s t h e V L F t r a n s a c t i o n w i t h a n A m e r i c a n f i r m . T h e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t h i s d a y .

a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c u l m i n a t e d i n 1 9 8 4 w i t h t h e s e l e c t i o n O
p e r a t i o n C a c t u s —

1 9 8 8 . W
h i l s t O p e r a t i o n

P a w a n
o f a n A m e r i c a n c o m p a n y , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h a n I n d i a n w a s i n f u l l s w i n g , a c r i s i s e r u p t e d i n M
a l e , t h e c a p i t a l o f t h e
c o m p a n y , t o d e s i g n , m a n u f a c t u r e , i n s t a l l a n d c o m m
i s s i o n

M
a l d i v e I s l a n d s . O n t h e n i g h t o f 2 n d / 3 r d N
o v e m
b e r 1 9 8 8 ,
t h e V L F t r a n s m i t t i n g s t a t i o n w h i c h w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n
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3 0 0
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5 0 0
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i l / S i n h a l a - s p e a k i n g

1 9 9 0 .

m
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i n

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a l e
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a
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s h i p
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l o c a t i o n s .

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t h i s

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p t e d c o u p , P r e s i d e n t G a y o o m
w e n t i n t o h i d i n g a n d ,

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i n t h e e a r l y h o u r s o f 3 N o v e m b e r , s o u g h t I n d i a ' s h e l p a n d s t a r t e d i n

1 9 6 5 , g r e w w i t h f u t u r e R u s s i a n
a c q u i s i t i o n s
i m
m
e d i a t e i n t e r v e n t i o n .

a n d i n s t a l l a t i o n o f R u s s i a n w e a p o n s i n I n d i a n - b u i l t h u l l s , i n t e r f a c e d w i t h E u r o p e a n a n d i n d i g e n o u s e q u i p m e n t .

D u r i n g t h e n e x t 2 4 h o u r s , t h e n e a r e s t n a v a l s h i p s w e r e d i v e r t e d t o M
a l e a t m
a x i m
u m
s p e e d , n a v a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e

B y 1 9 8 7 , t h i s w i d e s c o p e o f c o o p e r a t i o n i n w a r s h i p a i r c r a f t e s t a b l i s h e d s u r v e i l l a n c e o v e r t h e M
a l d i v e I s l a n d s .

b u i l d i n g r e q u i r e d m
o n i t o r i n g a t h i g h l e v e l s . A g r e e m e n t s

O n t h e n i g h t o f 3 r d / 4 t h , A i r F o r c e a i r c r a f t l a n d e d t r o o p s o n w e r e s i g n e d t o e n s u r e t h a t d e l i v e r i e s w e r e e f f e c t e d t o t h e M
a l e ' s a i r p o r t . O n l e a r n i n g t h a t t h e s e t r o o p s w e r e h e a d e d
w a r s h i p b u i l d i n g y a r d s —

M
a z a g o n D o c k s i n B o m b a y ,
f o r M
a l e ,
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a
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G a r d e n R e a c h i n C a l c u t t a a n d G o a S h i p y a r d —
a t t h e

' P r o g r e s s L i g h t ; t a k i n g M
a l d i v i a n V I P h o s t a g e s w i t h t h e m

,
r i g h t t i m e t o a v o i d d e l a y s i n t h e i r c o n s t r u c t i o n s c h e d u l e s .

a n d s e t c o u r s e f o r S r i L a n k a .

A J o i n t I n d o - S o v i e t W
o r k i n g G r o u p o n S h i p b u i l d i n g w a s
s e t u p t o s m
o o t h e n t h e w a y a n d c l e a r p r o b l e m
s i n t h e

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b o t o e m
b a r k ,
l i c e n s e d p r o d u c t i o n o f 1 2 4 1 R E s a n d t h e d e s i g n a s s i s t a n c e b y h e l i c o p t e r , t h e t e a m
o f n e g o t i a t o r s t h a t h a d b e e n f l o w n
f o r t h e f i t m e n t o f S o v i e t w e a p o n s y s t e m
s i n i n d i g e n o u s
f r o m M
a l e t o C o l o m b o . A t f i r s t l i g h t o n t h e m
o r n i n g o f t h e
w a r s h i p s .

4 t h , t h e a i r c r a f t c o n f i r m
e d t h e d e t e c t i o n o f P r o g r e s s L i g h t
a n d
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B e t w a .

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G o d a v a r i w i t h
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U n i o n ' s
e c o n o m
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e m b a r k e d a r r i v e d b y m i d d a y o n t h e 5 t h .

r e s t r u c t u r i n g r e s u l t e d i n a n u n f o r e s e e n i n t e r r u p t i o n i n t h e s u p p l y o f t h e s p a r e s e a r l i e r i n d e n t e d . I t t o o k s o m e t i m e

N e g o t i a t i o n s f o r t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e h o s t a g e s m a d e n o
f o r n e w a r r a n g e m
e n t s t o b e c o n c l u d e d w i t h i n d i v i d u a l
p r o g r e s s . T h e m
e r c e n a r y l e a d e r i n s i s t e d t h a t t h e P r o g r e s s
o r i g i n a l e q u i p m
e n t m
a n u f a c t u r e r s / f a c t o r i e s .

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b o f o r w h i c h t h e S r i

L a n k a n G o v e r n m
e n t d e n i e d p e r m
i s s i o n .

O
p e r a t i o n s

O n t h e 6 t h m o r n i n g , 6 0 m i l e s f r o m C o l o m b o , p r e s s u r e T h e t w o s i g n i f i c a n t n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s d u r i n g t h i s d e c a d e c o m
m
e n c e d w i t h s m a l l a r m
s f i r e , f o l l o w e d b y a i r - d r o p p e d
w e r e O p e r a t i o n s P a w a n a n d C a c t u s .

d e p t h c h a r g e s a h e a d o f t h e s h i p . W
h e n P r o g r e s s L i g h t s t i l l

O
p e r a t i o n P a w
a n —

1 9 8 7 t o 1 9 9 0 . O p e r a t i o n P a w a n
r e f u s e d t o s t o p , a b r o a d s i d e w a s f i r e d o n t h e f o r w a r d c a r g o s t a r t e d w i t h t h e i n d u c t i o n o f t h e I P K F o n 3 0 J u l y 1 9 8 7 . T h e s e c t i o n . T h e s h i p s t o p p e d i m
m
e d i a t e l y .

d e - i n d u c t i o n s t a r t e d i n A u g u s t 1 9 8 9 a n d O p e r a t i o n P a w a n N a v a l c o m
m
a n d o s b o a r d e d t h e s h i p
a n d r e s c u e d t h e
t e r m
i n a t e d o n 2 4 M
a r c h 1 9 9 0 , w h e n t h e f i n a l c o n t i n g e n t o f
h o s t a g e s . G o d a v a r i ' s h e l i c o p t e r e v a c u a t e d t h e i n j u r e d a n d t h e I P K F s a i l e d o u t o f T r i n c o m
a l e e o n b o a r d s h i p s o f t h e

E a s t e r n F l e e t .

t h e m
e r c e n a r i e s w e r e h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a t M
a l e .

D u r i n g O p e r a t i o n P a w a n , t h e w e a r a n d t e a r o n n a v a l O p e r a t i o n C a c t u s w a s a r e m
a r k a b l y s u c c e s s f u l n a v a l
s h i p s
w a s
s u b s t a n t i a l .

T h e
u s a g e
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o p e r a t i o n p r o v i d i n g a f r i e n d l y n e i g h b o u r i n g G
o v e r n m
e n t
s t i p u l a t e d n o r m
s b y 5 0 % . D e s p i t e t h e w e a r a n d t e a r , i t w a s
w i t h s w i f t a n d t i m e l y a s s i s t a n c e
t h a t
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m
a j o r
p o l i t i c a l c r i s i s .

i n v a l u a b l e f o r i t s e x p e r i e n c e o f l o w i n t e n s i t y c o n f l i c t a n d i n d u c t i n g t r o o p s o v e r u n c h a r t e d b e a c h e s .

P e r s o n n e l . A n u m
b e r o f p r o b l e m
a r e a s i n t h e a r e a o f

I m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e l a s t c o n t i n g e n t o f t h e I P K F w a s p e r s o n n e l c o a l e s c e d t o c o m
p e l i n t r o s p e c t i o n a n d r e f o r m

m t h i s p e r i o d .

d e - i n d u c t e d f r o m S r i L a n k a , s h i p s a n d a i r c r a f t o f I n d i a ' s N a v y a n d C o a s t G u a r d w e r e d e p l o y e d f o r O p e r a t i o n T a s h a T h e c r u x o f t h e p r o b l e m
w a s t h a t h a v i n g s t a r t e d t o
t o p a t r o l t h e P a l k S t r a i t t o m i n i m i s e t h e m
o v e m
e n t o f
r e p a c e
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a g i n g
s h i p s ,
s u b m
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a n d
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w i t h
xx v i TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y b e t t e r R u s s i a n , E u r o p e a n a n d i n d i g e n o u s a u s t e r i t y t h a t f o l l o w e d
t h a t r e t a r d e d n a v a l g r o w t h ,
t h e
e q u i v a l e n t s ,
t h e
n e e d
i n c r e a s e d
f o r t h e

N a v y t o
h a v e
c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n

1 9 9 1
a n d i t s a f t e r m a t h
t e c h n i c a l l y e d u c a t e d m
a n p o w e r i n l a r g e r n u m
b e r s a n d
t h a t c h o k e d t h e s u p p l y o f s p a r e s , v e s s e l s a n d m u n i t i o n s f o r t h e m
t o b u i l d u p a n d c o n s e r v e e x p e r t i s e . T h e p r e v a l e n t s e v e r e l y
i m
p a c t e d
t h e
n a v a l
g r o w t h .

T h e
m
o m
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r e c r u i t m
e n t ,
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p r o c e s s
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n o t
p i c k e d u p i n m i d 9 0 ' s b u t w a s a g a i n t r u n c a t e d d u e t o t h e y i e l d i n g q u a l i t y p e r s o n n e l i n t h e n u m
b e r s t h a t t h e N a v y
s a n c t i o n s e m b a r k e d o n I n d i a d u e t o i t s P o k h r a n t e s t s .

n e e d e d .

T h e N a v y m
a n a g e d t o o v e r c o m
e a l l t h e s e h u r d l e s d u e t o
i t s r e a l i g n m
e n t i n
t h e g l o b a l o r d e r a n d
i n d i g e n i s a t i o n

C o n s e r v i n g e x p e r t i s e o n h i - t e c h e q u i p m
e n t w a s a k n o t t y
p r o g r a m
m
e s i n d e f e n c e p r o d u c t i o n .

p r o b l e m e s p e c i a l l y i n w a r s h i p s a n d t o a l e s s e r e x t e n t i n t h e a i r a n d s u b m
a r i n e a r m
s . T h e n e e d w a s t o a r r i v e a t t h e r i g h t

T h e r o l e o f t h e N a v y a l s o e v o l v e d a n d e x p a n d e d o v e r b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t w o i n c o m
p a t i b l e r e q u i r e m
e n t s . I t t o o k
t h e y e a r s . A s m a l l N a v y t h a t w a s s t a r t e d f o r c o a s t a l d e f e n c e g r e w i n t o a b l u e w a t e r f o r c e w i t h a b i l i t y t o e x t e n d i t s r e a c h .

t i m
e t o f i n d t h e r i g h t b a l a n c e i n t e r m
s o f s o l u t i o n s .

I n M a y 2 0 0 4 , t h e N a v y r e l e a s e d a p u b l i c a t i o n t i t l e d ‘ I n d i a n P a y

C o m
m
i s s i o n s
i m p r o v e d
e m
o l u m
e n t s .

C a d r e

M
a r i t i m e D o c t r i n e ' 7 . T h i s D o c t r i n e p r o v i d e s a p e r s p e c t i v e R e v i e w s i m p r o v e d c a r e e r p r o s p e c t s . T h e N a v y d e t a c h e d o n t h e r o l e o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n l i g h t o f i t s a c h i e v e m e n t s
i t s e l f f r o m t h e A r m y ' s r e c r u i t m
e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d s o o n
i n t h e p r e v i o u s d e c a d e .

b e t t e r e d u c a t e d a n d b e t t e r q u a l i t y m
a n p o w e r b e g a n t o

T h e d o c t r i n e e l a b o r a t e s t h e N a v y ' s r o l e a g a i n s t a g g r e s s i o n j o i n t h e s a i l o r c a d r e . I n n o v a t i v e s c h e m
e s f o r o f f i c e r a n d
f r o m s e a w a r d i n a w i d e r a n d c o n t e m
p o r a r y p e r s p e c t i v e . I t

A r t i f i c e r e n t r y h e l p e d t o a t t r a c t v o l u n t e e r s o f t h e r e q u i r e d m a k e s t h r e e i m
p o r t a n t p o i n t s :

c a l i b r e i n s u f f i c i e n t n u m b e r s .

N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e s e c h a l l e n g e s , t h e g r o w t h o f t h e N a v y P o i n t s

R a t i o n a l e
b e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 9 0 w a s e x t r a o r d i n a r y , e s p e c i a l l y i n i t s T h e

N a v y
n e e d s
n u c l e a r

I n d i a ' s

D r a f t

N u c l e a r
p r o g r e s s t o w a r d s s e l f r e l i a n c e a n d i t s g r o w t h t o t h e p o s i t i o n s u b m
a r i n e s t h a t c a n c a r r y

D o c t r i n e o f " N o F i r s t U s e "

o f b e i n g t h e s t r o n g e s t a n d l a r g e s t N a v y i n S o u t h A s i a .

m i s s i l e s
w i t h
n u c l e a r
s t i p u l a t e s
t h e
n e e d
f o r
w a r h e a d s .

a
s e a - b a s e d ,
r e t a l i a t o r y ,

Transition to Guardianship
s e c o n d - s t r i k e c a p a b i l i t y .

T h e
s e a
a r e a
f r o m
t h e

9 0 %
o f

I n d i a ' s
t r a d e
b y

J u s t a s t h e o u t c o m
e o f t h e 1 9 7 1 w a r h a d g i v e n d i e N a v y

P e r s i a n

G u l f t o

S t r a i t s
o f
v o l u m e a n d 7 7 % b y v a l u e
t r i u m p h a n d t h e a c h i e v e m
e n t s b e t w e e n

1 9 7 6 a n d

1 9 9 0

M
a l a c c a i s a l e g i t i m a t e a r e a
i s s e a b o r n e . 9 0 % o f I n d i a ' s
m a r k e d t h e t r a n s i t i o n o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y t o a p o s i t i o n o f o f i n t e r e s t f o r t h e

I n d i a n
o i l a n d n a t u r a l g a s c o m
e s
r e g i o n a l e m
i n e n c e , t h e d e c a d e 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0 s a w t h e N a v y t a k e

N a v y .

f r o m a c r o s s t h e s e a .

o n a l e a d i n g r o l e i n s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e I n d i a n O c e a n S L O C s .

A s
t h e
b i g g e s t
a n d
m
o s t

T h e o n g o i n g d i s c o u r s e o n

T h i s p e r i o d , w a s i n m
a n y r e s p e c t s t h e m
o s t f u l f i l l i n g y e t
p o w e r f u l
n a t i o n
i n
t h e
b i l a t e r a l
a g r e e m
e n t s
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c h a l l e n g i n g d e c a d e t h a t t h e I n d i a n N a v y e x p e r i e n c e d a f t e r I n d i a n

O c e a n

R e g i o n ,
i t
j o i n t p a t r o l s i n v u l n e r a b l e

I n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 9 4 7 .

b e c o m
e s i n c u m
b e n t u p o n
s e g m
e n t s o f t h e r e g i o n ' s s e a
l i n e s o f c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n .

F u l f i l l i n g , b e c a u s e t h e I n d i a n N a v y c a m
e t o b e t r u s t e d

I n d i a t o e n s u r e p e a c e a n d
a n d a c c e p t e d a s t h e m
a j o r G u a r d i a n o f t h e s e a l a n e s i n t h e
s t a b i l i t y i n t h e r e g i o n .

N o r t h e r n I n d i a n O c e a n . T h i s d e c a d e m a r k e d t r e m e n d o u s

T h e D o c t r i n e i s i m
p o r t a n t i n t h a t i t h a s p l a c e d t h e r o l e
s t r i d e s i n t h e a s s i m
i l a t i o n
o f t e c h n o l o g y ,
h y b r i d i s a t i o n
o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y a n d t h e r a t i o n a l e t h e r e o f . I t e m p h a s i s e d
a n d i n d i g e n i s a t i o n t h a t l e d t o a s i g n i f i c a n t u p g r a d i n g a n d t h a t :

c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f f o r c e l e v e l s .

•

S e a a r e a s c a n n o t b e o c c u p i e d o r f o r t i f i e d . A t b e s t C h a l l e n g i n g b e c a u s e f r o m m
o s t n a v a l p o i n t s o f v i e w ,
t h e y c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d f o r o n e ' s o w n s a f e u s e a n d t h i s p e r i o d w i l l r a n k a s p e r h a p s t h e m
o s t t u r b u l e n t a n d
d e n i e d t o a n a d v e r s a r y .

d e m
a n d i n g
d e c a d e
i n
o u r

N a v y ' s
h i s t o r y .

I n d i a
w e n t

•

E n s u r i n g
t h e
i m
p o r t
o f
c r i t i c a l
c a r g o e s
l i k e
o i l
t h r o u g h s o m
e e x t r a o r d i n a r y p e a k s a n d t r o u g h s d u r i n g t h e
a n d g a s w i l l m
a k e m
a i n t a i n i n g o n e ' s S e a L i n e s o f
p e r i o d . T h e f a i l e d m
o n s o o n s o f t h e l a t e 1 9 8 0 s , t h e f i n a n c i a l

7.

Its stated aim is to make the fundamentals of the Doctrine available to every professional concerned with the maritime affairs of our country The d ocum ent requires every naval officer to imbibe the com m on vocabulary and the planning concepts laid down in the doctrine.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXVii

H i e K a r g i l e p i s o d e m
a r k e d a t u r n i n g p o i n t i n t h e r e l a t i o n s

C o m m u n i c a t i o n (S L O C s ) a p r i m a r y n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d t h e U S A a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e e n s u i n g a n d d e n y i n g S L O C s t o t h e a d v e r s a r y ' a p r i m a r y
e x c e r p t f r o m t h e a r t i c l e t i t l e d ' A m
e r i c a n D
i p l o m
a c y a n d
m a r i t i m e o b j e c t i v e .

t h e 1 9 9 9 K a r g i l S u m m i t a t B l a i r H o u s e
w r i t t e n b y B r u c e

•

A
s h o r t
d u r a t i o n
c o n f l i c t

( t w o - t o - t h r e e
w e e k s ) ,

R e i d e l .8
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n a l i t t o r a l w i l l d e m
a n d a g r e a t e r r e l i a n c e

"The clarity o f the American position on Kargil a n d its
o n l a n d a t t a c k c a p a b i l i t i e s b y m
a r i t i m
e f o r c e s . S e a
refusal to give Pakistan any reward fo r its aggression
c o n t r o l w o u l d a l m o s t i n e v i t a b l y b e r e q u i r e d a s t h e
had an immediate and dynamic impact on the
e n a b l e r o f l a n d a t t a c k c a p a b i l i t y .

(Indo-US) relationship. Doors opened in New Delhi,
to Americans that had been shut fo r years. The Indian

O v e r v i e w o f S e c t i o n s o f " T r a n s i t i o n t o G u a r d i a n s h i p ”

elite — including the military — and the Indian public

T h i s f i r s t s e c t i o n ' E m
e r g e n c e o f a N e w W
o r l d O r d e r
began to shed long held negative perceptions o f the

- T h e C o n t e x t o f N a v a l G r o w t h

1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0 '

i l l u s t r a t e s

US. Tire stage was set fo r the unprecedented back to
t h e

I n d i a n

O c e a n

S e a

L i n e s
o f

C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n
a n d
back summits between President Clinton a n d Pi irne

C h o k e P o i n t s a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e m a j o r

Minister Vajpayee in 2000. After a quarter century
n a v i e s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . I t p r o v i d e s a n o v e r v i e w o f t h e
gap in Presidential visits to India, Clinton s spi ing visit
d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n t h e p e r i o d 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 9 0
symbolised a new level o f maturity in the relationship
w h i c h l a i d a s t r o n g f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e N a v y ' s g r o w t h i n t h e
between the world's two largest democracies. Vajpayee \s
d e c a d e 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0 .

return visit formalized the commitment'!

T w o
s i g n i f i c a n t
i n f l u e n c e s
h a d
a
g r e a t
i m
p a c t
o n

L o o k E a s t P o l i c y .9 T h e a b o v e s t r a t e g i c r e - a l i g n m e n t t h e g r o w t h o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y . T h e f i r s t w a s t h e s e v e r e r e s u l t e d i n i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e “ L o o k E a s t P o l i c y ” t o f o r g e c l o s e r r e s o u r c e c r u n c h d u e t o t h e c a l a m
i t o u s n a t i o n a l d r o u g h t
r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e n o r t h I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n ( I O R ) a s o f 1 9 8 7 w h i c h w a s f o l l o w e d b y a n o t h e r f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s i n a w h o l e a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e s p e c t r u m
o f t r a d e , i n v e s t m
e n t ,

1 9 9 1 d u e t o s p i r a l i n g o i l p r i c e s p o s t t h e G u l f w a r o f 1 9 9 0 , c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , d i p l o m
a t i c a n d s t r a t e g i c t i e s .

w h i c h c u r t a i l e d n a v a l p r o j e c t s . F r o m

1 9 9 1 o n w a r d s , t h e

G o v e r n m e n t t o o k a s e r i e s o f m
e a s u r e s t o r e s t o r e f i n a n c i a l

T h e I n d i a n N a v y ’s r e a c h i n g o u t t o r e g i o n a l m
a r i t i m
e
s t a b i l i t y a n d t o a c c e l e r a t e e c o n o m
i c l i b e r a l i s a t i o n w h i c h
n e i g h b o u r s
l e d
t o
o r g a n i s i n g

“ G
e t - t o - k n o w

- e a c h - o t h e r
l a i d t h e b a s e f o r r a p i d e c o n o m
i c g r o w t h . T h e p e r i o d f r o m

M
i l a n s ”

o f S o u t h E a s t A s i a n n a v i e s a t P o r t B l a i r e v e r y 1 9 9 3 - 2 0 0 0 s a w I n d i a m
o v e t o a h i g h g r o w t h e c o n o m
i c
a l t e r n a t e y e a r i n t h e A n d a m
a n I s l a n d s , i n 1 9 9 5 , w h i c h u n t i l
p a t h , a l l o w i n g f o r n e c e s s a r y i n v e s t m
e n t s i n u p g r a d i n g a n d
t h e n h a d b e e n d e n i e d v i s i t s b y f o r e i g n w a r s h i p s .

c o n s o l i d a t i n g f o r c e l e v e l s .

T h u s t h e e m
e r g i n g n e w w o r l d g e o p o l i t i c a l o r d e r l e d

O n t h e g l o b a l g e o - e c o n o m
i c a n d g e o p o l i t i c f r o n t , t h e
t o a s i t u a t i o n w h e r e t h e m
a j o r p o w e r s i n t h e d e v e l o p e d
d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n 1 9 9 1 a n d f o r m a t i o n
w o r l d g r e w i n c r e a s i n g l y c o m
f o r t a b l e f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y t o
o f t h e C o n f e d e r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n t S t a t e s ( C I S ) m a d e
s a f e g u a r d t h e S L O C s i n t h e N o r t h e r n I n d i a n O
c e a n . A t t h e

I n d i a r e - a p p r a i s e i t s r o l e a n d n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s i n t h e N e w s a m
e t i m e , n a t i o n s a n d n a v i e s t h a t h a d b e e n i n v o l v e d i n W
o r l d O r d e r . W
h i l e I n d i a r e t a i n e d i t s f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s
t h e C o n f i d e n c e B u i l d i n g M
e a s u r e s i n i t i a t e d b y t h e I n d i a n
w i t h t h e

C I S ,
c o r d i a l
a n d
s o c i a b l e
g e s t u r e s
f r o m t h e

N a v y , f e l t m
o r e c o m
f o r t a b l e w i t h I n d i a a s s u m
i n g t h i s r o l e .

U S A , l e d t o a s i g n i f i c a n t r e a l i g n m
e n t i n i t s g e o p o l i t i c a l
r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

T h e s e c o n d s e c t i o n ' S a f e g u a r d i n g t h e S e a L a n e s - T h e E m
e r g i n g R o l e o f t h e N a v y i n t h e N e w W
o r l d O
r d e r '

T h e d e c a d e w i t n e s s e d t h e N a v y ' s f i r s t e v e r o v e r s e a s d e t a i l s t h e n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s u n d e r t a k e n t o s a f e g u a r d t h e d e p l o y m e n t
f o r

H u m
a n i t a r i a n

R e l i e f

O p e r a t i o n s ,
a s

S L O C s i n t h e N o r t h e r n I n d i a n O c e a n , a n d t o a s s i s t i n p a r t o f a U N m
i s s i o n i n S o m a l i a . T h e d e c a d e e n d e d w i t h
h u m
a n i t a r i a n a n d p e a c e - k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s .

t h e
a g g r e s s i o n
i n

K a r g i l
i n

J a m
m
u

&

K a s h m i r b y t h e

P a k i s t a n A r m y i n 1 9 9 9 . T h e b r a z e n n e s s o f t h e a t t a c k w a s I n d i a h a s a v i t a l i n t e r e s t i n t h e s e c u r i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y o f c o m
p o u n d e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t i t t o o k p l a c e a t t h e v e r y t i m e t h e S L O C S i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n s i n c e t h e n a t i o n ' s e n e r g y t h e P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r o f I n d i a w a s i n P a k i s t a n i n r e s p o n s e t o s e c u r i t y i s c l o s e l y l i n k e d t o i t s m
a r i t i m
e
s e c u r i t y . T h e
a n i n v i t a t i o n f r o m t h e P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r o f P a k i s t a n t o r e s u m
e

G u l f b e i n g t h e p r i m
a r y s o u r c e o f I n d i a ' s e n e r g y n e e d s
p e a c e f u l c o e x i s t e n c e o n t h e s u b - c o n t i n e n t .

a n d t h e g r o w i n g i m
p o r t a n c e o f B o m
b a y H i g h a n d o t h e r

8.

Mr Reidel was U.S. President Clinton’s Special Assistant for Near Eastern and South Asia Affairs in the U.S. National Security Council 9.

Refer to Reference Notes “Looking East - Past, Present and Future" and "Towards Regional Maritime Cooperation".

XXViii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

o f f - s h o r e
r e g i o n s
i n t e r t w i n e i t s
m
a r i t i m
e
i n t e r e s t s
a n d
o v e r v i e w o f t h e m
e a s u r e s t a k e n t o c o n s o l i d a t e a n d e n h a n c e
e n e r g y s e c u r i t y . T h e s a f e t y o f t h e E E Z a n d i n t e r e s t s o u t s i d e t h e N a v y ' s f o r c e c a p a b i l i t y t o e n a b l e i t f u l f i l i t s e m e r g i n g t h e E E Z i n d e e p s e a b e d m i n i n g b a s e d o n i t s l o n g t e r m r o l e i n s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e I n d i a n O c e a n S L O C s .

r e q u i r e m
e n t s f o r m
a n g a n e s e , n i c k e l , c o b a l t a n d c o p p e r

T h e
s e c t i o n
p r o v i d e s
a
b a c k g r o u n d
t o
t h e
f i n a n c i a l
a d d t o t h e m
a r i t i m
e s e c u r i t y d i m e n s i o n .

c o n s t r a i n t s
i n
t h e
b e g i n n i n g
o f
t h e
d e c a d e
a n d
i t s

T h e
t h r e a t s
o f t e r r o r i s m

a n d
p i r a c y
i n
a d d i t i o n
t o
c r i p p l i n g e f f e c t s o n n a v a l p r o j e c t s . I t a l s o b r i n g s o u t h o w t h e N a v y a r o s e f r o m i t s p r e d i c a m
e n t t h r o u g h a s e r i e s o f
p o s s i b l e
h o s t i l i t i e s
f r o m
n e i g h b o u r i n g
c o u n t r i e s
h a v e
i n d i g e n i s a t i o n p r o g r a m
m
e s a n d i t s s t r a t e g i c r e a l i g n m e n t
l e d t o
a s h a r p i n c r e a s e i n
t h e p e r c e p t i o n o f p o t e n t i a l
m
a r i t i m
e t h r e a t s t o t h e e c o n o m
i c a n d e n e r g y s e c u r i t y o f
i n t h e n e w g l o b a l o r d e r .

t h e c o u n t r y .

T h e
s e c t i o n
s t a r t s w i t h
a n
o v e r v i e w
o f t h e

R u s s i a n

A c q u i s i t i o n s a n d d e s c r i b e s t h e i m
p a c t o n t h e I n d i a n N a v y

F o u r b r o a d t y p e s o f n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n d u e t o t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n . I t a l s o c o v e r s t h e i n t h i s p e r i o d :

p r o g r e s s m
a d e i n t h e i n d i g e n o u s d e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f o

P a r t i c i p a t i o n
i n
t h e

H u m
a n i t a r i a n

O p e r a t i o n
w a r s h i p s a n d c o v e r s t h e m
o d e r n i s a t i o n s a n d s e r v i c e l i f e
o f t h e U n i t e d

N a t i o n s
i n S o m a l i a
b e t w e e n

1 9 9 2
e x t e n s i o n p r o g r a m
m
e s .

a n d

1 9 9 4 w h i c h w a s t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s f i r s t e v e r

T h e c h a p t e r o n S u b m a r i n e A r m d e s c r i b e s t h e c h a n g e s o v e r s e a s d e p l o y m e n t i n s u p p o r t o f a U n i t e d N a t i o n s i n
c o m
m
a n d
a n d
c o n t r o l ,
t h e
p r o b l e m

o f s u b m
a r i n e

H u m
a n i t a r i a n R e l i e f O p e r a t i o n .

m
e d i u m
r e f i t s , t h e i n d u c t i o n o f t h e S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s o

L o w

I n t e n s i t y

C o n f l i c t

( L I C )

o p e r a t i o n s
l i k e
o f s u b m a r i n e s , a n d t h e g e n e s i s o f t h e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h O p e r a t i o n T a s h a i n t h e P a l k B a y , t o i n t e r d i c t t h e F r a n c e f o r t h e j o i n t p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e S c o r p e n e c l a s s o f i l l e g a l t r a n s i t o f m
e n a n d m a t e r i a l b y t h e L T T E T a m i l
s u b m a r i n e s .

s e c e s s i o n i s t s i n n o r t h e r n S r i L a n k a , O p e r a t i o n S w a n i n
t h e w e s t a n d
n o r t h w e s t A r a b i a n S e a c o a s t t o

S i m i l a r l y t h e c h a p t e r o n t h e A i r A r m d e s c r i b e s h o w t h e i n t e r d i c t P a k i s t a n i t e r r o r i s t s s m u g g l i n g e x p l o s i v e s , i m p r e s s i v e s t i ' i d e s i n t h e c o m
b a t c a p a b i l i t y o f t h i s a r m

w e a p o n s
a n d
a m
m
u n i t i o n
a n d

O p e r a t i o n

L e e c h
s t e a d i l y g r e w t o m
a t c h t h a t o f m
o r e a d v a n c e d n a v i e s a n d
a n d i t s s u c c e s s o r s i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l , t o i n t e r d i c t c o v e r s d e v e l o p m
e n t s r e l a t e d t o A i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s V i k r a n t ,
t h e s m u g g l i n g o f w e a p o n s , n a r c o t i c s a n d e x p l o s i v e s V i r a a t a n d t h e I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r P r o j e c t , a s a l s o b y s e c e s s i o n i s t m i l i t a n t s i n t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n s t a t e s t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e R u s s i a n A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r G o r s h k o v o f I n d i a .

( V i k r a m a d i t y a ) .

•

A n t i - P i r a c y o p e r a t i o n , n a m
e l y O p R a i n b o w a j o i n t

T h e e x c e l l e n t w o r k u n d e r t a k e n a t t h e N a v a l D o c k y a r d s o p e r a t i o n
w i t h
t h e

C o a s t

G u a r d
i n

1 9 9 9
w h i c h
a n d
d i e

N a v a l

S h i p

R e p a i r

Y a r d s
i n
e n s u r i n g
n a v a l
r e s u l t e d i n t h e r e s c u e o f a h i j a c k e d m
e r c h a n t v e s s e l
m
a i n t e n a n c e , r e p a i r s a n d r e f i t c a p a c i t y i s c o v e r e d i n t h e A l o n d r a R a i n b o w .

e n s u i n g c h a p t e r .

•

D e t e r r e n t

O p e r a t i o n
n a m
e l y

O p

T a l w a r
i n

J u n e

T h e
c h a p t e r o n L o g i s t i c s
o u t l i n e s ,
h o w t h e L o g i s t i c

1 9 9 9 , w h e r e i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y e n h a n c e d s e c u r i t y D e l e g a t i o n s
h e l p e d
m a k e
a
b r e a k t h r o u g h
i n
t h e
m
e a s u r e s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e P a k i s t a n i a g g r e s s i o n o n p r o c u r e m
e n t o f s p a r e s f r o m R u s s i a a n d U k r a i n e i n t h e m i d K a r g i l .

9 0 ' s . I t a l s o d e s c r i b e s t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e I n t e g r a t e d L o g i s t i c s T h i s s e c t i o n a l s o d e a l s w i t h G o o d w i l l v i s i t s b e t w e e n M
a n a g e m
e n t S y s t e m ( I L M

S ) t h a t p r o v i d e d t h e N a v y w i t h a
o u r N a v y a n d f o r e i g n n a v i e s a n d t h e r o l e o f t h e N a v y i n s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t L o g i s t i c s M
a n a g e m
e n t s y s t e m .

p r o v i d i n g h u m
a n i t a r i a n a s s i s t a n c e
d u r i n g p e a c e
t i m e .

T h e s e c t i o n c l o s e s w i t h a c h a p t e r o n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f T h e
e x p e r i e n c e i n
t h e
a b o v e
o p e r a t i o n s ,
s h o w e d h o w
r e s e a r c h a n d d e v e l o p m
e n t t o n a v a l s e l f r e l i a n c e .

I n d i a ' s z o n e o f p e a c e f u l m
a r i t i m
e i n f l u e n c e h a d g r a d u a l l y
c r y s t a l l i s e d

—
f r o m
t h e
d i s t a n t

H o r n
o f A f r i c a
i n
t h e

T h e
n e x t
s e c t i o n
o n

‘ I n t r o s p e c t i o n ,

P e r s p e c t i v e

N o r t h w e s t q u a d r a n t o f t h e N o r t h I n d i a n O c e a n t o t h e S t r a i t a n d P e r s o n n e l P l a n n i n g —

S t r u c t u r a l D
i l e m
m
a s a n d
o f M
a l a c c a i n t h e S o u t h e a s t q u a d r a n t o f t h e E a s t I n d i a n C h a l l e n g e s '

d e a l s
w i t h
t h e
d i l e m
m
a s
a n d
s t r u c t u r a l

O c e a n a n d t o t h e T r o p i c o f C a p r i c o r n i n t h e S o u t h .

c h a l l e n g e s t h a t c o n f r o n t e d t h e N a v y a n d t h e c h a n g e s t h a t w e r e m
a d e t o t a c k l e t h e m

. T h e c h a n g e s r e l a t e d t o t h e a r e a s

T h e t h i r d s e c t i o n ' C o n s o l i d a t i n g F o r c e C a p a b i l i t y —

o f p e r s p e c t i v e p l a n n i n g , b u d g e t a n d r e s o u r c e a l l o c a t i o n s , E n h a n c i n g t h e N a v y ' s C a p a b i l i t y t o F u l f i l i t s E m e r g i n g
c h a n g e s i n c o m
m
a n d a n d c o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e s a n d p e r s o n n e l

R o l e ' d e l v e s o n t h e e f f o r t s m
a d e b y t h e I n d i a n N a v y t o
r e l a t e d i s s u e s .

d i v e r s i f y a w a y f r o m R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s . I t p r o v i d e s a n TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP x x ix

t h a t p r o v i d e t r a i n i n g t o y o u n g p e o p l e w i s h i n g t o T h e s e c t i o n c o m
m
e n c e s w i t h a c h a p t e r h i g h l i g h t i n g t l i e
e n t e r a n a v a l c a r e e r —
n a m
e l y t h e N C C a n d t h e
r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s o f t l i e C o m
m
i t t e e s o n H i g h e r D e f e n c e

S a i l i n g T r a i n i n g S h i p s .

M
a n a g e m e n t t h a t w e r e c o n s t i t u t e d t o a d d r e s s d e f e n c e p o l i c y , s e c u r i t y a n d h i g h e r d e f e n c e m
a n a g e m
e n t i s s u e s .

.

M
a t e r i a l
r e l a t e d t o

P a y ,

W
e l f a r e ,
a n d
t h e
e f f o r t s

H i e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t a m
o n g s t t h e s e w e r e ' T l i e C o m
m
i t t e e
t o p r o v i d e b e t t e r w o r k i n g c o n d i t i o n s t o o u i

N a v a l
o n D e f e n c e E x p e n d i t u r e ( C D E ) , ' J u n e 1 9 9 0 , " H i e M
i n i s t r y o f
s t a f f .

D e f e n c e E s t i m a t e s C o m
m
i t t e e 1 9 9 0 - 9 1 1 " T l i e K a r g i l R e v i e w

C o m m i t t e e o f 1 9 9 9 ! w h o s e r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n l e d t o t h e

R e t r o s p e c t
c o n s t i t u t i o n o f a ' T a s k F o r c e t o R e v i e w t h e M
a n a g e m
e n t

A g r e a t s t r e n g t h o f t h e

N a v y h a s b e e n
t h e
c a n d o u i
o f D e f e n c e ! M
o s t o f t h e p r o b l e m
s r e f l e c t e d i n t h e s e r e p o r t s
w i t h w h i c h i t a n a l y s e s t l i e r e a s o n s f o r t h e p r o b l e m s i t
w e r e e n d e m
i c a n d
s o m
e
o f t h e m
c o n t i n u e t o r e m a i n
e x p e r i e n c e s . I t h a s b e e n m y a i m
i n t h i s v o l u m
e t h a t i n
u n r e s o l v e d . N e v e r t h e l e s s , t h e p r o c e s s o f i n t r o s p e c t i o n t h a t m a i n t a i n i n g t h e N a v y ' s t r a d i t i o n o f c a n d o u r , t h i s v o l u m e
c o m
m
e n c e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d h a s l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r w i l l h e l p t h e r e a d e r t o c r e a t e t h e f u t u r e r a t h e r t h a n j u s t f u t u r e i m p r o v e m e n t s .

g r a s p t h e p r e s e n t a n d t h e p a s t .

T h e n e x t c h a p t e r a d d r e s s e s t h e p e r s p e c t i v e o f n a v a l T h i s b o o k i n v o l v e d t h e p u t t i n g t o g e t h e r o f c o n t r i b u t i o n s p l a n n i n g u n d e r t a k e n i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e D e f e n c e f r o m a g r e a t m
a n y p e o p l e a n d i n n u m
e r a b l e s o u r c e s t o

P l a n n i n g

S t a f f

( D P S ) .

A n
a s s e s s m
e n t
o f
t h e
s t r e n g t h
w h o m

I a m
m
o s t g r a t e f u l . A l t h o u g h t h i s v o l u m
e o t t h e
r e q u i r e d i n a c h i e v i n g t h e o b j e c t i v e s o f c o a s t a l d e f e n c e , h i s t o r y h a s b e e n s p o n s o r e d b y t l i e I n d i a n N a v y , i t d o e s s e a d e n i a l t o t h e a d v e r s a r y a n d s e a c o n t r o l f o r m s t h e n o t r e f l e c t t l i e v i e w s e i t h e r o f t h e

I n d i a n

N a v y o r
t h e
f o u n d a t i o n f o r d e t e r m
i n i n g t h e f o r c e l e v e l s a n d t h e r e f o r e

G o v e r n m
e n t . T l i e v i e w s a n d t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f f a c t s a r e t l i e p e r s p e c t i v e p l a n s i n t h e N a v y .

e n t i r e l y m y o w n a n d f o r e r r o r s o f f a c t , a n d f o r t h e o p i n i o n s T h e
c h a p t e r
o n

N e w

M
a n a g e m
e n t

S t r a t e g y

( N M

S )

e x p r e s s e d , I a l o n e t a k e f u l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

a d d r e s s e s t h e i s s u e o f f i n a n c e a n d t h e r e l e a s e o f f u n d s f o r B y c o m
b i n i n g s o u r c e m
a t e r i a l i n t h e p u b l i c d o m
a i n
p l a n p r o j e c t s . I t d e s c r i b e s t h e s t e p s t a k e n b y t h e N a v y i n a n d
m
e m
o i r s
a n d
r e c o l l e c t i o n s
o f
p a r t i c i p a n t s ,
t h i s
b e c o m
i n g a l e a n e r , m
o r e e f f i c i e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n i n o r d e r t o
b o o k
p r e s e n t s
a
r e c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f
e v e n t s
t h a t
i s
a s
r e i n v e s t t h e s a v i n g s i n m
o d e r n i s a t i o n a n d u p g r a d e s .

a c c u r a t e
a n d
a u t h e n t i c
a s
t h e
i n f o r m
a t i o n
a v a i l a b l e .

T h e c h a p t e r o n I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y d e s c r i b e s t h e C o n t e n t i o u s t o p i c s h a v e b e e n d i s c u s s e d w
i t h o u t t r y i n g

N a v y ' s s i g n i f i c a n t a c h i e v e m
e n t s i n h a r n e s s i n g t l i e p o t e n t i a l
t o v i n d i c a t e o r c r i t i c i s e . M
y a i m i s t o p l a c e b e f o r e t h e
o f I n f o r m a t i o n
t e c h n o l o g y
s t a r t i n g
f r o m
a
p o l i c y
f o r
s e r i o u s a n d t h o u g h t f u l r e a d e r , c a r e f u l l y r e s e a r c h e d f a c t s c o m p u t e r i z a t i o n a n d l e a d i n g t o a n I T v i s i o n f o r t h e N a v y .

a n d o v e r v i e w s o f e v e n t s t h a t c a n h e l p h i m
t o a r r i v e a t a
c o n c l u s i o n .

T h e
s u c c e e d i n g
c h a p t e r s
h i g h l i g h t
t h e
c h a n g e s
i n

C o m
m
a n d & C o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e t h a t t o o k p l a c e b o t h i n T o h a v e h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o b e t h e N a v y ' s H i s t o r i a n N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s a n d i n t h e C o m
m
a n d H Q ' s . P e r s o n n e l
f o r t h e p a s t 1 5 y e a r s h a s g i v e n m
e m
a n y h o u r s o f b o t h

& H R i s s u e s a r e d e a l t w i t h , i n t h e c h a p t e r s o n P e r s o n n e l & i n t r o s p e c t i o n a n d p l e a s u r e .

T a l e n t M
a n a g e m e n t , T r a i n i n g a n d M
o r a l e a n d D i s c i p l i n e .

A s I c o m
p l e t e t h i s v o l u m
e o f t h e t i i l o g y , c o v e r i n g t h e

T h e l a s t s e c t i o n " I n U n i s o n - A s s o c i a t e d O r g a n i s a t i o n s , h i s t o r y o f t h e N a v y f o r 3 5 y e a r s , I f e e l a g r e a t s e n s e o f p r i d e C o l l a b o r a t i v e

E f f o r t s
a n d

R e f e r e n c e

D
a t a "

c o v e r s
i n t h e a c h i e v e m
e n t s o f o u r N a v y .

i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s :

N o t w i t h s t a n d i n g t h e s e t b a c k s a n d c h a l l e n g e s t h a t h a v e

•

A s s o c i a t e d
s e r v i c e s
w h o
w o r k
c l o s e l y
w i t h
t h e
b e e n f a c e d , s u c c e s s i v e g e n e r a t i o n s o f n a v a l o f f i c e r s h a v e I n d i a n N a v y , n a m e l y t h e C o a s t G u a r d , t h e N a v a l w o r k e d t i r e l e s s l y t o o v e r c o m
e e v e r y o b s t a c l e i n t h e i r q u e s t

H y d r o g r a p h y a n d M
a r i n e C a r t o g r a p h y a n d N a v a l
t o m a k e o u r s t h e p r e - e m
i n e n t N a v y i n t h e r e g i o n . I t i s m
y

O c e a n o l o g y a n d M
e t e o r o l o g y D e p a r t m
e n t s .

h o p e t h a t o u r H i s t o r y w i l l i n s p i r e t h e y o u n g n a v a l o f f i c e r s

•

A n o v e r v i e w o f N a v a l C e r e m
o n i a l a n d o r g a n i s a t i o n s
o f t o m
o r r o w t o d o e v e n b e t t e r .

N e w D e l h i

3 0 t h A u g u s t 2 0 0 9

( G

M

H
i r a n a n d a n i )

V i c e A d m
i r a l ( R e t i r e d )

XXX TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Glossary & Abbreviations

N
o t e : U n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d , a ' m
i l e ' i n t h e t e x t r e f e r s t o a ' n a u t i c a l m i l e ; w h i c h i s e q u a l t o 1 . 8 5 k i l o m e t r e s .

O n e k n o t i s a n a v a l u n i t o f s p e e d e q u a l t o o n e n a u t i c a l m i l e p e r h o u r .

A

A I R C A T S A i r c r e w

C a t e g o r i s a t i o n
a n d

S t a n d a r d i s a t i o n

B o a r d

( N a v y )

A & N

A n d a m a n a n d N i c o b a r I s l a n d s ( i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l ) A L C

A n n u a l L o g i s t i c s C o n f e r e n c e

A / C

A i r c r a f t

A L H

A d v a n c e d L i g h t H e l i c o p t e r

A / D

A i r D e f e n c e

A M C

A n n u a l M a i n t e n a n c e C h a r g e s

A A

A n t i A i r c r a f t / a l s o A r t i f i c e r A p p r e n t i c e

A M D

A n t i M i s s i l e D e f e n c e

A A M

A i r t o A i r ( A n t i - A i r c r a f t ) M i s s i l e

A M D I

A c o u s t i c M i s s D i s t a n c e I n d i c a t o r

A B E R

A n t i c i p a t e d B e y o n d E c o n o m i c a l R e p a i r ( c a t e g o r i s a t i o n A M P I - I E X A m p h i b i o u s E x e r c i s e
o f
s h i p s ’

e q u i p m e n t
w h e n
p r e - p l a n n i n g
r e f i t s /

A N C

A n d a m a n s & N i c o b a r C o m m a n d
m o d e r n i s a t i o n s )

A N M I

A l l i e d

N a v a l

M a n o e u v e r i n g I n s t r u c t i o n s

( F o r m e r l y

A C A S

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f A i r S t a f f

A T P 1 )

A C C

A p p o i n t m e n t s C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C a b i n e t

A N O s

A s s o c i a t e N C C O f f i c e r s

A C D

A i r C r e w D i v e r

A N Z U S

A u s t r a l i a , N e w Z e a l a n d , U n i t e d S t a t e s ( p a c t )

A C D S

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f D e f e n c e S t a f f

A O C I N C

A i r O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g i n C h i e f

A C N S

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f

A O G

A i r c r a f t O n G r o u n d ( i n d i c a t i n g i m m e d i a t e n e e d f o r A C N S

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f ( I n f o r m a t i o n W a r f a r e a c t i o n t o m a k e i t o p e r a t i o n a l )

( I W & O P S ) & O p e r a t i o n s )

A O M

A i r O f f i c e r - i n - c h a r g e M a i n t e n a n c e

A C O M

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f M a t e r i a l

A O P

A i r O f f i c e r - i n - c h a r g e P e r s o n n e l

A C O M

A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f M a t e r i a l ( I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y & A O P V

A d v a n c e d O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l

A P A

A n n u a l P r a c t i c e A l l o w a n c e ( o f e a c h t y p e o f w e a p o n ( I T & S Y S ) S y s t e m )

A C R

A n n u a l C o n f i d e n t i a l R e p o r t
a n d t y p e o f s h i p )

A C V

A i r C u s h i o n V e h i c l e ( a l s o c a l l e d h o v e r c r a f t )

A P A R N A

A c t i v e P a s s i v e R a d a r f o r N a v i g a t i o n a n d A t t a c k A C W P & A A s s i s t a n t

C o n t r o l l e r
o f

W a r s h i p

P r o d u c t i o n

&

A P S O H

A d v a n c e d P a n o r a m i c S o n a r 1 - I u l l - m o u n t e d

A R D

A n n u a l R e v i e w D e m a n d s ( f o r s t o r e s a n d s p a r e s )

A c q u i s i t i o n

A R D E

A r m a m e n t R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t E s t a b l i s h m e n t A D A

A e r o n a u t i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t A g e n c y

A D E

A e r o n a u t i c a l D e v e l o p m e n t E s t a b l i s h m e n t

A R F

A s i a n R e g i o n a l F o r u m

A D G W E

A d d l

D i r e c t o r a t e

G e n e r a l
o f

W e a p o n s
a n d

A R M E X

A r a b i a n S e a E x p e r i m e n t s

A S

A n t i S u b m a r i n e

E q u i p m e n t s

A s & A s

A l t e r a t i o n s a n d A d d i t i o n s

A d m

A b b r e v i a t i o n f o r ' A d m i r a l '

A S D

A d m i r a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t D o c k y a r d

A D S

A i r D e f e n c e S h i p

A S E

A u t h o r i s e d S t o r e s E s t a b l i s h m e n t ( S t o r e s a u t h o r i s e d A E C

A t o m i c E n e r g y C o m m i s s i o n
f o r a n a i r c r a f t s q u a d r o n )

A E W

A i r B o r n e E a r l y W a r n i n g ( a i r c r a f t / h e l i c o p t e r )

A S E C

A r m y S t a n d i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t C o m m i t t e e

A F

A i r F o r c e

A S M

A i r t o S u r f a c e ( a n t i - s h i p ) M i s s i l e

A F H Q

A r m e d F o r c e s H e a d q u a r t e r s

A S T

A f l o a t S u p p o r t T e a m

A g

A c t i n g

A S V

A n t i S u r f a c e V e s s e l ( r o l e f o r a h e l i c o p t e r )

A g C a p t

A c t i n g C a p t a i n

A S W

A n t i S u b m a r i n e W a r f a r e

A G S

A i r c r a f t G e n e r a l S t o r e s

A T A S

A c t i v e T o w e d A r r a y S o n a r

A I - I S P

A u t h o r i t y

H o l d i n g

S e a l e d

P a r t i c u l a r s

( o f
n a v a l

A T C

A i r T r a f f i c C o n t r o l ( t o w e r ) / A n n u a l T r a i n i n g C a m p e q u i p m e n t )

A T E

A v i o n i c T e s t E q u i p m e n t ( f o r a i r c r a f t )

A I D S

A c q u i r e d I m m u n o D e f i c i e n c y S y n d r o m e

A T P

A n n u a l T r a i n i n g P r o g r a m m e

A I O

A c t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n O r g a n i s a t i o n

A T U

A i r T r e a t m e n t U n i t ( f i t t e d i n s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s f o r A I P

A i r I n d e p e n d e n t P r o p u l s i o n
a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g )

A I R C A T

A i r c r e w C a t e g o r i s a t i o n B o a r d

C A N

C a m p u s A r e a N e t w o r k

A T V

A d v a n c e d T e c h n o l o g y V e s s e l

C A P

C o m b a t A i r P a t r o l ( a i r c r a f t )

A l l U p W e i g h t ( o f a n A i r c r a f t o n t a k i n g o f f w i t h f u e l a n d A U \ 'V

C a p t

C a p t a i n ( n a v a l r a n k e q u i v a l e n t t o A r m y C o l o n e l a n d w e a p o n s )

A i r F o r c e G r o u p C a p t a i n ) / A l s o i n n a v a l p a r l a n c e t h e A t i V i s h i s h t

S e v a

M e d a l

( a w a r d
f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d

A V S M

C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r o f a s h i p / s u b m a r i n e a n d n a v a l s e r v i c e o f a n e x c e p t i o n a l o r d e r )

e s t a b l i s h m e n t )

A W A C S

A i r b o r n e W a r n i n g a n d A i r c r a f t C o n t r o l S y s t e m

C A R S

C o m p u t e r i s e d A t t e n d a n c e R e c o r d i n g S y s t e m

A W S

A m p h i b i o u s W a r f a r e S c h o o l

C A S

C h i e f o f t h e A i r S t a f f

A Z

A l i z e ( 1 9 6 0 s v i n t a g e F r e n c h c a r r i e r b o r n e a i r c r a f t ) C A S E X

C o m b i n e d A n t i S u b m a r i n e E x e r c i s e

B

C A T

C e n t r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i v e T r i b u n a l

C A T O B A R C a t a p u l a t e d A s s i s t e d T a k e o f f b u t A r r e s t e d R e c o v e r y B & D

B a s i c

&

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( i n i t i a l
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o f f i c e r s )

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B a s e & D e p o t ( r e f e r s t o s h i p s ’ s p a r e s s t o c k e d a s h o r e ) G o v e r n m e n t ' s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r m )

B A R C

B h a b h a

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M u m b a i )

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C o n f i d e n c e B u i l d i n g M e a s u r e s

B B N I

B h u t a n , B a n g l a d e s h , N e p a l a n d I n d i a

C B R

C e n t r a l B o a r d o f R e v e n u e

B d e

B r i g a d e

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C o m m a n d e r s

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B h a r a t D y n a m i c s L i m i t e d ( G o v e r n m e n t U n d e r t a k i n g e v e r y y e a r )

f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f m i s s i l e s a n d t o r p e d o e s )

C C D T

C o m m a n d C l e a r a n c e D i v i n g T e a m

B E

B u d g e t E s t i m a t e

C C P A

C a b i n e t C o m m i t t e e o n P o l i t i c a l A f f a i r s ( s u b s e q u e n t l y B E C

B a s i c

E n g i n e e r i n g

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E n g i n e e r i n g C o l l e g e )

C C S

C a b i n e t C o m m i t t e e o n S e c u r i t y

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B h a r a t

E l e c t r o n i c s

L t d

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C l e a r a n c e D i v e r
f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f r a d a r s , s o n a r s , f i r e c o n t r o l s y s t e m s , C D A

C o n t r o l l e r o f D e f e n c e A c c o u n t s
e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e s y s t e m s , e t c )

C D E

C o m m i t t e e o n D e f e n c e E x p e n d i t u r e

B G F

B o r d e r G u a r d i n g F o r c e s

C D M

C o l l e g e o f D e f e n c e M a n a g e m e n t ( a t S e c u n d e r a b a d ) B H E L

B h a r a t H e a v y E l e c t r i c a l s L t d

C d o

C o m m a n d o

B I M S T E C

B a n g l a d e s h , I n d i a , M y a n m a r , S r i L a n k a a n d T h a i l a n d C D P

C o m m i t t e e o n D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g

E c o n o m i c C o o p e r a t i o n

C d r

C o m m a n d e r ( n a v a l r a n k )

B I O T

B r i t i s h I n d i a n O c e a n T e r r i t o r y

C D S

C h i e f o f t h e D e f e n c e S t a f f / C o m b i n e d D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s B M F

B a s e M a i n t e n a n c e F a c i l i t y ( f o r R u s s i a n a i r c r a f t ) ( e n t r a n c e e x a m i n a t i o n )

B M S

B u d g e t M o n i t o r i n g S y s t e m

C D T

C l e a r a n c e D i v i n g T e a m ( C C D T —

C o m m a n d C l e a r a n c e

B M U

B a s e M a i n t e n a n c e U n i t ( f o r s h i p s )

D i v i n g T e a m )

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C e n t r a l E q u i p m e n t D e p o t

B O B M E X

B a y o f B e n g a l E x p e r i m e n t s

C E N T C O M C e n t r a l C o m m a n d ( U n i t e d S t a t e s )

B O M S

B a s i c O p e r a t o r - M a i n t a i n e r S c h o o l

C E N T O

C e n t r a l T r e a t y O r g a n i s a t i o n ( T u r k e y , I r a n , P a k i s t a n ) i n B P T

B a t t l e P r a c t i c e T a r g e t ( f o r s u r f a c e f i r i n g p r a c t i c e s -
t h e 1 9 5 0 s a n d 1 9 6 0 s
g u n s & s u r f a c e t o s u r f a c e m i s s i l e s ) / B o m b a y P o r t T r u s t C E O s

C h i e f E n g i n e e r i n g O f f i c e r s

( n o w M u m b a i P o r t T r u s t )

C F A

C o m p e t e n t F i n a n c i a l A u t h o r i t y

B R D

B a s e R e p a i r D e p o t ( f o r A i r F o r c e a i r c r a f t )

C F L

C e a s e F i r e L i n e ( i n J a m m u a n d K a s h m i r )

B R O

B a s e R e p a i r O r g a n i s a t i o n ( l a t e r n a m e d a s ' N a v a l S h i p C G

C o a s t G u a r d

R e p a i r Y a r d s ' )

C G D A

C o n t r o l l e r G e n e r a l o f D e f e n c e A c c o u n t s

B S F

B o r d e r S e c u r i t y F o r c e ( p a r a m i l i t a r y o r g a n i s a t i o n ) C G S

C o a s t G u a r d S h i p

B S N L

B h a r t S a n c h a r N i g a t L i m i t e d

C G V

C o a s t G u a r d V e s s e l

B T

B a t h y t h e r m o g r a p h

( f o r
m e a s u r i n g
s e a
w a t e r

C H E R A

C h i e f E n g i n e R o o m A r t i f i c e r
t e m p e r a t u r e s a t i n c r e a s i n g d e p t h )

C I A

C e n t r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y ( f o r e i g n i n t e l l i g e n c e a r m B T E

B o y s

T r a i n i n g

E s t a b l i s h m e n t

( s u b s e q u e n t l y

B a s i c
o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s )

T r a i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t , I N S C h i l k a )

C I D

C o m m i t t e e f o r I m p e r i a l D e f e n c e

B V R

B e y o n d V i s u a l R a n g e ( a i r - t o - a i r m i s s i l e )

C I I

C o n f e d e r a t i o n o f I n d i a n I n d u s t r y

C

C I L Q

C o m p e n s a t i o n i n L i e u o f Q u a r t e r s ( f o r s a i l o r s )

C & A G

C o m p t r o l l e r a n d A u d i t o r G e n e r a l

C I M S

C h i e f I n s p e c t o r o f M a r i n e S t o r e s

C A B S

C - i n - C

C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f

C o m m o d o r e B u r e a u o f S a i l o r s / C e n t r e f o r A i r B o r n e S y s t e m

C I S

C o n f e d e r a t i o n s o f I n d e p e n d e n t S t a t e s

C A C T U S

N a v a l o p e r a t i o n i n t h e M a l d i v e s , 1 9 8 8

C L A B S

C e n t r e f o r L e a d e r s h i p a n d B e h a v i o u r a l S t u d i e s

C A D

C o m p u t e r A i d e d D e s i g n

C S

( U n i t e d N a t i o n s ) C o m m i s s i o n o n t h e L i m i t s o f t h e C A I O

C o n t i n e n t a l S h e l f

C o m p u t e r i s e d A c t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n O r g a n i s a t i o n

C L S

C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s t i c S u p p o r t / S e r v i c e s ( N a v y ) XXXli TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

C W P & A C o n t r o l l e r o f W a r s h i p P r o d u c t i o n & A c q u i s i t i o n ( i n C M D

C h i e f

M a n a g i n g

D i r e c t o r / C h a i r m a n

&

M a n a g i n g

D i r e c t o r ( o f n a v a l w a r s h i p b u i l d i n g y a r d s )

N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s )

C W P R S

C e n t r a l W a t e r a n d P o w e r R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n ( C o n d u c t s C m d e

C o m m o d o r e ( n a v a l r a n k e q u i v a l e n t t o A r m y B r i g a d i e r a n d A i r C o m m o d o r e o f A i r F o r c e )

m o d e l s t u d i e s o f h a r b o u r s )

C M F R I

C e n t r a l M a r i n e F i s h e r i e s I n s t i t u t e

D

C M P

C o n t r o l l e r o f M a t e r i a l P l a n n i n g ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s ) D & M

D i v i s i o n a l & M a n a g e m e n t ( s u c c e s s o r c o u r s e t o B & D ) C M S

C o a s t a l M i n e s w e e p e r

D / G

D e g a u s s i n g

( r e d u c i n g
t h e
u n d e r w a t e r
m a g n e t i c

C N A L

C o m p u t e r i s e d N a v a l - N B C D A l l o w a n c e L i s t
i n f l u e n c e o f a s h i p t o a v o i d t r i g g e r i n g m a g n e t i c m i n e s ) C N C

C o m p u t e r N u m e r i c a l C o n t r o l

D A

D i e s e l A l t e r n a t o r

C N S

C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f

D A S

D o c k y a r d A p p r e n t i c e S c h o o l

C N Y V

C o l l e g e o f N a v a l W a r f a r e ( a t M u m b a i )

D A T E

D e c i s i o n A i d f o r T e c h n o l o g y E v a l u a t i o n

C N X

C h i e f o f N a v a l S t a f f E x e r c i s e ( a n n u a l e x e r c i s e w h e r e d b
d e c i b e l ( a l o g a r i t h m i c u n i t o f a c o u s t i c m e a s u r e m e n t ) C N S w i t n e s s e s a n d a s s e s s e s c o m b a t r e a d i n e s s o f t h e D C

D i s t r i c t C o l l e c t o r

F l e e t / F l e e t s )

D C C

D e f e n c e C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C a b i n e t

C O

C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r

D C D

D o c k y a r d C o m p l e t i o n D a t e ( o f a s h i p ' s r e f i t )

C O A

C h i e f o f A c q u i s i t i o n

D C D S

D e p u t y C h i e f o f D e f e n c e S t a f f

C O A S

C h i e f o f t h e A r m y S t a f f

D C M G

D e f e n c e C r i s i s M a n a g e m e n t G r o u p

C O C

C e n t r a l l y O r g a n i s e d C a m p s

D C N S

D e p u t y C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f

C O D E

C o m p o n e n t s a n d D e v i c e s

D C P T

D i r e c t o r o f C o m b a t P o l i c y a n d T a c t i c s ( n o w D S R ) C o m b i n e d D i e s e l o r G a s ( p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m d e s i g n e d C O D O G

D D

D e s t r o y e r
f o r u s i n g d i e s e l e n g i n e s f o r c r u i s i n g a t e c o n o m i c a l D D G

G u i d e d - m i s s i l e D e s t r o y e r
s p e e d o r u s i n g g a s t u r b i n e s f o r d a s h i n g a t h i g h s p e e d ) D D I M S

D i r e c t o r
o f D e v e l o p m e n t
a n d

I n s p e c t i o n ,

M a r i n e

C O L

C h i e f o f L o g i s t i c s , s u b s e q u e n t l y C L S

S t o r e s

C O M

C h i e f o f M a t e r i a l ( N a v y )

D D P & S

D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n a n d S u p p l i e s

C O M A N

C o m m o d o r e A n d a m a n & N i c o b a r

D D S

D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s

C O M C E N C o m m u n i c a t i o n C e n t r e

D e f S e c

D e f e n c e S e c e t a r y

C O M C O S C o m m o d o r e C o m m a n d i n g S u b m a r i n e s

D E R F

D i e s e l E n g i n e R e p a i r F a c i l i t i e s

C O M S U B C o m m o d o r e S u b m a r i n e s

D F

D i r e c t i o n F i n d i n g

C O N I F P O C o n t r o l l e r I n d i a n F r i g a t e P r o j e c t ( i n B r i t a i n ) w h e n D F A

D e p u t y F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r
c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d i n M D L o f L e a n d e r c l a s s f r i g a t e s D G

D i r e c t o r / D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l

C h i e f o f P e r s o n n e l ( N a v y )

C O P

D G

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l

C o m b i n e d O p e r a t i o n a l R e v i e w a n d E v a l u a t i o n

C O R E

D G A Q A

D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f A e r o n a u t i c a l Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e C h i e f o f S t a f f C o m m i t t e e

C O S C

D G C G

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l C o a s t G u a r d

C o m m e r c i a l

O f f

T h e

S h e l f

( e q u i p m e n t
b u i l t
t o

C O T S

D G D P S

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g S t a f f
c o m m e r c i a l
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
a s
o p p o s e d
t o
m i l i t a r y

D G I

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l I n s p e c t i o n
s p e c if ic a t io n s (M IL S P E C S ) a n d h e n c e l e s s e x p e n s i v e D G N A

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l N a v a l A c a d e m y
a n d e a s i e r t o p r o c u r e )

D G N A I

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l N a v a l A r m a m e n t I n s p e c t i o n

C o m m e r c i a l l y o f f t h e S h e l f P r o d u c t s

C O T S

D G N D

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l N a v a l D e s i g n

C O Y

C d r o f Y a r d

D G N P

D i r e c t o r

G e n e r a l

N a v a l

P r o j e c t

( B ) - B o m b a y ,

( V ) -

C P A

C l o s e s t P o i n t o f A p p r o a c h

V i s a k h a p a t n a m

C P C

C e n t r a l P a y C o m m i s s i o n

D G Q A

D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e

C h i e f P e t t y O f f i c e r ( N a v y ) / C e n t r a l P o l i c e O r g a n i s a t i o n C P O

D G S & D

D i r e c t o r

G e n e r a l S u p p l i e s
a n d

D i s p o s a l s

( C e n t r a l

C o n t r o l l e r o f P r o c u r e m e n t ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s )

C P R O

G o v t )

C r o r e

T e n m i l l i o n r u p e e s ( o n e h u n d r e d l a k h s )

D I A

D e f e n c e I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y

C R P F

C e n t r a l R e s e r v e P o l i c e F o r c e

D I T

D i r e c t o r a t e o f I n f o r m a t i o n & T e c h n o l o g y

C S A

C h i e f S y s t e m A d m i n i s t r a t o r

D i v

D i v e r

C o u n c i l o f S c i e n t i f i c a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a i c h

^

C S I R

D L I

D e c k

L a u n c h e d

I n t e r c e p t i o n

( o f
a d v e r s a r y

M R

C o c h i n S h i p y a r d L i m i t e d ( C o c h i n r e n a m e d a s K o c h i ) C S L
a i r c r a f t )

C T B T

C o m p r e h e n s i v e T e s t B a n T r e a t y

D L R L

D e f e n c e E l e c t r o n i c s R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y

C T D

C o l o u r T a c t i c a l D i s p l a y

,

.

•
w

D L S

D i r e c t o r o f L o g i s t i c S u p p o r t

C o n t r o l l e r o f T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s ) /

C T S

D M

D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r ( s e e a l s o R M )

C a d e t T r a i n i n g S h i p

D M E

D i r e c t o r o f M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g

C o c h i n U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y

C U S A T

D M O

D e f e n c e M a t e r i a l O r g a n i s a t i o n / D i r e c t o r o f M i l i t a r y C e n t r a l V i g i l a n c e C o m m i s s i o n e r

C V C

O p e r a t i o n s

C o m m i s s i o n

W o r t h y

( s a i l o r
c a n d i d a t e
c o n s i d e r e d

C W

D M S

D i r e c t o r o f M a n a g e m e n t S e r v i c e s
w o r t h y f o r b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e i )

D N A M

D i r e c t o r o f N a v a l A i r M a t e r i a l

C W H

C o n t r o l l e r o f W a r e h o u s i n g ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s )

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXXiii

A T V

A d v a n c e d T e c h n o l o g y V e s s e l

C A N

C a m p u s A r e a N e t w o r k

A U W

A l l U p W e i g h t ( o f a n A i r c r a f t o n t a k i n g o f f w i t h f u e l a n d C A P

C o m b a t A i r P a t r o l ( a i r c r a f t )

w e a p o n s )

C a p t

C a p t a i n ( n a v a l r a n k e q u i v a l e n t t o A r m y C o l o n e l and A V S M

A t i V i s h i s h t S e v a

M e d a l

( a w a r d
f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d

A i r F o r c e G r o u p C a p t a i n ) / A l s o i n n a v a l p a r l a n c e t h e s e n d e e o f a n e x c e p t i o n a l o r d e r )

C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r o f a s h i p / s u b m a r i n e a n d n a v a l A W A C S

A i r b o r n e W a r n i n g a n d A i r c r a f t C o n t r o l S y s t e m
e s t a b l i s h m e n t )

A W S

A m p h i b i o u s W a r f a r e S c h o o l

C A R S

C o m p u t e r i s e d A t t e n d a n c e R e c o r d i n g S y s t e m

A Z

A l i z e ( 1 9 6 0 s v i n t a g e F r e n c h c a r r i e r b o r n e a i r c r a f t ) C A S

C h i e f o f t h e A i r S t a f f

C A S E X

C o m b i n e d A n t i S u b m a r i n e E x e r c i s e

C A T

C e n t r a l A d m i n i s t r a t i v e T r i b u n a l

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f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f m i s s i l e s a n d t o r p e d o e s )

B E

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C D A

C o n t r o l l e r o f D e f e n c e A c c o u n t s

B G F

B o r d e r G u a r d i n g F o r c e s

C D E

C o m m i t t e e o n D e f e n c e E x p e n d i t u r e

B H E L

B h a r a t H e a v y E l e c t r i c a l s L t d

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C o l l e g e o f D e f e n c e M a n a g e m e n t ( a t S e c u n d e r a b a d ) C d o

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B u d g e t M o n i t o r i n g S y s t e m

( . e n t r a n c e e x a m i n a t i o n )

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r F

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C E O s

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C o n f e d e r a t i o n o f I n d i a n I n d u s t r y

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m

. .

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C o m p u t e r i s e d A c t i o n I n f o r m a t i o n O r g a n i s a t i o n
s
r

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C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s i i c S u p p o r t / S e r v i c e s ( N a v y ) x x x ii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

C M D

C h i e f

M a n a g i n g

D i r e c t o r / C h a i r m a n

&

M a n a g i n g

C W P & A C o n t r o l l e r o f W a r s h i p P r o d u c t i o n & A c q u i s i t i o n ( i n D i r e c t o r ( o f n a v a l w a r s h i p b u i l d i n g y a r d s )

N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s )

C m d e

C o m m o d o r e ( n a v a l r a n k e q u i v a l e n t t o A r m y B r i g a d i e r C W P R S

C e n t r a l W a t e r a n d P o w e r R e s e a r c h S t a t i o n ( C o n d u c t s a n d A i r C o m m o d o r e o f A i r F o r c e )

m o d e l s t u d i e s o f h a r b o u r s )

C M F R I

C e n t r a l M a r i n e F i s h e r i e s I n s t i t u t e

D

C M P

C o n t r o l l e r o f M a t e r i a l P l a n n i n g ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s ) C M S

C o a s t a l M i n e s w e e p e r

D & M

D i v i s i o n a l & M a n a g e m e n t ( s u c c e s s o r c o u r s e t o B & D )

C N A L

C o m p u t e r i s e d N a v a l - N B C D A l l o w a n c e L i s t

D / G

D e g a u s s i n g

( r e d u c i n g
t h e
u n d e r w a t e r
m a g n e t i c

C N C

C o m p u t e r N u m e r i c a l C o n t r o l
i n f l u e n c e o f a s h i p t o a v o i d t r i g g e r i n g m a g n e t i c m i n e s ) C N S

C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f

D A

D i e s e l A l t e r n a t o r

D A S

D o c k y a r d A p p r e n t i c e S c h o o l

C N W

C o l l e g e o f N a v a l W a r f a r e ( a t M u m b a i )

D A T E

D e c i s i o n A i d f o r T e c h n o l o g y E v a l u a t i o n

C N X

C h i e f o f N a v a l S t a f f E x e r c i s e ( a n n u a l e x e r c i s e w h e r e d b
d e c i b e l ( a l o g a r i t h m i c u n i t o f a c o u s t i c m e a s u r e m e n t ) C N S w i t n e s s e s a n d a s s e s s e s c o m b a t r e a d i n e s s o f t h e D C

D i s t r i c t C o l l e c t o r

F l e e t / F l e e t s )

D C C

D e f e n c e C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C a b i n e t

C O

C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r

D C D

D o c k y a r d C o m p l e t i o n D a t e ( o f a s h i p ' s r e f i t )

C O A

C h i e f o f A c q u i s i t i o n

D C D S

D e p u t y C h i e f o f D e f e n c e S t a f f

C O A S

C h i e f o f t h e A r m y S t a f f

D C M G

D e f e n c e C r i s i s M a n a g e m e n t G r o u p

C O C

C e n t r a l l y O r g a n i s e d C a m p s

D C N S

D e p u t y C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f

C O D E

C o m p o n e n t s a n d D e v i c e s

D C P T

D i r e c t o r o f C o m b a t P o l i c y a n d T a c t i c s ( n o w D S R ) C O D O G

C o m b i n e d D i e s e l o r G a s ( p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m d e s i g n e d D D

D e s t r o y e r
f o r u s i n g d i e s e l e n g i n e s f o r c r u i s i n g a t e c o n o m i c a l D D G

G u i d e d - m i s s i l e D e s t r o y e r
s p e e d o r u s i n g g a s t u r b i n e s f o r d a s h i n g a t h i g h s p e e d ) D D I M S

D i r e c t o r
o f D e v e l o p m e n t
a n d

I n s p e c t i o n ,

M a r i n e

C O L

C h i e f o f L o g i s t i c s , s u b s e q u e n t l y C L S

S t o r e s

C O M

C h i e f o f M a t e r i a l ( N a v y )

D D P & S

D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n a n d S u p p l i e s

C O M A N C o m m o d o r e A n d a m a n & N i c o b a r

D D S

D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s

C O M C E N C o m m u n i c a t i o n C e n t r e

D e f S e c

D e f e n c e S e c e t a r y

C O M C O S C o m m o d o r e C o m m a n d i n g S u b m a r i n e s

D E R F

D i e s e l E n g i n e R e p a i r F a c i l i t i e s

C O M S U B C o m m o d o r e S u b m a r i n e s

D F

D i r e c t i o n F i n d i n g

C O N I F P O C o n t r o l l e r I n d i a n F r i g a t e P r o j e c t ( i n B r i t a i n ) w h e n D F A

D e p u t y F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r
c o n s t r u c t i o n s t a r t e d i n M D L o f L e a n d e r c l a s s f r i g a t e s D G

D i r e c t o r / D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l

C O P

C h i e f o f P e r s o n n e l ( N a v y )

D G

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l

C O R E

C o m b i n e d O p e r a t i o n a l R e v i e w a n d E v a l u a t i o n

D G A Q A

D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f A e r o n a u t i c a l Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e C O S C

C h i e f o f S t a f f C o m m i t t e e

D G C G

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l C o a s t G u a r d

C O T S

C o m m e r c i a l

O f f

T h e

S h e l f

( e q u i p m e n t
b u i l t
t o

D G D P S

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g S t a f f
c o m m e r c i a l
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
a s
o p p o s e d
t o
m i l i t a r y
s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ( M I L S P E C S ) a n d h e n c e l e s s e x p e n s i v e D G I

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l I n s p e c t i o n

D G N A

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l N a v a l A c a d e m y
a n d e a s i e r t o p r o c u r e )

D G N A I

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l N a v a l A r m a m e n t I n s p e c t i o n

C O T S

C o m m e r c i a l l y o f f t h e S h e l f P r o d u c t s

D G N D

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l N a v a l D e s i g n

C O Y

C d r o f Y a r d

D G N P

D i r e c t o r

G e n e r a l

N a v a l

P r o j e c t

( B ) - B o m b a y ,

( V ) -

C P A

C l o s e s t P o i n t o f A p p r o a c h

V i s a k h a p a t n a m

C P C

C e n t r a l P a y C o m m i s s i o n

C P O

C h i e f P e t t y O f f i c e r ( N a v y ) / C e n t r a l P o l i c e O r g a n i s a t i o n D G Q A

D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e

D G S & D

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l

S u p p l i e s
a n d

D i s p o s a l s

( C e n t r a l

C P R O

C o n t r o l l e r o f P r o c u r e m e n t ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s )

G o v t )

C r o r e

T e n m i l l i o n r u p e e s ( o n e h u n d r e d l a k h s )

D I A

D e f e n c e I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y

C R P F

C e n t r a l R e s e r v e P o l i c e F o r c e

D I T

D i r e c t o r a t e o f I n f o r m a t i o n & T e c h n o l o g y

C S A

C h i e f S y s t e m A d m i n i s t r a t o r

D i v

D i v e r

C S I R

C o u n c i l o f S c i e n t i f i c a n d I n d u s t r i a l R e s e a r c h

D L I

D e c k

L a u n c h e d

I n t e r c e p t i o n

( o f
a d v e r s a r y

M R

C S L

C o c h i n S h i p y a r d L i m i t e d ( C o c h i n r e n a m e d a s K o c h i ) a i r c r a f t )

C T B T

C o m p r e h e n s i v e T e s t B a n T r e a t y

D L R L

D e f e n c e E l e c t r o n i c s R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y

C T D

C o l o u r T a c t i c a l D i s p l a y

D L S

D i r e c t o r o f L o g i s t i c S u p p o r t

C T S

C o n t r o l l e r o f T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s ) /

D M

D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r ( s e e a l s o R M )

C a d e t T r a i n i n g S h i p

D M E

D i r e c t o r o f M a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g

C U S A T

C o c h i n U n i v e r s i t y o f S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y

D M O

D e f e n c e M a t e r i a l O r g a n i s a t i o n / D i r e c t o r o f M i l i t a r y e v e

C e n t r a l V i g i l a n c e C o m m i s s i o n e r

O p e r a t i o n s

C W

C o m m i s s i o n

W o r t h y

( s a i l o r
c a n d i d a t e
c o n s i d e i e d

D M S

D i r e c t o r o f M a n a g e m e n t S e r v i c e s
w o r t h y f o r b e c o m i n g a n o f f i c e r )

D N A M

D i r e c t o r o f N a v a l A i r M a t e r i a l

C W H

C o n t r o l l e r o f W a r e h o u s i n g ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s )

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXXiii

EMI/EMCElectro

M agnetic

Interference/Electro

M a g n e t i c

D N I

D i r e c t o r o f N a v a l I n t e l l i g e n c e

C o m p a t i b i l i t y

D N O

D i r e c t o r o f N a v a l O p e r a t i o n s

E a s t e r n N a v a l C o m m a n d

E N C

D N O M

D i r e c t o r o f N a v a l O c e a n o l o g y & M e t r o l o g y

E x p l o s i v e O r d n a n c e D i s p o s a l

E O D

D N P M

D i r e c t o r o f N a v a l P r o v o s t M a r s h a l

E x t e n d e d R e f i t ( w e s t e r n s h i p s )

E R

D O D

D e p a r t m e n t o f O c e a n D e v e l o p m e n t

E n g i n e R o o m A r t i f i c e r

E R A

D o D

D e p a r t m e n t o f D e f e n c e

E x t r a R e g i m e n t a l E m p l o y m e n t

E R E

D O E

D e p a r t m e n t o f E l e c t r o n i c s

E q u i p m e n t T a b l e R e v i s i o n C o m m i t t e e

E T R C

D O P & T

D e p a r t m e n t o f P e r s o n n e l a n d T r a i n i n g

E l e c t r o n i c W a r f a r e

E W

D O T

D e p a r t m e n t o f T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n

E l e c t r o n i c W a r f a r e

E W

D P & S

D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n & S u p p l i e s ( p a r t o f t h e M o D , F r e n c h m i s s i l e s

E X O C E T
f o r m e r l y D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n )

D P I ( N )

D i r e c t o r o f P r o d u c t i o n a n d I n s p e c t i o n ( N a v y )

D P R

D e t a i l e d P r o j e c t R e p o r t

M u l t i - r o l e f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t

F - 1 6

D P R O

D i r e c t o r o f P r o c u r e m e n t ( n a v a l l o g i s t i c s )

F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s

F A ( D S )

D P S

D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g S t a f f

F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t ( f o r i n t e r c e p t i n g b o a t s o f m i l i t a n t s F A C

D P S A

D e e p P e n e t r a t i o n S t r i k e A i r c r a f t
a n d s m u g g l e r s i n s h a l l o w c o a s t a l w a t e r s )

D P S U

D e f e n c e P u b l i c S e c t o r U n d e r t a k i n g

F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s

F A D S

D Q A ( W P ) D i r e c t o r o f Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e ( W a r s h i p P r o j e c t s ) F e d e r a l A c q u i s i t i o n R e g u l a t i o n s

F A R

D R D C

D e f e n c e ~R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e 1
l o p m e n t C o u n c i l

F a c t o r y

A c c e p t a n c e

T r i a l s / F l i g h t
a n d

T a c t i c a l

F A T S

D R D L

D e f e n c e R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t L a b o r a t o r y

S i m u l a t o r ( f o r S e a k i n g h e l i c o p t e r s )

D e f e n c e

R e s e a r c h
a n d

D e v e l o p m e n t

O r g a n i s a t i o n

D R D O

F o r e i g n D i r e c t I n v e s t o r s

F D I

( p a r t o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e )

F l o a t i n g D o c k N a v a l

F D N

D S B

D e f e n c e S c i e n c e B o a r d

F F

F r i g a t e

D S C

D e f e n c e S e c u r i t y C o r p s ( E x - s e r v i c e m e n r e - e m p l o y e d F r e e F o r e i g n E x c h a n g e ( e s s e n t i a l f o r p a y i n g f o r i m p o r t F F E
f o r s e c u r i t y o f d e f e n c e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s )

o f n a v a l e q u i p m e n t )

D S M O

D i r e c t o r o f S u b m a r i n e O p e r a t i o n s

G u i d e d - m i s s i l e F r i g a t e

F F G

D S R

D i r e c t o r o f S t a f f R e q u i r e m e n t s ( f o r m e r l y D C P T )

F l i g h t i n A i r M a t e r i a l ( f o r a i r d r o p p e d t o r p e d o e s ) F L A M

D S R V

D e e p

S u b m e r g e n c e

R e s c u e

V e s s e l / V e h i c l e

( f o r

F o r e i g n I n s t i t u t i o n a l I n v e s t o r s

F I I

s u b m a r i n e r e s c u e a n d u n d e r w a t e r s e a r c h )

F i r s t I n f o r m a t i o n R e p o r t

F I R

D S S C

D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s S t a f f C o l l e g e ( a t W e l l i n g t o n i n t h e F o r w a r d L o o k i n g I n f r a R e d ( s e n s o r s y s t e m t h a t d i s p l a y s F L I R

N i l g i r i m o u n t a i n s )

h e a t / i n f r a r e d e m i t t i n g o b j e c t s )

D S V

D i v i n g S u p p o r t V e s s e l

F M

F i n a n c e M i n i s t e r

D T G

D a t e T i m e G r o u p ( i n d i c a t e s t h e t i m e t h a t a s i g n a l i s F M C T

F i s s i l e M a t e r i a l s C u t o f f T r e a t y
i s s u e d )

F M U

F l e e t M a i n t e n a n c e U n i t

D T I B

D e f e n c e T e c h n o l o g y I n d u s t r i a l B a s e

F N

F r e n c h N a v y

D W E

D i r e c t o r o f W e a p o n E q u i p m e n t

F O B N A

F l a g O f f i c e r B o m b a y N a v a l A r e a

D W P

D i r e c t o r o f W a r s h i p P r o j e c t s

F O C

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g

D y

D e p u t y

F O C E F

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g E a s t e r n F l e e t

E

F O C I F

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g I n d i a n F l e e t ( p r e d e c e s s o r o f E A P

E l e c t r i c a l A r t i f i c e r P o w e r / C o n t r o l S y s t e m / W e a p o n F O C W F a n d F O C E F w h e n I n d i a h a d o n l y o n e F l e e t ) E A R

E l e c t r i c a l A r t i f i c e r R a d i o / R a d a r / S o n a r

F O C I N C

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g i n C h i e f

E C C

E m e r g e n c y C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C a b i n e t

F O C O D

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g O f f s h o r e D e f e n c e

E C C M

E l e c t r o n i c

C o u n t e r

C o u n t e r

M e a s u r e s

( e l e c t r o n i c

F O C R I N

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y
w a r f a r e )

F O C W E F / F O C W F

E C D I S

E l e c t r o n i c C h a r t D i s p l a y I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m

F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g W e s t e r n F l e e t

E C M

E l e c t r o n i c C o u n t e r M e a s u r e s ( e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e ) F O D A G

F l a g - o f f i c e r O f f s h o r e D e f e n c e A d v i s o r y G r o u p

E D C

E s t i m a t e d D a t e o f C o m p l e t i o n

F O G A

F l a g O f f i c e r G o a A r e a

E D P

E l e c t r o n i c D a t a P r o c e s s i n g

F O G N A

F l a g O f f i c e r G o a N a v a l A r e a

E D S

E s t i m a t e d D a t e o f S u p p l y ( f o r s t o r e s )

F O L

F u e l , O i l a n d l u b r i c a n t s

E E Z

E x c l u s i v e E c o n o m i c Z o n e

F O M A

F l a g O f f i c e r M a h a r a s h t r a A r e a

E I C

E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y

F O N A

F l a g O f f i c e r N a v a l A v i a t i o n

E i n C

E n g i n e e r i n C h i e f

F O R T A N

F o r t r e s s C o m m a n d e r A n d a m a n a n d N i c o b a r I s l a n d s E K M

P r o j e c t D e s i g n a t i o n o f R u s s i a n d e s i g n S S K s ( N A T O

( p r e d e c e s s o r o f C I N C A N )

d e s i g n a t i o n K i l o c l a s s s u b m a r i n e )

F O S M

F l a g O f f i c e r S u b m a r i n e s

E L F

E x t r e m e l y L o w R a d i o F r e q u e n c y ( b e l o w 1 0 k h z )

F O S T

F l a g O f f i c e r S e a T r a i n i n g

E L I N T

E l e c t r o n i c I n t e l l i g e n c e ( e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e )

F o x t r o t

N A T O n o m e n c l a t u r e o f R u s s i a n s u b m a r i n e s ( I n d i a 11

XXXiv TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

c l a s s

K a l v a r i & V e l a c l a s s )

H I V

H u m a n I m m u n o - d e f i c i e n c y V i r u s

F P B

F a s t P a t r o l B o a t

H K

S e a h a w k ( B r i t i s h c a r r i e r b o r n e a i r c r a f t )

F P V

F a s t P a t r o l V e s s e l ( C o a s t G u a r d )

H L B H

H i g h L e v e l B u d g e t H o l d e r s

F r o g m e n U n d e r w a t e r C o m m a n d o s

H L C

H i g h L e v e l C o m m i t t e e

F R U

F l e e t R e q u i r e m e n t U n i t

H M I

H i m a l a y a n M o u n t a i n e e r i n g I n s t i t u t e , D a r j e e l i n g F X P

F l e e t E x e r c i s e P r o g r a m m e

H M I S

H i s M a j e s t y ' s I n d i a n S h i p

H M S

H i s / H e r M a j e s t y ' s S h i p / S u b m a r i n e ( B r i t i s h )

G

H P

H i g h P r e s s u r e

G D P

G r o s s D o m e s t i c P r o d u c t

H P C L

H i n d u s t a n P e t r o l e u m C o r p o r a t i o n L i m i t e d

G E

G e n e r a l E l e c t r i c

I I Q

H e a d q u a r t e r s

G E B C O

G e n e r a l B a t h y m e t r i c C h a r t o f t h e O c e a n s

H Q

H e a d q u a r t e r s

G E D

G e n e r a l

E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t ( o f t h e e r s t w h i l e

H Q W N C H e a d q u a r t e r s W e s t e r n N a v a l C o m m a n d

S o v i e t

G K E S
t h a t
d e a l t
w i t h
t h e
d e l i v e r y
a n d

H Q A N C

H e a d q u a r t e r s A n d a m a n a n d N i c o b a r C o m m a n d
e x p l o i t a t i o n o f s h i p s , s u b m a r i n e s a n d a i r c r a f t ) H R A

H o u s e R e n t A l l o w a n c e

G e n

G e n e r a l ( A r m y )

H R D

H u m a n R e s o u r c e s D e v e l o p m e n t

G E N M A S G e n f o r m M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m

H S L

H i n d u s t a n S h i p y a r d L i m i t e d , V i s a k h a p a t n a m

G F R

G e n e r a l F i n a n c e R e g u l a t i o n s

I - I U M I N T H u m a n I n t e l l i g e n c e ( p e r s o n s s p e c i f i c a l l y t r a i n e d f o r G K E S

S t a t e C o m m i t t e e f o r F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e l a t i o n s ( t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e t a s k s )

a p e x a p p r o v i n g b o d y o f t h e e r s t w h i l e S o v i e t U n i o n f o r H U M V A D H u l l M o u n t e d a n d V a r i a b l e D e p t h s o n a r
m e e t i n g I n d i a n n a v a l r e q u i r e m e n t s )

h z
h e r t z ( u n i t o f f r e q u e n c y )

G M D S S

G l o b a l M a r i t i m e D i s t r e s s S a f e t y a n d R e s c u e S e r v i c e s S c h e m e

I

G N P

G r o s s N a t i o n a l P r o d u c t

I / C

I n - C h a r g e

G N S / G P S G l o b a l

N a v i g a t i o n

S y s t e m / G l o b a l

P o s i t i o n i n g

L A C

I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r

S y s t e m ( G l o b a l
s a t e l l i t e - b a s e d
n a v i g a t i o n
p o s i t i o n

I A E A

I n t e r n a t i o n a l A t o m i c E n e r g y A g e n c y
f i x i n g s y s t e m )

L A F

I n d i a n A i r F o r c e

G O C

G e n e r a l O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g ( A r m y )

I B

I n t e l l i g e n c e B u r e a u ( I n d i a ' s i n t e r n a l i n t e l l i g e n c e a g e n c y ) G O C I N C

G e n e r a l O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g i n C h i e f ( A r m y )

I B ( s )

I n t e r c e p t o r B o a t s ( C o a s t G u a r d )

G O M

G r o u p o f M i n i s t e r s

I B L

I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o u n d a r y L i n e

G O O

G r o u p o f O f f i c e r s

I C

I n t e r n a l C o m b u s t i o n

G R S E

G a r d e n

R e a c h

S h i p b u i l d i n g
a n d

E n g i n e e r i n g

( i n

I C C P

I m p r e s s e d

C a t h o d i c

C u r r e n t

P r o t e c t i o n

( e l e c t r i c

C a l c u t t a )

s y s t e m a c t i v a t e d i n h a r b o u r t o m i n i m i s e u n d e r w a t e r G R T

G r o s s R e g i s t e r e d T o n s ( s h i p s i z e )

h u l l c o r r o s i o n a n d p r o l o n g h u l l l i f e )

G R W

G a r d e n R e a c h W o r k s h o p s ( i n C a l c u t t a l a t e r r e n a m e d I C E

I n t e r n a l C o m b u s t i o n E n g i n e ( e . g . d i e s e l e n g i n e ) G R S E )

I C G

I n d i a n C o a s t G u a r d

G S E

G r o u n d S u p p o r t E q u i p m e n t ( f o r a i r c r a f t )

I C S

I n d i a n C i v i l S e r v i c e ( l a t e r c a l l e d I A S )

G S L

G o a S h i p y a r d L i m i t e d ( i n G o a )

I D A S

I n d i a n D e f e n c e A c c o u n t s S e r v i c e

G S Q R

G e n e r a l S t a f f Q u a l i t a t i v e R e q u i r e m e n t

I D E X

I n d i a n D e f e n c e E x e r c i s e

G T D

G e n e r a l T e c h n i c a l D e p a r t m e n t ( o f t h e e r s t w h i l e S o v i e t I D S A

I n s t i t u t e o f D e f e n c e S t u d i e s a n d A n a l y s i s ( i n D e l h i ) G K E S ) , d e a l t w i t h s h o r e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d i n t e r f a c e I E D s

I m p r o v i s e d E x p l o s i v e D e v i c e s
w i t h S o v i e t f a c t o r i e s o f i t e m s s u p p l i e d b y t h e G E D .

I F A

I n t e g r a t e d F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r

G T R E

B r i t i s h '

G a s T u r b i n e R e p a i r E s t a b l i s h m e n t ( I n d i a ' s

I F F

I d e n t i f i c a t i o n

F r i e n d
o r

F o e

( r a d a r - a s s o c i a t e d

G a s T u r b i n e O v e r h a u l C e n t r e - G T O C i s I N S E k s i l a a t i n t e r r o g a t o r
f a c i l i t y
t o
i d e n t i f y
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c o n t a c t s

V i s a k h a p a t n a m ) .

a p p e a r i n g o n r a d a r . L a c k o f r e s p o n s e i s c l a s s i f i e d G T s

G a s T u r b i n e s
a s f o e )

H

I F R

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

F l e e t

R e v i e w

( h e l d
i n

M u m b a i
i n

F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 1 )

H / O

H a n d i n g O v e r

I F S

I n d i a n F o r e i g n S e r v i c e

H A L

H i n d u s t a n A i r c r a f t L i m i t e d

I F T U

I n t e n s i v e F l y i n g T r a i n i n g U n i t ( e v a l u a t e s n a v a l a i r c r a f t H A S

H e l i c o p t e r A n t i S u b m a r i n e
o n i n d u c t i o n )

H A T s

H a r b o u r A c c e p t a n c e T r i a l s

I G A

I n t e r G o v e r n m e n t a l A g r e e m e n t ( u m b r e l l a a g r e e m e n t H D L

H o o g h l y D o c k i n g L t d , C a l c u t t a
f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f S o v i e t / R u s s i a n m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s ) H D W

H o w a l

D e u t s c h

W e r k e

( G e r m a n

S u b m a r i n e

I H B

I n t e r n a t i o n a l H y d r o g r a p h i c B u r e a u

C o n s t r u c t i o n f i r m )

I H O

I n t e r n a t i o n a l H y d r o g r a p h i c O r g a n i s a t i o n

H F

H i g h F r e q u e n c y ( l o n g d i s t a n c e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s )

I H O P

I n t e g r a t e d H u l l O u t f i t & P a i n t i n g

H F R / T

H i g h

F r e q u e n c y

R a d i o

T e l e p h o n y

( v o i c e

I I S

I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e o f S c i e n c e
c o m m u n i c a t i o n s b e t w e e n M R a i r c r a f t a n d M O R )

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXXV

I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

IT

In d ian In stitu te o f T ech n o lo g y

IIT

I n d u s t r i a l T e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e

S u b m a r i n e

ITI

In g e n e e r

K o n to r

L u b e ck

(G e rm a n

In te g ra te d T y p e T ra in in g E s ta b lis h m e n t ( a t V iz a g in

IKL

IT T E
th e 1 9 6 0 s a n d 1 9 7 0 s )

P r e f e 'f o f typ e^ of R ussian a ircraft m a n u fa c tu re d by

IL

I n f o r m a t i o n W a r f a r e

IW

In la n d W a te r T r a n s p o r t A u th o rity ( E a s t P a k is ta n )

IW TA

In tegrated L og istic M a n a g e m e n t S ystem (N avy)

ILM S

I

IMA

In d ian M ilitary A ca d e m y

In d ian M e te ro lo g ica l D e p a rttn e n t

Ja m m u a n d K a sh m ir

IM D

J & K

In te rn a tio n a l M aritim e O rg a n isa tio n

Jo in t C ip h e r B u re a u

IMO

JC B

Ju n io r C o m m is s io n e d O ffice rs (A rm y c o u n t e r p a r t s o f

IM S

In sh o re M in e sw e e p e r

JC O s
n a v a l M C P O s a n d C P O s)

IM SF

In d ian M a rin e S p ecial F o rc e

Jo in t C o a s ta l P a tro l

IN

In d ian Navy

JC P

Jo in t C h ie fs o f S taff

INAS

In d ian N aval A ir S q u a d ro n

JCS

Ja p a n D e fe n c e S hip

IN BR

In d ian N aval B o o k o f R e fe re n ce s

JD S

Jo in t E x e rc is e s a t T r in c o m a le e (in th e 1 9 5 0 s )

INCB

In te rn a tio n a l N a rco tics C o n tro l B u r e a u / In d ia n N aval

JE T

C h a rg e B o o k s

JIC

J o i n t I n t e l l i g e n c e C o m m i t t e e

Jo in t In d o S o v ie t W o rk in g G ro u p o n S h ip b u ild in g (n o w

INCS

In d ian N aval C a n te e n S e n d e e

JISW O G

INDLT

In d ian N aval D esig n & L ia iso n T e a m

JIR W O G )

INDQ

In d ian N avy D e te n tio n Q u a rte rs

JS

Jo in t S e c re ta ry

Jo in t S e rv ic e s E q u ip m e n t P la n n in g C o m m i tt e e

INHS

In d ian N aval H o sp ital Ship (A svini in M u m b a i,

JS E P C

Sanjivani in K o ch i, K alyan i in V izag, K a stu ri in Shivaji,

JSM

Jo in t S e rv ic e s M e m o r a n d u m

Jeevan ti in G o a , N ivarin i in C hilka, D h a n v a n tri in P o r t

JSQ R

Jo in t S e rv ic e s Q u a lita tiv e R e q u ir e m e n t

Blair, P atan jali in K a rw a r)

JVP

Ja n a ta V im u k i P e r a m u n a

IN M A C

In d ian N aval M e t A n aly sis C e n tre

JW O

Ju n io r W a rr a n t O ffice r

INMARSAT In d ian M a ritim e Satellite

K

IN M I

In d ian N aval M a n o e u v e rin g In stru ctio n s

S e n io r O ffice r 2 5 t h M issile B o a t S q u a d r o n

INS

In d ian N aval S h ip /S u b m a rin e

K 2 5

P re fix fo r R u ssia n h e lic o p te r s m a n u f a c t u r e d
by

INSA

In d ian N aval S ailin g A sso cia tio n

KA

INSM A

In d ian N aval S h ip s M a in te n a n c e A u th o rity

K a m o v

IN SO T

In d ian N aval S u b m a rin e O v e rse e in g T e a m

KBPS

K ilo B y te s P e r S e c o n d

Kilo C la ss NATO n o m e n c la tu r e o f R u ssia n s u b m a r i n e ( s e e E K M ) INSV

In d ia n N aval S ailin g V essel

IN TEG

In d ian N avy T a c tica l E v a lu a tio n G roup

K m s

K ilo m e tre s

IO C

In te r-G o v e rn m e n ta l O c e a n o g ra p h ic C o m m issio n

K n o t
u n it o f sh ip s p e e d - o n e n a u tic a l m ile p e r h o u r

IONS

In d ia n O c e a n N aval S y m p o siu m

K o ch i (K ) N e w n a m e o f C o c h in

IORARC In d ia n

O c e a n

R im

A s s o c ia tio n
fo r

R eg io n al

K o ck u m s S w ed ish S u b m a r in e D e sig n a n d C o n s tr u c t i o n firm C o o p e ra tio n

K olk ata

N e w n a m e o f C a lc u tta

IPADS

In te g ra te d P a y A cco u n tin g & D is b u rs e m e n t S ystem

KRC

K argil R e v ie w C o m m itte e

IP C

Initial P ro v isio n in g C o m m itte e (c o n s titu te d fo r e v e ry

K SL

K o ch i S h ip y a rd L td
n e w ty p e o f s h ip /s u b m a rin e /a irc r a ft to re c o m m e n d

KV

K e n d riy a V id y a la y a (C e n tra l S c h o o l)

th e ra n g e a n d s c a le o f sp a re s to b e o rd e re d fo r e a c h L
fitted e q u ip m e n t fo r sto ck in g 'O n B o a rd ' a n d in th e

L a k h

O n e h u n d r e d th o u s a n d r u p e e s

'B a s e & D e p o t' s to re s ).

LA N

L o c a l A re a N e tw o rk

IP K F

In d ia n P e a c e K e e p in g F o rc e (in Sri L a n k a 1 9 8 7 to

LAPADS L ig h tw e ig h t A irb o rn e P a s s iv e A c o u s tic D e te c tio n

1 9 9 0 )

S y s te m ( in d u c te d in SK 4 2 B h e li c o p t e r s )

IPS

In d ian P o lice S e rv ice

L C A

L ig h t C o m b a t A ircra ft

IPV

In sh o re P a tro l V essel (C o a s t G u ard )

IRC

In te g ra te d R e p a irs C o m p le x

L C B

L e a s t C o s t B a s is

IRLS

Infra R ed L in e S c a n (d e te c tio n
sy ste m fitted in

L C C

L ife C y cle C o s t
aircra ft)

L C U

L a n d in g C ra ft U tility

ISBA

In te rn a tio n a l S e a B e d A u th ority

L E M P

L e a d in g E le c tr ic a l M e c h a n i c P o w e r (R a n k )

ISC

In fo rm a tio n S h a rin g C e n tre

L e p u s

S w ed ish , a irc r a ft d ro p p e d , fla re b o m b to illu m in a te a

ISI

In d ia n S ta n d a rd s In stitu tio n (n o w B IS -B u re a u o f In d ia n
ta r g e t a t n ig h t to a s s is t a ir a tta c k

S ta n d a rd s) / In te r S e rv ice s In te llig e n ce (P a k ista n )

LFD S

L o w F r e q u e n c y D u n k in g S o n a r

ISRO

In d ian S p a ce R e se a rch O rg a n isa tio n

LIM A

L a n g In te rn a tio n a l M a ritim e & A e r o s p a c e E x h ib itio n

ISRR

In d ian S e a rch & R e scu e R eg ion

L L M C

L o n g L o g is tic s M a n a g e m e n t S y s te m

ISW

In d ia S up ply W in g (in L o n d o n )

LM A

L a c c a d iv e , M in ico y a n d A m in d iv i (is la n d s n o w c a lle d

L a k s h a d w e e p )

xx xv i TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

L M E

L e a d i n g M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g ( R a n k )

M e t

M e t e o r o l o g y

M F E R

M i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n E c o n o m i c R e l a t i o n s

L M G s

L i g h t m a c h i n e g u n s

M G B

M a i n G e a r B o x ( o f h e l i c o p t e r s )

L N D

L o c a l N a v a l D e f e n c e

M G O

M a s t e r G e n e r a l O r d n a n c e

L O C

L i n e o f C o n t r o l

L O F A R

L o w F r e q u e n c y A c o u s t i c R a n g i n g ( e n a b l e s d e t e c t i o n M H A

M i n i s t r y ' o f H o m e A f f a i r s
o f s u b m a r i n e s a t l o n g r a n g e s )

M H Q

M a r i t i m e H e a d q u a r t e r s

M I

P r e f i x
f o r

R u s s i a n
h e l i c o p t e r s
m a n u f a c t u r e d
b y

L O G D E L L o g i s t i c s D e l e g a t i o n s

L O G R E Q L o g i s t i c R e q u i r e m e n t ( s i g n a l )

M i k o y a n

L O I

L e t t e r o f I n t e n t

M I C

M i l i t a r y I n d u s t r i a l C o m p l e x

L O P

L i s t o f P r i o r i t y O r d e r s

M I L S P E C S S p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r M i l i t a r y E q u i p m e n t L P D

L a n d i n g P l a t f o r m D o c k

M I S

M a n a g e m e n t I n f o r m a t i o n S y s t e m

M k

M a r k

( B r i t i s h
c o d i f i c a t i o n
t o
i n d i c a t e
s u c c e s s i v e

L P G

L i q u i f i e d P e t r o l e u m G a s

L P O

L o c a l P u r c h a s e O r d e r f o r c r i t i c a l i t e m s .

( C a n b e r a i s e d
i m p r o v e m e n t i n e q u i p m e n t )

f o r
b o t h
f o r e i g n
a n d
l o c a l
i t e m s ,

S o v i e t
d e m a n d

M L R

M o n e y i n L i e u o f R a t i o n s ( f o r s a i l o r s )

p r o c e d u r e f o r m e e t i n g o p e r a t i o n a l l y r e q u i r e d s p a r e s M L U

M i d L i f e U p d a t e
f o r s h i p s / s u b m a r i n e s / a i r c r a f t )

M M C B

M o b i l e M i s s i l e C o a s t B a t t e r y

M O

M e d i c a l

O f f i c e r / M a t e r i a l

O r g a n i s a t i o n

( n a v a l

L P R

L o c a l P u r c h a s e R e q u e s t

L R M P

L o n g R a n g e M a r i t i m e P a t r o l ( a i r c r a f t )

l o g i s t i c s )

M O C / M O R M a r i t i m e O p e r a t i o n s

C e n t r e

( f o r m e r l y M a r i t i m e

L R U

L i n e R e p l a c e m e n t U n i t ( f o r ‘ r e p a i r b y r e p l a c e m e n t ' i n O p e r a t i o n s R o o m )

a i r c r a f t a n d h e l i c o p t e r s )

M O D / M o D M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e

L S

L e a d i n g S e a m a n ( R a n k )

M o F

M i n i s t r y o f F i n a n c e ( D e f e n c e N a v y )

L S T

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k ( M ) - M e d i u m , ( L ) - L a r g e

M O S T

M i n i s t r y o f S u r f a c e T r a n s p o r t

L t

L i e u t e n a n t ( n a v a l r a n k )

M O U

M e m o r a n d u m o f U n d e r s t a n d i n g ( s i g n e d b e t w e e n t w o L t C d r

L i e u t e n a n t C o m m a n d e r ( n a v a l r a n k )

G o v e r n m e n t s t o f o r m a l i z e t h e s c o p e o f c o o p e r a t i o n i n L T A

L i g h t T r a n s p o r t A i r c r a f t
m a t t e r s o f m u t u a l i n t e r e s t )

L T P P

L o n g T e r m P e r s p e c t i v e P l a n n i n g

M P

M a n n i n g P l a n ( i s s u e d b y N H Q p e r i o d i c a l l y i n d i c a t i n g L T T E

L i b e r a t i o n T i g e r s o f T a m i l E e l a m )

t h e n u m b e r o f o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s t h a t w i l l b e a p p o i n t e d L W T

L o c a l W o r k u p T e a m
t o s h i p s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n v i e w o f m a n p o w e r M
s h o r t a g e s )

M A D

M a g n e t i c A n o m a l y D e t e c t o r ( s e n s o r i n n a v a l a i r c r a f t /

M P A

M a r i t i m e P a t r o l A i r c r a f t
h e l i c o p t e r s f o r d e t e c t i n g s u b m a r i n e s )

M P T

M a d r a s P o r t T r u s t ( n o w C h e n n a i P o r t T r u s t )

M A D D L s M i r r o r A s s i s t e d

D u m m y D e c k L a n d i n g s

( d o n e b y

M R

M e d i u m R a n g e ( g u n s ) , M a r i t i m e R e c o n n a i s s a n c e
c a r r i e r
b o r n e
a i r c r a f t
o n
s h o r e
a i r f i e l d s
p r i o r
t o

M R A S W

Maritime R e c o n n a i s s a n c e a n d A n t i S u b m a r i n e W a r f a r e
e m b a r k a t i o n )

( n a v a l a i r c r a f t )

M A N

M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a N e t w o r k

M R s

M e d i u m R e p a i r s ( s i x - y e a r l y r e f i t s o f R u s s i a n s h i p s a n d M A R C O S M a r i n e C o m m a n d o s
s u b m a r i n e s )

M a r i t i m e R e l a t i n g t o n a v i g a t i o n o r c o m m e r c e o n a n d i n t h e s e a .

M R S O W

M a i n t e n a n c e

R e s e r v e
a n d

S t r i k e - O f f W a s t a g e

( f o r

M A R S

M a r i n e A c o u s t i c R e s e a r c h S h i p
a i r c r a f t a n d h e l i c o p t e r s )

M A T

M a n n i n g

A n d

T r a i n i n g

( s e r i e s
o f c o m m i t t e e s
f o r

M S

M a t e r i a l

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

( n a v a l
l o g i s t i c s ) / M i l i t a r y
w o r k i n g o u t t h e c o m p l e m e n t s o f R u s s i a n o r i g i n s h i p s S e c r e t a r y
a n d t h e t r a i n i n g o f t h e i r c o m m i s s i o n i n g c r e w s ) M S ( A c t )

M a r i t i m e S a f e t y

M A T C H

M u l t i - r o l e

A n t i

S u b m a r i n e

T o r p e d o

C a r r y i n g

M T

M o t o r T r a n s p o r t / M e c h a n i c a l T r a n s p o r t

H e l i c o p t e r

M T B F

M e a n T i m e B e t w e e n F a i l u r e s

M B P S

M e g a B y t e s P e r S e c o n d

M T B O

M e a n T i m e B e t w e e n O v e r h a u l

M C E R A

M a s t e r C h i e f E n g i n e R o o m A r t i f i c e r ( R a n k )

M T C R

M i s s i l e T e c h n o l o g y C o n t r o l R e g i m e

M C F

M a r i n e C o m m a n d o F o r c e

M T D

M o t o r T r a n s p o r t D r i v e r

M C M

M i n e C o u n t e r m e a s u r e s

M T E

M e c h a n i c a l T r a i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t

M C P O

M a s t e r C h i e f P e t t y O f f i c e r ( I / I I — F i r s t / S e c o n d C l a s s ) M T T R

M e a n T i m e T o R e p a i r ( E q u i p m e n t )

M C R

M a c h i n e r y C o n t r o l R o o m ( i n s h i p s )

M T U

M a c h i n e r y T r a i l U n i t

M D L

M a z a g o n D o c k s L i m i t e d ( i n B o m b a y )

M u m b a i N e w n a m e o f B o m b a y

M E A

M i n i s t r y o f E x t e r n a l A f f a i r s

M V

M e r c h a n t V e s s e l

M E R s

M a t r i c

E n t r y

R e c r u i t s

( S a i l o r s ) ,

N o w

S S R

S e n i o r

M V C

M a h a V i r C h a k r a ( g a l l a n t r y a w a r d
o f a v e r y h i g h

S e c o n d a r y ( 1 0 + 2 ) R e c r u i t
o r d e r )

M E S

M i l i t a r y

E n g i n e e r i n g

S e n d e e s

( I n t e r - s e r v i c e

M W C s

M a r i t i m e

W a r f a r e

C e n t r e s

( f o r m e r l y

T A C T

‘ B ’

a t
o r g a n i s a t i o n f o r a l l d e f e n c e b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d M u m b a i , A S T T a t C o c h i n & A S T T a t V i z a g )

m a i n t e n a n c e )

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XXXVii

n m

N a u t i c a l m i l e o f 2 0 0 0 y a r d s ( v i s a v i s t e r r e s t r i a l m i l e 0 f N

1 7 6 0 y a r d s )

N a v a l A t t a c h e ( i n e m b a s s i e s ) / N a v a l A d v i s e r ( i n H i g h N A

N M

N a o S e n a M e d a l ( a w a r d e d f o r g a l l a n t l y i n t h e f a c e o f C o m m i s s i o n s )

t h e e n e m y . A l s o a w a r d e d f o r s u s t a i n e d o p e r a t i o n a l N a v a l A r m a m e n t D e p o t

N A D
p r o f i c i e n c y n o t c o n s i d e r e d a s g a l l a n t r y )

N a v a l A r m a m e n t I n s p e c t i o n

N A I

N M E R s

N o n - M a t r i c E n n y R e c r u i t s ( S a i l o r s ) n o w M a t r i c E n t r y N a v a l A i r c r a f t I n s p e c t i o n S e r v i c e

N A I S
f o r C o o k s , S t e w a r d s & M u s i c i a n s

N a v a l A e r o n a u t i c a l Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e S e r v i c e ( e a r l i e r N A Q A S

N M I

N e h r u M o u n t a i n e e r i n g I n s t i t u t e U t t a r k a s h i
k n o w n a s N A I S )

N M S

N e w M
a n a g e m e n t S t r a t e g y ( N a v y )

N a v a l

A i r c r a f t

R e p a i r

O r g a n i s a t i o n

( s u b s e q u e n t l y

N A R O

N O D C

N a t i o n a l O c e a n o g r a p h i c D a t a C e n t r e
r e n a m e d N A Y )

N O D P A C

N a v a l O c e a n o g r a p h i c D a t a P r o c e s s i n g a n d A n a l y s i s N A S

N a v a l A i r S t a t i o n

C e n t r e

N A S D O

N a v a l A i r c r a f t S e r v i c i n g D e v e l o p m e n t O r g a n i s a t i o n N O I C

N a v a l O f f i c e r i n C h a r g e

N A S O

N a v a l A r m a m e n t S t o r e s O f f i c e r

N O R A

N a v a l O f f i c e r s R e s i d e n t i a l A r e a

N A T O

N o r t h A t l a n t i c T r e a t y O r g a n i s a t i o n

N A T S

N a v a l A i r T e c h n i c a l S c h o o l ( s u b s e q u e n t l y r e n a m e d N P O L

N a v a l P h y s i c a l a n d O c e a n o g r a p h y L a b o r a t o r y

N a v a l I n s t i t u t e o f A e r o n a u t i c a l T e c h n o l o g y )

N P S

N a v a l P u b l i c S c h o o l

N A V A C

P r o j e c t d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e n e w N a v a l A c a d e m y a t N P T

N o n P r o l i f e r a t i o n T r e a t y ( a s a p p l i c a b l e t o n u c l e a r E z h i m a l a ( K e r a l a )

w e a p o n s a n d t e c h n o l o g y )

N a v a l

R e l a t i n g t o s h i p s o r s h i p p i n g

N Q A S

N a v a l

Q u a l i t y

A s s u r a n c e

S e r v i c e

( f o r m e r l y

N a v a l

N a v D e t

N a v a l D e t a c h m e n t

A i r c r a f t I n s p e c t i o n S e r v i c e N A I S )

N A Y

N a v a l A i r c r a f t Y a r d ( e a r l i e r k n o w n a s N A R O N a v a l N R I s

N o n R e s i d e n t I n d i a n s

A i r c r a f t R e p a i r O r g a n i s a t i o n

N R s

N a v i g a t i o n

R e p a i r s

( R u s s i a n
s h i p s ) / N o r m a l

R e f i t s

N B C

N u c l e a r , B i o l o g i c a l a n d C h e m i c a l ( w e a p o n s )

( o t h e r s h i p s — 3 - y e a r l y C u r r e n t R e p a i r s f o r R u s s i a n N B C D

N u c l e a r , B i o l o g i c a l a n d D a m a g e C o n t r o l
s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s )

N C A

N a t i o n a l C o m m a n d A u t h o r i t y

N S B

N a v a l

S e l e c t i o n

B o a r d / N o t

S t o c k e d

B e f o r e

( f o r

N C C

N a t i o n a l C a d e t C o r p s
s t o r e s )

N C C R

N a t i o n a l C a d e t C o r p s R i f l e s

N S C

N a t i o n a l S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l

N C M L

N a v a l C h e m i c a l a n d M e t a l l u r g i c a l L a b o r a t o r y

N S D

N a v a l S t o r e D e p o t

N C N C

N o C o s t N o C o m m i t m e n t

N S E C

N a v a l S t a n d i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t C o m m i t t e e

N C R

N o n C o n v e r t i b l e R u p e e ( u s e d f o r I n d o R u s s i a n r u p e e -

N S O

N a v a l S t o r e s O f f i c e r
r o u b l e t r a d e )

N S Q R s

N a v a l S t a f f Q u a l i t a t i v e R e q u i r e m e n t s

N D

N a v i g a t i o n ( a n d a i r c r a f t ) D i r e c t i o n ( s p e c i a l i s a t i o n ) N S R Y

N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d

N D A

N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e A c a d e m y

N S T L

N D C

N a v a l S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y L a b o r a t o r y

N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e C o l l e g e

N T G

N D E S

N a v a l T e c h n i c a l G r o u p

N a v a l D o c k y a r d E x p a n s i o n S c h e m e

N V G

N D T

N i g h t V i s i o n G o g g l e s

N o n D e s t r u c t i v e T e s t i n g

N D U

N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e U n i v e r s i t y

O

N E D C O

M / s

N e t h e r l a n d s

E n g i n e e r i n g

C o n s u l t a n t s
o f

O i / C

O f f i c e r - i n - C h a r g e

N e t h e r l a n d

O B M

O v e r B o a r d M a c h i n a r y

N E V E S B U N e t h e r l a n d s W a r s h i p D e s i g n B u r e a u

O C A

O p e r a t i o n a l C o n t r o l A u t h o r i t y ( N a v y )

N G R I

N a t i o n a l G e o g r a p h i c a l R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e

O D A G

O f f s h o r e D e f e n c e A d v i s o r y G r o u p

N G S

N a v a l

G u n f i r e

S u p p o r t

( b o m b a r d m e n t
b y
s h i p s '

O D O C

O f f s h o r e D e f e n c e O p e r a t i o n s C e n t r e
g m f i r e f r o m s e a w a r d t o s u p p o r t a r m y o p e r a t i o n s o n O E M

O r i g i n a l E q u i p m e n t M a n u f a c t u r e r .

O F

N H O

O r d n a n c e F a c t o r y

N a t i o n a l / N a v a l H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e

O F B

N H Q

O r d n a n c e F a c t o r y B o a r d

N a v a l

H e a d q u a r t e r s

( n o w
k n o w n
a s

I n t e g r a t e d

O F C

O c e a n o g r a p h i c F o r e c a s t i n g C e l l

H e a d q u a r t e r s M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e ( N a v y ) I H Q M o D

O H T

O v e r t t h e H o r i z o n T a r g e t i n g

O J T

N I A T

O n J o b T r a i n i n g ( r e f e r s t o t h e p r a c t i c a l ' h a n d s - o n '

t r a i n i n g b y a n o u t g o i n g c r e w t o a n i n c o m i n g c r e w ) N I C

O M B

N a t i o n a l I n f o r m a t i c s C e n t r e

O f f i c e o f t h e M
a n a g e m e n t & B u d g e t

N I E T T

O N G C

O i l a n d N a t u r a l G a s C o m m i s s i o n

N I E W P

O O D

O f f i c e r o f t h e D a y ( i n s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s )

N I O
s s K E s s a s s r * ' O O W

O f f i c e r o f t h e W
a t c h ( i n s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s )

N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f O c e a n o g r a p h y

N I O H C

O P / O p s

O p e r a t i o n

! 2

“
a n 0 c e a n H y d r o g r a p h i c C o m m i s s i o n

N I O T

O P D E F

N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e o f O c e a n T e c h n o l o g y

O p e r a t i o n a l

D e f e c t

( r e p o r t
m a d e
b y
s h i p s
a n d

N K G

N a v a l K i n d e r g a r t e n
s u b m a r i n e s )

O P E C

O r g a n i s a t i o n o f P e t r o l e u m E x p o r t i n g C o u n t r i e s

XXXViii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

O P S T A T E O p e r a t i o n a l

S t a t e

( r e p o r t
m a d e
b y
s h i p s
a n d
s e r v i c e o f t h e h i g h e s t o r d e r )

s u b m a r i n e s )

P W D

P u b l i c W o r k s D e p a r t m e n t

O P V

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l

P W S S

P o r t W a r S i g n a l S t a t i o n ( a t h a r b o u r e n t r a n c e )

O R E

O p e r a t i o n a l R o l e E q u i p m e n t

Q

O R I

O p e r a t i o n a l R e a d i n e s s I n s p e c t i o n

Q R

Q u a l i t a t i v e R e q u i r e m e n t

O R R

O p e r a t i o n a l

R e a d i n e s s

R e t u r n

( f o r
a i r c r a f t
a n d

Q R F

Q u i c k R e a c t i o n F o r c e ( h e l i c o p t e r - b o r n e c o m m a n d o s ) h e l i c o p t e r s )

O R V s

O c e a n i c R e s e a r c h V e s s e l

R

O S C C

O f f s h o r e S e c u r i t y C o o r d i n a t i o n C o m m i t t e e

R & D

R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t

O S D

O f f i c e r o n S p e c i a l D u t y

R A d m

R e a r A d m i r a l

O T A

O f f i c e r s T r a i n i n g A c a d e m y

R & A W

R e s e a r c h
a n d

A n a l y s i s

W i n g

( I n d i a ' s
e x t e r n a l

O T C

O f f i c e r i n T a c t i c a l C o m m a n d
i n t e l l i g e n c e a g e n c y )

O T H

O v e r T h e H o r i z o n ( d e t e c t i o n , e t c )

R & D

R e s e a r c h a n d D e v e l o p m e n t

O T I - I T

O v e r H i e H o r i z o n T a r g e t t i n g

R / T

R a d i o T e l e p h o n y

O T I s

O p e r a t i n g a n d T a c t i c a l I n s t r u c t i o n s ( S h i p s , s u b m a r i n e s R / V

R e n d e z v o u s ( m e e t i n g p o i n t a t s e a )

a n d a i r c r a f t )

R A D A R

R a d i o D e t e c t i o n a n d R a n g i n g d e v i c e ( a b o v e t h e s e a ) R A F

R o y a l A i r F o r c e

P

R a t i n g

B r i t i s h n a v a l n o m e n c l a t u r e f o r a S a i l o r

P A F

P a k i s t a n A i r F o r c e

R C C

R e c o m p r e s s i o n C h a m b e r ( d i v e r s )

P A M S

P e r s o n a l & A d m i n i s t r a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m

R C D

R e g i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n f o r D e v e l o p m e n t ( P a k i s t a n , I r a n , P A W A N

T h e n a m e o f t h e I n t e r - S e r v i c e O p e r a t i o n i n S r i L a n k a T u r k e y )

( 1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 0 )

R C S

R a d a r C r o s s S e c t i o n ( a m e a s u r e o f r a d a r r e f l e c t i v i t y .

P B O R

P e r s o n n e l B e l o w O f f i c e r R a n k

T h e c o n c e p t o f " s t e a l t h " a i m s t o d e s i g n s h i p s a n d P C

P e r s o n a l C o m p u t e r
a i r c r a f t t o m i n i m i s e r a d a r r e f l e c t i v i t y a n d h e n c e r a d a r P C T

P r e C o m m i s s i o n i n g T r a i n i n g
d e t e c t a b i l i t y . )

P D A

P r i n c i p a l D e f e n c e A d v i s o r

R C T B

R a d i o C o n t r o l l e d T a r g e t B o a t ( f o r s u r f a c e g u n n e r y P D R s

P r e D e t e r m i n e d R o u t e s ( f o r c i v i l a i r l i n e r s )

f i r i n g s )

P D S

P r i n c i p a l D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y

R D X

R e s e a r c h D e p a r t m e n t E x p l o s i v e ( o f B r i t i s h o r i g i n ) P I M S

P e r s o n n e l I n f o r m a t i o n M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m

R E

R e v i s e d E s t i m a t e

P M

P r i m e M i n i s t e r / P r a d h a n M a n t r i / A f t e r m i d d a y

R e C A A P

R e g i o n a l A g r e e m e n t f o r C o m b a t i n g P i r a c y & A r m e d P M A

P r o j e c t M a n a g e m e n t A u t h o r i t y

R o b b e r y

P M A

P r i n c i p a l M i l i t a r y A d v i s o r

R e c c e

R e c o n n a i s s a n c e

P M B

P r o j e c t M a n a g e m e n t B o a r d

R e t d

R e t i r e d

R G B

R u s s i a n
a b b r e v i a t i o n
f o r
s o n o b u o y

( R a d i o

P M F

P r a c t i c e M i s s i l e F i r i n g

G y d r o a c o u s t i c B u o y )

P M O

P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s O f f i c e

R I B

R i g i d I n f l a t a b l e B o a t

P N

P a k i s t a n N a v y

R I M C

R a s h t r i y a I n d i a n M i l i t a r y C o l l e g e

P N C

P r i c e N e g o t i a t i n g C o m m i t t e e ( f o r m a j o r a c q u i s i t i o n s ) R I N

R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y

P O

P e t t y O f f i c e r ( R a n k )

R I N E X

R u s s i a - I n d i a J o i n t N a v a l E x e r c i s e s

P O K

P a k i s t a n O c c u p i e d K a s h m i r

R I N R

R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y R e s e r v e

P O L

P e t r o l , O i l a n d L u b r i c a n t s

R I N V R

R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y V o l u n t e e r R e s e r v e

P P M

P l a n n e d P r e v e n t i v e M a i n t e n a n c e

R M

R a k s h a M a n t r i

P P O C

P r i n c i p a l P e r s o n n e l O f f i c e r s C o m m i t t e e

R M

R a k s h a M a n t r i ( D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r )

P R

P h o t o R e c o n n a i s s a n c e / P u b l i c R e l a t i o n s .

R M A

R e v o l u t i o n i n M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s

P R W O N A M P r e d i c t i o n o f R e g i o n a l W e a t h e r U s i n g O b s e r v a t i o n a l R M A

R e v o l u t i o n i n M i l i t a r y A f f a i r s

M e s o - N e t w o r k & A t m o s p h e r i c M o d e l l i n g

R N

R o y a l N a v y ( B r i t i s h )

p s i

P o u n d s p e r s q u a r e i n c h ( p r e s s u r e )

R N A

R e v o l u t i o n i n N a v a l A f f a i r s

P S O

P r i n c i p a l S t a f f O f f i c e r ( i n S e r v i c e H e a d q u a r t e r s ) R N O

R e s i d e n t N a v a l O f f i c e r

P S O C

P r i n c i p a l S u p p l y O f f i c e r s C o m m i t t e e

R O

R e v e r s e O s m o s i s ( t e c h n o l o g y / p l a n t o n b o a r d s h i p s P S U

P u b l i c

S e c t o r

U n d e r t a k i n g

( g o v e r n m e n t
o w n e d
a n d s u b m a r i n e s
t o
c o n v e r t s e a / b r a c k i s h w a t e r t o
u n d e r t a k i n g )

p o t a b l e w a t e r )

P T A

P i l o t l e s s T a r g e t A i r c r a f t ( f o r a n t i a i r c r a f t / m i s s i l e f i r i n g R O E

R u l e s o f E n g a g e m e n t
p r a c t i c e s )

R P M

R e v o l u t i o n s P e r M i n u t e

P T I

P h y s i c a l T r a i n i n g I n s t r u c t o r

R Q A S

R e g i o n a l Q u a l i t y A s s u r a n c e S e r v i c e ( f o r m e r l y R e g i o n a l P V C

P a r a m V i r C h a k r a ( g a l l a n t r y a w a r d o f t h e h i g h e s t A i r c r a f t I n s p e c t i o n S e r v i c e )

o r d e r )

.

. ,

.

R R M

R a j y a R a k s h a M a n t r i ( M i n i s t e r o f S t a t e f o r D e f e n c e ) P V S M

P a r a m V i s h i s h t S e v a M e d a l ( a w a r d f o r d i s t i n g u i s h e d TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP XX3UX

l a y d o w n d e p a r t m e n t - w i s e s t a n d a r d
o f p r o f i c i e n c y

R T D

R e p a i r T e c h n i c a l D o c u m e n t a t i o n ( R u s s i a n )

t o b e a c h i e v e d a n n u a l l y b y e a c h t y p e o f s h i p and R u p e e

I n d i a n c u r r e n c y
s u b m a r i n e )

R V Z

R o s V o r o o Z e n i a

( N a m e
o f

R u s s i a n

G o v e r n m e n t

S I

S i g n a l s I n t e l l i g e n c e

W e a p o n C o r p o r a t i o n — f o r m e r l y G E D a n d G T D )

S i d e w i n d e r N o m e n c l a t u r e o f A m e r i c a n a i r - t o - a i r m i s s i l e R Z

R o c k e t Z e n i t h n e e ( a n t i a i r c r a f t m i s s i l e a s i n R Z 1 3 a n d S I M H I K A I n d i g e n o u s A i r b o r n e S o n o b u o y P r o c e s s i n g S y s t e m R Z 6 1 ) R u s s i a n a b b r e v i a t i o n

S I T R E P

S i t u a t i o n

R e p o r t

( a
r e p o r t w h i c h
s u m m a r i s e s
t h e
p r e s e n t s i t u a t i o n )

S / M

S u b m a r i n e

S K

A b b r e v i a t i o n f o r S e a k i n g

S A

S c i e n t i f i c A d v i s e r ( t o t h e D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r / C N S ) . A l s o S k y h a w k N o m e n c l a t u r e o f A m e r i c a n c a r r i e r b o r n e a i r c r a f t S u p p l e m e n t a r y A g r e e m e n t ( t o p r o c u r e i t e m s f r o m Skylark

P r o je c tD e s ig n a tio n f o r S u b m a r in e V L F C o m m u n ic a tio n

R u s s i a )

f a c i l i t y , p r e s e n t I N S K a t t a b o m m a n

S A A R C

S o u t h A s i a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r R e g i o n a l C o o p e r a t i o n S L A F

S r i L a n k a n A r m e d F o r c e s

S A D C

S o u t h A f r i c a n D e v e l o p m e n t C o m m u n i t y

S L M S

S h i p L o g i s t i c s M
a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m

S A F s

S i n g a p o r e A r m e d F o r c e s

S L O C

S e a L i n e s o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n

S A G

S u r f a c e A c t i o n G r o u p

S M A

S h i p M
a i n t e n a n c e A u t h o r i t y

S A I L

S t e e l A u t h o r i t y o f I n d i a L i m i t e d

S M E

S q u a d r o n

M o b i l e

E q u i p m e n t

( a c c o m p a n i e s
t h e

S A M

S u r f a c e t o A i r ( g u i d e d ) m i s s i l e
s q u a d r o n w h e n i t m o v e s f r o m s h i p t o s h i p o r s h i p t o S A N G R A M T a c t i c a l W a r g a m i n g S o f t w a r e
s h o r e a n d v i c e v e r s a )

S A R E X

S e a r c h a n d R e s c u e E x e r c i s e ( b y s h i p s , a i r c r a f t a n d S M P

S e l f M a i n t e n a n c e P e r i o d ( a p e r i o d , n o r m a l l y i n h a r b o u r , h e l i c o p t e r s a t s e a )

w h e n
a
s h i p s
c o m p a n y
c a r r i e s
o u t
m a i n t e n a n c e

S A T C O M S a t e l l i t e C o m m u n i c a t i o n
w i t h o u t o u t s i d e a s s i s t a n c e )

S A T s

S e a A c c e p t a n c e T r i a l s

S M U

S h i p M a i n t e n a n c e U n i t

S A U

S e a r c h & A t t a c k U n i t ( o f s h i p s f o r a n a n t i s u b m a r i n e S N C

S o u t h e r n N a v a l C o m m a n d
o p e r a t i o n )

S N F

S o v i e t N a v a l F r i g a t e s

S B S

S p e c i a l B o a t S e c t i o n ( c o m m a n d o s )

S N O M

S c h o o l o f N a v a l O c e a n o l o g y & M
e t e o r o l o g y

S C A R

S c i e n t i f i c C o m m i t t e e o n A n t a r c t i c R e s e a r c h

S N S O

S e n i o r N a v a l S t o r e s O f f i c e r

S C C

S e a C a d e t C o r p s

S O C

S e n i o r O f f i c e r s C o n f e r e n c e i n O c t / N o v a n n u a l l y S C O N D V A

S O M C

S t a b i l i s e d

O p e r a t i o n a l
a n d

M a n n i n g

C y c l e

( f o r

S t a n d i n g

C o m m i t t e e
o n

N a t i o n a l

D e f e n c e
a n d
m a n n i n g s h i p s )

V e t e r a n ' s A f f a i r s

S O N A R

S o u n d N a v i g a t i o n a n d R a n g i n g ( u n d e r w a t e r )

S C S

S e a C o n t r o l S h i p

S O P

S t a n d a r d O p e r a t i n g P r o c e d u r e

S D

S p e c i a l D u t i e s ( c a d r e o f o f f i c e r s p r o m o t e d f r o m t h e S P D C

S p a r e P a r t s D i s t r i b u t i o n C e n t r e
s e n i o r s a i l o r c a d r e ) / S h i p s D i v e r

S P O

S t o r e P e t t y O f f i c e r ( R a n k )

S D A V

S p e c i a l D u t y A v i a t i o n

S P R

S o v i e t P r o j e c t R e p o r t

S D B

S e a w a r d D e f e n c e B o a t

S R D

S a g a r R a k s h a k D a l

S D C

S p e c i a l D u t y C o m m u n i c a t i o n

S R V

S u b m a r i n e R e s c u e V e s s e l

S D F

S e l f D e f e n c e F o r c e

S S B

S e r v i c e s S e l e c t i o n B o a r d

S D G

S u b m a r i n e D e s i g n G r o u p

S S B N

N u c l e a r P r o p e l l e d B a l l i s t i c M i s s i l e F i r i n g S u b m a r i n e S D R S

S h i p s D e f e c t R e p o r t i n g S y s t e m

S S E

S p e e c h

S e c r e c y

E q u i p m e n t

( f o r
a i r c r a f t
t o
s h i p /

S e a I

S e a m a n F i r s t C l a s s ( R a n k )

C
l I 6s h o r e
h i g h
f r e q u e n c y
r a d i o - t e l e p h o n e

S e a b i r d

P r o j e c t d e s i g n a t i o n o f t h e n e w n a v a l b a s e a t K a r w a r ( i n c o m m u n i c a t i o n )

K a r n a t a k a )

S S G

S p e c i a l S e r v i c e s G r o u p ( c o m m a n d o s )

S E A L

S e a , A i r & L a n d ( U S N a v y a c r o n y m f o r t h e i r M a r i n e S S I

S m a l l S c a l e I n d u s t r y

C o m m a n d o s )

S S K

S u b m a r i n e

S e a r c h
a n d

K i l l

( c o n v e n t i o n a l
d i e s e l /

S o u t h E a s t A s i a T r e a t y O r g a n i s a t i o n
e l e c t r i c - p o w e r e d ,
q u i e t ,

H u n t e r K i l l e r s u b m a r i n e s ) .

SEM

S e a E a g l e M i s s i l e ( B r i t i s h A i r t o S u r f a c e a n t i - s h i p P r o j e c t

D e s i g n a t i o n
o f
t h e

G e r m a n

H D W

1 5 0 0
m issile)

s u b m a r i n e s b u i l t i n I n d i a

SENSO

S e n so r O p e ra to r (re fe rs to sa ilo r m a n n in g a n a irb o rn e

S S M

S u r f a c e t o S u r f a c e ( a n t i - s h i p ) M i s s i l e
se n so r)

^

N u c l e a r p o w e r e d a t t a c k s u b m a r i n e

S FC

S tra te g ic F o rc e s C o m m a n d .

J
p

^ a i l o r s T w i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t ( I N S C h i l k a i n O r i s s a ) SFN A

S ch o o l fo r N aval A irm e n
n T c A T T U

* r a t e ^
c a n c ^ t e c h n o l o g i c a l E n v i r o n m e n t A s s e s s m e n t

SFR

S e rv ice s F u tu ristic R e q u ire m e n t
e c n o l o g y
o f d e s i g n i n g w a r s h i p s
a n d
a i r c r a f t
t o

SHAR

S e a H a rrie r

S a
m i n i m i s e t h e i r d e t e c t i o n b y a d v e r s a r y r a d a r s
a n d
i n f r a r e d s e n s o r s
s h

P

° , m e K a & 1 b a n d R a d a r I n t e g r a t e d

SH O PS

^
nU a‘ W a r G a m e /E * e r c is e c a r rie d o u t o n sh o re

S

J L T

S c i e n c e & T e c h n o l o g y I n i t i a t i v e

SH O PS

Ships O p eratin g S ta n d a rd s (P ro m u lg a te d by N H Q

S h o r t T a k e O f f a n d L a n d i n g ( a s a p p l i c a b l e t o S e a H a r r i e r a i r c r a f t )

Xl TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

STO Ps

S h o rt T e rm O p e ra tin g C o st P lan s

U N ITA F U nified Task F o rce

STO RM

S e v e re T h u n d e rsto rm O b se rv a tio n a l & R egion al

U O T C

U n iv ersity O fficers C o rp s

M o d ellin g

U P S C

U n io n P u b lic S e rv ice C o m m issio n (c o n d u c ts te sts for

STO V L

S h o rt T ake O ff a n d V ertical L a n d in g (a s a p p lica b le to
p e rso n s a sp irin g th e jo in th e A rm e d F o rc e s )

S e a H a rrie r a ircra ft)

U S /U S A U n ite d S ta te s/U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a

STS

Sail T ra in in g Ship

USI

U n ite d S e rv ice s In stitu tio n

Sub Lt

S ub L ie u te n a n t (n a v a l ran k )

USS

U n ite d S ta te s Ship

S u rg

S u rg e o n

U SSR

U n io n o f Soviet S o cia list R e p u b lic

(S o v ie t U n io n till
s u rg e o n S h ip w rig h t A rtifice r(R a n k )

1 9 9 1 , th e re a fte r R u ssia)

U T C

U n iv ersity T ra in in g C o rp s

T

U W

U n d e r W a te r

TA

T e rrito ria l A rm y

TACO M T a c tica l C o m m itte e

V

T a d p o le

In d ig e n o u s S o n o b u o y d e v e lo p e d w ith th e a irb o rn e

V A d m

V ice A d m iral (R an k )

S im h ik a sy ste m

V /S

V isual S ign aling

TAS

T o rp e d o A nti S u b m a rin e (o ffice r s p e c ia lis a tio n )/

VA

V u ln e ra b le A re a (cla ssifica tio n
fo r p u rp o s e s o f Air

T o w ed A rra y S o n a r

D e fe n ce )

TB R

T o rp e d o B o d y R o o m

VAT

V ersatile A co u s tic T a rg e t (fo r a irb o rn e so n o b u o y s,

T C C

T e c h n ica l C o -o rd in a tio n C o m m itte e
h e lic o p te r-b o rn e s o n a rs a n d h o m in g to rp e d o tria ls /

T C M

T o rp e d o C o u n te rm e a s u re s
e x e rc is e s )

T E C

T e c h n ic a l E v a lu a tio n C o m m itte e (p r e c e d e s P rice

VATMS V essel & A ir T raffic M a n a g e m e n t S ystem

N e g o tia tio n C o m m itte e , P N C )

VCAS

V ice C h ie f o f th e A ir Staff

TE C H IN T T e c h n ica l

In te llig e n ce (S y ste m s
a n d E q u ip m e n t

VCD S

V ice C h ie f o f D e fe n ce Staff
sp e cifica lly d e sig n e d fo r in te llig e n ce task s)

VCJS

V ice C h ie f o f Jo in t Staff

T F

T ask F o rc e

V CN S

V ice C h ie f o f th e N aval Staff

T G

T ask G ro u p

VCOAS V ice C h ie f o f th e A rm y Staff

T IF R

T a ta In stitu te o f F u n d a m e n ta l R e se a rch (B o m b a y )

V D S

V ariab le D e p th S o n a r(e n a b le s th e s o n a r o f a fast

T L B H

T op L e v e l B u d g e t H o ld e rs
m o v in g sh ip to b e lo w ered o n a ca b le , d e e p in to th e

T L M

T u b e L a u n c h e d M issiles
s e a to d e te c t s u b m a rin e s )

T N

T am il N ad u

V H F

V ery H igh R ad io F re q u e n c y 3 0 ,0 0 0 to 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 k h z)

T O T

T ra n s fe r o f T e c h n o lo g y /T im e o n Task

V IP

V ery Im p o r ta n t P e rso n

T O T E D

T o w e d T o rp e d o D e co y

V izag (V ) V iz a g a p a ta m /V isa k h a p a tn a m

T P W

T o rp e d o P re p a ra tio n W o rk sh o p

V LC C

V ery L a rg e C ru d e -o il C a rrie r

TR V

T o rp e d o R e c o v e ry V essel

V L F

V ery L o w F re q u e n c y (fo r c o m m u n ic a tio n w ith

T T B

T a rg e t T rig g e re d B u rst (o f p ro x im ity fu zed sh ells a n d
su b m e rg e d su b m a rin e s, 10 to 3 0 khz)

m issile s a g a in s t in c o m in g a ircra ft/m iss ile s

V M T

V ery M a n y T h an k s (n a v a l a b b re v ia tio n u se d fo r sa y in g

T U

P re fix fo r R u ssia n a ircra ft m a n u fa c tu r e d b y T u p o lev

'th a n k y o u ')

T W

T e rrito ria l W a te rs (a ls o T r a d e W a rfa re )

Vo A

V o ice o f A m e ric a

TW A

T o w e d W ire A rra y

V P

V u ln e ra b le P o in t (cla s sific a tio n for p u r p o s e s o f A ir

D e fe n ce )

U

V rC

V ir C h a k ra (a w a rd fo r g a lla n try o f a h ig h o rd e r)

UA E

U n ite d A rab E m ira te s

VSAT

V ery S m all A p e rtu re T e rm in a l

UAV

U n a r m e d

A erial

V eh icle

(fo r
re c o n n a is s a n c e /

VSM

V ish ish t S e v a M e d a l (a w a rd fo r d istin g u ish e d s e n d e e )

s u rv e illa n c e o v e r la n d a n d s e a )

V SN L

V id esh S a n c h a r N ig am L im ite d

U E

U n it E s ta b lis h m e n t (n u m b e r o f a ircra ft e a rm a rk e d for

V SSC

V ik ram S a ra b h a i S p a c e C e n tre
flying ta sk s fro m th e to ta l h o ld in g o f th e a ir s q u a d ro n )

V T

V ariab le T im e ( a s a p p lica b le to ra d io p ro x im ity fu zes

U H F

U ltr a H igh R a d io F re q u e n c y (fo r s h o rt d ista n c e
fitted o n g u n -fire d a n ti-a irc ra ft a m m u n itio n )

c o m m u n ic a tio n s , 3 0 0 ,0 0 0 to 3 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 k h z)

V T O L

V e rtica l T ake O ff a n d L a n d in g (a s a p p lica b le to S e a

U K

U n ite d K in g d o m (B rita in )

H a rrie r a ircra ft)

U N

U n ite d N a tio n s

W I P

Very' V ery Im p o r ta n t P e rs o n

U N C L O S U n ite d N a tio n s C o n f e re n c e o n th e L a w o f th e S e a W

U N D P

U n ite d N a tio n s D e v e lo p m e n t P ro g ra m m e

U N E S C O U n ite d N a tio n s E d u c a tio n a l S cie n tific & C u ltu ral W /T

W ire le ss T e le g ra p h y

O rg a n isa tio n

W AN

W id e A re a N e tw o rk

U N IC E F U n ite d N a tio n s In te rn a tio n a l C h ild re n 's E m e rg e n c y W A TT

W a rs h ip A c c e p ta n c e T ria ls T e a m

W AU

W e a p o n A n aly sis U n it

F u n d

U N ID O

U n ite d N a tio n s In d u stria l D e v e lo p m e n t O rg a n isa tio n

W B

W e st B e n g a l

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP x li

W S A G

W a s h i n g t o n S p e c i a l A c t i o n G r o u p ( 1 9 7 1 I n d i a - P a k i s t a n W E C O R S W e a p o n C o n t r o l a n d R e p a i r S h o p ( B o m b a y ) W a r )

W E D

W e a p o n E q u i p m e n t D e p o t

W

W

I

1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 W o r l d W
a r ( a l s o k n o w n a s F i r s t W o r l d W a r )

W E P P S

W e b E n a b l e d P r o d u c t i o n & P l a n n i n g

W W I I

1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 W o r l d W
a r ( a l s o k n o w n a s S e c o n d W o r l d

W E Q C

W e b E n a b l e d Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l

W E S E E

W e a p o n

&

E l e c t r o n i c

S y s t e m s

E n g i n e e r i n g

W a r )

E s t a b l i s h m e n t ( s u c c e s s o r o f W E S O )

W W O

W a r s h i p W o r k u p O r g a n i s a t i o n

W E S O

W e a p o n s & E l e c t r o n i c S y s t e m O r g a n i s a t i o n

W W R

W
a r W a s t a g e R e s e r v e s

W E W I

W e b E n a b l e d W o r k I n s t r u c t i o n s

X

W M D

W e a p o n s o f M a s s D e s t r u c t i o n ( n a m e l y , B i o l o g i c a l a n d X C r a f t

M i d g e t s u b m a r i n e s f o r p e n e t r a t i n g h a r b o u r s

C h e m i c a l w e a p o n s )

W M O

W o r l d M e t e o r o l o g y O r g a n i s a t i o n

X F A C

E x t r a F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t

W N C

W e s t e r n N a v a l C o m m a n d

X O

E x e c u t i v e O f f i c e r ( 2 n d i n c o m m a n d o f a s h i p / n a v a l W O T

W a r s h i p O v e r s e e i n g T e a m
e s t a b l i s h m e n t . A l s o o f f i c e r o f t h e E x e c u t i v e B r a n c h ) W O T S

W o m e n O f f i c e r s T r a i n i n g S c h o o l

Y

W O T S

W o m e n O f f i c e r s T r a i n i n g S c h o o l

W P S

W a r s h i p P r o d u c t i o n S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

Y A R D

Y a r r o w A d m i r a l t y R e s e a r c h & D e v e l o p m e n t

W R I N S

W o m e n ' s R o y a l I n d i a n N a v a l S e r v i c e

Y S M

Y u d h S e v a M e d a l
x lii TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

SECTION I

Emergence of a New World Order

The Context of Naval Growth 1991-2000

A nation that forgets its past has no future — Winston Churchill

T h e
p e r i o d

1 9 9 1
t o

2 0 0 0 w a s
t h e
m
o s t
c h a l l e n g i n g

F o r U S A ,
t h e b r e a k u p
o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n
a n d t h e
a n d
d e m
a n d i n g
d e c a d e
i n
t h e

N a v y ' s
g r o w t h a f t e r i t s
e m
e r g e n c e
o f

I n d i a
a n d

C h i n a
a s
p o t e n t i a l l y
m
a j o r
i n d e p e n d e n c e .

I t w a s a l s o
o n e
o f t h e m
o s t s i g n i f i c a n t
g l o b a l e c o n o m
i e s l e d t o a s i g n i f i c a n t r e - a l i g n m
e n t i n i t s
a n d s u c c e s s f u l d e c a d e s s i n c e t h e I n d i a n N a v y c a m e t o b e
g e o p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s .

t r u s t e d a n d a c c e p t e d a s t h e m
a j o r g u a r d i a n o f t h e s e a -

S t a r t i n g i n t h e m
i d - 1 9 8 0 s , t h e U S h a d b e e n e n t h u s e d
l a n e s i n t h e N o r t h e r n I n d i a n O c e a n . T w o s i g n i f i c a n t a n d b y t h e e c o n o m
i c l i b e r a l i s a t i o n p r o g r a m
m
e i n i t i a t e d b y
v e r y m
a j o r i n f l u e n c e s s h a p e d t h e g r o w t h o f t h e I n d i a n t h e R a j i v G a n d h i a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A m
e r i c a n p r i v a t e s e c t o r

N a v y d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d : -
e n t e r p r i s e s f o r e s a w e n o r m
o u s p o t e n t i a l f o r p r o f i t f r o m s a l e s
t o I n d i a ' s g r o w i n g m i d d l e c l a s s , l e a d i n g t o s e v e r a l A m e r i c a n
e

I n d i a ' s F i n a n c i a l S i t u a t i o n

G o v e r n m e n t a n d C o m
m
e r c i a l d e l e g a t i o n s v i s i t i n g I n d i a ,

A
s e v e r e
r e s o u r c e
c r u n c h
e n s u e d
t h e
c a l a m
i t o u s
f r o m

1 9 8 5
o n w a r d s .

T h e s e
a c c e l e r a t e d
a f t e r
t h e

1 9 9 1
n a t i o n a l d r o u g h t o f 1 9 8 7 . T h e G u l f W
a r o f 1 9 9 0 d u e t o
e c o n o m
i c r e f o r m s . M
a j o r U S F o r e i g n D i r e c t I n v e s t o r s ( F D I )

I r a q ' s i n v a s i o n o f K u w a i t l e d t o a n i n c r e a s e i n o i l p r i c e s a n d F o r e i g n I n s t i t u t i o n a l I n v e s t o r s ( F I I ) r e t u r n e d t o I n d i a .

t h a t a g g r a v a t e d t h e I n d i a n b a l a n c e o f p a y m e n t s s i t u a t i o n .

T h i s l e d t o a b l o s s o m i n g p r o - I n d i a e c o n o m
i c s e n t i m e n t ,

F o r e i g n e x c h a n g e r e s e r v e s d e c r e a s e d s o s h a r p l y t h a t t h e y w h i c h i n t u r n p r e d i s p o s e d p o l i t i c a l a n d s t r a t e g i c t h o u g h t i n w e r e b a r e l y a d e q u a t e t o f i n a n c e m
o r e t h a n a f e w w e e k s o f
s u c c e s s i v e A m
e r i c a n a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s .

i m
p o r t s . T o a v o i d d e f a u l t i n g o n r e p a y m
e n t c o m
m
i t m
e n t s ,

A s t h e d e c a d e p r o g r e s s e d , t h e U S s t r a t e g i c f r a t e r n i t y : -

I n d i a h a d t o a i r l i f t s e v e r a l h u n d r e d t o n s o f g o l d a b r o a d t o s e c u r e l o a n s t o b r i d g e t h e c r i s i s . I n e v i t a b l y , d e f e n c e

•

C e a s e d t o f o c u s o n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e W
a r s a w
p r o j e c t s h a d t o b e c u r t a i l e d . A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , i n J u n e P a c t s t a t e s a s t h e i r f o r e s e e a b l e g l o b a l a n t a g o n i s t s .

1 9 9 0 ,
t h e

G o v e r n m
e n t
c o n s t i t u t e d
t h e

C o m
m
i t t e e
o n

•

I d e n t i f i e d C o m
m
u n i s t C h i n a a s t h e o n l y f o r e s e e a b l e

D e f e n c e E x p e n d i t u r e .

c h a l l e n g e r t o A m
e r i c a n g l o b a l i n t e r e s t s .

•

B e g a n t o b e l i e v e t h a t I n d i a h a d t h e p o t e n t i a l t o b e a F r o m

1 9 9 1
o n w a r d s ,

I n d i a ' s

N a r a s i m h a

R a o

' c o u n t e r p o i s e ' t o C h i n a .

a d m
i n i s t r a t i o n ,
w i t h

D r .

M
a n m
o h a n

S i n g h
a s

F i n a n c e

M
i n i s t e r t o o k a s e r i e s o f m
e a s u r e s t o r e s t o r e f i n a n c i a l

T h e S t r a t e g i c I m
p o r t a n c e o f I n d i a ' s L o c a t i o n
s t a b i l i t y a n d t o a c c e l e r a t e e c o n o m
i c l i b e r a l i z a t i o n , w h i c h
l a i d t h e b a s e f o r r a p i d e c o n o m
i c g r o w t h . T h e p e r i o d f r o m

A c o n s i d e r a t i o n o f I n d i a ' s g e o g r a p h i c a l p o s i t i o n w o u l d 1 9 9 3 - 2 0 0 0 s a w I n d i a
d e f i n i t i v e l y b r e a k a w a y f r o m t h e
i n d i c a t e c l e a r l y i t s s t r a t e g i c i m
p o r t a n c e : -
d e r i s i v e " H i n d u r a t e o f g r o w t h ” t o a h i g h g r o w t h e c o n o m i c

F r o m
l a n d w a r d ,
t h e
c o u n t r y s h a r e s
i t s l a n d b o r d e r
p a t h .

o f 1 5 , 8 5 1
k m s w i t h
s e v e n
n e i g h b o u r s

—

A f g h a n i s t a n ,

•

G l o b a l G
e o - E c o n o m
i c s a n d G e o p o l i t i c s

B a n g l a d e s h , B h u t a n , C h i n a , M
y a n m a r , N e p a l a n d P a k i s t a n .

F r o m
s e a w a r d , t h e p e n i n s u l a o f t h e I n d i a n s u b - c o n t i n e n t I n 1 9 9 1 , t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n e n d e d t h e C o l d h a s a c o a s t l i n e o f 5 4 2 2 k m s t o u c h i n g 1 2 s t a t e s a n d U n i o n W
a r t h a t h a d s t a r t e d i n 1 9 4 6 b e t w e e n t h e r i v a l i d e o l o g i e s o f T e r r i t o r i e s . I n d i a a l s o h a s a t o t a l o f 1 1 9 7 i s l a n d s a c c o u n t i n g c a p i t a l i s m
a n d c o m
m
u n i s m

. A s d i d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , I n d i a
f o r 2 0 9 4 k m s o f a d d i t i o n a l c o a s t l i n e . I n d i a h a s a n E x c l u s i v e r e - a p p r a i s e d i t s r o l e a n d n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s i n t h e N e w E c o n o m
i c Z o n e o f 2 . 2 m i l l i o n s q u a r e k m s .

W
o r l d O r d e r i n w h i c h U S A h a d e m
e r g e d a s t h e s o l e g l o b a l

T h e

A n d a m
a n
a n d

N i c o b a r I s l a n d s
i n
t h e
e a s t
a r e
s u p e r p o w e r , p o s t t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e 1 3 0 0 k m s f r o m t h e m
a i n l a n d a n d l i e a d j a c e n t t o S o u t h e a s t
e n d o f t h e C o l d W
a r .

w h e r e a s I n d i a w i l l b e s e e n a s a r e l i a b l e p a r t n e r a n d A s i a n
n e i g h b o u r s .

T h e
s o u t h e r n m
o s t
i s l a n d
o f

G r e a t
c o u n t e r w e i g h t t o C h i n a .

N i c o b a r i s 1 7 0 k m s f r o m t h e n o r t h e r n m
o s t l n d o n e s v a n

S e c o n d l y , t h e M
i d d l e E a s t w i l l
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u c h i n i t s
d u r i n g e x e r c i s e s a t s e a a s a w a y o f c o n f i d e n c e b u i l d i n g .

i n t e r a c t i o n s w i t h o t h e r n a v i e s . B u t i t n e e d e d t o e n g a g e i n T h i s w a s a l s o t o e x h i b i t t h a t w i t h t h e r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e , a m
a n n e r t h a t w a s c o m
p a t i b l e w i t h t h e p u r s u a n c e o f i t s
t l i e I n d i a n N a v y h a s b e c o m
e s e l f r e l i a n t a n d h a s k e p t i t s
e s s e n t i a l e c o n o m
i c a n d s e c u r i t y i m p e r a t i v e s .

f e w v e s s e l s e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e l a t e s t e q u i p m
e n t .

1-

Refer to Reference Note titled "Indian Ocean Deep Seabed M ining.

2.

Refer chapter titled “Navy's Participation in Expeditions to A ntarctica.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3

1

Sea Lines of Communication & Choke Points
in the Indian Ocean

Introduction

C o v e r i n g a n a r e a o f 7 3 , 5 5 6 , 0 0 0 s q k m s , t h e I n d i a n O c e a n c o n s i s t e d o f s o m
e o f t h e m
o s t c r i t i c a l s e a l a n e s a n d c h o k e

S e a L i n e s o f C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s ( S L O C s ) i n t h e I n d i a n
p o i n t s t h a t c o n n e c t e d t h e o i l r i c h M
i d d l e E a s t , E a s t A s i a

O c e a n , c a m
e i n t o p r o m
i n e n c e i n t h e 9 0 s w h e n f o r c e s o f
a n d A f r i c a w i t h E u r o p e a n d o n w h i c h m
o s t o i l a n d g o o d s
g l o b a l i s a t i o n s p a r k e d a p r o c e s s o f h u g e e c o n o m i c g r o w t h
t r a d e c a m
e t o d e p e n d . T h e o c e a n b e c a m
e t h e h i g h w a y o f
t h a t r e s u l t e d i n i n c r e a s e d c o n s u m
p t i o n a n d c o m p e t i t i v e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l t r a d e . I t i n e v i t a b l y l e d t o a r i v a l r y b e t w e e n t r a d e , c r e a t i n g a n u p s u r g e i n o i l d e m
a n d i n b o t h d e v e l o p e d
c o u n t r i e s f o r d o m
i n a n c e o f k e y t r a d e r o u t e s a n d c h o k e
n a t i o n s a n d d e v e l o p i n g e c o n o m
i e s .

p o i n t s .

Security of the SLOCs

T h e o c e a n ' s v a s t s p r e a d h o s t e d
h e a v y
i n t e r n a t i o n a l
m
a r i t i m
e
t r a f f i c t h a t i n c l u d e d h a l f o f t h e
w o r l d ' s
c o n t a i n e r
c a r g o ,
o n e
t h i r d o f i t s b u l k c a r g o a n d t w o
t h i r d o f i t s o i l s h i p m
e n t . I t s w a t e r s
c a r r i e d h e a v y t r a f f i c o f p e t r o l e u m

a n d
p e t r o l e u m

p r o d u c t s
f r o m
t h e o i l f i e l d s o f t h e P e r s i a n G u l f
f«»M
a n d

I n d o n e s i a
a n d
c o n t a i n e d
a n
e s t i m
a t e d
o n e
t h i r d
o f t h e
w o r l d ' s o f f s h o r e o i l p r o d u c t i o n .

T h e

S L O C s
c o n n e c t e d
m
a j o r
p o r t s t h r o u g h s o m
e s t r a t e g i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t s e a s a n d g u l f s —
t h e

P e r s i a n G u l f ; t h e R e d S e a ; t h e

L a c c a d i v e S e a , b e t w
e e n K e r a l a
a n d
t h e

L a k s h a d w e e p
i n
t h e

A r a b i a n S e a ; t h e A n d a m
a n S e a
i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l , b e t w
e e n t h e

A n d a m
a n

I s l a n d s
a n d

B u r m
a ;
t h e G u l f o f A d e n a t t h e e n t r a n c e
t o t h e R e d S e a a n d G u l f o f O m
a n
a t t h e
e n t r a n c e t o
t h e

P e r s i a n

G u l f . I n a b o u t t e n y e a r s , b e t w e e n

1 9 8 5 a n d 1 9 9 5 , t h e r e g i o n s a w
a
j u m
p i n c a r g o a n d o i l t r a f f i c b y
n e a r l y 3 0 %

. I t w a s t h e f i r s t s i g n o f

T he In d ia n O c e a n
t h e a r e a ' s g r o w i n g p r o m
i n e n c e .

T h e N a v y r e a l i s e d s o o n e n o u g h t h a t t o c a t e r t o t h e Safeguarding the SLOCs
c h a n g e d r e a l i t i e s , i t s m
a r i t i m
e v i s i o n n e e d e d t o c o v e r t h e

I n d i a n O c e a n S e a L i n e s o f C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s ( S L O C s )

c r i t i c a l a r e a s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n w h e r e o u r v i t a l n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y i n t e r e s t s l a y . I t t h e r e f o r e r e d r e w i t s a r e a o f i n t e r e s t s T o a p p r e c i a t e t h e s c a l e o f t h e N a v y ' s c o n c e r n s a b o u t t o i n c l u d e t h e P e r s i a n G u l f a n d t h e M
a l a c c a S t r a i t .

s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e S L O C s , i t i s i n s t r u c t i v e t o c o n s i d e r t h e s h e e r e x p a n s e a n d s t r e t c h
o f t h e
a r e a
t h a t
m
a j o r S e a

I n a d d i t i o n , a n o t h e r p h e n o m
e n o n h a d a p a r t t o p l a y i n

L i n e s o f C o m m u n i c a t i o n s ( S L O C s ) i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n t h e N a v y ' s r e w o r k i n g i t s p r i o r i t i e s — ' p o w e r p r o j e c t i o n !

c o v e r e d .

T r a d i t i o n a l l y , N a v i e s h a v e f o l l o w e d a d o c t r i n e o f l i t t o r a l p o w e r
p r o j e c t i o n
a l o n g
w i t h
t h e

' s e a
c o n t r o l '

t h a t

M
a j o r C h o k e P o i n t s o f t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n
p r i n c i p a l l y m
a n i f e s t e d i t s e l f i n a m p h i b i o u s l a n d i n g s a n d

M
a j o r c h o k e p o i n t s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n t h a t c o n c e i v a b l y c a r r i e r a i r p o w e r . T h i s c h a n g e d d u r i n g t h e C o l d W a r , w h e n r e q u i r e d g r e a t e r s e c u r i t y i n c l u d e d : -
a c o n f r o n t a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e S o v i e t a n d W
e s t e r n n a v i e s

•

T h e S t r a i t o f H o r m u z b e t w e e n t h e P e r s i a n G u l f a n d o n t h e h i g h s e a s c r e a t e d a ' b l u e w a t e r ' e m p h a s i s t o n a v a l t h e G u l f o f O m a n .

d o c t r i n e s . T h e e n d o f t h e C o l d W
a r e r a , h o w e v e r , s a w a

•

B a b - e l - M
a n d e b a t t h e s o u t h e r n a c c e s s t o t h e R e d
r e t u r n t o a l i t t o r a l p r i o r i t y . T h e n e w d o c t r i n e p r o p o s e d a S e a a n d t h e S u e z C a n a l .

m
o d e l o f ' p o w e r p r o j e c t i o n ' i n t h e l i t t o r a l s t h a t m e a n t t h e

•

T h e

M
o z a m b i q u e

C h a n n e l
b e t w e e n

M
a d a g a s c a r
d e p l o y m
e n t
o f s t a n d o f f m i l i t a r y c a p a b i l i t i e s
t o
d e l i v e r
a n d t h e c o a s t o f A f r i c a .

s i g n i f i c a n t f o r c e e i t h e r t o d e t e r o r c o e r c e . P o w e r p r o j e c t i o n

•

T h e S t r a i t o f M
a l a c c a b e t w e e n S u m a t r a a n d M a l a y s i a .

t h u s ,
b e c a m
e t h e
c e n t r e p i e c e o f t h e w o r l d ' s a d v a n c e d

•

T h e S u n d a S t r a i t b e t w e e n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n a n d
n a v i e s .

I t b e c a m
e
c r i t i c a l f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y , t o t a k e

B o r n e o .

m
e a s u r e s t o m
a i n t a i n p r e s e n c e , e s p e c i a l l y i n a n d a r o u n d

•

T h e L o m b o k S t r a i t b e t w e e n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n a n d c r i t i c a l S L O C s .

t h e S u l a w e s i .

Canal
trait p f Hormuz

SAUD I ARABIA

INDIA

ARABIAN SEA

SUDAN

/

\

Straits o f Dab^-el Mai

Straits Bab-cl Mandeb

Strait o f Mi

KENYA

Singapore

Sunda Strait

TANZANIA

INDIAN OCEAN

SO U TH

/

AFRICA

V>‘

In d ia n O c e a n S e a L in es o f C o m m u n ic a tio n s (SL O C s)

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

5

Major Choke Points of the Indian Ocean

Legend 0 Maritime Choke Points in the Sea Lanes of Communications SLOCS

T h e E m
e r g e n c e o f N e w T h r e a t s

( r o u g h l y o n e e v e r y t h i r d d a y o v e r t h e l a s t t w
e n t y y e a r s ) ,

W
i t h

' p r e s e n c e ;

' p a t r o l l i n g ’

a n d

' p r o j e c t i o n , '

m a n y
o c c u r r e d m
o s t l y i n t e r r i t o r i a l w
a t e r s w h i l e s h i p s w e r e a t
r e g i o n a l a n d s u b - r e g i o n a l p o w e r s t h o u g h t t h e y h a d g o t a n c h o r o r b e r t h e d . A s t e a d y i n c r e a s e w
a s w
i t n e s s e d i n
t h e p o w e r e q u a t i o n r i g h t . B u t , e v i d e n t l y t h e i r p l a n s h a d n ' t t h e 9 0 s d e c a d e a n d a s s t a t i s t i c s s h o w , t h e r e w a s a m a r k e d
c a t e r e d f o r t h e t w i n s c o u r g e s o f p i r a c y a n d t e r r o r i s m .

i n c r e a s e i n i n c i d e n t s i n v o l v i n g f i r e a r m
s .

T h e i n c r e a s e d m a r i t i m
e a c t i v i t y o f t h e p o s t - g l o b a l i s a t i o n
e r a
u n d o u b t e d l y r e s u l t e d
i n e c o n o m
i c
e x p a n s i o n
a n d

I n c i d e n t s

I n 1 9 9 1

I n 2 0 0 1
d e v e l o p m e n t . H o w e v e r , d e s p i t e ‘ m a r i t i m e b o n d i n g ; t h i s Number of Incidents

1 0 7

3 3 8
p h e n o m
e n o n s t r a n g e l y , p r e c l u d e d t h e e m
e r g e n c e
o f a

Unarmed Incidents

8 9

3 ______
v i b r a n t t r a n s - o c e a n i c c o m m u n i t y , p o s s i b l y b e c a u s e w i d e Gun-armed Incidents
d i s s i m i l a r i t i e s a n d d i v e r g e n t i n t e r e s t s i n r e g i o n a l c o u n t r i e s 1

73
l e d t h e m t o s h u n e a c h o t h e r , b u t p r o m p t e d e a c h t o p u r s u e Incidents when berthed in port
no data

4 7
e c o n o m
i c l i n k a g e s w i t h E u r o p e a n d N o r t h A m
e r i c a . A s a

Incidents when at anchor
no data

1

5

6

_

^
r e s u l t , t r a d e i n t h e S L O C s g r e w e x p o n e n t i a l l y i n v a l u e a n d Incidents when steaming
no data

1 3 0 _________
i m
p o r t a n c e . T h e h i g h v a l u e c a r g o t r a n s i t i n g t h r o u g h i t s w a t e r s w a s o n l y a n i n v i t a t i o n f o r t h e t w i n t h r e a t s o f ' P i r a c y -

,

-----------------a n y U l M U p i l U I l 111
a n d T e r r o r i s m t o r a i s e t h e i r u g l y h e a d s .

t h r o u g h ' c h o k e ' p o i n t s i n t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n ( s u c h a s t h e

S t r a i t s o f H o r m
u z , M
a l a c c a , L o m
b o k a n d S u n d a ) c o u ld

P i r a c y .

O n e
o f
t h e
b i g g e s t
t h r e a t s
t o
s h i p p i n g
t h a t
h a v e d i s a s t r o u s c o n s e q u e n c e s . T h e d i s r u p t i o n o f e n e r g y e m e r g e d m
t h e l a t e 8 0 s w a s t h a t o f P i r a c y . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l M
a r i t i m e O r g a n i s a t i o n ( I M

O ) ' p i r a c y , ' s i n c e
o w s i n p a r t i c u l a r w a s a c o n s i d e r a b l e s e c u r i t y c o n c e r t f o r l i t t o r a l s t a t e s , a s a m
a j o r i t y o f t h e i r e n e r g y l i f e l i n e s a r e

J d i d t a m
e r i P ° S f d 3 t h r e M 10 S h i p p i n g 0 f t h e s a m e s c a l e a s i t d i d i n m e d i e v a l a g e s . 2 6 8 0 i n c i d e n t s r e c o r d e d s i n c e 1 9 8 4
s e a - b a s e d . S i n c e e n e r g y i s c r i t i c a l i n i n f l u e n c i n g t h e g e o p o l i t i c a l s t r a t e g i e s o f a n a t i o n , a n y t u r b u l e n c e i n i t s s u p p W

6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

w o u l d h a v e l e d t o s e r i o u s s e c u r i t y c o n s e q u e n c e s . G i v e n I n r e s p o n s e t o s u c h i n c i d e n t s , t h e U S 5 t h F l e e t w a s t h e s p i r a l l i n g d e m
a n d f o r e n e r g y , i t b e c a m
e i n e v i t a b l e f o r
e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 9 5 , a t B a h r a i n a n d K u w a i t t o c o v e r t h e c o u n t r i e s t o s e n s i t i s e t h e m
s e l v e s t o t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e s e a

I n d i a n

O c e a n ,
t h e

P e r s i a n

G u l f ,
t h e A r a b i a n

S e a
a n d
l i n e s o f c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s ( S L O C s ) a n d c h o k e p o i n t s o f t h e
t h e R e d S e a , t o m
o n i t o r t h e s e a l i n e s o f c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n
r e g i o n .

t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n .

T e r r o r i s m

. S e a T e r r o r i s m ,
i n t h e l a t e 8 0 s w a s a n o v e l

I n t h e s a m
e y e a r , I n d i a a n d t h e U S s i g n e d t h e “A g r e e d
c o n c e p t , r a t h e r t o o p e r v e r s e f o r r a t i o n a l c o m
p r e h e n s i o n

M
i n u t e s o n D e f e n c e R e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e U S a n d I n d i a ”

b y n a t i o n a l m
a r i t i m
e f o r c e s t h a t h a d a l i n e a r m
i n d - s e t . T h e
w h i c h s t a t e d t h a t b o t h s i d e s r e c o g n i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e
e n o r m
i t y o f t h e t h r e a t t h a t i t p o s e d b e c a m
e c l e a r i n t h e 9 0 s ,
o f e n h a n c i n g d e f e n c e c o o p e r a t i o n ,
t h a t t h e g r o w t h o f
a s t h e r e w a s a s u d d e n r u s h i n t h e n u m
b e r o f s e a a t t a c k s . I n
b i l a t e r a l r e l a t i o n s i n n e w a r e a s w o u l d b e e v o l u t i o n a r y 2 0 0 0 , t h e a t t a c k o n t h e A m
e r i c a n N a v a l W
a r s h i p , U S S C o l e
a n d r e l a t e d t o c o n v e r g e n c e o n g l o b a l a n d r e g i o n a l i s s u e s a t A d e n s t u n n e d t h e w o r l d . I t w a s a g r i m p o r t e n t o f w h a t a n d t h a t e n h a n c e d d e f e n c e c o o p e r a t i o n w a s d e s i g n e d t o w a s t o f o l l o w i n t h e 9 / 1 1 a t t a c k s o n t h e U S A . N a v i e s r e a c t e d m a k e a p o s i t i v e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e s e c u r i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y b y f a c t o r i n g i n ' T e r r o r i s m

' i n t h e i r p l a n s o f o p e r a t i o n s . B u t
o f A s i a .

i t w a s n ' t a n e a s y e x e r c i s e a s ' a s y m
m
e t r i c w a r f a r e ' w a s

T h e

U S

D e f e n c e

S e c r e t a r y
v i s i t e d

I n d i a
t h a t
y e a r .

g o i n g t o t a k e m
u c h m
o r e t i m e , e x p e r i e n c e a n d l a r g e - s c a l e

P r a i s i n g t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n i n s e c u r i n g S L O C s , c o o r d i n a t i o n t o t a c k l e e f f e c t i v e l y .

i n h i s a d d r e s s t o t h e N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e C o l l e g e , h e a l s o T h e
i n c r e a s i n g l y
v i o l e n t
n a t u r e
o f
i n c i d e n t s ,
a s
e m p h a s i s e d
h i s
n a t i o n ' s
s h a r e d i n t e r e s t w i t h

I n d i a
i n
i l l u s t r a t e d
b e l o w ,
d e m
o n s t r a t e d
t h e
n e e d
f o r
g r e a t e r
t h e s e c u r i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y o f t h e P e r s i a n G u l f r e g i o n . H e c o - o p e r a t i o n
o n
a m
u l t i l a t e r a l
b a s i s t o
c o u n t e r t h e s e
r e i t e r a t e d t h e v e r y s t r a t e g i c b a s i s o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p t h a t t h r e a t s .

w a s b a s e d o n e n s u r i n g t h e f r e e d o m o f t h e s e a s . I t w a s a f i t t i n g t e s t i m o n i a l t o t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s a p p r o a c h o f s e c u r i n g The Spectrum of Incidents
t h e S L O C s i n t h e 9 0 s — t h r o u g h c o o p e r a t i o n , c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d c o o r d i n a t i o n .

1 9 8 5

O n t h e 7 th o f O c t o b e r , f o u r m
e n r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e

P a l e s t i n e L i b e r a t i o n F r o n t t o o k c o n t r o l o f t h e I t a l i a n In Retrospect
p a s s e n g e r l i n e r A c h i l l e L a u r o o f f E g y p t . H o l d i n g t h e p a s s e n g e r s a n d c r e w h o s t a g e , t h e y d e m
a n d e d t h e

T h e I n d i a n N a v y , i n t h i s d e c a d e , r e a l i s e d t h e i n c r e a s i n g r e l e a s e o f f i f t y P a l e s t i n i a n s i n I s r a e l i p r i s o n s .

s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e S L O C s a n d m
a d e e f f o r t s i n
t h a t d i r e c t i o n . B y d o i n g s o , i t s o u g h t t o f u r t h e r t h e n a t i o n a l 1 9 9 8

O n t h e 1 6 th o f A p r i l , t h e M
a l a y s i a n t a n k e r P e t r o R a n g e r
s t r a t e g i c i n t e r e s t s ( o f s u p p o r t i n g f r e e t r a d e i n a g r o w i n g s a i l e d f r o m

S i n g a p o r e b o u n d f o r H o C h i M
i n h C i t y
m a r k e t
e c o n o m
y )

a n d
a l s o
h e l p e d
g u a r a n t e e
s i m i l a r
w i t h a c a r g o o f $ 1 . 5 m i l l i o n w o r t h o f d i e s e l f u e l a n d b e n e f i t s f o r i t s l i t t o r a l n e i g h b o u r s .

k e r o s e n e . T h e n e x t d a y , t h e a g e n t s r e p o r t e d t h e v e s s e l m
i s s i n g . I t t r a n s p i r e d t h a t I n d o n e s i a n h i j a c k e r s i n t h e S i g n i f i c a n t l y , t h e I n d i a n N a v y , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e b e g a n t o

S o u t h C h i n a S e a h a d s e i z e d t h e v e s s e l . T h e h i j a c k e r s s h o w s i g n s o f i n c r e a s e d c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h w
e s t e r n n a v i e s .

h e l d t h e s h i p ' s A u s t r a l i a n c a p t a i n a t g u n p o i n t f o r I n d i a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o n d u c t e d t w o m a j o r , j o i n t 10 d a y s w h i l s t t h e y t r a n s f e r r e d m o r e t h a n a t h i r d o f n a v a l e x e r c i s e s i n t h e 1 9 9 0 s a n d a t h i r d o n e i n 1 9 9 6 . T h e s e t h e c a r g o t o a C h i n e s e - r e g i s t e r e d v e s s e l . T h e C h i n e s e w e r e t h e f i r s t s i g n i f i c a n t j o i n t n a v a l e x e r c i s e s t h a t I n d i a M
a r i t i m
e P o l i c e i n t e r c e p t e d t h e v e s s e l o n 2 6 th A p r i l .

h a s e v e r e n g a g e d i n w i t h a m
a j o r n a v y , a n d h e l p e d o p e n

T h e h i j a c k e r s w e r e e x e c u t e d .

t h e d o o r f o r s i m i l a r e x e r c i s e s w i t h o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . S o o n e x e r c i s e s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n w i t h F r a n c e . B y e a r l y 2 0 0 2 , i t 1 9 9 9

M V A l o n d r a R a i n b o w w a s h i j a c k e d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 9 9
h a d e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e t h e B r i t i s h a n d t h e S i n g a p o r e b y m
a s k e d p i r a t e s a r m
e d w i t h g u n s a n d s w o r d s .

N a v i e s .

T h e
h i j a c k e r s w e r e l a t e r f o u n d t o b e I n d o n e s i a n
p e r s o n n e l . T h e s h i p w a s r e s c u e d b y t h e I n d i a n N a v y .

T h e
i n i t i a t i v e
t a k e n
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o f c o o p e r a t i o n
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a r s h i p , t h e U S S C o l e , b e r t h e d a l o n g s i d e i n A d e n e v o l u t i o n o f p e r s p e c t i v e s t h a t t a k e i n t o a c c o u n t d i f f e r i n g w a s r a m
m
e d b y a t e r r o r i s t r u b b e r d i n g h y f u l l o f
p e r c e p t i o n s ,
s e n s i t i v i t i e s
a n d
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i n t e r e s t s
o f t h e
e x p l o s i v e s . T h e a t t a c k l e f t s e v e n t e e n s a i l o r s d e a d c o n c e r n e d s t a t e s .

a n d t h i r t y n i n e i n j u r e d .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 7

2

Major Navies in the Indian Ocean

Introduction

A m
e r i c a n N a v y t o o k i t s p l a c e . I n t h e m
i d d l e o f t h e I n d i a n

T o u n d e r s t a n d t h e r o l e o f t h e N a v y i n t h e 9 0 s i t m a y b e O c e a n , B r i t a i n c a r v e d o u t a B r i t i s h I n d i a n O
c e a n T e r r i t o r y
i m p o r t a n t t o r e v i e w t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h e N a v y f r o m t h e C h a g o s A r c h i p e l a g o t o e n a b l e D i e g o G a r c i a t o b e w a s r e q u i r e d t o o p e r a t e i n t h a t t i m e — e s p e c i a l l y w i t h r e g a r d l e a s e d t o t h e U S N a v y . T h e p r o - U S m
o n a r c h i e s i n S a u d i
t o t h e i n c r e a s e d p r e s e n c e o f o t h e r n a v i e s i n t h e r e g i o n .

A r a b i a a n d I r a n w e r e e n c o u r a g e d t o b u i l d u p t h e i r n a v i e s .

B y t h e e a r l y 9 0 s , t h e I n d i a n O c e a n h a d a m a r k e d c e n t r a l D u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 0 s , t h e U S a n d S o v i e t N a v i e s m a n o e u v r e d p r e s e n c e i n t h e a f f a i r s o f t h e w o r l d , n o t j u s t f r o m a n f o r b a s e a n d r e f u e l l i n g f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e n o r t h w e s t q u a d r a n t
e c o n o m
i c b u t a l s o a m i l i t a r y p o i n t o f v i e w . N o t s u r p r i s i n g l y , o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n

—

B e r b e r a i n S o m
a l i a o n t h e H o r n
t h e r e g i o n a b o u n d e d w i t h t h e p r e s e n c e o f m
a n y n a v i e s .

o f A f i i c a , A s m
a r a i n E t h i o p i a i n t h e R e d S e a , t h e i s l a n d o f

T h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s a s i g n i f i c a n t f o r c e i n t h e O c e a n w i t h S o c o t r a o f f S o u t h Y e m
e n , M
u s c a t i n O
m
a n , a n d t h e i s l a n d
a n e x p a n d e d s p h e r e o f o p e r a t i o n s . T h e U S , w i t h a b a s e o f M
a s i r a h o f f O m
a n . T h e U S s t a r t e d b u i l d i n g u p D i e g o
a t D i e g o G a r c i a a n d o w i n g t o i t s n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s i n E a s t G a r c i a i n t o a n a v a l b a s e . N e i t h e r N a v y s o u g h t f a c i l i t i e s A s i a w a s a l s o a d o m i n a n t p l a y e r . B r i t a i n ( t h a t f o r m e d t h e f r o m I n d i a . W
a r s h i p s o f b o t h n a v i e s e n j o y e d g o o d w i l l v i s i t s n t i s h I n d i a n O c e a n T e r r i t o r y , w a y b a c k i n t h e 6 0 s ) h a d t o I n d i a n p o r t s .

s i n c e r e d u c e d i t s p r e s e n c e . T h e F r e n c h p o s s e s s e d v i t a l t e r r i t o r y i n t h e f o r m o f s o m
e c r i t i c a l l y p o s i t i o n e d i s l a n d s .

B y
t h e
e n d

1 9 7 0 s ,
d o m
e s t i c
o p p o s i t i o n
t o
t h e

U S

T h e C h i n e s e , t h e J a p a n e s e a n d o t h e r r e g i o n a l n a v i e s w e r e s u p p o r t e d S h a h
o f I r a n
i n c r e a s e d
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t h a t a
a l s o b e g i n n i n g t o r e a l i s e t h e o c e a n ' s s t r a t e g i c s i g n i f i c a n c e r e v o l u t i o n
w a s
f o r e s e e a b l e .

N e a r b y
i n

A f g h a n i s t a n ,
a
a n d s h o w i n t e r e s t i n t h e r e g i o n .

p r o c o m
m
u n i s t c o u p w a s
i n i t i a l l y s u c c e s s f u l
b u t s o o n
e n c o u n t e r e d
o p p o s i t i o n .

A f g h a n
l e a d e r s
r e p e a t e d l y

The Unfolding of Events (1945-80)

s o u g h t u i g e n t S o v i e t m
i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e t o s u p p r e s s t h e
o p p o s i t i o n .

T h e p h e n o m
e n a l r i s e i n i n t e r e s t i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n
a d i t s r o o t s i n h i s t o r y . T h e q u e s t i o n o f i t s d o m i n a n c e

I n a n t i c i p a t i o n o f a S o v i e t t h r e a t t o W
e s t e r n o i l s u p p l i e s

W o r l d W
a ? a " c o M 0 ^

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31
m
d ° f t h e S e c o n d
r o m

a n d w a r d , t h e U S h a d s t a r t e d p r e - p o s i t i o n i n g t h e W o r l d W a r , a c o l d w a r e r u p t e d b e t w e e n t w o p o w e r f u l w h e r e w i t h a l , o n b o a r d s h i p s , f o r m
i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n i n
c o u n t r i e s -

U S A a n d U S S R . T h i s c o n f r o n t a t i o n , w
h k h w a
t h e P e r s i a n G u l f f r o m s e a w a r d .

p n m
a n l y a c o n f l i c t o f c o m
p e t i n g i n t e r e s t s a n d o v e S p T
n '

a m b i t i o n s , e n d e d w i t h t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e l a t t e r a n d T w o s e p a r a t e c r i s e s c o i n c i d e d i n e n d 1 9 7 9 . T h e S h a h R u s s i a e m e r g i n g a s t h e l a r g e s t ( b u t m i l i t a r i l y w e a k e n e d ) r a n w a s o v e r t h r o w n i n a c o u p . S o v i e t t r o o p s e n t e r e d c o n s t i t u e n t o f a n e w c o n f e d e r a t i o n .

«
a n t0 a s s i s t t h e p r o t e g e g o v e r n m e n t . D e s p i t e T h r o u g h o u t t h e C o l d W a r , t h e o v e r - r i d i n g g o a l o f t t q P e r s i a a ^ S U Ir a n c e s t h a t t h e y h a d n o i n t e n t t o t h r e a t e n p o l i c y i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n w a s t o s a f e ™

J

1

r Z u \

0 i 1 , t h e U S f e l t * P r u d e n t t o d e p l o y , o n a
o f P e r s i a n G u l f o i l t o t h e U S a n r i •*
n -
s u P P t y

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ca S 1 S ' S h i p s f r o m i t s 7 t h ( P a c i f i c ) F l e e t t o t h e N o rth a c h i e v e d b y s t r e n g t h e n i n g t h e P e r s i m

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a n d , h e a d q u a r t e r e d
a n d s h e i k h d o m s a n d b ,
n t h e U S , w a s c r e a t e d f o r t h i s t h e a t r e o f o p e r a t i o n s . W
h i l s t
o i l f i e l d s .

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l a n d w a n i i o s e i z e t h e
w

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n i S t a n w
e r e sti11 e n f o l d i n g , t h e I r a n - I r a q

( 9 8 0 - 1 9 8 8 ) e r u p t e d . W
e s t e r n n a v i e s h a d t o b e d e p l o y e d
o e s c o r t t a n k e r c o n v o y s i n t o a n d o u t o f t h e P e r s i a n G u l f .

t h i S

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f o l l o w i n g a v i s i t b y P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r M r . R a j i v G a n d h i t o
a n d
t h e J a p a n e s e , w h o t o o
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t h e U S i n 1 9 8 5 . A r a p p o r t d e v e l o p e d b e t w e e n h i m a n d i n t e r e s t , p r i m a r i l y t o p r o t e c t t h e i r o w n m
a r i t i m
e i n t e r e s t s .

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I n d o - U S
r e l a t i o n s
b r i g h t e n e d .

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o s t o f t h e s e f o r c e s d i s p l a y e d a l o n g - t e r m
p e r s p e c t i v e

S u c c e s s i v e U S D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r i e s a n d U S C h i e f s o f N a v a l a b o u t t h e i r o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e r e g i o n w i t h a c o n s i s t e n t a n d O p e r a t i o n s v i s i t e d

I n d i a .

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D e l e g a t i o n
c o m p e l l i n g r a t i o n a l e f o r m a i n t a i n i n g p r e s e n c e .

v i s i t e d t h e U S N a v y w h i c h w a s f o l l o w e d b y s h i p s v i s i t i n g e a c h o t h e r ' s p o r t s .

American Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean

T h e A m e r i c a n p r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n h a d D i e g o D
e v e l o p m
e n t s i n t h e 9 0 s

G a r c i a 1 a t t h e c o r e o f i t s l a r g e r s t r a t e g y . T h e r e w ' e r e t h r e e I n

1 9 9 0 ,

I r a q
i n v a d e d

K u w a i t .

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s u b s e q u e n t
m a j o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n s f o r t h e U S p r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n o p e r a t i o n s t o
e v i c t I r a q ,

U S w a r s h i p s b o m
b a r d e d I r a q

O c e a n .

f r o m w i t h i n t h e P e r s i a n G u l f . W
i t h b a s e s i n n e a r b y O m a n
a n d Q a t a r a n d a n o v e r w h e l m
i n g p r e s e n c e i n t h e P e r s i a n

°

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G u l f , t h e U S N a v y h a d e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f i n t h e I n d i a n m a i n t a i n a g e o - s t r a t e g i c p r e s e n c e . I t w a s a s t r a t e g y O c e a n . T h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n 1 9 9 1 a n d t h e b a s e d o n l o n g t e r m
c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a n d n o t a i m
e d
s u b s e q u e n t w i t h d r a w a l o f i t s N a v y f r o m t h e I n d i a n O c e a n a t i m m e d i a t e o b j e c t i v e s o r s e c u r i n g a c c e s s t o o i l ( a s f u r t h e r h e l p e d i t s c a u s e .

w a s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e c a s e ).2

I n t h e y e a r s t h a t f o l l o w e d , t u r b u l e n c e i n A f g h a n i s t a n , a o

T h e s e c o n d r e a s o n w a s t o p r o t e c t i t s v i t a l i n t e r e s t s r i s e i n t e r r o r i s t a c t i v i t i e s a n d t h e l e s s o n s t h a t t h e U S l e a r n t i n t h e r e g i o n . H a v i n g m
a d e h e a v y i n v e s t m
e n t s o v e r
i n t h e w a r a g a i n s t I r a q f o r c e d i t t o r e v i e w i t s s t r a t e g y f o r d e c a d e s t o s a f e g u a r d t h e i r k e y i n t e r e s t s i n t h e I n d i a n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , b u t t h a t w a s i n n o w a y a n i n d i c a t i o n o f O c e a n , t h e U S p o s i t i o n e d i t s f o r c e s i n a m
a n n e r
a r e d u c t i o n i n p r e s e n c e . T o t h e c o n t r a r y , i t o n l y s e r v e d t o t o m a i n t a i n a n d r e i n f o r c e p r e s e n c e i n t h e P e r s i a n s t r e n g t h e n U S r e s o l v e t o m
a i n t a i n p r e s e n c e i n t h e r e g i o n .

G u l f . T h e U S F i f t h F l e e t c l e a r l y i n t e n d e d t o r e m a i n
i n t h e a r e a w i t h a h u g e i n t e r v e n t i o n c a p a b i l i t y p r e

I n t h e n o r t h e r n I n d i a n O c e a n , I n d i a b e g a n t o b e s e e n a s p o s i t i o n e d i n D i e g o G a r c i a .

t h e p i v o t a l r e g i o n a l p o w e r a n d h e r N a v y a s t h e p r e - e m i n e n t
r e g i o n a l N a v y . W
i t h i n t l i e I n d i a n e s t a b l i s h m e n t , t h e r e w a s
o

T h e t h i r d r e a s o n w a s c o n c e i v a b l y t o d o w i t h t h e n e w T
a d e s i r e t o e n g a g e w i t h t h e U S N a v y t h a t s a w s o m e h i g h -
t h r e a t o f t e r r o r i s m
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e d t o r o o t
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i n a t e d w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e M
a l a b a r s e r i e s o f
o u t n o n - s t a t e t e r r o r i s t o u t f i t s a n d s t r a n g u l a t e t h e i r b i l a t e r a l n a v a l e x e r c i s e s . T l i e e x e r c i s e s , w h i c h c o m m
e n c e d
a c c e s s t o f u n d s a n d a r m s .

i n 1 9 9 2 , w e r e h e l d a g a i n i n 1 9 9 4 a n d 1 9 9 5 .

French Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean

I n 1 9 9 5 , t h e U S e s t a b l i s h e d i t s F i f t h ( I n d i a n O c e a n ) F r a n c e s a w i t s p e r c e i v e d c o m
m
i t m
e n t t o i t s ' O v e r s e a s

F l e e t , h e a d q u a r t e r e d i n B a h r a i n , t o c o n d u c t o p e r a t i o n s T e r r i t o r i e s ' i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n —

D j i b o u t i a n d t h e I s l a n d
i n t h e R e d S e a , t h e A r a b i a n S e a , t h e P e r s i a n G u l f a n d t h e o f L a R e u n i o n a s o v e r r i d i n g a n d c a t e r e d f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f a d j a c e n t l a n d a r e a s . B y 2 0 0 0 , t h e A m
e r i c a n N a v y w a s t h e
h e r i s l a n d t e r r i t o r i e s a n d e r s t w h i l e F r e n c h c o l o n i e s ( w h i c h p r e d o m
i n a n t N a v y i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n .

a l s o
h a d
a
c o n s i d e r a b l e
m a j o r i t y
o f F r e n c h
s p e a k i n g
p e o p l e ) i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , b y m a i n t a i n i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l In P ersp ectiv e
n a v a l p r e s e n c e .

B y 1 9 9 5 , t h e r e w e r e a h o s t o f n a v i e s t r y i n g t o e x e r t A v e r y s u b s t a n t i a l p r o p o r t i o n o f F r a n c e ' s o i l s u p p l i e s i n f l u e n c e i n t h e

I n d i a n

O c e a n r e g i o n . A p a r t f r o m t h e
c a m
e f r o m t h e P e r s i a n G u l f . F r a n c e c o n s i d e r e d h e r n a v a l A m
e r i c a n s
t h e r e
w e r e
t l i e

F r e n c h ,
w h o
h a d
t h e
n e x t
p r e s e n c e n e c e s s a r y t o g u a r d h e r o i l r o u t e s . T o a p p r e c i a t e m
o s t s i g n i f i c a n t
p r e s e n c e ,
t h e

B r i t i s h

( w h o
t h o u g h ,
a
h o w i m
p o r t a n t t h e r e g i o n w a s i n h e r p l a n s i t m
a y b e u s e f u l
c o n s i d e r a b l y r e d u c e d l o t , r e t a i n e d r e l e v a n c e ) , t h e C h i n e s e Refer to Reference N o te s ‘Diego Garcia.

^ . . .

_ ,

. no_ (
c u m
on.mriatpd the American Doctrine towards the Indian Ocean m his report for Fiscal year 1987 to the Mr. lohn Lehman, the Secretary of the Navy enunciated tne Am

US Congress:-
r„lffnrnm viml energy needs. Oil from this area now forms less than 5 percent o f our total oil imports.

"We no longer depend on West Asia and the GulJJo
involvement with Europe in war. We plan to deploy two Carrier

Today the United States has an Indian Ocean orientation at least equal w

Battle Croups (CBCs) and one B attleship Group to operate,n the Indian Ocean.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 9

•

Need to Secure SLOCs. C h i n a w a s i n v e s t i n g h e a v i l y
t o d e v e l o p m
a r k e t s i n C e n t r a l A s i a , A f r i c a a n d S o u th

A m
e r i c a a n d n e e d e d t o s e c u r e t h e S L O C s t o e n s u r e t h e u n i n t e r r u p t e d f l o w o f r a w
m
a t e r i a l s f r o m

A f r i c a
a n d f i n i s h e d g o o d s t o i t s k e y e x p o r t m
a r k e t s .

•

Constant Energy Supply. C h i n a ' s g r o w i n g e c o n o m y
n e e d e d t o e n s u r e u n i n t e r r u p t e d
e n e r g y s u p p l i e s .

T o s e c u r e t h e m
s e l v e s a g a i n s t d i s r u p t i o n s t h r o u g h
t h e s e a r o u t e , t h e C h i n e s e w
e r e i n t h e p r o c e s s o f
d e v e l o p i n g o v e r l a n d p i p e l i n e s 3 .

Japanese Naval Presence in the Indian O cean

A f t e r W
o r l d W
a r I I , J a p a n ' s s e c u r i t y p o l i c y h a d b e e n
b a s e d o n f i v e b a s i c t e n e t s : -

•

A c o m
m
i t m
e n t n e v e r t o d e v e l o p n u c l e a r w e a p o n s .

•

C i v i l i a n c o n t r o l o f t h e m
i l i t a r y .

•

A n e x c l u s i v e l y d e f e n c e o r i e n t e d m
i l i t a r y s t r a t e g y .

_______

*
d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e U S - J a p a n S e c u r i t y T r e a t y .

I l l j

•

Ensuring the security of oil supplies.

J a p a n g o t i t s o i l s u p p l i e s f r o m
t h e P e r s i a n G u l f t h r o u g h

D j i b o u t i a n d L a R e u n i o n I s l a n d s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o M u m b a i t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , t h e S t r a i t s o f M
a l a c c a a n d t h e S o u t h
t n h i a h i i o V i t t h a t
r
t

C h i n a S e a . T h e c o u n t r y w a s t o t a l l y d e p e n d e n t o n i m p o r t s
f
o
r
m
e
d
a
f

T

*

1 9 8 ° ~ 8 8 ' *
f ° r i t S Ů a n d g a s s u P P l i e s '

o v e r w
h e l m
i n g r e l i a n c e o n
o r m e d a m u l t i n a t i o n a l f o r c e w i t h U S A
a n d B r i t a i n t h a t o i l a n d g a s i m
p o r t s r e q u i r e d s e c u r e
s h i n n i n g l a n e s
o p p o s e d t h e t h r e a t o f c l o s u r e o f t h e S t r a i t s o f H o r m u z a n d s h i p p i n g l a n e s .

t h e c o n s e q u e n t d i s r u p t i o n o f o i l s u p p l i e s .

T h e n a t i o n h a d s o f a r d e s i s t e d f r o m
b e c o m
i n g a m i l i t a r y

F r a n c e
a l s o r n n c i H p r p H
h e r r . v o c

•

.

P o w e r t h a t c o u l d b e p e r c e i v e d a s a t h r e a t b y n e i g h b o u r i n g a s t a b i l i z i n g f o r c e i n t h e c o n f l i c t bpt^p

' " c

J1 i Ů t l 3 S
c o u n t r i e s - 11 f o c u s e d i t s m i l i t a r y e f f o r t o n s e l f - d e f e n c e a n d E t h i o p i a
i n
t h e

1 9 8 0 s ,
a n d
s a w i t s e l f
a s

^

S 6 a " l a n ® P r o t e c t i o n a n d e s c h e w
e d
t h e d e v e l o p m
e n t o f a
e q u a l i s i n g a g e n t .

’

s i g n i f i c a n t s t a n d - a l o n e m
i l i t a r y c a p a b i l i t y t h a t m
i g h t p r o v o k e r e g i o n a l
a r m
s r a c e s .

J a p a n e s e l a w a l s o b a n n e d
p a r t i c i p a t i o n
i n

Chinese Naval Presence in the Indian Ocean
c o l l e c t i v e s e c u r i t y m
e a s u r e s . F o r t h e s e r e a s o n s , t h e r e h a d

I n t h e e a r l v 9 0 s t h e r e w p r p
a ■

0 r t . ° ^ 0 0 n n o J a P a n e s e N a v a l p r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n p r e s e n c e i n t h e I n d i a n Ocean

* CUntis

T

*

° f t h e p r e v a i l i n S c i r c u m
s t a n c e s , h o w e v e r , i t
m
a d e s e n s e f < * i t t o g r a d u a l l y b u i l d u p a N a v a l p r e s e n c e i n If the Strait of Hormuz closes, oil and gas could m m . u

---------------------------------------- ---------------------- -___________

__________

ShouW C0UW brfng 0113nd g3S^

1116 Bay oTLngal* to S ^ °e t o n on ^

* * * * * * * P° rtS in China- If * e Strait of Malacca

C° ns0rtium sh^
e cos? a

COast and thence bV Pfc«Une to southwest

» P o ^ f l n C W n T L f ‘f CCa - ,ankers could « « f r o m * : r d« t / n f ™
hUV0f, ^ a ® Thailand
would dispense with the need
globe
f 6 ongerterm> China has invested in trans-Asian DiDelinps % Uff °
land and thence through the South China Sea

* be;

M lan pipellnes and ° ffshore a"d onshore fields in many countries across the

Peacekeeping O perations. It w as argu ed that

‘forces that would share thpta v
t
nce Force (S° F ) to be changed from 'forrps H
itarY contributions. T h e peacekeeping

But in rprprnTo!>rr

° f assuring international security!

r“ S deVMed Stricdy t0 assuring Japan's own self d efen ce’ to

Butin r e c e n t y e ^ t p L t r 13 ^
visit
as ^ M e d in ASEAN t o o ^ X h f A S E A N R e ^ n “i p 6"**® security Profile. It is also t a k i n g initiatives end of the Straits of Malacca the rerin 1™St6r t0 M yanm ar ’

m

1999- M yanmar's southern rn

™

F ^‘ ^ im P o rtan t exam p le is th e first

Malacca, the region s m ost important trade route
m arSSO Uthern«>ast, op en sb oth to the Bay of Bengal an d th e w estern

1 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . I n l i n e w i t h i t s n e w s t r a t e g y , t h e J a p a n e s e w o r l d s e a t r a f f i c — b o t h i n t e r m
s o f e n e r g y t r a d e a n d

N a v y b e g a n t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e s a f e g u a r d i n g o f S L O C s a n d g o o d s s h i p p i n g , p a s s i n g t h r o u g h i t s w a t e r s . I t w a s a n a r e a i n u n d e r t a k i n g p a t r o l s a n d p e a c e k e e p i n g d u t i e s .

i n h e r e n t l y g i v e n t o c o m
p e t i t i o n a n d r i v a l r y . N a v i e s o f a l l
h u e s v i e d w i t h e a c h o t h e r f o r ' p r e s e n c e ' a n d ' c o n t r o l ! T h e Conclusion

' s y m b o l i s m a n d s t a t u s ' o f c o n t r o l l i n g t h e w a t e r s o f t h e T h e I n d i a n O c e a n r e m
a i n e d a h u b o f m
a j o r m i l i t a r y

I n d i a n O c e a n w a s a l s o a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r . F o r t h e I n d i a n a c t i v i t y
i n
t h e

9 0 s ,
p r i m a r i l y
b e c a u s e
o f
i t s
s t r a t e g i c

N a v y , p r e s e n c e o n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n w a s a n e w r e a l i t y t h a t p o s i t i o n i n g o n t h e m
a p t h a t r e s u l t e d i n a m a j o r i t y o f t h e
i t n e e d e d t o c a t e r f o r i n i t s f u t u r e p l a n s .

In February 2001, Japan announced that it was considering deploying ships to patrol the Straits of Malacca where shipping is plagued by piracy.

Japan has also proposed that forces from Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, South Korea and China patrol the waterways.

After 9/11, Japan joined the US war against terrorism and enacted a new Anti-Terrorism Law. This enabled the Japanese Navy, in November 2001, reportedly for the first time since the II World War, to dispatch a group of three ships, two destroyers and a support ship, to the Indian Ocean to support the US Navy's operations a g a in st Afghanistan.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

11

3

The Development of The Navy, 1947-1990

Overview
c o l o n i e s a s p a r t o f t h e p l a n f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f t h e

' B r i t i s h C o m
m
o n w
e a l t h ' a g a i n s t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n .

I n
t h e
e n s u i n g
t e x t ,
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
w o r d s
a r e

D u r i n g t h e W
o r l d W
a r i t s e l f , c o n f r o n t a t i o n w i t h t h e
i n t e r c h a n g a b l e : -

S o v i e t U n i o n w a s f o r e s e e a b l e .

I n d u e c o u r s e , t h e

•

R u s s i a , U n i o n o f S o v i e t S o c i a l i s t R e p u b l i c s , U S S R , U S a r m
e d P a k i s t a n i n r e t u r n f o r t h e g r a n t o f a i r b a s e S o v i e t

U n i o n
a n d
a f t e r

1 9 9 1 ,

C o n f e d e r a t i o n
o f
f a c i l i t i e s a t P e s h a w
a r f o r U 2 a i r c r a f t t o s p y o n t h e

I n d e p e n d e n t S t a t e s ( C I S ) .

S o v i e t U n i o n .

•

A m e r i c a , U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , U S A a n d U S .

•

1 9 5 7 t o 1 9 5 9 w h e n t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n i t i a t e d s t e p s t o c o p e w i t h U n i t e d S t a t e s a i d t o t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y .

•

E n g l a n d , B r i t a i n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m a n d U K .

•

1 9 6 3 t o 1 9 6 5 w h e n , a f t e r C h i n a a g g r e s s e d i n t o I n d i a ’s n o r t h e r n l a n d b o r d e r s
i n

1 9 6 2 ,

P a k i s t a n
i n i t i a t e d

•

B o m b a y a n d M
u m b a i , C o c h i n a n d K o c h i , M
a d r a s
i t s a n t i - I n d i a s t r a t e g i c r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h C h i n a . T h e a n d C h e n n a i , V i s a k h a p a t n a m a n d V i z a g , C a l c u t t a a n d K o l k a t t a .

1 9 6 4 - 6 9 D e f e n c e P l a n w a s f o r m
u l a t e d t o c o u n t e r a
t w o - f r o n t t h r e a t f r o m P a k i s t a n a n d C h i n a . T h e D e f e n c e The Navy

P l a n e n v i s a g e d t h e c r e a t i o n o f a f l e e t a n d a s s o c i a t e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f o r t h e e a s t e r n s e a b o a r d a n d i n d u c t i o n T h e I n d i a n N a v y t r a c e s i t s b e g i n n i n g s t o t h e I n d i a n o f s u b m
a r i n e s a n d a i r c r a f t . A f t e r A m
e r i c a a n d B r i t a i n

M a r i n e r a i s e d b y t h e E a s t I n d i a C o m
p a n y ( E I C ) a t S u r a t
d e c l i n e d t o p r o v i d e w h a t t h e N a v y w
a n t e d , t h e N a v y
i n t h e

1 7 th

C e n t u r y . A f t e r
a c q u i r i n g B o m
b a y ,
t h e

E I C
t u r n e d t o R u s s i a f o r i t s a c q u i s i t i o n s . T h e e m
b a r g o e s
m o v e d i t s h e a d q u a r t e r s o n t h e W
e s t e r n C o a s t f r o m S u r a t
i m
p o s e d b y A m
e r i c a a n d B r i t a i n
d u r i n g t h e

1 9 6 5
t o B o m b a y . T h e I n d i a n M
a r i n e a l s o m
o v e d t o B o m b a y .

I n d o - P a k i s t a n w a r s p u r r e d t h e N a v y ' s d r i v e f o r s e l f -

I n 1 8 9 2 , t h e ' R o y a l ' I n d i a n M
a r i n e w a s c o n s t i t u t e d w i t h
r e l i a n c e .

I n d i g e n o u s l y c o n s t r u c t e d
f r i g a t e s
s t a r t e d
a s t r e n g t h o f 2 4 0 B r i t i s h o f f i c e r s a n d 2 0 0 0 I n d i a n s a i l o r s .

e n t e r i n g s e r v i c e .

T h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v y ( R I N ) w a s f o r m
e d i n 1 9 3 4 . T h e

R I N f u n c t i o n e d u n d e r t h e C - i n - C i n I n d i a w h o w a s o n e

•

1 9 7 3
t o

1 9 7 5 ,
w h e n
t h e
l e s s o n s
o f
t h e

1 9 7 1
o f t h e f o u r m
e m
b e r s o f t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l ' s C o u n c i l ,

I n d o - P a k i s t a n w a r l e d t o b i g g e r a n d b e t t e r n a v a l a s t h e W
a r M
e m b e r . S e a p o w e r w a s s t r i c t l y k e p t o n a t i g h t
a c q u i s i t i o n s f r o m

R u s s i a . I n t h e 1 9 7 4 - 7 9 D
e f e n c e
l e a s h f r o m E n g l a n d w i t h t h e ' d i s t a n t f l e e t ' e n s u r i n g t h a t P l a n ,

I n d i a n
w a r s h i p
d e s i g n e r s
s u c c e s s f u l l y

B r i t a i n ' s N a v y r u l e d t h e w a v e s .

i n t e g r a t e d

R u s s i a n
a n d

E u r o p e a n
s y s t e m
s
i n t o

A n o v e r v i e w o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y 7 s d e v e l o p m e n t f r o m 1 9 4 7
i n d i g e n o u s f r i g a t e h u l l s .

t i l l 1 9 9 0 s h o w s p e a k s a n d t r o u g h s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e

•

1 9 7 6 t o 1 9 9 0 , w h e n s e v e r a l n e w c l a s s e s o f i n d i g e n o u s 1 9 4 7 - 1 9 9 0 C o l d W
a r b e t w e e n ' c a p i t a l i s t A m e r i c a ' a n d t h e
w a r s h i p s e n t e r e d s e r v i c e w i t h a m
i x o f t h e l a t e s t
c o m
m
u n i s t S o v i e t U n i o n ! T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e s e R u s s i a n
w e a p o n
s y s t e m
s
a n d
i n d i g e n o u s
a n d
s u p e r p o w e r s h a d a d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n s E u r o p e a n e q u i p m
e n t . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f s u b m
a r i n e s ,
a n d e v o l u t i o n o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y :

d e s i g n o f t h e i n d i g e n o u s a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r a n d o f f u t u r e

•

1 9 4 7
t o

1 9 5 7 ,
w h e n

B r i t a i n
s o l d
s e c o n d
h a n d
d e s t r o y e r s c o m
m
e n c e d .

w a r s h i p s o f 1 9 4 0 s v i n t a g e ( r e n d e r e d s u r p l u s a f t e r T h e g e o - s t r a t e g i c c h a n g e s b e t w
e e n 1 9 6 2 a n d 1 9 9 0 a n d
t h e e n d o f t h e 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 W o r l d W
a r ) t o h e r e r s t w h i l e
t h e i r i m
p a c t o n t h e N a v y a r e d e s c r i b e d i n g r e a t e r d e t a i l .

China's Invasion in 1 9 6 2 and the
o

I n A p r i l , P a k i s t a n i n t r u d e d i n t o I n d i a n t e r r i t o r y i n 1 9 6 3 -6 4 D efence Review

K a c h c h .2

T h e

C h i n e s e
a g g r e s s i o n
i n t o

I n d i a ' s
n o r t h e r n
a n d

«

I n M a y , B r i t a i n i n f o r m e d I n d i a t h a t d u e t o a c u t e n o r t h e a s t e r n l a n d b o r d e r s i n

1 9 6 2 i n f l i c t e d h u m i l i a t i n g
f i n a n c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s , a n d h a v i n g a l r e a d y e x t e n d e d m i l i t a r y r e v e r s e s .

I t l e d
t o
a c o m
p r e h e n s i v e r e v i e w o f
c r e d i t f o r t h e i n d i g e n o u s L e a n d e r P r o j e c t t o h e l p n a t i o n a l
s e c u r i t y
b a s e d
o n
t h e
p r e m i s e
o f c o n t i n u i n g
c o n s t r u c t f r i g a t e s i n B o m b a y , i t w a s u n a b l e t o e x t e n d h o s t i l i t y f r o m b o t h P a k i s t a n a n d C h i n a .

f u r t h e r c r e d i t f o r a s u b m
a r i n e t o b e b u i l t i n a B r i t i s h

T o e n a b l e t h e A r m y t o c o n c e n t r a t e i t s r e s o u r c e s o n t h e s h i p y a r d .3
l a n d b o r d e r s w i t h P a k i s t a n a n d C h i n a , i t h a n d e d o v e r t o

°

I n J u n e , I n d o n e s i a n n a v a l i n t r u s i o n s i n c r e a s e d i n d i e N a v y t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r : -
t h e N i c o b a r I s l a n d s .4 T h e N a v y r e c o m m e n d e d t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t a n i m m e d i a t e i n c r e a s e i n n a v a l p r e s e n c e

©

G a r r i s o n i n g
a n d
d e f e n c e
o f
t h e

A n d a m a n
a n d

N i c o b a r

( A & N )

I s l a n d s . T h i s w o u l d a l s o c o u n t e r
i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l t o d e t e r s u c h i n t r u s i o n s .

I n d o n e s i a ' s
s u b s t a n t i a l
n a v a l
b u i l d
u p
t h a t
h a d

B r i t a i n ' s i n a b i l i t y t o e x t e n d c r e d i t t o b u i l d a s u b m a r i n e
c o m
m
e n c e d i n 1 9 5 8 w i t h R u s s i a n a s s i s t a n c e .

( a n d i t s i n a b i l i t y , e a r l i e r e x p r e s s e d , t o m
e e t t h e N a v y ' s
o

C o a s t a l D e f e n c e .

r e q u i r e m
e n t s f o r s h i p s ) a n d t h e n e e d f o r i n c r e a s e d n a v a l p r e s e n c e i n t h e A n d a m
a n a n d N i c o b a r ( A & N ) I s l a n d s

T h e 1 9 6 3 R e v i e w r e c o m
m
e n d e d t h a t t h e N a v y s h o u l d
p r e c i p i t a t e d t h e d e c i s i o n t o a c c e p t t h e o f f e r o f s h i p s a n d h a v e a F l e e t i n t h e A r a b i a n S e a a n d i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l w i t h s u b m
a r i n e s t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a d m
a d e i n S e p t e m
b e r
r e q u i s i t e b a s e a n d l o g i s t i c s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s . I t a c c e p t e d t h e 1 9 6 4 .

a c q u i s i t i o n d u r i n g t h e 1 9 6 4 - 6 9 D e f e n c e P l a n o f a d d i t i o n a l s h i p s ,
s u b m
a r i n e s a n d a i r c r a f t . T h e r e q u i r e m
e n t s w e r e

I n S e p t e m
b e r 1 9 6 5 , a n a g r e e m
e n t w a s c o n c l u d e d f o r t h e
p r o j e c t e d t o A m
e r i c a , R u s s i a a n d B r i t a i n . I n 1 9 6 4 , h i g h -
a c q u i s i t i o n f r o m R u s s i a o f f o u r s u b m
a r i n e s , a s u b m
a r i n e
l e v e l

I n t e r

S e r v i c e

D e f e n c e

D e l e g a t i o n s
v i s i t e d
t h e s e
d e p o t
s h i p ,
f i v e

P e t y a
c l a s s
s u b m
a r i n e
c h a s e r s ,
t w o
c o u n t r i e s . O n l y R u s s i a w a s w i l l i n g a n d a b l e t o m e e t t h e

L a n d i n g S h i p s T a n k ( M
e d i u m

) a n d f i v e p a t r o l b o a t s , a l l f o r

N a v y ' s r e q u i r e m
e n t s . A t B r i t a i n ’s b e h e s t ,

I n d i a d e l a y e d
d e p l o y m e n t i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l a n d t h e A & N I s l a n d s .

a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e R u s s i a n o f f e r b e c a u s e , i n t h e s t r a t e g i c B r i t a i n s o u g h t a n d w a s g i v e n a s s u r a n c e s t h a t R u s s i a n c o n t e x t o f t h e C o l d W a r , B r i t a i n d i d n o t w a n t t o c u t o f f i t s n a v a l a s s i s t a n c e w o u l d n o t c o m
p r o m
i s e t h e s e c u r i t y o f
n a v a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h I n d i a .

t h e i r L e a n d e r P r o j e c t . R u s s i a s o u g h t a n d w a s g i v e n s i m i l a r The C h an geover to Russian Naval Acquisitions
a s s u r a n c e s r e g a r d i n g t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e i r n a v a l e q u i p m e n t .

I n 1 9 6 5 , a c o m
b i n a t i o n o f e v e n t s p r e c i p i t a t e d I n d i a ' s

I n t h e c o n t e x t o f C o l d W
a r r e a l p o l i t i k , b o t h B r i t a i n a n d
d e c i s i o n t o a c q u i r e t h e s h i p s a n d s u b m
a r i n e s t h a t R u s s i a

A m
e r i c a w e r e f u l l y a w a r e , a n d h a d r e c o n c i l e d , t h a t t h e i r h a d o f f e r e d i n 1 9 6 4 , t h e a c c e p t a n c e o f w h i c h h a d b e e n r e f u s a l t o m
e e t I n d i a ' s r e q u i r e m
e n t s w o u l d c o m
p e l I n d i a
k e p t p e n d i n g .1
t o t u r n t o R u s s i a . I t t o o k 4 0 y e a r s f o r t h e w h e e l t o t u r n f u l l 1.

The Navy too had been diffident, and reluctant, to sever its connection with Britain's Navy and wanted to await Britain's final response regarding financial assistance for constructing in Britain an Oberon class submarine, identical to those being built for the British Navy. The Oberon design was the latest at that time.

2.

Prima facie, the intrusion was to resolve a border claim. Subsequent revelations in Pakistani memoirs revealed that it was a rehearsal for a more aggressive operation planned for taking over Kashmir in August-September of that year.

3.

Subsequent revelations indicated that a segment of Britain’s Naval hierarchy considered it unwise of India to start a Submarine Arm with an advanced submarine like the Oberon. At another level, there was opposit ion to the release of the latest submarine design technology in view of the defence relationship that had developed between India and the Soviet Union, as a result of the agreement to acquire Russian fighter aircraft and surface to air missiles for the Air Force. In November 1965, after India had signed the naval agreement with the Soviet Union, Admiral Mountbatten was to write “I have been instrumental in gening almost all of the requirements of the Indian Navy met by the British Government, including the two cruisers, the aircraft carrier, the destroyers, the organisations for building the frigates at Bombay etc. I had even managed to get more favourable terms for the construction of a British submarine but alas it all took so long that this particular transaction fell through.”

(quoted in Rear Admiral Sridharan’s Maritime History oflnclia page 429.)

4

Aceh the t urbulent province in the northern tip of Indonesia's island of Sumatra is separated from India's southernmost island of Great Nicobar by a mere 90 miles. This narrow 90-mile gap is a strategic maritime "choke point" where the movement of tankers carrying oil from the Persian Gulf to Japan and China can be disrupted.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 3

war and that we (Pakistanis) were the victims o fth e Indian
c i r c l e w h e n t h e U S a n d I n d i a s i g n e d t h e N e w F r a m e w o r k
aggression. Since the war was based on a big lie and was
f o r t h e U S - I n d i a D e f e n c e R e l a t i o n s h i p i n 2 0 0 5 , s t a t i n g ,
presented to the nation as a great victory, the A rm y cam e to
i n t e r a l i a , t h a t :

believe its own fiction a n d used Ayub as a role m odel and

“Today, we agree on a new Framework that builds on past continued to fight unw arranted wars — the 1971 war and
successes, seizes new opportunities, and charts a course fo r the Kargil fiasco in 1999.

the US-India defence relationship fo r the next ten years. This
defence relationship will support, and will be an element of,

In each o fth e subsequent wars, we have com m itted the
the broader US-India strategic partnership".

sam e mistakes that we com m itted in 1965. A commission
should be constituted to determ ine why we fa iled in all
militaiy adventures."

The Septem ber 1965 Ind o-P akistan W ar5

Operations Gibraltar and Grand Slam

P a k i s t a n ' s p r o p a g a n d a
h a s m
a d e
i t s
p e o p l e
b e l i e v e
t h a t I n d i a p r o v o k e d t h e 1 9 6 5 w a r w h e n t h e I n d i a n A r m y P a k i s t a n l a u n c h e d i t s O
p e r a t i o n G
i b r a l t a r o n 5 th A u g u s t
c r o s s e d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l I n d o - P a k i s t a n b o u n d a r y o n 6 th 1 9 6 5 . S i x t y c o m
p a n i e s o f P a k i s t a n i p e r s o n n e l i n d i s g u i s e ,

S e p t e m b e r 1 9 6 5 a n d a d v a n c e d t o w a r d s L a h o r e . P a k i s t a n a r m
e d w i t h m
o d e r n w
e a p o n s a n d e x p l o s i v e s , i n f i l t r a t e d
t h e r e f o r e c e l e b r a t e s t h e 6t h o f S e p t e m b e r e v e r y y e a r a s a c r o s s t h e c e a s e - f i r e l i n e o v e r a 7 0 0 - k i l o m
e t e r f r o n t f r o m

' D e f e n c e D a y !

K a r g i l t o C h a m
b . T h e i r t a s k w a s t o b l o w
u p b r i d g e s a n d
d i s r u p t m
o v e m
e n t , t o r a i d s u p p l y d u m
p s , t o k i l l V I P s a n d

A i r M a r s h a l N u r K h a n , w h o w a s P a k i s t a n ' s C h i e f o f A i r t o c a u s e a r s o n . O n 5 lh A u g u s t i t s e l f , s o m
e i n f i l t r a t o r s w e r e

S t a f f i n 1 9 6 5 , h a s e x p o s e d t h i s l i e o n t h e 4 0 lh a n n i v e r s a r y o f a p p r e h e n d e d .6 T h e I n d i a n A r m y a n d A i r F o r c e r e a c t e d t h e w a r . H i s a r t i c l e i n P a k i s t a n ' s d a i l y n e w s p a p e r D aw n o f f o r c e f u l l y t o t h e P a k i s t a n i i n t r u s i o n . O
p e r a t i o n G i b r a l t a r

6th S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 5 , s t a t e s :

f i z z l e d o u t .

“The war was the result o f attempts by the Pakistan Army
to push a large num ber o f arm ed militants into Jam m u

W
h e n P a k i s t a n A r m
y H
e a d q u a r t e r s f o u n d t h a t t h e t i d e
w a s t u r n i n g a g a i n s t t h e m

, p r e s s u r e m
o u n t e d t o r e t r i e v e
and Kashmir without even informing the Air Force and the
t h e
s i t u a t i o n
b y
l a u n c h i n g

O
p e r a t i o n

G
r a n d

S l a m

t o

Navy. The coterie o f Generals around President Ayub Khan
c a p t u r e t w o s t r a t e g i c a l l y l o c a t e d I n d i a n t o w
n s , A k h n o o r
had planned Operation Gibraltar fo r self glory rather than
national interest. Rumours about an im pending operation
a n d A m r i t s a r , t h r o u g h w h i c h e s s e n t i a l s u p p l i e s h a d t o
were rife but the Army had not shared plans with the other t r a n s i t o n t h e i r w a y t o K a s h m i r a n d L a d a k h . H o w e v e r , t h i s
forces.

o p e r a t i o n r e q u i r e d t h e P a k i s t a n A r m
y t o t a k e t h e p e r i l o u s
d e c i s i o n t o c r o s s t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l f r o n t i e r .

General Ayub was told on the second day o fth e war by
the Army Chief, General Musa Khan, that the Army had

O n 1st S e p t e m b e r , a c o l u m n o f s e v e n t y P a k i s t a n i t a n k s
even run out o f ammunition. That was the extent o f the a n d t w o b r i g a d e s o f P a k i s t a n i t r o o p s d r o v e t o w a r d s
preparation o f the Army. The information shocked General A k h n o o r B r i d g e t o d i s r u p t I n d i a ' s s u p p l y l i n e f r o m P u n ja b

Ayub so much that it could have triggered his heart ailment t o K a s h m i r . T h e P a k i s t a n A r m y a c h i e v e d i n i t i a l su rp rise.

which overtook him a couple ofyears later. The Army suffered I n t e n s e a i r b a t d e s t o o k p l a c e o v e r t h e n e x t f e w d a y s .

heavy losses in the war.

B y 5

S e p t e m
b e r , w h e n t h e t a n k c o l u m
n s w
e r e b a r e l y

It was a wrong war and they misled the nation with a

2 0 m i l e s f r o m
t h e c r u c i a l A k h n o o r B r i d g e o v e r t h e R i v e r
big he that India, rather than Pakistan, had provoked the

C h e n a b ,
t h e

P a k i s t a n i
t a n k
c o l u m
n s
w
e r e
h a l t e d
a t

J a u n a n . O n 6 th D e c e m b e r , t h e I n d i a n A r m y c r o s s e d t h e s.

The details of the events leading upto, and the naval
t* o l

7 rium ph — Histnrvnfthe>

\ r

-------------------
humiliation1m s

^ ^ “ 3rshal who vvas Pakistan's Chief of Air Staff

^ i f * *

Nauy 1976~1990. This volume takes note
l e d t t

^

^ r

6 t ™ th " SWarasbriefly ^ P o s Sib r e s o * a t t t

* * *
h° W Pakistan Prov< *ed ‘ his w ar an d suffered
ed to similar humiliatum ,n the 1971 War and again I 1999

^
w L i d ' T C° _relate A e PErSiStence ° f the Pakistani m i n d s e t which

=

~
r

“

1 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

international border in a thrust towards Lahore, Pakistan's

®

B e t w e e n

1 9 6 2
a n d

1 9 6 5 ,
c l o s e
r e l a t i o n s
h a d
largest city.7
d e v e l o p e d b e t w e e n I n d o n e s i a a n d P a k i s t a n .

M r . L K J h a , w a s t h e P r i n c i p a l S e c r e t a i y t o t h e P r i m e

°

P u r s u a n t t o I n d o n e s i a ' s i n t r u s i o n s i n t h e i s l a n d s M
i n i s t e r i n 1 9 6 5 . H e r e c a l l e d :8
i n 1 9 6 4 , t h e b e s t t h e N a v y c o u l d d o w a s t o s h o w a s t r o n g p r e s e n c e i n t h e r e g i o n w i t h w h a t e v e r s h i p s

“When the conflict started in the Jam m u area o f Kashmir
w e r e a v a i l a b l e .

and their tanks cam e into our territoiy where our tanks
could not easily go because the bridges were not strong

°

I n A u g u s t 1 9 6 5 , w h e n P a k i s t a n l a u n c h e d O p e r a t i o n
enough, there was a real dilemma. It was still being thought

G i b r a l t a r , a l l t h e o p e r a t i o n a l s h i p s o f t h e I n d i a n F l e e t
o f as a local battle. But we realised that the terrain where we
w e r e i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

were fighting was one where we were much more vulnerable
o

W
h e n P a k i s t a n ' s i n t r u s i o n s s t a r t e d i n A u g u s t a n d t h e
and communication depended on a couple o f bridges. If

N a v y c o n s i d e r e d b r i n g i n g t h e F l e e t b a c k t o B o m b a y
they were blown up, we just would be completely cut off. And
f r o m t h e e a s t , i t w a s t o l d n o t t o g e t i n v o l v e d .

therefore thought turned to using the plan, which had been
earlier evolved, fo r marching into Lahore. But even then, it

W
h e n
t h e

P a k i s t a n

A r m y c r o s s e d
t h e
i n t e r n a t i o n a l
was a very firm decision that we would not allow things to
b o r d e r o n 1st S e p t e m b e r , t h e F l e e t w a s r e c a l l e d t o B o m b a y .

escalate into a full-scale war. I mean war in the legal sense S h i p s a r r i v e d a w e e k l a t e r i n o n e s a n d t w o s b e c a u s e o f
between India a n d Pakistan.

t h e i r d i s p a r a t e s p e e d s . T h e O f f i c i a l H i s t o r y o f t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y s t a t e s :9

Tire Indian Army crossed the international border at

Wagah on the morning o f 6th December and headed fo r

“On 6th September, the Pakistan Flotilla received the news

Lahore. President Ayub (o f Pakistan) went on the air. It was
that the Indian Army had attacked across the international
a vety, very strong and angiy broadcast. Admiral Soman
border in the Lahore area and ships sailed fo r their pre

(India's naval chief) thought that the opening o f the Lahore assigned war stations.

front m eant that a no-holds-barred situation had come and

“On the afternoon o f 7th September, Pakistan Naval
he, I think, issued a signal that we were at war with Pakistan.

This signal had to be countermanded, because we did not Headquarters directed a task group, comprising the cruiser,
want to go to that stage so soon. But still we realised that the five destroyers and a frigate, to bombard Dwarka the same

Navy had the capability and if the events so necessitated, I night and added that one or two enemy frigates may be
don't think there would have been too long a hesitation to
encountered in the area in addition to enemy air threat. The
use it. But the feeling was strong that if we could contain
task group refueledfrom their tanker and arrived o ff Dwarka
the Pakistani forces and hold them on land, then perhaps it at midnight. Dwarka was blacked out and could only be
would be wiser not to get the Navy involved. I knew that the
identified on radar... After a four-minute bombardment, the

Navy was not happy with this decision because they were
task group withdrew at full speed."

veiy anxious to go into action."

T h e a t t a c k o n D w a r k a o u t r a g e d I n d i a a n d l e f t t h e N a v y I n N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s i n N e w D e l h i , t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s h u m
i l i a t e d 1 0 . T h e r e w e r e q u e s t i o n s i n P a r l i a m
e n t a s t o
q u i t e p r o b l e m
a t i c :

w h e r e t h e N a v y w a s a n d w h a t i t w a s d o i n g . T h e f a c t w a s t h a t t h e s h i p s o f t h e F l e e t h a d j u s t t r i c k l e d i n t o B o m b a y

•

A f t e r t h e C h i n e s e i n v a s i o n i n 1 9 6 2 , t h e A r m y h a d f r o m t h e B a y o f B e n g a l a n d w e r e r e p l e n i s h i n g p r i o r t o h a n d e d o v e r t h e g a r r i s o n i n g a n d d e f e n c e o f t h e s o r t y i n g o u t o n 1 0 th S e p t e m b e r .

A & N i s l a n d s t o t h e N a v y .

7.

India had warned Pakistan on several earlier occasions that if it crossed the international border, it would invite strong retaliation. Available information indicates that whilst India's Army Chief had his plan ready to cross the international border towards Lahore, he had not shared this with either the Naval Chief or the Air Force Chief. The Army Chief was in Srinagar on 1st September and arrived in Delhi at midday. A meeting was held in the Army HQ Operations Room attended by the Prime Minister, the Defence Minister, the Finance Minister, the Chief of Air Staff and others. The Army Chief explained the situation, explained the need to open another front to relieve pressure in the Chamb sector and sought the Prime Minister's permission to start his offensive against Pakistan, which Prime Minister Shastri gave. Since the Air Chief was present at this meeting, he would have initiated action to be ready. To date there is no definite information that the Navy was aware of this decision. The Navy had in any case directed the Fleet to return to Bombay from the Bay of Bengal at best speed.

8.

Blueprint to Bluewater Pages 460 et seq.

9-

The Story o f the Pakistan Navy, pages 216 et seq.

10.

Revenge for this outrage was to manifest itself in the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War in wanting the Indian Fleet to bombard ports on Pakistan's Makran Coast.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 5

B e n g a l a n d t h e A & N I s l a n d s , t h e y h a d s t a r t e d o p e r a t i n g U n t i l t h e c e a s e f i r e o n 2 3 rd S e p t e m b e r , t h e F l e e t p a t r o l l e d f r o m

B o m
b a y
a s
w e l l ,
w
h e r e
d o c k y a r d
f a c i l i t i e s
a n d
o f f t h e n o r t h w e s t c o a s t o f I n d i a . N o c o n t a c t o c c u r r e d w i t h e x p e r i e n c e d p e r s o n n e l w e r e a v a i l a b l e .

a n y u n i t s o f t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y .

T h e m a i n l e s s o n f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y f r o m t h e 1 9 6 5 W
a r

Aircraft for Vikrant
w a s t h a t i t w o u l d h a v e t o g e a r u p t o d e t e r h i t a n d r u n a t t a c k s T h e U S N a v y ' s A 4 S k y h a w k s w
e r e t h e o n l y a i r c r a f t t h a t
a n d b e p r e p a r e d t o d e a l m o r e f i r m l y w i t h f u t u r e P a k i s t a n i c o u l d r e p l a c e t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r ' s a g e i n g B r i t i s h S e a h a w k s a g g r e s s i o n .

w i t h i n t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s o f i t s l a u n c h i n g c a t a p u l t . E f f o r t s t o
a c q u i r e
t h e

A 4 ' s
w e r e
p o l i t i c a l l y
u n s u c c e s s f u l .

T h e

The Russian Acquisitions

N a v y a v a i l e d o f t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o a c q u i r e t h e S e a h a w k s b e i n g d i s p o s e d o f b y t h e

G
e r m
a n

N a v y . T h e s e
a i r c r a f t

R u s s i a n s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s h a d b e e n c o n t r a c t e d f o r a r r i v e d i n

1 9 6 8
a n d w e r e
t o
p r o v e
t h e i r w
o r t h
i n
t h e
i n 1 9 6 5 . T h e y s t a r t e d a r r i v i n g i n I n d i a f r o m 1 9 6 8 o n w a r d s .

1 9 7 1 I n d o - P a k i s t a n w a r .

T h e 1 9 6 0 s t e c h n o l o g y i n t h e s e R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s w a s m o r e a d v a n c e d t h a n t h e 1 9 5 0 s t e c h n o l o g y t h a t h a d e n t e r e d s e n d e e b e t w e e n 1 9 5 8 a n d 1 9 6 1 i n t h e n e w B r i t i s h f r i g a t e s .

The Sealdng A n ti-S u b m a rin e H e l i c o p t e r s

I n 1 9 6 4 , t h e U S h a d l o a n e d t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y i t s f i r s t O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e s e R u s s i a n v e s s e l s a n d
t h e i r
s u b m
a r i n e ,
t h e

U S S

D i a b l o ,
w h i c h
t h e

P a k i s t a n

N a v y
m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t h a d b e e n
d e s i g n e d f o r t h e
r e n a m
e d a s G h a z i . A f t e r t h e 1 9 6 5 W
a r , t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y

R u s s i a n N a v y — f o r c o l d e r t e m
p e r a t u r e s , l e s s c o r r o s i v e
s t a r t e d a c q u i r i n g m
o d e r n F r e n c h D
a p h n e c l a s s s u b m
a r i n e s
s e a s , R u s s i a n d i e t a r y r e q u i r e m e n t s , R u s s i a n n a v a l n o r m s
a r m
e d w i t h l o n g - r a n g e h o m
i n g t o r p e d o e s . T h i s l e f t n o
o f f r e s h w a t e r c o n s u m
p t i o n / c a p a c i t y ,
e t c . T h e n u m
b e r
d o u b t t h a t t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y i n t e n d e d t o c o n c e n t r a t e i t s o f b u n k s w e r e a d e q u a t e f o r R u s s i a n
o f f i c e r a n d s a i l o r
b r a n c h e s a n d s p e c i a l i s a t i o n s . T h e m
a i n t e n a n c e , r e f i t a n d
o f f e n s i v e p o t e n t i a l i n s u b m
a r i n e s a n d d e p l o y i t s s u r f a c e
l o g i s t i c s p r o c e d u r e s c o n f o r m
e d t o p r a c t i c e s i n t h e S o v i e t
f l o t i l l a d e f e n s i v e l y .

U n i o n a n d s o o n . T h e r e w a s l i t t l e i n c o m
m
o n w i t h w h a t

A t
t h i s
t i m
e ,
t h e

U S

N a v y
w
a s
d e v e l o p i n g
p r e v a i l e d i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y .

a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
h e l i c o p t e r s
e q u i p p e d
w i t h

' d u n k i n g '

A l m o s t a s s o o n
a s t h e
s h i p s
a n d
s u b m a r i n e s w e r e
s o n a r t h a t c o u l d b e l o w e r e d i n t o t h e s e a w
h i l e h o v e r i n g
c o m m i s s i o n e d i n R u s s i a , t h e I n d i a n s i d e s t a r t e d s u g g e s t i n g a n d a r m
e d w i t h a n a i r d r o p p e d , a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e h o m
i n g
m o d i f i c a t i o n s . I n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e N a v i e s a n d w i t h t o r p e d o .11 T h i s
i n n o v a t i v e
c o m
b i n a t i o n
o v e r c a m
e
t h e
t h e d e s i g n e r s a n d s h i p y a r d s i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n e n a b l e d h a z a r d s t h a t a s u r f a c e w a r s h i p f a c e s w
h e n c o m
b a t i n g a
s o m e m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o b e i n c o r p o r a t e d b e f o r e d e l i v e r y o f s u b m
a r i n e . F i r s t l y , b e i n g a i r b o r n e , t h e h e l i c o p t e r c o u l d n o t s u c c e s s i v e v e s s e l s . T h i s p o s i t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n r e s u l t e d i n t h e b e h i t b y a t o r p e d o f i r e d b y a s u b m
a r i n e . S e c o n d l y , h a v i n g

N a v y p l a c i n g o r d e r s i n 1 9 6 9 f o r e i g h t m i s s i l e b o a t s a n d i n a s o n a r d e v i c e , w h o s e d e p t h u n d e r t h e s u r f a c e c o u l d b e e n d 1 9 7 1 f o r f i v e m
o r e P e t y a c l a s s s u b m a r i n e c h a s e r s a n d
r a i s e d a n d l o w e r e d t o o b t a i n m
a x i m
u m
d e t e c t i o n r a n g e ,
f o u r m o r e s u b m a r i n e s .

w o u l d d e p r i v e a s u b m
a r i n e o f i t s a b i l i t y t o e v a d e d e t e c t i o n
b y l u r k i n g b e l o w t h e t e m
p e r a t u r e l a y e r s o f t h e s e a . T h i r d l y ,

B y 1 9 7 1 , f o u r s u b m
a r i n e s , a s u b m a r i n e d e p o t s h i p , a
b e i n g a r m
e d w i t h a h o m
i n g t o r p e d o , t h e h e l i c o p t e r p o s e d
s u b m a r i n e r e s c u e v e s s e l , t w o l a n d i n g s h i p s , f i v e s u b m a r i n e
a t h r e a t l e t h a l e n o u g h t o d e t e r a s u b m
a r i n e f r o m
p r e s s i n g
c h a s e r s a n d f i v e p a t r o l b o a t s h a d a r r i v e d a n d w e r e b a s e d h o m
e i t s a t t a c k .

i n V i s a k h a p a t n a m ( V i z a g ) . T o s u p p o r t t h e s e a c q u i s i t i o n s , w o r k c o m
m
e n c e d i n V i z a g o n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e w

I n 1 9 6 9 , a p p r o v a l w a s a c c o r d e d f o r t h e N a v y t o a c q u i t d o c k y a r d ,
h a v i n g f a c i l i t i e s
f o r
s u p p o r t i n g
s u b m a r i n e s ,
f r o m B r i t a i n s i x S e a k i n g s a n d t h e i r h o m
i n g t o r p e d o e s . I n
p r e p a r i n g t h e i r w e a p o n s a n d f o r t r a i n i n g t h e c r e w s i n 1 9 7 0 , a n o r d e r w a s p l a c e d f o r t h e i r d e l i v e r y i n 1 9 7 1 . T h e a l l
t h e
e q i p m e n t
o n
b o a r d
t h e

R u s s i a n
a c q u i s i t i o n s .

S e a k i n g s a r r i v e d a f e w m
o n t h s b e f o r e t h e I n d o - P a k i s t a n

T h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
o f n e w w o r k s h o p s w a s
c o n s i d e r a b l y

W
a r b r o k e o u t i n D
e c e m
b e r 1 9 7 1 .

d e l a y e d , h o w e v e r , b y t h e s i n k i n g o f t h e i r f l o o r s d u e t o t h e i n a b i l i t y o f t h e l o c a l m a r s h y s o i l t o b e a r t h e i r h e a v y The A dvent o f A nti-Ship M issiles
w e i g h t . T h e s e d e l a y s i n s e t t i n g u p m
a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e f i t

A f t e r t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y ' s b o m
b a r d m
e n t o f D w a r k a i n
f a c i l i t i e s s e r i o u s l y a f f e c t e d t h e o p e r a t i o n a l s t a t e o f R u s s i a n t h e 1 9 6 5 W
a r , t h e N a v y d e l i b e r a t e d o n m
e a s u r e s f o r t h e
e q u i p m e n t . T h o u g h t h e y h a d b e e n a c q u i r e d f o r t h e B a y o f d e f e n c e o f t h e K a c h c h a n d t h e S a u r a s h t r a c o a s t a g a i n s t 11.

Britain was developing equivalent Seaking hdk^pters fo T i^ N ^ T

16 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

a n y r e p e a t o f P a k i s t a n i n a v a l h i t a n d r u n r a i d s .

s h a r p
c a m p a i g n
o f t h i r t e e n
d a y s .12 T h e n e w n a t i o n o f

B a n g l a d e s h c a m
e i n t o b e i n g .

I n 1 9 6 8 , t h e N a v y o b t a i n e d a p p r o v a l t o a c q u i r e m i s s i l e b o a t s f r o m R u s s i a . I n 1 9 6 9 , a n a g r e e m
e n t w a s c o n c l u d e d

P erception s from Declassified A m erican Foreign
w i t h R u s s i a f o r t h e s u p p l y o f e i g h t m i s s i l e b o a t s . T h e s e b o a t s w e r e s e a l i f t e d t o C a l c u t t a b y 1 9 7 1 f r o m w h e r e t h e y w e r e Policy D ocum ents
t o w e d t o B o m b a y , w h e r e t h e i r i n f r a s t r u c t u r e w a s s e t u p .

I n

2 0 0 5 ,
t h e

U S

D e p a r t m
e n t
o f

S t a t e
d e c l a s s i f i e d
d o c u m
e n t s
r e l a t i n g
t o

U S
p o l i c y
d u r i n g
t h e

1 9 7 1

H i e 1971 W ar

I n d o - P a k i s t a n W a r . T h e
p e r c e p t i o n s t h a t
e m
e r g e
f r o m
t h e s e d o c u m
e n t s h e l p t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e a c t i o n s o f t h e

D u r i n g t h e m
o n t h s p r e c e d i n g t h e o u t b r e a k o f w a r i n
p o w e r s i n v o l v e d .

D
e c e m
b e r 1 9 7 1 , a t t e n t i o n f o c u s s e d o n t w o a s p e c t s :

T h e N i x o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a d r e c o n c i l e d i t s e l f t o t h e g

T l i e w o r k i n g t h r o u g h o f t h e i n n o v a t i v e c o n c e p t o f e m
e r g e n c e o f B a n g l a d e s h b u t w a s a p p r e h e n s i v e t h a t a f t e r F l e e t s h i p s t o w i n g t h e t i n y , l i m i t e d r a n g e b u t f a s t a n d d e f e a t i n g P a k i s t a n i f o r c e s i n t h e e a s t , I n d i a w fo u l d t u r n i t s p o w e r f u l R u s s i a n m i s s i l e b o a t s i n t o t h e A r a b i a n S e a a t t e n t i o n t o d e f e a t i n g t h e P a k i s t a n i A r m y i n t h e w e s t . I t f r o m w h e r e t h e y c o u l d b e d e t a c h e d , u n d e r e s c o r t , t o t h e r e f o r e s o u g h t a s s u r a n c e s t h a t t h i s s h o u l d n o t h a p p e n . I t c a r r y o u t a m i s s i l e a t t a c k a n d t o b e t a k e n b a c k i n t o w w a s r e l u c t a n t t o b e l i e v e t h e c a t e g o r i c a s s u r a n c e s c o n v e y e d a f t e r t h e a t t a c k .

b y I n d i a t h r o u g h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h r o u g h t h e I n d i a n a m
b a s s a d o r t h a t I n d i a ‘ w o u l d n o t s e i z e W
e s t P a k i s t a n

°

T o
m
a x i m
i s e
t h e
e f f e c t i v e n e s s ,
i n
t r o p i c a l
t e r r i t o r y !

h y d r o l o g i c a l
c o n d i t i o n s ,
o f
t h e
n e w

S e a k i n g
h e l i c o p t e r s
a g a i n s t

P a k i s t a n ' s
n e w l y - a c q u i r e d

A s r e g a r d s t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e U S f e l t t h a t i t w a s b e t t e r D a p h n e c l a s s s u b m
a r i n e s .

t h a t a c e a s e f i r e w a s a c h i e v e d t h r o u g h t h e g o o d o f f i c e s o f b o t h t h e s u p e r p o w e r s ' i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f w o r l d p e a c e ' r a t h e r T h e m i s s i l e b o a t i n n o v a t i o n w a s s u c c e s s f u l . T l i e t i m e t h a n t h r o u g h t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s ' r e s o l u t i o n s w h i c h w e r e w a s t o o s h o r t f o r t h e S e a k i n g s t o b e e x p l o i t e d t o t h e i r f u l l t a l d n g t o o l o n g t o o b t a i n c o n s e n s u s . W
h i l s t b o t h a g r e e d
p o t e n t i a l .

o n a q u i c k c e a s e f i r e , t h e U S f e l t t h a t t h e S o v i e t U n i o n w a s T h e r e
w a s
a
m
a r k e d
c o n t r a s t
b e t w e e n
t h e
t y p e
o f
d r a g g i n g i t s f e e t i n n o t p u s h i n g I n d i a h a r d e n o u g h s o t h a t o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l ( E a s t e r n N a v a l C o m m
a n d )

I n d i a n f o r c e s g o t m
o r e t i m e t o c o n c l u d e o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e
a n d t h o s e i n t h e A r a b i a n S e a ( W
e s t e r n N a v a l C o m
m
a n d )

e a s t . T h e U S p e r c e i v e d I n d i a a s w a n t i n g t o ' c a n n i b a l i s e '

d u r i n g t h e w a r .

P a k i s t a n b y f i r s t a t t a c k i n g E a s t P a k i s t a n a n d t h e n w a n t i n g t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s ( U N ) t o p o l i t i c a l l y r a t i f y t h e a g g r e s s i o n The Bay of Bengal
b y a c c e p t i n g t h a t E a s t P a k i s t a n h a d b e c o m
e t h e n e w s t a t e
o f B a n g l a d e s h .

I n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l , t h e r e w a s n o s u r f a c e t h r e a t . A t t h e v e r y b e g i n n i n g o f t h e w a r , t h e s u b m
a r i n e t h r e a t v a n i s h e d

F o r t h e U S ,
t h e
c r u m b l i n g
o f i t s
a l l y P a k i s t a n w a s
a f t e r t h e U S - l o a n e d , P a k i s t a n s u b m
a r i n e , G h a z i , e x p l o d e d
u n d e s i r a b l e f o r t w o r e a s o n s . T h e P a k i s t a n P r e s i d e n t w a s a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o V i s a k h a p a t n a m
h a r b o u r w h i l s t l a y i n g
f a c i l i t a t i n g u r g e n t s e c r e t a r r a n g e m
e n t s f o r t h e A m
e r i c a n
m
i n e s . T h e r e w a s n o a i r t h r e a t a f t e r I n d i a n A i r F o r c e a t t a c k s P r e s i d e n t t o v i s i t C h i n a a n d s e e k i t s h e l p t o o b t a i n a f a c e -
g r o u n d e d a l l a d v e r s a r y a i r c r a f t i n E a s t P a k i s t a n .

s a v i n g e x i t f r o m t h e u n p o p u l a r U S i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e V i e t n a m W a r . S e c o n d l y , o t h e r a l l i e s o f t h e U S w o u l d l o s e C a r r i e r b o r n e
a i r c r a f t c o n c e n t r a t e d o n
i m m o b i l i s i n g
f a i t h i n t l i e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e U S a s a n a l l y i f t h e U S a l l o w e d P a k i s t a n i v e s s e l s a n d c r a t e r i n g a l l a i r s t r i p s , w h i c h P a k i s t a n i P a k i s t a n t o d i s i n t e g r a t e .

t r o o p s i n E a s t P a k i s t a n m
i g h t u s e t o e s c a p e c a p t u r e . N a v a l
a i r c r a f t a v o i d e d a t t a c k i n g n e u t r a l m
e r c h a n t s h i p p i n g a t

A s a d r a m
a t i c ' g e s t u r e o f s u p p o r t ' f o r P a k i s t a n , a U S
s e a . S h i p s o f t h e E a s t e r n F l e e t e n f o r c e d c o n t r a b a n d c o n t r o l N a v y m i s s i l e e q u i p p e d t a s k f o r c e , h e a d e d b y t h e n u c l e a r -
u n t i l t a s k e d w i t h a n a m
p h i b i o u s l a n d i n g t o c u t o f f t h e l a n d
p o w e r e d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r E n t e r p r i s e , w a s d e s p a t c h e d t o t l i e e s c a p e r o u t e s i n t o B u r m
a .

I n d i a n O c e a n , o s t e n s i b l y t o e v a c u a t e A m
e r i c a n c i t i z e n s
f r o m E a s t P a k i s t a n , b u t m
o r e a s a m
o v e t o ' w o r r y ' I n d i a .

Pakistan's forces in the east surrendered after a shoit

. .__nQ,,nrf nn thp 1971 War mentions that when Pakistan President Yahya Khan asked US President

.

Pakistan's Hamoodur Rahman ommibSi
be for him t0 accept Israeli skyhawk fighter bombers. Desperate for any help,

Nixon for assistance, he was told that the quickest w<i>
nrri w

President Yahya Khan accepted the offer, but the war ended before these aircraft could

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 7

R u s s i a , a s a c o u n t e r - g e s t u r e o f s u p p o r t f o r I n d i a , s a i l e d a A f t e r s h a k i n g o f f t h e s n o o p e r , t h e F l e e t r e g r o u p e d m i s s i l e e q u i p p e d N a v a l t a s k f o r c e f r o m V l a d i v o s t o k t o t r a i l d e t a c h e d t h r e e t a s k u n i t s , o n e t o c a r r y o u t a m i s s i l e a t f 3 ^

o n

P a k i s t a n n a v a l
u n i t s
o f f K a r a c h i
a n d
t h e
o t h e r s
t h e E n t e r p r i s e t a s k f o r c e i n t o t h e I n d i a n O c e a n .13

—
vomers

1 - i n m h a r H n n r t c n n P p l f i c t n n ' c IW f c iIr v c in

~ — *. 1 .

^
bombard ports on Pakistan's Makran coast on the nieht

I n t h e e v e n t , A m e r i c a n c i t i z e n s w e r e e v a c u a t e d b y a i r 6/7,h December. On the afternoon of 6th December, N °i
t o I n d i a w e l l b e f o r e t h e E n t e r p r i s e t a s k f o r c e a r r i v e d i n Headquarters intervened to cancel these attacks.14 *

9
t h e B a y o f B e n g a l . I h e N i x o n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w a s a w a r e Unknown to the Indian side,
o f t h e i m p e n d i n g s u r r e n d e r o f t h e P a k i s t a n i f o r c e s i n h o w e v e r ,
the Pakista

Flotilla had prudently withdrawn into

E a s t P a k i s t a n . T h e E n t e r p r i s e t a s k f o r c e a l t e r e d c o u r s e K
a r a c h i harbour, to
avoid being damaged by missiles
t o w a r d s a h o l d i n g a r e a s o u t h o f S r i L a n k a w h e r e i t w a s a g a i n s t w
h i c h they had
no defence.

t r a i l e d b y t h e S o v i e t n a v a l t a s k f o r c e . D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , S o v i e t N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s , i n a s y m b o l i c g e s t u r e , o r d e r e d The Indian Fleet planned its next a t t a c k f o r night 8/9,h

S o v i e t s u b m a r i n e s a l r e a d y a s s e m b l e d i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e December — a missile boat attack on K a r a c h i and a gun

E n t e r p r i s e t a s k f o r c e t o s i m u l t a n e o u s l y s u r f a c e t o l e t a U S
bombardment of Jiwani on the M a k r a n c o a s t to divert

S a t e l l i t e p a s s i n g o v e r h e a d t a k e a p h o t o g r a p h a n d l e t i t b e attention from the missile boat group. I h e bombardment
k n o w n t h a t t h e R u s s i a n s w e r e t h e r e . A f e w w e e k s l a t e r , group, under the cruiser Mysore, apprehended Pakistani
b o t h t a s k f o r c e s d i s p e r s e d .

merchant ship Madhumati, south of Jiwani, after she had
transmitted an SOS to Karachi. After Madhumati had been

The Arabian Sea
boarded and apprehended, FOCWEF called off the gun

I n
t h e

A r a b i a n

S e a ,
t h e
o p e r a t i o n a l
s i t u a t i o n
w a s
bombardment of Jiwani as he considered the merchant
d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h a t i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l . T h e s u b m a r i n e , ship s SOS to Karachi a sufficient distraction for the missile
s u r f a c e a n d a i r t h r e a t s w e r e h i g h e r .

attack group racing towards Karachi.

T h e f i r s t m i s s i l e b o a t a t t a c k o n K a r a c h i , l a u n c h e d a l o n g Once again, the missile attack achieved surprise. One
t h e c o a s t , w a s a s u c c e s s -
i t s a n k a P a k i s t a n i d e s t r o y e r
missile set Karachi's fuel storage tanks aflame and another
a n d a c o a s t a l m i n e s w e e p e r . I n N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s a n d hit Dacca, the Pakistan Navy's tanker, at the anchorage.15

H e a d q u a r t e r s W
e s t e r n N a v a l C o m m a n d , h o w e v e r , t h e r e

These two missile attacks on Karachi resulted in
w a s r e s t l e s s n e s s a t t h e W
e s t e r n F l e e t ' s d i v e r s i o n s o u t h w a r d
international shipping seeking assurance from the
t o s h a k e o f f P a k i s t a n i r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a i r c r a f t b e c a u s e t h i s Government of India for safe passage out of Karachi. For
d i v e r s i o n d e l a y e d t h e s e c o n d m i s s i l e b o a t a t t a c k t h a t w a s all practical purposes, the Western Fleet controlled the sea
t o b e l a u n c h e d b y t h e F l e e t f r o m s e a w a r d .

approaches to Karachi.

13.

M r ' A n a t ^
i D o b r y n i n

T ~ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------

"On December 10, Nixon asked us to join him in a joint a m e a l f
mem0>IS ln Confidence, he states: (Pages 236 et seq)

India, Nixon m ade an extraordinary disclosure to the Soviet '‘■ ad e^ h T ^

C?aSefire' In a clear attem pt to pressure both th e Soviet Union and
profoco/ m the agreement between the United States and Pakistan (d r a ft rf

T * * ™nfidence’ he h a d Kissinger inform us th a t th ere w as a secret

Khan, by the US am bassador on 5 November 1962) saying that the i f e l
administration an d h a n d e d to then President, Ayub

“To build American pressure, Kissinger told Yuli Vn
government would support Pakistan against In dian aggression.

? o Z ? Z u d UaZ ha/ already been 0rdered ,0 ^ r lT r e p a r a tto m h r t s M d 'a ffa " S ? urinZ "V a b ™nce in M oscow fo r consultations, that the

--- ,
ui&ucapu

Fleet were sent northward.

............................- —

' *>pvnse, a num ber o f warships fr o m the Soviet Indian Ocean

K

" iss

Kis in
si ge
ng r
erm
ade it c
it lear to us
to us t
hat tho
the United e

S _
t _
m __
d e f e a t i n

™

T

™

S e c t i o n ° / ^ e I n d i a - P a k i s t a n f r o n t w h i c h , W a s h i n g t o n the West. (In the East the White ^Hn IndJ * ’ and thusPredpitate through a humiUaUnTdlf Ga,ndhi w asPlan™ng to attack the Pakistan he

Vorontsov to assure Mn*
u USe

10 acceP‘ that ‘he war was o? rnnH
defeat, the disintegration o f w hat rem ain ed o f Pakistan u
simultaneouMy pronosed rer
t WW“ HŮSe was » « ™ £ Z u h B° L

I ^

M paH °fhls ~ u v e r , Kissinger then asked
eously proposed referring the matter to the United N a tZ s "

BeiJ mS over the conflict, even though Pakistan w as close to China. He

14.

That very morning a Pakistan Air Force aircraft hari

■ ,

KarachUhlt'n^ht5'3'6 ° f alertness off Karachi signified by thj I fncWem w m a n te d a ^

1118316 “ Patr° ‘ ° ff K arachi- India’s c h ie f of Naval S

15.

16.

h J d

'

6 p- ne exchange of signals w ere D /F'd.

18

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

I n t h e m e a n t i m e , N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s h a d o n 7,h D e c e m b e r , T h e
s e c o n d
c o n c l u s i o n
w a s
t h a t
d e f e n c e
a g a i n s t
a
p r o d d e d F O C I N C W E S T t o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h e P a k i s t a n i m
o d e r n c o n v e n t i o n a l d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c s u b m
a r i n e r e q u i r e d
s u b m
a r i n e t h a t h a d b e e n r e l i a b l y D / F ' d o f f B o m b a y .16
a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e c a p a b i l i t y :

O n 8 th D e c e m b e r , t w o f r i g a t e s , K h u k r i a n d K i r p a n , s a i l e d o

I n t h e a i r — M R A S W a i r c r a f t a n d a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
f r o m

B o m
b a y t o

' f l u s h ' t h i s s u b m
a r i n e a w a y f r o m t h e
h e l i c o p t e r s
w i t h
b e t t e r
s o n o b u o y s
a n d
h o m
i n g

S a u r a s h t r a c o a s t w h e r e s h i p s w e r e a s s e m b l i n g f o r t h e n e x t t o r p e d o e s .

m i s s i l e a t t a c k o n K a r a c h i .

°

I n s h i p s — I m p r o v i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f e x i s t i n g O n t h e e v e n i n g o f 9 th D e c e m b e r , t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y ' s s o n a r s ,
f i t t i n g b e t t e r s o n a r s
a n d
a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
n e w F r e n c h - b u i l t s u b m
a r i n e H a n g o r t o r p e d o e d a n d s a n k
w e a p o n s i n n e w s h i p s a n d i m p r o v i n g t h e p r e d i c t i o n t h e f r i g a t e K h u k r i .17
o f h y d r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s .

A s u s t a i n e d a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e o p e r a t i o n o v e r t h e n e x t f o u r

«

U n d e r
t h e
s e a

—

A c q u i r i n g

H u n t e r - K i l l e r

( S S K )

d a y s w a s u n a b l e t o p r e v e n t t h e H a n g o r ' s e s c a p e a n d r e t u r n s u b m a r i n e s .

t o i t s b a s e i n K a r a c h i .

The D efence Reviews after the 1971 W ar

O n t h e e v e n i n g o f 1 0 ,h D e c e m
b e r , a s h o r e b a s e d A l i z e
a i r c r a f t w a s s e n t t o p r o b e s u s p i c i o u s a c t i v i t y r e p o r t e d A f t e r t h e

1 9 7 1

W a r ,
t h e r e w e r e
t w o
m
a j o r

D e f e n c e
n e a r t h e I n d o - P a k i s t a n n a v a l b o r d e r o f f J a k h a u . I t e n d e d R e v i e w C o m
m
i t t e e s i n 1 9 7 3 a n d 1 9 7 5 .

i n a
f a t a l c h a n c e e n c o u n t e r . T h e A l i z e f e l l p r e y t o a T h e
f i r s t

C o m m i t t e e ,
i n

1 9 7 3 ,
e x a m
i n e d
t h e

S i d e w i n d e r m i s s i l e f i r e d b y a h o m
e w a r d - b o u n d P a k i s t a n i
i m m e d i a t e
r e q u i r e m
e n t s
o f t h e
t h r e e
s e r v i c e s
b a s e d
f i g h t e r a i r c r a f t .

o n
a
r e a s s e s s m
e n t
o f
t h e
t h r e a t
a n d
d o v e t a i l e d
i t s

A s s o o n a s t h e P a k i s t a n f o r c e s i n t h e e a s t s u r r e n d e r e d r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s
w i t h
t h e
f i n a n c i a l
r e s o u r c e s
l i k e l y
o n

1 6 th D e c e m
b e r ,

I n d i a u n i l a t e r a l l y o f f e r e d P a k i s t a n a
t o b e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e 5 th F i v e Y e a r P l a n 1 9 7 4 - 7 9 . H o w e v e r , c e a s e f i r e i n t h e w e s t . P a k i s t a n a c c e p t e d t h e o f f e r a n d t h e t h e A r a b - I s r a e l w a r t h a t e r u p t e d i n O c t o b e r 1 9 7 3 l e d t o w a r e n d e d o n 1 7 lh D e c e m
b e r .

s h a r p i n c r e a s e i n t h e p r i c e o f o i l . T h i s u n a v o i d a b l e i n c r e a s e i n t h e o u t f l o w o f f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e s e r i o u s l y d i s l o c a t e d T h e l e s s o n s l e a r n t i n t h e 1 9 7 1 W
a r w e r e i n v a l u a b l e . T w o
n a t i o n a l b u d g e t i n g a n d d e c e l e r a t e d d e f e n c e p r o j e c t s .

b a s i c c o n c l u s i o n s s h a p e d t h e N a v y ' s p l a n n i n g f o r i t s f u t u r e w a r s h i p s .

T h e

N a v y ,
n e v e r t h e l e s s ,
c o n t i n u e d
i t s
o n g o i n g
d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h R u s s i a s o t h a t w h e n t i m e s b e c a m e b e t t e r ,

T h e
f i r s t
c o n c l u s i o n
w a s
t h a t
l a r g e - c a l i b r e
g u n
i d e a s w o u l d b e c l e a r e r a b o u t t h e n e x t s e r i e s o f R u s s i a n e n g a g e m
e n t s b e t w e e n w a r s h i p s w e r e n o l o n g e r l i k e l y . A n t i a c q u i s i t i o n s .

s h i p m i s s i l e s w o u l d d o m
i n a t e f u t u r e s u r f a c e w a r f a r e . T h i s
l e d t o t h e d e c i s i o n t h a t f u t u r e s h i p s s h o u l d b e e q u i p p e d T h e
d e b i l i t a t i n g
i m
p a c t
o f
s p i r a l i n g
i n f l a t i o n
i n
w i t h s u r f a c e - t o - s u r f a c e m i s s i l e s a n d h i g h r a t e o f f i r e s m a l l 1 9 7 4 m
a d e i t n e c e s s a r y t o
a p p o i n t a n o t h e r h i g h l e v e l
c a l i b e r g u n s a n d e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e s y s t e m s f o r d e f e n c e C o m
m
i t t e e t o e x a m
i n e t h e

1 9 7 4 - 7 9 D e f e n c e P l a n , t h e
a g a i n s t i n c o m
i n g a n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e s .

i m p l e m
e n t a t i o n o f t h e 1 9 7 3 C o m
m
i t t e e R e p o r t a n d v i e w
t h e p r o b l e m o f D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g i n t h e w i d e r p e r s p e c t i v e T o s t a r t w i t h , a s q u a d r o n o f e i g h t l o n g r a n g e m i s s i l e o f t h e n a t i o n a l e c o n o m
y . T h e r e w a s a n e e d t o r e v i e w
b o a t s w e r e a c q u i r e d f r o m R u s s i a . T h e n e x t s t e p w a s t o g r a f t d e f e n c e n e e d s i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e l a t e s t w
e a p o n s y s t e m
s t h a t
a c o m
p l e t e R u s s i a n m i s s i l e b o a t s y s t e m
o n t o t h e B r i t i s h
h a d b e e n f i e l d e d i n t h e A r a b - I s r a e l W
a r a n d t h e n e e d t o
f r i g a t e T a l w a r a n d i n t o a m i s s i l e c o a s t b a t t e r y a t B o m b a y .

i m p r o v e f i g h t i n g c a p a c i t y a s c o s t e f f e c t i v e l y a s p o s s i b l e .

F r o m

1 9 7 6 o n w a r d s , a l l t h e n e w s h i p s l i k e t h e 8 0 0 -

T h e N a v y b r o u g h t t o t h e n o t i c e o f t h e C o m
m
i t t e e t h a t
t o n o c e a n g o i n g D u r g c l a s s r o c k e t b o a t s , t h e R a j p u t c l a s s a f t e r t h e 1 9 7 1 W
a r , t h e P a k i s t a n N a v y h a d a c q u i r e d f r i g a t e s
d e s t r o y e r s , t h e G o d a v a r i c l a s s f r i g a t e s , t h e K h u k r i c l a s s f r o m B r i t a i n , m i s s i l e b o a t s , t o r p e d o b o a t s a n d p a t r o l c r a f t c o r v e t t e s , a n d t h e i r s u c c e s s o r s , w e r e e q u i p p e d w i t h a n t i f r o m C h i n a
a n d
s u b m
a r i n e s
a n d A t l a n t i q u e
m
a r i t i m
e
s h i p m i s s i l e s , r a p i d f i r e g u n s a n d a c t i v e / p a s s i v e m e a n s
r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a i r c r a f t f r o m F r a n c e . I n a d d i t i o n , A m e r i c a
o f e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e a s a n t i - m
i s s i l e d e f e n c e s y s t e m s . I n
h a d l i f t e d i t s a r m
s e m
b a r g o o n P a k i s t a n i n A p r i l 1 9 7 5 .

d u e c o u r s e , t h e n e w i m
p r o v e d S e a k i n g s a n d t h e n e w S e a

Harriers w e r e equipped w i t h anti-ship m i s s i l e s .

T a k i n g
n o t e
o f t h i s
d e v e l o p m
e n t
a n d
t h e
n e e d
f o r

17.

This was the first occasion after the 1939-45 World War that a submarine torpedoed and sank a major warship.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

19

C a u v e r y , K r i s h n a a n d T i r .

d e f e n d i n g t h e o f f s h o r e o i l i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n t h e r e c e n t l y d i s c o v e r e d
o i l
f i e l d s
n e a r

B o m b a y ,
t h e

C o m
m
i t t e e
r e c o m
m
e n d e d e n h a n c e d a l l o c a t i o n o f f u n d s t o s u p p o r t

S u b m arin e A cq u isition s a n d Modernisations
c o r e n a v a l p r o j e c t s . T h e G o v e r n m e n t ' s a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e s e b etw een 1976 an d 1990
r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s u n d e r p i n n e d t h e m
a j o r a c q u i s i t i o n s

Acquisitions
a n d m o d e r n i s a t i o n s o f s h i p s , s u b m
a r i n e s a n d a i r c r a f t a f t e r

1 9 7 5 .

•

8 7 7 E I C M ' K i l o 7 c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s f r o m R u s s i a .

•

N u c l e a r - p r o p e l l e d s u b m
a r i n e , C h a k r a , o n l e a s e f o r 3

Ship Acquisitions, M odernisations and
y e a r s ( 1 9 8 8 t o 1 9 9 1 ) .

Conversions betw een 19 7 6 and 1990

•

H D W

2 0 9 / I K L 1 5 0 0 s u b m
a r i n e s f r o m

G e r m
a n y .

Acquisitions From Abroad

Modernisations

•

F r o m

B r i t a i n — S e c o n d - h a n d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r

V i r a a t .

•

F r o m

R u s s i a —

G u i d e d m i s s i l e d e s t r o y e r s ,
o c e a n

•

T h e
i m
p r o v e m
e n t s
e f f e c t e d
i n
t h e

V E L A
c l a s s
g o i n g

8 0 0
t o n
r o c k e t
b o a t s ,
e x t e n d e d
r a n g e
s u b m
a r i n e s
w e r e
r e t r o f i t t e d
i n
t h e
e a r l i e r
m i s s i l e b o a t s , g a s t u r b i n e p r o p e l l e d m i s s i l e b o a t s s u b m
a r i n e s .

( 1 2 4 1 R E s ) , a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e p a t r o l v e s s e l s ( 2 4 1 P E s ) ,
c o a s t a l
m i n e s w e e p e r s

( 2 6 6 6 M

E s ) ,
a n d
i n s h o r e

A ircraft, H e lico p ter A cq u isitio n s an d
m i n e s w e e p e r s .

M o d ern isatio n s

•

F r o m

P o l a n d —

L a n d i n g S h i p s T a n k .

Aircraft Acquisitions

•

F r o m

G e r m
a n y —

F l e e t T a n k e r .

•

F r o m

B r i t a i n

—

S e a H
a r r i e r s t o r e p l a c e t h e S e a h a w k s ,

• - F r o m

K o r e a —

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l s .

a n d I s l a n d e r a i r c r a f t .

Indigenous Construction

•

F r o m

R u s s i a

—

T U

1 4 2 L R M

P a n d I L 3 8 M R A S W
aircraft.

•

3 rd a n d 4 th L e a n d e r f r i g a t e s .

•

F r o m

U S A

—

P i l o t l e s s T a r g e t A i r c r a f t .

•

I m p r o v e d 5 th a n d 6th L e a n d e r f r i g a t e s .

•

I n d i g e n o u s

—

T r a n s f e r f r o m
t h e A i r F o r c e o f S u p e r

•

M
i s s i l e F r i g a t e s o f t h e G o d a v a r i c l a s s .

C o n s t e l l a t i o n M

R a i r c r a f t .

•

M
i s s i l e C o r v e t t e s o f t h e K h u k r i c l a s s .

—

H

J T 1 6 a n d K o r a n J e t T r a i n e r A i r c r a f t .

•

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l s .

Modernisations

•

L a n d i n g

S h i p

T a n k

L a r g e ,

C a d e t T r a i n i n g

S h i p ,

S u r v e y s h i p s , F l e e t T u g , S e a w a r d D e f e n c e B o a t s ,

•

R e f u r b i s h m
e n t o f A l i z e s .

S u r v e y C r a f t , T o r p e d o R e c o v e r y V e s s e l s , L a n d i n g c r a f t .

Helicopter Acquisitions

•

D i v i n g S u p p o r t V e s s e l a s i n t e r i m S u b m a r i n e R e s c u e

•

F r o m

B r i t a i n

—

A S W
a n d C o m
m
a n d o S e a k i n g s .

V e s s e l .

•

F r o m

R u s s i a

—

A S W

K a m
o v s .

Modernisations

•

Indigenous

—

M

A T C H and S A R helicopters.

•

T a l w a r
a n d

T r i s h u l
w e r e
f i t t e d
w i t h

R u s s i a n
m i s s i l e s .

C o n stru ctio n o f M ajo r In d ig e n o u s W arsh ip s

•

V i k r a n t w a s f i t t e d w i t h a s k i j u m p , n e w r a d a r s , A I O

T h e L e a n d e r F r i g a t e P r o j e c t , w
h i c h h a d c o m
m
e n c e d
a n d o t h e r f a c i l i t i e s t o o p e r a t e t h e S e a H a r r i e r a i r c r a f t w i t h t h e c o m
m
i s s i o n i n g o f t h e N i l g i r i o n 2 3 O
c t o b e r 196 6 ,
a n d S e a k i n g h e l i c o p t e r s .

c o m
p l e t e d w i t h t h e c o m
m
i s s i o n i n g o f t h e V i n d h y a g i r i o n

8 J u l y 1 9 8 1 . D u r i n g t h e s e f i f t e e n y e a r s , s i x f r i g a t e s w e r e Conversions
d e l i v e r e d , a n a v e r a g e o f 3 0 m
o n t h s p e r s h i p . B y t h e t i i f l e
o f t h e 6 th L e a n d e r , t h e i n d i g e n o u s c o n t e n t o f b o u g h t o u t

•

T h e
l a t e

1 9 5 0 s - v i n t a g e
a n t i - a i r c r a f t
f r i g a t e s
e q u i p m
e n t h a d r i s e n t o 7 0 %

. T h e 5 t h a n d 6 th s h i p s h a d a n

B r a h m
a p u t r a , B e t w a a n d B e a s w e r e c o n v e r t e d t o
i m
p o r t e d c o n t e n t o f o n l y 2 7 %
a s a g a i n s t 7 0 %
i n t h e c a s e
t h e ' t r a i n i n g r o l e ’ t o r e p l a c e t h e e a r l y 1 9 4 0 s - v i n t a g e o f t h e f i r s t f r i g a t e .

2 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

C o n s i d e r a b l e
c o n f i d e n c e
w a s
g a i n e d
b y t h e

N a v y ' s

•

S y n e r g i s i n g N a v a l R & D .

w e a p o n p l a n n e r s , a r c h i t e c t s a n d s h i p b u i l d e r t e a m s . T h i s l a i d t l i e b a s i s f o r t h e s u c c e s s i n :

•

I n t r o d u c i n g c o m
p u t e r c u l t u r e i n a l l a r e a s o f n a v a l
a c t i v i t y .

*

H y b r i d i s i n g

R u s s i a n ,

E u r o p e a n
a n d
i n d i g e n o u s
s y s t e m
s i n t h e s e r i e s o f i n d i g e n o u s l y b u i l t w a r s h i p s .

R etrospect

»

I n d u c t i o n o f t h e n e w S e a H a r r i e r s , t h e n e w A S W /

I n r e t r o s p e c t , t w o c o m p u l s i o n s h a d a b e a r i n g o n t h e A S V h e l i c o p t e r s , t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r V i r a a t .

N a v y ' s d e v e l o p m e n t . I n m a n y w a y s , t h e y w e r e a b l e s s i n g o

N e w s u b m
a r i n e s a n d c o m
m
e n c e m
e n t o f s u b m a r i n e
i n d i s g u i s e :

c o n s t r u c t i o n i n I n d i a .

•

T h e p r i o r i t y a c c o r d e d t o t h e A r m y a n d A i r F o r c e

*

A n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e s i n s h i p s , a i r c r a f t , h e l i c o p t e r s a n d r e q u i r e m e n t s t o c o u n t e r l a n d w a r d t h r e a t s l i m i t e d c o a s t a l d e f e n c e b a t t e r i e s .

t h e

N a v y
t o
a
s h i p
r e p l a c e m
e n t
p r o g r a m
m
e .

o

I m
p r o v e d
s o n a r
a n d
s o n o b u o y
s y s t e m s ,
a n d

T h e
s l o w e d p a c e
o f r e p l a c e m
e n t
b y
i n d i g e n o u s
a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
w e a p o n s
i n
s h i p s ,
s u b m a r i n e s ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a c q u i s i t i o n f r o m R u s s i a h e l p e d h e l i c o p t e r s , a n d M R A S Y V a n d L R M

P a i r c r a f t .

s u c c e s s i v e i n d u c t i o n s t o b e t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y s u p e r i o r t h a n t h e i r p r e d e c e s s o r s .

o

E v o l v i n g a n d v a l i d a t i n g t a c t i c a l d o c t r i n e s f o r t h e N a v y ' s
u n i q u e
m
i x
o f
w e a p o n s
p l a t f o r m s
a n d

•

T h e s c a r c i t y o f f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e f o r i m
p o r t i n g t h e
w e a p o n s .

l a t e s t t e c h n o l o g i e s c o m p e l l e d t h e N a v y t o i n n o v a t e a n d
i n d i g e n i s e . T h e
a u s t e r i t y t h a t
r e s u l t e d
f r o m

*

C r e a t i o n a n d u p g r a d i n g o f m
a i n t e n a n c e a n d r e f i t
t h e s e c o m p u l s i o n s k e p t t h e N a v y l e a n a n d a g i l e .

f a c i l i t i e s f o r s h i p s , s u b m
a r i n e s a n d a i r c r a f t .

T h e o u t c o m
e o f t h e 1 9 7 1 w a r h a d g i v e n t h e N a v y t r i u m
p h .

«

R e v i t a l i s i n g N a v a l T r a i n i n g .

T h e
r e f o r m s ,
t h e
c o n s o l i d a t i o n
a n d
t h e
s h i p b u i l d i n g
o

B u i l d i n g u p f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e A n d a m a n a n d N i c o b a r a c h i e v e m e n t s
b e t w e e n

1 9 7 6
a n d

1 9 9 0
g a v e
t h e

N a v y

I s l a n d s .

r e g i o n a l e m i n e n c e .

Ships and Subm arines Acquired Betw een 1947 and 1975

M

D L

M
a z a g o n D o c k s L t d , M
u m b a i

G a r d e n R e a c h S h i p b u i l d e r s a n d E n g i n e e r s , C a l c u t t a ( e r s t w h i l e G a r d e n R e a c h W
o r k s h o p ( G R W

) )

G R S E

H S L

H i n d u s t a n S h i p y a r d L t d , V i s a k h a p a t n a m

G S L

G o a S h i p y a r d L t d , G o a

H o o g l y D o c k i n g a n d E n g i n e e r i n g W
o r k s L t d , C a l c u t t a

H D L

Year

Year

Supplier

Acquisition

Standard

Name

Vintage

Ordered

Delivered

Displacement

(Tons)

1 9 4 8

B r i t a i n

—

D E L H I

L i g h t C r u i s e r

7 0 0 0

1 9 4 9

B r i t a i n

R A J P U T

L i g h t D e s t r o y e r

1 7 0 0

R A N J I T

R A N A

1 9 4 9

B r i t a i n

—

[ L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

2200

M A G A R

1 9 5 3

B r i t a i n

1000

G O D A V A R I

E s c o r t D e s t r o y e r

G O M A T I

G A N G A

----- --------

1 9 5 3

I t a l y

S H A K T I

_ _

L i g h t T a n k e r

3 5 0 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 1

ifear

Supplier

Name

Vintage
ifear

Acquisition

Standard

Ordered

Delivered

Displacement

(Tons)

1 9 5 2

1 9 5 4

B i i t a i n

N e w

120

B A S S E I N

I n s h o r e

B I M L I P A T A M

B r i t a i n

N e w

1 9 5 2

1 9 5 6

K A R W A R

C o a s t a l M
i n e s w e e p e r s

3 6 0

C A N N A N O R E

C U D D A L O R E

K A K 3 N A D A

1 9 5 7

B r i t a i n

M

Y S U K b

8 7 0 0

L i g h t C r u i s e r

B r i t a i n

B R A H A M P U T R A

N e w

1 9 5 5

1 9 5 8

A n t i - A i r c r a f t F r i g a t e s

2 2 5 0

1 9 5 8

B E A S

1 9 6 0

B E T W A

B r i t a i n
i

N e w

1 9 5 5

1 9 5 8

2 1 5 0

T A L W A R

S u r f a c e E s c o r t s

1 9 5 9

T R I S H U L

B r i t a i n

1200

K H U K R I

N e w

1 9 5 5

1 9 5 8

A n t i - s u b m a r i n e F r i g a t e s

1 9 5 9

K I R P A N

1 9 5 9

K U T H A R

1 9 5 7

I t a l y

S U B H A D R A

N e w

S e a w a r d

6 3

1 9 5 8

S U V A R N A

D e f e n c e B o a t ( f o r

S H A R A Y U
j C e n t r a l B o a r d o f

S A V I T R I

1 R e v e n u e )

Y u g o s l a v i a

86

S H A R D A

N e w

—

1 9 5 9

S e a w a r d

S U K A N Y A

D e f e n c e B o a t s

—

1 9 5 9

I t a l y

1 R e p a i r a n d S t o r e S h i p

4 6 0 0

D H A R I N I

S e c o n d

H a n d

G R W
a n d

120

1 9 6 0

A I A Y

N e w

S e a w a r d

H D L

A B H A Y

I n d i g e n o u s

1 9 6 1

D e f e n c e B o a t s

1 9 6 2

A K S H A Y

M

K I

B r i t a i n

L i g h t A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r

1 8 0 0 0

V I K R A N T

—

1 9 5 7

1 9 6 1

H i n d u s t a n

1 9 5 4

1 9 6 4

S u r v e y S h i p

2 8 0 0

D A R S H A K

N e w

S h i p y a r d

I n d i g e n o u s

N e w

1 9 6 5

1 9 6 6

R u s s i a

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

7 3 0

G H A R I A L

G U L D A R

( M
e d i u m

)

N e w

1 9 6 5

1 9 6 7

R u s s i a

P a t r o l B o a t s

8 0

P A M B A N

P A N V E L

P A N A J I

P U R I

P U L I C A T

G e r m
a n y

F l e e t T a n k e r

2 2 6 0 0

D E E P A K

N e w

1 9 6 4

1 9 6 7

Inshore Minesweepers

M

D L

1 7 0

B H A T K A L

N e w

1 9 6 1

1 9 6 8

B U L S A R

1 9 7 0

Submarines

1 9 7 5

K A L V A R I

N e w

1 9 6 5

1 9 6 7 - 6 9

R u s s i a

K H A N D E R I

K A R A N J

K U R S U R A

2 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Acquisition

Standard

Marne

Mintage

1fear
ifear

1 Supplier

Displacement

3rdered

Delivered

(Tons)

S u b m a r i n e D e p o t S h i p

5 9 0 0

A M B A
v i e w

L 9 6 5

1 9 6 8

R u s s i a

A n t i - S u b m a r i n e V e s s e l s

1000

K A M O R T A

N e w

1 9 6 5

1 9 6 8 - 6 9

R u s s i a

K A D M A T T

K A T C H A L

K A V A R A T T I

S e a w a r d D e f e n c e B o a t s

1 5 0

A M A R

N e w

1 9 6 3

1 9 6 9

G R W

A J I T

A T U L

N e w

1 9 6 9

1 9 7 1

R u s s i a

M i s s i l e B o a t s

1 8 0

V I N A S H

V I D Y U T

V I J E T A

V E E R

N I R G H A T

N I R B H I K

N A S H A K

N I P A T

R e s e r v e d

1 9 6 9

1 9 7 1

R u s s i a

S u b m a r i n e R e s c u e

8 0 0

N I S T A R

S t o c k

V e s s e l

L e a n d e r C l a s s F r i g a t e

2 9 6 0

N I L G I R I

N e w

1 9 6 6

1 9 7 2

M

D L

1 9 6 8 - 6 9

1 9 7 1

1 9 7 2

R u s s i a

A n t i - S u b m a r i n e V e s s e l s

1000

A R N A L A

R e s e r v e d

A N D R O T H

S t o c k

A N J A D I P

N e w

1 9 6 8

1 9 7 3

G R W

G A J

F l e e t T u g

7 0 0

N e w

1 9 7 1

1 9 7 3 - 7 4

R u s s i a

1000

A N D A M A N

A n t i - S u b m a r i n e V e s s e l s

I m p r o v e d

A M I N I

N e w

1 9 7 1

1 9 7 3 - 7 4

R u s s i a

V E L A

S u b m a r i n e s

1 9 7 5

I m p r o v e d

V A G I R

V A G L I

V A G S H E E R

N e w

1 9 6 8

1 9 7 4

M

D L
h
i m
g
i r
i

L e a n d e r C l a s s F r i g a t e s

2 9 6 0

I m p r o v e d

1 9 7 2

1 9 7 5 - 7 6

P o l a n d

N e w

1120
g
h
o
r p a
d

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

I m p r o v e d
k
e s h
a
r
i

( M
e d i u m )

S H A R D U L

S H A R A B H

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 3

a n d 1 9 9 0

S M p s a n d S u b ^ a r t a - A c ^ ^ ^ i ? !6

2 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

upplier

Acquisition

*Standard

I'lame

1 \Mintage

Y ear

Y ear

S
displacement

C)rdered

Elelivered

Tons)

O c e a n G o i n g T u g

1 6 3 0

M A T A N G A

M e w

1 9 7 3

1 9 8 3

G R S E

R u s s i a

100

M A L W A N

N e w

L 9 8 1

L 9 8 3

I n s h o r e

L 9 8 3

M A N G R O L

M
i n e s w e e p e r s

L 9 8 3

M A H E

1 9 8 4

M U L K I

1 9 8 4

M A G D A L A

1 9 8 4

M A L P E

M

D L

N e w

1 9 7 8

1 9 8 3

3 6 1 0

G O D A V A R I

G o d a v a r i

1 9 8 5

G A N G A

C l a s s F r i g a t e s

1 9 8 8

G O M A T I

G S L

200

M A K A R

N e w

1 9 7 9

1 9 8 4

S u r v e y C r a f t

1 9 8 4

M I T H U N

( S D B H u l l s )

1 9 8 4

M

E E N

1 9 8 4

M E S H

G R S E

210

N e w

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 4

T 5 6

S e a w a r d D e f e n c e B o a t s

1 9 8 5

T 5 7

M K 3 I I

1 9 8 5

T 5 8

1 9 8 5

T 5 9

1 9 8 5

T 6 0

1 9 8 6

T 6 1

A S T R A V A H I N 1

N e w

1 9 8 0

1 9 8 4

H S L

T o r p e d o T r i a l s V e s s e l

1 6 0

P o l a n d

C H E E T A H

N e w

1 9 8 2

1 9 8 4

1 4 1 0

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

1 9 8 5

M A H I S H

( M
e d i u m

)

1 9 8 5
g
u
l d
a
r

1 9 8 6
k
u
m
b h
i r

G e r m
a n y

S H I S H U M A R

N e w

1 9 8 1

1 9 8 6

1 6 5 5

S u b m
a r i n e s ( S S K )

1 9 8 6

S H A N K U S H

N e w

1 9 8 2

1 9 8 6

M

D L

T I R

2 6 5 0

C a d e t T r a i n i n g S h i p

Russia

1 9 8 3

1 9 8 6

S I N D H U G O S H

N e w

2 8 9 0

S u b m
a r i n e s ( E K M

)

1 9 8 7

S I N D H U D H V A J

1 9 8 7

S I N D H U R A J

1 9 8 8

S I N D H U R A T N A

1 9 8 7

1 9 8 8

S I N D H U K E S A R I

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 9

S I N D H U K I R T I

1 9 9 0

S I N D H U V I J A Y

Russia

1 9 8 3

1 9 8 6

N e w

K A R W A R

C o a s t a l M
i n e s w e e p e r s

8 8 0

1 9 8 6

K A K I N A D A

1 9 8 7

C U D D A L O R E

1 9 8 7

C A N N A N O R E

1 9 8 8

K O N K A N

1 9 8 8

K O Z H I K O D E

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 5

Year

S u p p l i e r !

Name

Vintage

Year

Acquisition

Standard

Ordered

Delivered

Displacement

(Tons)

G S L

1 9 8 2

1 9 8 6

N e w

L 3 6

L a n d i n g C r a f t U t i l i t y

5 6 0

1 9 8 6

L 3 7

M K I I I

1 9 8 6

L 3 8

1 9 8 7

L 3 9

R u s s i a

N e w

1 9 8 1

1 9 8 6

R A N V 1 R

5 0 5 5

G u i d e d M i s s i l e

1 9 8 7

R A N V 1 J A Y
u e s t r o y e r b

N e w

1 9 8 1

1 9 8 7

G R S E

M A G A R

5 6 5 5

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

( L a r g e )

S e c o n d

1 9 8 5

1 9 8 7

B r i t a i n

V I R A A T

2 8 5 0 0

A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r

H a n d

R u s s i a

N e w

1 9 8 4

1 9 8 7

V E E R

F a s t M i s s i l e A t t a c k C r a f t

5 0 0

1 9 8 7

N I R B H I K

1 9 8 8

N I P A T

1 9 8 9

N I S H A N K

1 9 8 9

N I R G H A T

1 9 8 8

M

D L

N I R E E K S H A K

S e c o n d

D i v i n g S u p p o r t V e s s e l

2 1 6 0

H a n d

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l

1 8 9 0

S U K A N Y A

N e w

1 9 8 7

1 9 8 9

K o r e a

V e s s e l s

R u s s i a

A n t i - S u b m a r i n e P a t r o l

4 8 5

A B H A Y

N e w

1 9 8 6

1 9 8 9

V e s s e l s

M
i s s i l e A r m e d C o r v e t t e s

1 3 5 0

K H U K R I

N e w

1 9 8 6

1 9 8 9

M

D L

( P r o j e c t 2 5 )

2 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Note

East' — Past, Present and Future

T h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s ' L o o k - E a s t p o l i c y ' w a s i n i t i a t e d i n t o o k t h e i n i t i a t i v e t o h o s t , e v e r y t w o y e a r s , j o i n t n a v a l g e t -
t h e e a r l y 9 0 s j u s t a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e C o l d W a r , f o l l o w i n g t o g e t h e r s c a l l e d " M
i l a n s ” w i t h t h e S o u t h e a s t A s i a n N a v i e s
t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d w a s m
e a n t t o s i g n i f y
i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

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t r u t h i n t h a t a s s e r t i o n , b e c a u s e d u r i n g t h e 1 9 9 0 s a s C h i n a f o r c e s w i t h B r i t i s h h e l p . I t s r a p i d e c o n o m
i c d e v e l o p m e n t a s
m o d e r n i s e d B u r m a ' s p o r t s o n t h e A r a k a n C o a s t , u p g r a d e d a n E a s t A s i a n ' t i g e r ' a n d t h e e x p a n s i o n a n d m o d e r n i s a t i o n i t s n a v a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d s u p p l i e d f r i g a t e s a n d s m a l l e r o f
t h e

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a r m
e d
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t h a t
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m
e n c e d
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n a v a l v e s s e l s , i t w a s n a t u r a l f o r a c o n t i g u o u s p o w e r l i k e I n d i a t h e e a r l y

1 9 9 0 s ,
w a s i n t e r r u p t e d b y t h e

1 9 9 7 f i n a n c i a l
t o f e e l a b i t u n e a s y . I t w a s d i s c o n c e r t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e r e c r i s i s .

E c o n o m
i c
r e c o v e r y
e n a b l e d
r e s u m p t i o n
o f t h i s
w a s a c l e a r q u i d p r o q u o i n t h e s e d e a l i n g s a s e v i d e n c e d b y p r o g r a m
m
e .

B u r m e s e w i l l i n g n e s s t o a l l o w C h i n a t o b u i l d a s u r v e i l l a n c e M
a l a y s i a a n d t h e U S h a v e a c o r d i a l m i l i t a r y r e l a t i o n s h i p .

a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n f a c i l i t y i n C o c o I s l a n d .

U S w a r s h i p s r o u t i n e l y e n j o y a c c e s s t o M
a l a y s i a n a i r f i e l d s

I n a w i d e r c o n t e x t o f ‘ s e c u r i t y ; C h i n a h a s e s t a b l i s h e d a a n d p o r t s . U S N a v y S e a l s c o n d u c t t r a i n i n g t w i c e a y e a r a n d s i g n i f i c a n t p r e s e n c e i n B a n g l a d e s h a n d i n B u r m a , b o t h o f
t h e U S A r m y c o n d u c t s f i e l d e x e r c i s e s w i t h i t s M
a l a y s i a n
w h i c h a r e l o c a t e d o n t h e e a s t e r n s i d e o f t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

c o u n t e r p a r t s . A f t e r 9 / 1 1 ,

M
a l a y s i a h a s e x t e n d e d t o t h e

I n d i a a n d C h i n a m a i n t a i n a r e g u l a r d i a l o g u e t o r e s o l v e t h e U S a l l t h e a s s i s t a n c e i t h a s a s k e d f o r i n t h e w a r a g a i n s t b o u n d a r y p r o b l e m a n d b o t h s e e k t o c o o p e r a t e i n a s m a n y
t e r r o r i s m
a n d a l l U S A i r F o r c e r e q u e s t s f o r f l i g h t s o v e r a r e a s a s p o s s i b l e . Y e t , i t i s n o t c l e a r w h a t C h i n a s e e k s t o M
a l a y s i a n a i r s p a c e a r e r o u t i n e l y a p p r o v e d .

a c h i e v e b y i t s p r e s e n c e i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

S i n g a p o r e . S i n g a p o r e i s a r i c h i s l a n d n a t i o n , 1 5 m i l e s U n t i l t h i s c l a r i f i e s , i t i s p r u d e n t t o h e d g e a g a i n s t t h e w i d e a n d 2 5 m
i l e s l o n g , l o c a t e d a t t h e e a s t e r n e n d o f t h e
l i k e l i h o o d
o f
a n
a s s e r t i v e

C h i n a .

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b e s t
i n s u r a n c e
s t r a t e g i c M
a l a c c a S t r a i t . I t c a n a f f o r d , a n d h a s , s m a l l b u t a g a i n s t C h i n e s e p o w e r l i e s n o t i n f o s t e r i n g o r s u p p o r t i n g v e r y m
o d e r n a r m
e d f o r c e t o m a i n t a i n a t e c h n i c a l e d g e
a n y r e g i o n a l a n t i - C h i n e s e c o a l i t i o n b u t r a t h e r i n I n d i a o v e r i t s m
u c h l a r g e r n e i g h b o u r s —

M
a l a y s i a i n t h e n o r t h
e m e r g i n g a s a s t r o n g a n d i n d e p e n d e n t p o w e r o n C h i n a ' s a n d I n d o n e s i a i n t h e s o u t h —
w i t h w h o m
r e l a t i o n s h a v e
p e r i p h e r y , h a v i n g s t r o n g e c o n o m
i c l i n k a g e s w i t h A S E A N .

h i s t o r i c a l l y b e e n t e n s e .

Towards Enhanced Interaction

S i n g a p o r e h a s a v e r y c l o s e r a p p o r t w i t h t h e U S a n d d e s p i t e t h e a b s e n c e o f a f o r m a l d e f e n c e p a c t , i s v i r t u a l l y Indian Naval Efforts. A s a p a r t o f t h e n a t i o n ' s ' L o o k E a s t
t r e a t e d b y t h e U S a s a n a l l y . S i n c e i t d o e s n o t h a v e a d e q u a t e P o l i c y ; t h e I n d i a n N a v y h a s m a d e a c o n c e r t e d e n d e a v o u r a i r s p a c e f o r t r a i n i n g i t s p i l o t s , i t h a s a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h
t o i m p r o v e r e l a t i o n s w i t h e a s t e r n n a v i e s . I t s r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h e U S t o b a s e i t s t a c t i c a l a i r c r a f t d e t a c h m
e n t s i n t h e U S
w i t h S i n g a p o r e , T h a i l a n d a n d I n d o n e s i a h a v e b e e n v e r y a n d , i n r e t u r n , S i n g a p o r e a l l o w s t h e U S t o u s e i t s m i l i t a r y c o r d i a l . T h e s e N a v i e s h a v e b e e n p a r t i c i p a t i n g r e g u l a r l y i n f a c i l i t i e s a n d i t s n a v a l b a s e . U n d e r t h e e x i s t i n g t e c h n i c a l I n d i a ' s b i e n n i a l ' M
i l a n s ! I n v i t a t i o n s w ' e r e s e n t t o t h e n a v i e s
r e s e a r c h
a n d
d e v e l o p m
e n t
a g r e e m
e n t ,

S i n g a p o r e
h a s
o f S r i L a n k a , B a n g l a d e s h , M
y a n m a r , T h a i l a n d , M
a l a y s i a ,
o v e r

3 0
c o o p e r a t i v e

U S
d e f e n c e
t e c h n o l o g y
p r o j e c t s

S i n g a p o r e a n d I n d o n e s i a . I n S e p t e m
b e r 2 0 0 2 , I n d i a n a n d

I n d o n e s i a n n a v a l s h i p s a n d a i r c r a f t b e g a n j o i n t c o o r d i n a t e d u n d e r w a y .

p a t r o l s a l o n g t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l M
a r i t i m e B o u n d a r y i n t h e

W
i t h
a v i e w t o
a c q u i r e
a s
m
u c h h i g h - t e c h d e f e n c e

A n d a m a n S e a t o c h e c k p o a c h i n g , s m u g g l i n g a n d n a r c o t i c t e c h n o l o g y a s p o s s i b l e a n d c o o p e r a t e i n m
o r e s e n s i t i v e a n d
t r a f f i c k i n g . I n t e r a c t i o n a n d i n c r e a s e d e x c h a n g e s / e x e r c i s e s a d v a n c e d p r o j e c t s , S i n g a p o r e i s e n a c t i n g l a w s r e s e m b l i n g b e t w e e n n a v i e s w o u l d , i n d u e c o u r s e , h e l p t o b u i l d u p t h e s t r i c t e x p o r t c o n t r o l r e g i m
e o f t h e U S . B y d o i n g s o ,
s u f f i c i e n t c o n f i d e n c e t o i n s t i t u t i o n a l i s e a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r

S i n g a p o r e w o u l d r e a s s u r e t h e U S t h a t i t s s e n s i t i v e d e f e n c e j o i n t r e g i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s . T h i s h a s s t a r t e d t o h a p p e n .

t e c h n o l o g y w i l l b e w e l l p r o t e c t e d a n d c o u l d n o t b e s o Diplomatic Activity.

t o t h i r d c o u n t r i e s . S i n g a p o r e h a s a l r e a d y i n d u c t e d t w o o F r o m
t h e ' d i p l o m
a t i c '

p o i n t o f
i t s f o u r e x - S w e d i s h N a v y r e c o n d i t i o n e d s u b m
a r i n e s a n d
v i e w , I n d i a ' s L o o k E a s t p o l i c y h a s s u c c e e d e d i n i t s o b j e c t i v e h a s o n o r d e r 6 s u b m a r i n e s . T h e I n d i a n N a v y i s a w a r e o f i t s o f
e s t a b l i s h i n g
c l o s e r
r e l a t i o n s
w i t h

S o u t h e a s t

A s i a .

S i n g a p o r e a n c o u n t e r p a r t ' s d e s i r e t o d e v e l o p a n d e x p a n A S E A N - I n d i a r e l a t i o n s i m p r o v e d a f t e r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t
a n d h a s s h o w n t h e w i l l i n g n e s s t o i n c r e a s e e n g a g e m e n t t o
o f t h e S e c t o r a l D i a l o g u e P a r t n e r s h i p i n 1 9 9 2 a n d e s p e c i a l l y p r o m
o t e c o o p e r a t i o n a n d g r e a t e r h a r m
o n y .

t r a n s it io n t o g u a r d ia n s h ip

2 9

A f t e r
t h e
c o m
m
e n c e m
e n t
o f
t h e
w
a r
o n
t e r r o r i s m
s i n c e I n d i a b e c a m
e a f u l l D i a l o g u e P a r t n e r i n 1 9 9 5 a n d
i n

2001, s e c u r i t y c o n c e r n s h a v e w i d e n e d . T h e r e c e n t s u b s e q u e n t l y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e A R F i n 1 9 9 6 .

A S E A N - I n d i a S u m
m
i t s h a v e a d d r e s s e d t h e e n t i r e s p e c t r u m
o f t r a n s - n a t i o n a l c r i m
i n a l a c t i v i t y ,
n a m
e l y t r a f f i c k i n g i n

Conclusion
i l l e g a l d r u g s , p e o p l e s m u g g l i n g , s e a p i r a c y , t e r r o r i s m

, arms

T h e L o o k E a s t P o l i c y h a s b e e n u n d e r p i n n e d b y b o t h s m u g g l i n g , m
o n e y l a u n d e r i n g , e c o n o m
i c a n d c y b e r c r i m e .

s e c u r i t y a n d e c o n o m
i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n d i a s e x p e r i e n c e
i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l h a s b e e n t h a t , ' s e c u r i t y ' i n t h i s r e g i o n I n d i a h a s n o t e r r i t o r i a l d i s p u t e s w i t h a n y o f t h e states r e q u i r e s t h e w h o l e - h e a r t e d c o o p e r a t i o n o f a l l t h e s t a t e s o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a . I n t h e l o n g t e r m

, I n d i a ' s i n d e p e n d e n t ,
n o n - a l i g n e d
f o r e i g n
p o l i c y ,
i t s
a c c e p t a n c e
a s
a
b o r d e r i n g i t . T h a t i s w h y I n d i a h a s s o u g h t , d u r i n g t h e 1 9 9 0 s , s t a b i l i s i n g r e g i o n a l p o w e r a n d i t s p r e f e r e n c e f o r s t r a t e g i c t o d e e p e n t h e q u a l i t y o f i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e c o u n t r i e s o f i n d e p e n d e n c e w o u l d b e n e f i t t h i s e n t i r e r e g i o n .

S o u t h e a s t A s i a .

3 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Note

Towards Regional Maritime Cooperation

I n 1 9 9 1 , t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n e n d e d t h e C o l d D u r i n g 1 9 9 1 a n d

1 9 9 2 , e x e r c i s e s w e r e h e l d w i t h t h e

W
a r t h a t h a d s t a r t e d i n 1 9 4 6 b e t w e e n t h e r i v a l i d e o l o g i e s o f A u s t r a l i a n , A m e r i c a n , B r i t i s h a n d F r e n c h N a v i e s , f o l l o w e d c a p i t a l i s m a n d c o m
m
u n i s m

. A s d i d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , I n d i a
i n 1 9 9 3 , b y e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h e S i n g a p o r e N a v y . S i m i l a r n a v a l r e - a p p r a i s e d h e r r o l e a n d n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s i n t h e N e w e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h e n a v i e s o f t h e n a t i o n - s t a t e s o f W
e s t A s i a

W
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g l o b a l s u p e r p o w e r .

B y 1 9 9 2 , t h e U S A a n d I n d i a w e r e e n g a g e d i n d i s c u s s i o n s T h e o u t c o m
e o f t h i s i n t r o s p e c t i o n w a s t h e n e e d f o r
o n ' C o n f i d e n c e B u i l d i n g M
e a s u r e s ' a n d t h e b a d - m
o u t h i n g

I n d i a t o r e d e f i n e h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e w o r l d ' s m a j o r o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y a b a t e d . I n 1 9 9 2 , t h e N a v y F o u n d a t i o n p o w e r s , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r i c a , R u s s i a , C h i n a , J a p a n , h o s t e d a s y m p o s i u m i n D e l h i e n t i t l e d , ‘ T h e I n d i a n O c e a n a n d E u r o p e , g i v i n g p r i m
a c y t o e c o n o m
i c r e l a t i o n s . T w o

— C h a l l e n g e s a n d O p p o r t u n i t i e s ' . I t w a s a t t e n d e d b y n a v a l i m
p o r t a n t f a c e t s o f I n d i a ' s r e o r i e n t a t i o n w e r e t h e i n i t i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m A u s t r a l i a , B a n g l a d e s h , C h i n a , F r a n c e , o f t h e ' L o o k E a s t P o l i c y ' a n d r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e n e e d t o f o r g e I n d o n e s i a , I r a n , P a k i s t a n , S i n g a p o r e , U K , a n d t h e U S A , a s c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n ( I O R ) a s a l s o b y a n u m
b e r o f n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c h o l a r s .

a w h o l e , a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e s p e c t r u m
o f t r a d e , i n v e s t m e n t ,

T h e c o r e t h e m
e c e n t r e d o n t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t w i t h t h e
c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , d i p l o m
a t i c a n d s t r a t e g i c t i e s .

e m
e r g e n c e o f a n e w w o r l d o r d e r ,
a d v e r s a r i a l p o s t u r e s
o u g h t t o b e s h e d a n d c o u n t r i e s o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n T h i s i n t r o s p e c t i o n a l s o r e c o g n i s e d t h e n e e d f o r I n d i a s h o u l d c o m
e c l o s e r f o r m u t u a l b e n e f i t . T h e i d e a f l o a t e d
t o p l a y a s t a b i l i s i n g r o l e i n W
e s t A s i a , S o u t h A s i a a n d
w a s t h a t o f a n I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n ( I O R ) " P a n c h a y a t ”

S o u t h E a s t A s i a , a s a l s o t h e n e e d t o f o s t e r c o o p e r a t i o n i n T h e
t e r m

' P a n c h a y a t '

i s a n
a n c i e n t I n d i a n
e x p r e s s i o n
o t h e r s p h e r e s ,
s u c h
a s
s c i e n c e - a n d - t e c h n o l o g y ,
s p a c e ,
f o r a n i n - h o u s e c o m
m
u n i t y - c o n c l a v e w h i c h , s i n c e t i m
e
c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s , m
a r i t i m
e e c o n o m
y , a n d , s e c u r i t y .

i m m e m o r i a l , h a s r e g u l a t e d a n d a d j u d i c a t e d t h e l o c a l a n d T h e n a v a l a s p e c t o f t h i s i n t r o s p e c t i o n t o o k n o t e o f t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f r u r a l c o m
m
u n i t i e s i n I n d i a . B y s h a r i n g
d e l i b e r a t e d i s i n f o r m
a t i o n t h a t h a d b e e n s p r e a d i n t h e l a t e
p e r c e p t i o n s , t h i s 1 9 9 2 s y m p o s i u m h e l p e d t o d i s p e l m o s t

1 9 8 0 s t h a t t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s e x p a n s i o n a n d a c q u i s i t i o n s C o l d - W
a r m i s c o n c e p t i o n s .

w e r e d r i v e n b y a n a s p i r a t i o n f o r p o w e r a n d , t h e r e f o r e , The 'Milan' Series of Sub-Regional Interactions

I n d i a w a s a p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t t o t h e s m
a l l e r l i t t o r a l s t a t e s o f
t h e I O R . T h e m
o t i v e o f t h e n a v i e s w h o w e r e o r c h e s t r a t i n g

F r o m

1 9 9 5 o n w a r d s ,
t h e N a v y t o o k t h e
i n i t i a t i v e t o
t h i s c a m
p a i g n w a s o b v i o u s — t h e y n e e d e d t o p r o j e c t a n
f o s t e r s u b - r e g i o n a l m a r i t i m
e t o g e t h e r n e s s b y o r g a n i s i n g a
i m
a g e o f a n a g g r e s s i v e I n d i a t o j u s t i f y t h e i r o w n e x t a n t o r s e t o f s u b - r e g i o n a l n a v a l i n t e r a c t i o n s t h a t w e r e g i v e n t h e i n t e n d e d n a v a l f o r c e - l e v e l s .

g e n e r i c n a m
e M i l a n ( a H i n d i w o r d f o r ' a m
e e t i n g ' ) a t P o r t

B l a i r i n t h e A n d a m a n I s l a n d s . H e l d o n c e e v e r y t w o y e a r s , Exercises with Other Navies
s u c c e s s i v e e d i t i o n s o f M
i l a n w e r e h e l d o n I n d i a ' s e a s t e r n
s e a b o a r d i n 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 9 9 , 2 0 0 1 a n d 2 0 0 3 . T h e 2 0 0 5 M
i l a n

T o d i s p e l t h e s e m
i s a p p r e h e n s i o n s , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o l e t
w a s c a n c e l l e d a f t e r t h e t s u n a m i o f D e c e m
b e r 2 0 0 4 b u t t h e
o t h e r n a v i e s i n t e r a c t w i t h o u r N a v y d u r i n g n a v a l e x e r c i s e s s e r i e s r e s u m e d t h e n e x t y e a r ( t h e c y c l e c h a n g i n g f r o m ‘ o d d -
s e a . T h i s , i t w a s f e l t , w o u l d b e a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d w a y y e a r s ' t o ' e v e n ' o n e s ) a n d w e r e i n c r e a s i n g l y w e l l a t t e n d e d f o r n a v i e s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n t o s e e f o r d i e m s e l v e s h o w , i n 2 0 0 6 a n d 2 0 0 8 . I n 2 0 0 6 , t h e p r e s e n c e o f a w a r s h i p o f t h e w i t h i n t h e r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e t o i t , t h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s M
y a n m a r N a v y o f f e r e d t a n g i b l e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e I n d i a n s t r i v i n g t o b e c o m
e s e l f - r e l i a n t a n d k e e p i t s f e w v e s s e l s

N a v y ' s i n i t i a t i v e h a d s u c c e e d e d i n d r a w i n g o u t o n e o f t h e e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e l a t e s t a v a i l a b l e n a v a l t e c h n o l o g i e s .

A f t e r
t h e
c o m
m
e n c e m
e n t
o f
t h e
w a r
o n
t e r r o r i s m

s i n c e I n d i a b e c a m
e a f u l l D i a l o g u e P a r t n e r i n 1 9 9 5 a n d
i n

2 0 0 1 ,
s e c u r i t y
c o n c e r n s
h a v e
w i d e n e d .

T h e
r e c e n t
s u b s e q u e n t l y p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t l i e A R F i n 1 9 9 6 .

A S E A N - I n d i a S u m m i t s h a v e a d d r e s s e d t h e e n t i r e s p e c t r u m o f t r a n s - n a t i o n a l c r i m
i n a l a c t i v i t y , n a m
e l y t r a f f i c k i n g i n

Conclusion
i l l e g a l d r u g s , p e o p l e s m u g g l i n g , s e a p i r a c y , t e r r o r i s m

, a r m
s

T h e L o o k E a s t P o l i c y h a s b e e n u n d e r p i n n e d b y b o t h s m u g g l i n g , m
o n e y l a u n d e r i n g , e c o n o m
i c a n d c y b e r c r i m e .

s e c u r i t y a n d e c o n o m
i c c o n s i d e r a t i o n s . I n d i a s e x p e r i e n c e

I n d i a h a s n o t e r r i t o r i a l d i s p u t e s w i t h a n y o f t h e s t a t e s i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l h a s b e e n t h a t , ' s e c u r i t y ' i n t h i s r e g i o n o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a . I n t h e l o n g t e r m

, I n d i a ' s i n d e p e n d e n t ,
r e q u i r e s t h e w h o l e - h e a r t e d c o o p e r a t i o n o f a l l t h e s t a t e s n o n - a l i g n e d
f o r e i g n
p o l i c y ,
i t s
a c c e p t a n c e
a s
a
b o r d e r i n g i t . T h a t i s w h y I n d i a h a s s o u g h t , d u r i n g t h e 1 9 9 0 s , s t a b i l i s i n g r e g i o n a l p o w e r a n d i t s p r e f e r e n c e f o r s t r a t e g i c t o d e e p e n t h e q u a l i t y o f i t s i n t e r a c t i o n w i t h t h e c o u n t r i e s o f i n d e p e n d e n c e w o u l d b e n e f i t t h i s e n t i i e r e g i o n .

S o u t h e a s t A s i a .

3 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Note

Towards Regional Maritime Cooperation

I n 1 9 9 1 , t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n e n d e d t h e C o l d D u r i n g 1 9 9 1 a n d

1 9 9 2 , e x e r c i s e s w e r e h e l d w i t h t h e

W
a r t h a t h a d s t a r t e d i n 1 9 4 6 b e t w e e n t h e r i v a l i d e o l o g i e s o f A u s t r a l i a n , A m e r i c a n , B r i t i s h a n d F r e n c h N a v i e s , f o l l o w e d c a p i t a l i s m a n d c o m
m
u n i s m

. A s d i d o t h e r c o u n t r i e s , I n d i a
i n 1 9 9 3 , b y e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h e S i n g a p o r e N a v y . S i m i l a r n a v a l r e - a p p r a i s e d h e r r o l e a n d n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s i n t h e N e w e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h e n a v i e s o f t h e n a t i o n - s t a t e s o f W
e s t A s i a

W o r l d O r d e r i n w h i c h A m
e r i c a h a d e m
e r g e d a s t h e s o l e
c o m
m
e n c e d i n 1 9 9 3 , s t a r t i n g w i t h O m a n .

g l o b a l s u p e r p o w e r .

B y 1 9 9 2 , t h e U S A a n d I n d i a w e r e e n g a g e d i n d i s c u s s i o n s T h e o u t c o m
e o f t h i s i n t r o s p e c t i o n w a s t h e n e e d f o r
o n ' C o n f i d e n c e B u i l d i n g M
e a s u r e s ' a n d t h e b a d - m
o u t h i n g

I n d i a t o r e d e f i n e h e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e w o r l d ' s m a j o r o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y a b a t e d . I n 1 9 9 2 , t h e N a v y F o u n d a t i o n p o w e r s , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m
e r i c a , R u s s i a , C h i n a , j a p a n ,
h o s t e d a s y m p o s i u m i n D e l h i e n t i t l e d , ' T h e I n d i a n O c e a n a n d E u r o p e , g i v i n g p r i m
a c y t o e c o n o m
i c r e l a t i o n s . T w o

— C h a l l e n g e s a n d O p p o r t u n i t i e s ! I t w a s a t t e n d e d b y n a v a l i m
p o r t a n t f a c e t s o f I n d i a ' s r e o r i e n t a t i o n w e r e t h e i n i t i a t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s f r o m A u s t r a l i a , B a n g l a d e s h , C h i n a , F r a n c e , o f t h e ' L o o k E a s t P o l i c y ' a n d r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e n e e d t o f o r g e I n d o n e s i a , I r a n , P a k i s t a n , S i n g a p o r e , U K , a n d t h e U S A , a s c l o s e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n ( I O R ) a s a l s o b y a n u m b e r o f n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c h o l a r s .

a w h o l e , a c r o s s t h e e n t i r e s p e c t r u m
o f t r a d e , i n v e s t m e n t ,

T h e c o r e t h e m
e c e n t r e d o n t h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t w i t h t h e
c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , d i p l o m
a t i c a n d s t r a t e g i c t i e s .

e m e r g e n c e o f a n e w w o r l d
o r d e r ,
a d v e r s a r i a l p o s t u r e s
o u g h t t o b e s h e d a n d c o u n t r i e s o f d i e I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n T h i s i n t r o s p e c t i o n a l s o r e c o g n i s e d t h e n e e d f o r I n d i a s h o u l d c o m
e c l o s e r f o r m u t u a l b e n e f i t . T h e i d e a f l o a t e d
t o p l a y a s t a b i l i s i n g r o l e i n W
e s t A s i a , S o u t h A s i a a n d
w a s t h a t o f a n I n d i a n O c e a n R e g i o n ( I O R ) " P a n c h a y a t ”

S o u t h E a s t A s i a , a s a l s o t h e n e e d t o f o s t e r c o o p e r a t i o n i n T h e t e r m

' P a n c h a y a t '

i s a n
a n c i e n t I n d i a n
e x p r e s s i o n
o t h e r s p h e r e s ,
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a s
s c i e n c e - a n d - t e c h n o l o g y ,
s p a c e ,
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m
u n i t y - c o n c l a v e w h i c h , s i n c e t i m
e
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y , a n d , s e c u r i t y .

i m m e m o r i a l , h a s r e g u l a t e d a n d a d j u d i c a t e d t h e l o c a l a n d i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f r u r a l c o m
m
u n i t i e s i n I n d i a . B y s h a r i n g

T h e n a v a l a s p e c t o f t h i s i n t r o s p e c t i o n t o o k n o t e o f t h e p e r c e p t i o n s , t h i s 1 9 9 2 s y m p o s i u m h e l p e d t o d i s p e l m o s t
d e l i b e r a t e d i s i n f o r m
a t i o n t h a t h a d b e e n s p r e a d i n t h e l a t e

C o l d - W
a r m i s c o n c e p t i o n s .

1 9 8 0 s t h a t t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s e x p a n s i o n a n d a c q u i s i t i o n s w e r e d r i v e n b y a n a s p i r a t i o n f o r p o w e r a n d , t h e r e f o r e , The 'Milan' Series of Sub-Regional Interactions

I n d i a w a s a p o t e n t i a l t h r e a t t o t h e s m
a l l e r l i t t o r a l s t a t e s o f
t h e I O R . T h e m
o t i v e o f t h e n a v i e s w h o w e r e o r c h e s t i a t i n g

F r o m

1 9 9 5 o n w a r d s ,
t h e N a v y t o o k t h e i n i t i a t i v e
t o
f o s t e r s u b - r e g i o n a l m a r i t i m e t o g e t h e r n e s s b y o r g a n i s i n g a t h i s c a m
p a i g n w a s o b v i o u s —
t h e y n e e d e d t o p r o j e c t a n
s e t o f s u b - r e g i o n a l n a v a l i n t e r a c t i o n s t h a t w e r e g i v e n t h e i m a g e o f a n a g g r e s s i v e I n d i a t o j u s t i f y t h e i r o w n e x t a n t o r g e n e r i c n a m
e M
i l a n ( a H i n d i w o r d f o r ' a m
e e t i n g ' ) a t P o r t
i n t e n d e d n a v a l f o r c e - l e v e l s .

B l a i r i n t h e A n d a m a n I s l a n d s . H e l d o n c e e v e r y t w o y e a r s , Exercises with Other Navies
s u c c e s s i v e e d i t i o n s o f M i l a n w e r e h e l d o n I n d i a ' s e a s t e r n s e a b o a r d i n 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 9 9 , 2 0 0 1 a n d 2 0 0 3 . T h e 2 0 0 5 M
i l a n

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i s a p p r e h e n s i o n s , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o l e t
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o t h e r n a v i e s i n t e r a c t w i t h o u r N a v y d u r i n g n a v a l e x e r c i s e s s e r i e s r e s u m e d d i e n e x t y e a r ( t h e c y c l e c h a n g i n g f r o m

' o d d -
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c a r r y i n g 2 0 0 0 t o n n e s o f a l u m i n i u m i n g o t s f r o m I n d o n e s i a t o J a p a n .

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s t r u c t u r e
f o r
a
g l o b a l
t h i n k i n g t h a t p e r m
e a t e d t h e U S N a v y i n t h e a f t e r m
a t h o f

S e a r c h - a n d - R e s c u e ( S A R ) O r g a n i s a t i o n , s e g m
e n t i n g t h e
t h e t e r r o r i s t a t t a c k o n t h e U S S C o l e w h i l e s h e w a s a t A d e n , o c e a n s o f t h e w o r l d i n t o S A R R e g i o n s a n d l a y i n g d o w n t h e o n 1 2 O
c t o b e r 2 0 0 0 . I n o v e r a l l t e r m
s , t h i s e n h a n c e m
e n t o f
g u i d e l i n e s f o r c o u n t r i e s i n e a c h r e g i o n t o p o o l t h e i r S A R
g l o b a l i n t e r e s t a n d f o c u s o n m
a r i t i m
e m
a t t e r s p r o v i d e d a
f a c i l i t i e s f o r m
u t u a l b e n e f i t . U n t i l 1 9 9 8 , p e n d i n g t h e b u i l d s u p p o r t i v e b a c k d r o p a g a i n s t w h i c h t h e e n d e a v o u r s o f t h e u p o f t h e I n d i a n C o a s t G u a r d ' s s e a g o i n g a s s e t s , S A R w a s I n d i a n N a v y t o s p r e a d i t s r e a c h w i t h i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f t h e N a v y a n d j o i n t S A R e x e r c i s e s w e r e a s a l s o t o c o n s t r u c t i v e l y e n g a g e o t h e r r e g i o n a l a n d e x t r a -
a f e a t u r e o f j o i n t n a v a l e x e r c i s e s . I n 1 9 9 8 , t h e M
i n i s t r y o
r e g i o n a l m
a r i t i m
e p o w e r s w a s f a r m
o r e f a v o u r a b l y v i e w e d

D e f e n c e e n t r u s t e d t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n t h a n b e f o r e .

o f m
a r i t i m
e S A R t o t h e C o a s t G u a r d . F r o m

1 9 9 8 o n w a r d s ,
t h e C o a s t G u a r d a r r a n g e d m
u l t i l a t e r a l S A R e x e r c i s e s t h a t

The International Fleet Review — 2001
b e c a m
e
a
r e g u l a r f a c e t o f t h e
p r o c e s s
o f c o n s t r u c t i v e

T h e c o n d u c t o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s i n a u g u r a l I n t e r n a t i o n a l e n g a g e m
e n t .

1.

In February of 2008, driven by the need to address regional vulnerabilities by capitalising upon regional strengths, the Indian Navy catalyse the launch of what was indisputably tlie Twenty First Century's first significant international maritime-security initiative — namely, the 'India11

Ocean Naval Symposium' (IONS). Attended by representatives of 35 countries, tlie regional initiative was able to meet with wide acceptance across the length and breadth of the Indian Ocean. The aim of the IONS is to create, sustain and consolidate a regional security environment m which the comity of nations would be assured that every nation, big or small, would be treated as an equal partner.

3 2

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Note

History of Early Indian Ocean Trade

A s e a r l y a s 2 0 0 0

B C ,
t r a d e a n d m i g r a t i o n n e t w o r k s
t h e a n n u a l p i l g r i m
a g e t o M
e c c a w a s a n i m
p o r t a n t f a c t o r ,
e x t e n d e d a c r o s s t h e I n d i a n O c e a n f r o m t h e M i d d l e E a s t t o

^

A m b I n d i a n 0 c e a n T r a d e b e g a n w i t h s m
a l l t r a d i n g

E a s t A f r i c a , t o I n d i a a n d I n d o n e s i a a n d f u r t h e r e a s t .

s e t t l e m e n t s a r o u n d 8 0 0 A D a n d e n d e d i n t h e 1 5 0 0 ' s w h e n I n t h e p a s t d e c a d e , a s e r i e s o f s t u d i e s p a r t i c u l a r l y f r o m P o r t u g a l i n v a d e d a n d t r i e d t o r u n t h e t r a d e f o r i t s o w n t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f B e r g e n , I n d i a n O c e a n S t u d i e s P r o j e c t , p r o f i t ,
h a v e v i e w e d t h e I n d i a n O c e a n r i m a s a g l o b a l w o r l d l i n k e d f o r t h e p a s t 4 0 0 0 y e a r s t h r o u g h p e r s i s t e n t c u l t u r a l c o n t a c t .

A
f r i c a n

T h e m
o v e m
e n t s o f p e o p l e , g o o d s a n d i d e a s b e t w e e n t h e

^

^
i n t e n s i f i e d b e t w e e n A f r i c a a n d A s i a , p o w e r f u l p o r t c i t i e s o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n l e d t o i n t e r - c i v i l i z a t i o n a l d t y s t a t e s f i o u r i s h e d a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a , e n c o u n t e r s a n d e n s u i n g c u l t u r a l c h a n g e .

_
e g e
i n c l u d e d

K i l w a ,

S o f a l a ,

M
o m b a s a ,

M
a l i n d i
a n d
o t h e r s . T h e c i t y - s t a t e s t r a d e d w i t h i n l a n d k i n g d o m s l i k e M
a t e r i a l f r o m T a m i l a n d C h i n e s e s o u r c e s g i v e a n e w G r e a t Z i m b a b w e t o o b t a i n g o l d , i v o r y a n d i r o n . T h e s e u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e e a r l y h i s t o r y o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n .

m a t e r i a l s w e r e t h e n s o l d t o p l a c e s l i k e I n d i a , S o u t h e a s t F r o m

t h e
f i r s t
c e n t u r y

A D ,
w e
f i n d
n e t w o r k s
w h i c h

A s i a a n d C h i n a . T h e s e w e r e A f r i c a ’ s e x p o r t s i n t h e I n d i a n c l o s e l y r e s e m
b l e t h e l a t e r A r a b , C h i n e s e , P o r t u g u e s e a n d

O c e a n T r a d e . T h e s e i t e m s w e r e s o l d a t a p r o f i t b e c a u s e e v e n t u a l l y B r i t i s h t r a d e a n d m i g r a t i o n n e t w o r k s .

t h e y w e r e s c a r c e i n A s i a n c o u n t r i e s .

A t t h e
s a m e
t i m e ,
t h e

E a s t A f r i c a n
c i t y - s t a t e s w e r e

A
r a b i a n
b u y i n g i t e m s f r o m A s i a . M
a n y r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t y - s t a t e s

C e n t r a l t o t h i s t r a d e w a s t h e f l o w o f c o m
m
o d i t i e s —
w e r e w i l l i n g t o p a y h i g h p r i c e s f o r c o t t o n , s i l k a n d p o r c e l a i n c o f f e e f r o m Y e m
e n , s p i c e s f r o m I n d i a a n d S o u t h E a s t A s i a ,
o b j e c t s . T h e s e i t e m s w e r e e x p e n s i v e b e c a u s e t h e y w e r e n o t s l a v e s f r o m

E a s t A f r i c a , d r i e d f i s h f r o m S h i h i r a n d a l s o t h e a v a i l a b l e i n A f r i c a a t t h e t i m e . T h e s e w e r e A f r i c a ’ s i m p o r t s
c o n s i d e r a b l e
b u s i n e s s
i n v o l v e d
i n
t r a n s p o r t i n g p e o p l e
i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n T r a d e .

g o i n g o n p i l g r i m
a g e t o M
e c c a .

T h e c i t y - s t a t e s a l o n g d i e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a m a d e

T h e e m
e r g e n c e o f I s l a m
i n t h e s e v e n t h c e n t u r y a n d
i d e a l c e n t r e s o f t r a d e . A n i m
p o r t a n t a t t r a c t i o n w a s t h e g o l d
t h e s u b s e q u e n t s p r e a d o f A r a b - I s l a m
i c c u l t u r e a c r o s s t h e
o b t a i n e d f r o m i n l a n d k i n g d o m s . T h e g o l d w a s n e e d e d I n d i a n O c e a n b r o u g h t a n e w d i m e n s i o n a n d i n t e n s i t y t o m a i n l y f o r c o i n s , a l t h o u g h i t w a s a l s o u s e d f o r w o r k s o f a r t , a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d n e t w o r k s . M
o r e s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e r e g i o n s
o r n a m e n t a t i o n o n b u i l d i n g s a n d j e w e l l e r y .

t o t h e s o u t h a n d e a s t o f A r a b i a b e c a m
e l i n k e d f o r t h e f i r s t
t i m e t h r o u g h a c o m
m
o n r e l i g i o n , I s l a m , a n d t h r o u g h t
e

T h e c i t y - s t a t e s w e r e e a s y t o r e a c h f r o m A s i a b y s h i p a d o p t i o n o f e l e m
e n t s f r o m A r a b c u l t u r e . O n t h e e a s t e r n
b e c a u s e o f t h e f a v o u r a b l e w i n d a n d o c e a n c u r r e n t s . S h i p s s h o r e s o f t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n a n d d e e p i n t o C e n t r a l A s i a ,
h a d n o t r o u b l e d o c k i n g a t t h e e x c e l l e n t p o r t s a n d h a r b o u r s B u d d h i s m
s p r e a d i n g f r o m

I n d i a p l a y e d a s i m i l a r u n i t i n g
l o c a t e d o n t h e c o a s t s o f t h e c i t y - s t a t e s , m a k i n g i t e a s y t o r o l e . A s t h e A r a b - M
u s l i m
n e t w o r k s s p r e a d , i t w a s n o t l o n g
u n l o a d a n d l o a d c a r g o . A n d m
e r c h a n t s , t i r e d a f t e r t h e i r l o n g
b e f o r e I s l a m
s t a r t e d t o r e p l a c e B u d d h i s m
i n s o m e a i e a s .

o v e r s e a s j o u r n e y , e n j o y e d t h e f i n e r e s t a u r a n t s , l o d g i n g a n d

' T h e e s t a b l i s h m
e n t o f A r a b t r a d e p o s t s i n s e a p o r t s a r o u n d
e n t e r t a i n m e n t o f f e r e d b y t h e p o r t c i t i e s . F i n a l l y , E a s t A f r i c a t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n w a s e s s e n t i a l . T h e r e e m
e r g e d a n
a
w a s a p e a c e f u l r e g i o n a n d t h e f e w c o n f l i c t s t h a t d i d o c c u r d i a s p o r a b o u n d t o g e t h e r t h r o u g h t r a d e l i n k s , m a r r i a g e t i e s
w e r e s m a l l a n d b r i e f . A l l o f t h e s e f a c t o r s c r e a t e d a n i d e a l a n d t r a v e l l i n g s t u d e n t s a n d s c h o l a r s . T h e u n i t i n g o r c e o

s e t t i n g f o r i m
p o r t - e x p o r t c o m
p a n i e s t o c o n d u c t b u s i n e s s .

C hina's trade in d ie In d ia n O c e a n tra d e is a s old as that of

In d ia an d th e ir a b ru p t w ith d raw al is fa scin a tin g .

M
a n y o f t h e m
e r c h a n t s f r o m t h e A r a b i a n p e n i n s u l a ,

I n d i a a n d S o u t h e a s t A s i a s t a y e d i n t h e c i t y - s t a t e s o f E a s t C h in e se

A f r i c a . I n t e r - r a c i a l m
a r r i a g e s w e r e n o t u n c o m
m
o n , a n d
g r a d u a l l y o v e r t h e c e n t u r i e s , a n e w a n d d i s t i n c t e t h n i c I b n B a t a t a , t h e M
u s l i m
g e o g r a p h e r , w
h o v i s i t e d C h i n a
g r o u p d e v e l o p e d , k n o w n a s t h e S w a h i l i . T o d a y m i l l i o n s o f i n 1 3 4 7 r e c o r d e d a v i v i d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s S w a h i l i p e o p l e l i v e i n t h e n a t i o n s o f E a s t A f r i c a , w h e r e t h e o f t h e C h i n e s e s h i p s o f t h a t e r a .

S w a h i l i l a n g u a g e i s w i d e l y s p o k e n , w h i c h w a s a m i x t u r e o f

"Chinese vessels are o f three kinds — large ships called

A r a b i c , H i n d i a n d B a n t u l a n g u a g e s .

chunks (junks), m iddle sized ones called zaws (dhows) and

T h e

S w a h i l i
c i t y - s t a t e s
s t e a d i l y g r e w a n d
p r o s p e r e d
small ones called kakams.

a n d w e r e a m
a j o r w o r l d e c o n o m
i c p o w e r b y t h e 1 4 0 0 s .

The large ships have anything fro m twelve dow n to three

A l t h o u g h t h e c i t y - s t a t e s w e r e f a m
o u s t h r o u g h o u t A f r i c a
sails, which are m ade o f bam boo rods plaited into mats.

a n d A s i a ,
n o

E u r o p e a n
c o u n t r i e s k n e w o f t h e m

.

O n e

They are never lowered but turned according to the direction
c a n i m a g i n e t h e s u r p r i s e ,
t i i e n ,
o f P o r t u g u e s e C a p t a i n
o f the wind. At anchor, they are left flo a tin g in the wind.

V a s c o - d a - G a m
a w h e n i n 1 4 9 8 h e c a m
e u p o n t h e b u s t l i n g
p o r t c i t i e s o f S o f a l a , K i l w a , M
o m
b a s a a n d M
a l i n d i a s h e

A large ship carries a com plem ent o f a thousand men, six
s a i l e d u p t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a . H e a n d h i s c r e w w e r e
hundred o f whom are sailors a n d fo u r h u n d red men-at-arms
w
e l c o m
e d b y e a c h o f t h e c i t i e s h e v i s i t e d , a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r
including archers, m en with shields a n d crossbows, who
h i s s h i p s n o r t h e E u r o p e a n i t e m
s t h e y a t t e m
p t e d t o t r a d e
throw naptha. The vessel h a sfo u r decks a n d contains rooms,
w e r e o f m
u c h i n t e r e s t t o t h e S w a h i l i g o v e r n m
e n t s .

cabins a n d saloons fo r merchants. A cabin has chambers
a n d a lavatory a n d can be locked by its occupants. They are

D a G a m a ' s m
i s s i o n w a s t o f i n d a r o u t e t o A s i a b y s a i l i n g
built o f two (parallel) walls o f very thick w ooden planking;
f r o m P o r t u g a l , a r o u n d A f r i c a , t h e n o n t o I n d i a . E u r o p e a n
across the space between them are p laced very thick planks
c o u n t r i e s h a d b e e n b u y i n g A s i a n g o o d s f o r y e a r s t h r o u g h

(the bulkheads) secured longitudinally a n d transversely by
m
o r e d i f f i c u l t r o u t e s . B u t n o w t h e c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e h a d
huge iron nails. W hen these walls have b een built, the lower
b e g u n l o o k i n g f o r f a s t e r , c h e a p e r r o u t e s t o A s i a . V a s c o - d a -
deck is fitted in a n d the ship is la unched before the upper

G a m
a d i d e v e n t u a l l y r e a c h I n d i a w i t h t h e h e l p o f a n a v i g a t o r
works are finished.

f r o m M
a l i n d i n a m
e d M
a j i d . I n 1 4 9 9 , D a G a m a r e t u r n e d t o

P o r t u g a l a n d t o l d t h e K i n g a n d Q u e e n , w h o h a d s p o n s o r e d

On the China Sea, travelling is done in Chinese ships only-
h i s v o y a g e , e v e r y t h i n g t h a t h e ' d s e e n , i n c l u d i n g t h e g o l d ,

Three sm aller ships, the 'half,' the 'third' a n d the ' quarter'

i v o r y , p o r c e l a i n , s i l k a n d c o t t o n b e i n g b o u g h t a n d s o l d i n
accom pany each large vessel."

t h e p o r t c i t i e s a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a .

T h e s i m
i l a r i t i e s i n t h e n a m
e s a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f A r a b

T h e P o r t u g u e s e g o v e r n m
e n t t o o k i m
m
e d i a t e i n t e r e s t
a n d C h i n e s e v e s s e l s i s s t r o n g e v i d e n c e o f t h e o l d t r a d i n g i n t h e S w a h i l i c i t y - s t a t e s . T h e y s e n t m
o r e s h i p s t o t h e
c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e s t a t e s .

e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a w i t h t h r e e g o a l s : t o t a k e a n y t h i n g o f v a l u e t h e y c o u l d f i n d , t o f o r c e t h e k i n g s t o p a y t a x e s C h i n a s m
i l i t a r y / m
a r i t i m
e N a v y c a n b e t r a c e d b a c k t o
t o P o r t u g u e s e t a x c o l l e c t o r s a n d t o g a i n c o n t r o l o v e r t h e t h e M
i n g d y n a s t y . I n t h e 1 4 th c e n t u r y , r a m
p a n t p i r a c y o f f

C h i n a ' s c o a s t h a d l e d C h i n e s e e m
p e r o r s t o c o m
m
e n c e t h e
e n t i r e

I n d i a n

O c e a n
t r a d e .

T h e
c i t y - s t a t e s
h a d
n e v e r
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a l o n g n o r t h - s o u t h i n l a n d c a n a l t h r o u g h n e e d e d f o r t s o r h u g e a r m
i e s a n d w e r e u n p r e p a r e d f o r t h e
w h i c h m
e r c h a n d i s e - l a d e n b o a t s c o u l d p l y b e t w
e e n t h e

P o r t u g u e s e a t t a c k s . O n e - b y - o n e , t h e P o r t u g u e s e c a p t u r e d s o u t h e r n a n d n o r t h e r n r e g i o n s . W
h i l s t t h i s c a n a l w
a s b e i n g
t h e p o r t c i t i e s , t h e n w r e c k e d , l o o t e d a n d b u r n e d t h e m t o
c o n s t r u c t e d o v e r t h e d e c a d e s , a r m
e d i m
p e r i a l C h i n e s e
t h e g r o u n d . T h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t i e s w h o w e r e u n a b l e t o s h i p s k e p t t h e p i r a t e s a t b a y .

e s c a p e w e r e k i l l e d . S h i p l o a d s o f p r i c e l e s s g o o d s w e r e s e n t b a c k t o P o r t u g a l . H o w e v e r , t h e P o r t u g u e s e a t t e m p t t o t a k e

I n

1 4 0 2 ,
t h e

M
i n g
e m
p e r o r
d e c i d e d
t o
e x t e n d
h i s
o v e r a n d r u n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n t r a d e w a s a f a i l u r e b e c a u s e commercial i n f l u e n c e w e s t w a r d s i n t o S o u t h e a s t A s i a a n d t h e y w e r e u n s u c c e s s f u l i n c a p t u r i n g t h e c h o k e p o i n t s o f t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . D u r i n g t h e f i r s t c e n t u r y o f C h i n e s e M i n g H o r m
u z a n d A d e n .

d y n a s t y ( 1 3 6 8 - 1 6 4 4 ) , t h e g o v e r n m
e n t s e n t o u t a t o t a l o f
s e v e n v o y a g e s i n t o t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n a n d s e v e r a l v o y a g e S

D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , a n o t h e r m
a j o r t r a d i n g n a t i o n h a d
w e n t a s f a r a s t h e e a s t c o a s t o f A f r i c a a n d t h e R e d S e a . A s a m
a s t e r e d
t h e I n d i a n

O c e a n s e a r o u t e s . T h e h i s t o r y o f
r e s u l t , b y 1 4 1 5 t h e im portant trading p o r t s f r o m Japan a n d 3 4

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

K o re a to t h e e a s t A fr ic a n c o a s t a c k n o w le d g e d th e p o w e r o f th e M in g c o u r t .

b u i l t u p d u r i n g Z h e n g H e ' s v o y a g e s w e r e a l l o w e d t o r u n d o w n . T h i s c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e i m p e r i a l p e r c e p t i o n t h a t I n a d d i t i o n t o a s s e r t i n g t h e i r p o w e r , a m a j o r o b j e c t i v e C h i n a w a s s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t e n o u g h t o b e t h e c e n t r e o f t h e o f t h e M i n g r u l e r s i n b u i l d i n g t h e i r N a v y w a s t o d e t e r t h e w o r l d a n d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o n e e d t o i n t e r a c t v i g o r o u s l y J a p a n e s e p i r a t e s w h i c h w e r e a f f l i c t i n g C h i n e s e m a r i t i m e b e y o n d i t s m a r i t i m e b o u n d a r i e s .

t r a d e .

A f t e r 1 4 3 3 , t h e C h i n e s e d e c i d e d t o e n d t h e v o y a g e s , C o m
m
a n d e d b y A d m i r a l Z h e n g H e , 1 w h o w a s k n o w n
w i t h d r e w
t h e i r
s h i p s ,
a n d
f o r b a d e
p r i v a t e
o v e r s e a s
a s t h e " t h r e e - j e w e l l e d e u n u c h , " t h e s e s p e c t a c u l a r v o y a g e s t r a d i n g . T h i s d e c i s i o n i s a t t r i b u t e d t o a f e w f a c t o r s . F i r s t l y , e s t a b l i s h e d , d e m
o n s t r a t e d , a n d h e l p e d m a i n t a i n C h i n a ' s
d e a l i n g w i t h t h e t h r e a t o f t h e C e n t r a l A s i a n i n t r u d e r s o n p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l s u p e r i o r i t y . B e t w e e n 1 4 0 5 a n d 1 4 3 4
t h e N o r t h e r n B o r d e r c o n s u m
e d m i l i t a r y a t t e n t i o n
a n d

A D , Z h e n g H e l e d s e v e n v o y a g e s o f o v e r s i x t y s h i p s a t a t i m e , r e s o u r c e s . S e c o n d l y , w i t h t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f a l o n g i n l a n d t h e l a r g e s t a n d b e s t e q u i p p e d e x p l o r i n g f l e e t s t h e n k n o w n , c a n a l , c o a s t a l t r a d e a n d t h e t h r e a t o f J a p a n e s e p i r a t e s l a d e n w i t h g o l d , s i l k , p o r c e l a i n a n d o t h e r C h i n e s e w a r e s .

c o u l d b e a v o i d e d . T h i r d l y , t h e S i l k R o u t e o v e r l a n d c o u l d D u r i n g t h e s e v o y a g e s , u n p r e c e d e n t e d f o r t h a t e r a , h e v i s i t e d a d d r e s s t h e f o r e i g n t r a d i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e C h i n e s e .

I n d o c h i n a , J a v a , S u m a t r a , C e y l o n , C a l i c u t o n I n d i a ' s M
a l a b a r

T h e C h i n e s e d e c i s i o n t o e n d t h e i r m
a r i t i m
e v o y a g e s a n d

C o a s t , H o r m
u z a t t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e P e r s i a n G u l f , A d e n a t s c r a p t h e f l e e t i s o n e o f t h e m
o s t i m
p o r t a n t d e c i s i o n s i n
t h e e n t r a n c e t o t h e R e d S e a a n d t h e c o a s t o f E a s t A f r i c a .

m
o d e m
h i s t o r y .

T h e s e
v o y a g e s
w e r e
i n t e n d e d
t o
e n c o u r a g e

I n d i a n

P i r a c y i n t h e C h i n a s e a s , w h i c h h a d b e e n o n e r e a s o n O c e a n k i n g d o m s t o c o m
e a n d t r a d e w i t h C h i n a a n d a t t h e
b e h i n d
t h e

C h i n e s e
v o y a g e s
i n t o
t h e

I n d i a n

O c e a n ,
s a m
e t i m
e t o d i s c i p l i n e p r i v a t e C h i n e s e m
e r c h a n t s w h o
i n t e n s i f i e d w i t h t h e n o r t h w a r d w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e I m p e r i a l
b e l o n g e d t o a p i r a t e f r i n g e . T h i s p o l i c y w a s g i v e n u p i n t h e N a v y . T o c o u n t e r p i r a t e a t t a c k s , t h e l a t e r M
i n g s ( 1 4 3 5 t o

1 4 2 0 s w h e n t h e C h i n e s e c a p i t a l m o v e d f r o m N a n k i n g t o 1 6 4 4 ) a n d t h e M
a n c h u s ( 1 6 4 4 - 1 9 1 1 ) t r i e d t o i n s u l a t e C h i n a

P e k i n g t o c o p e w i t h t h e M
o n g o l t h r e a t i n t h e n o r t h .

f r o m t h e s e a .

A f t e r
t h e
i n l a n d
c a n a l
w a s
c o m
p l e t e d ,
w a t e r - b o r n e

T h e n e x t s i g n i f i c a n t v o y a g e o f C h i n e s e n a v a l s h i p s i n t o t r a f f i c s h i f t e d f r o m t h e s e a t o t h e c a n a l r o u t e . T h e f l e e t s t h e I n d i a n O c e a n t o o k p l a c e 5 5 0 y e a r s l a t e r i n 1 9 8 5 .

Admiral Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho) was bom in 1371 into a patrician Muslim family. Zheng He was a sixth generation descendant of a governor o f Yunnan and grew up fluent in Arabic and Mandarin. Zheng He participated in the military campaigns of his time and studied at Nanjing's Imperial Central College.

Between 1404 and 1430, Zheng He led the Chinese Ming Dynasty's Imperial Treasure Fleets in seven voyages into the Indian Ocean travelling 50,000 kms and visiting 37 countries During his first voyage in 1405, his fleet comprised 317 ships and 27,870 men, the largest fleet to have sailed the world's oceans up to that point in time. The fleet sailed down the coast from Nanjing, then capital of China, crossed the South China Sea on to Java, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, the west coast of India and then back home, after embarking envoys from the various countries who wished to visit the Chinese court.

B y 1420, the Ming Dynasty's sponsored naval explorations began to decline because o f the increasing pressure on China's northern border from resurgent Mongolian tribes which resulted in shifting of the capital to Beijing in 1421. Gradually, military expeditions replaced China's Indian Ocean voyages.

During Zheng He's final voyage between 1430 and 1433, his fleet visited ports in the Persian Gulf the Red Sea the east coast of Africa and finally the east coast of India where reportedly, he died and was brought back and buried m Nanjmg. Chmese exped.Uons to the Ind.an Ocean ceased after Zheng He's death.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 5

s e t t i n g f o r i m p o r t - e x p o r t c o m
p a n i e s t o c o n d u c t b u s i n e s s .

C hina's trad e in th e In d ia n O c e a n trad e is a s old as that

Ind ia an d th e ir a b ru p t w ithd raw al is fa scin a tin g .

M
a n y o f t h e m
e r c h a n t s f r o m t h e A r a b i a n p e n i n s u l a ,

I n d i a a n d S o u t h e a s t A s i a s t a y e d i n t h e c i t y - s t a t e s o f E a s t C h in e se

A f r i c a . I n t e r - r a c i a l m a r r i a g e s w e r e n o t u n c o m
m
o n , a n d
g r a d u a l l y o v e r t h e c e n t u r i e s , a n e w a n d d i s t i n c t e t h n i c I b n B a t u t a , t h e M
u s l i m g e o g r a p h e r , w
h o v i s i t e d C h i n
g r o u p d e v e l o p e d , k n o w n a s t h e S w a h i l i . T o d a y m i l l i o n s o f i n 1 3 4 7 r e c o r d e d a v i v i d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s S w a h i l i p e o p l e l i v e i n t h e n a t i o n s o f E a s t A f r i c a , w h e r e t h e o f d i e C h i n e s e s h i p s o f t h a t e r a .

S w a h i l i l a n g u a g e i s w i d e l y s p o k e n , w h i c h w a s a m i x t u r e o f

“Chinese vessels are o f three kinds — large ships called

A r a b i c , H i n d i a n d B a n t u l a n g u a g e s .

chunks (junks), m iddle sized ones called zaws (dhows) and

T h e S w a h i J i
c i t y - s t a t e s s t e a d i l y g r e w a n d
p r o s p e r e d
small ones called kakams.

a n d w re r e a m a j o r w o r l d e c o n o m
i c p o w e r b y t h e 1 4 0 0 s .

The large ships have anything fro m twelve dow n to three

A l t h o u g h t h e c i t y - s t a t e s w e r e f a m o u s t h r o u g h o u t A f r i c a
sails, which are m ade o f b am bo o rods plaited into mats.

a n d A s i a ,
n o E u r o p e a n
c o u n t r i e s
k n e w o f t h e m

.

O n e

They are never lowered but turned, according to the direction
c a n i m a g i n e t h e s u r p r i s e , t h e n ,
o f P o r t u g u e s e C a p t a i n
o f the wind. At anchor, they are left flo a tin g in the wind.

V a s c o - d a - G a m a w h e n i n 1 4 9 8 h e c a m
e u p o n t h e b u s t l i n g
p o r t c i t i e s o f S o f a l a , K U w a , M
o m
b a s a a n d M
a l i n d i a s h e

A large ship carries a com plem ent o f a thousand men, six
s a i l e d u p t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a . H e a n d h i s c r e w w e r e
hun d red o f whom are sailors a n d fo u r h u n d re d men-at-arms
w e l c o m e d b y e a c h o f t h e c i t i e s h e v i s i t e d , a l t h o u g h n e i t h e r
including archers, m en with shields a n d crossbows, who
h i s s h i p s n o r t h e E u r o p e a n i t e m
s t h e y a t t e m
p t e d t o t r a d e
thi ow naptha. The vessel h a sfo u r decks a n d con tains rooms,
w e r e o f m
u c h i n t e r e s t t o t h e S w a h i l i g o v e r n m
e n t s .

cabins a n d saloons f o r merchants. A cabin has chambers
a n d a lavatory a n d can b e locked by its occupants. They are

D a G a m a ' s m i s s i o n w a s t o f i n d a r o u t e t o A s i a b y s a i l i n g
built o f two (parallel) walls o f very thick w ooden planking;
f r o m P o r t u g a l , a r o u n d A f r i c a , t h e n o n t o I n d i a . E u r o p e a n
across the space between them are p la ced veiy thick planks
c o u n t r i e s h a d b e e n b u y i n g A s i a n g o o d s f o r y e a r s t h r o u g h

(the bulkheads) secured longitudinally a n d transversely by
m o r e d i f f i c u l t r o u t e s . B u t n o w t h e c o u n t r i e s o f E u r o p e h a d
huge iron nails. W hen these walls have b een built, the lower
b e g u n l o o k i n g f o r f a s t e r , c h e a p e r r o u t e s t o A s i a . V a s c o - d a -
deck is fitted in a n d the ship is la u n ch ed before the upper

G a m a d i d e v e n t u a l l y r e a c h I n d i a w i t h t h e h e l p o f a n a v i g a t o r
works are finished.

f r o m M a l i n d i n a m
e d M
a j i d . I n 1 4 9 9 , D a G a m
a r e t u r n e d t o

P o r t u g a l a n d t o l d t h e K i n g a n d Q u e e n , w h o h a d s p o n s o r e d

On the China Sea, travelling is d o n e in Chinese ships only.

h i s v o y a g e , e v e r y t h i n g t h a t h e ' d s e e n , i n c l u d i n g t h e g o l d ,

Three sm aller ships, the ‘h alf' the 'third' a n d the \quarter'

i v o r y , p o r c e l a i n , s i l k a n d c o t t o n b e i n g b o u g h t a n d s o l d i n
accom pany each large vessel."

t h e p o r t c i t i e s a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a .

T h e s i m
i l a r i t i e s i n t h e n a m
e s a n d d e s c r i p t i o n s o f A r a b

T h e P o r t u g u e s e g o v e r n m
e n t t o o k i m
m
e d i a t e i n t e r e s t
a n d C h i n e s e v e s s e l s i s s t r o n g e v i d e n c e o f t h e o l d t r a d i n g i n t h e S w a h i l i c i t y - s t a t e s . T h e y s e n t m
o r e s h i p s t o t h e
c o n n e c t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e s e s t a t e s .

e a s t e r n c o a s t o f A f r i c a w i t h t h r e e g o a l s : t o t a k e a n y t h i n g o f v a l u e t h e y c o u l d f i n d , t o f o r c e t h e k i n g s t o p a y t a x e s C h i n a s m
i l i t a r y / m
a r i t i m
e N a v y c a n b e t r a c e d b a c k t o
t o P o r t u g u e s e t a x c o l l e c t o r s a n d t o g a i n c o n t r o l o v e r t h e t h e M
i n g d y n a s t y . I n t h e 1 4 th c e n t u r y , r a m
p a n t p i r a c y o f f
e n u r e

I n d m n

O c e a n
t r a d e .

T h e
c i t y - s t a t e s
h a d
n e v e r

C h i n a s c o a s t h a d l e d C h i n e s e e m
p e r o r s t o c o m
m
e n c e t h e
n e e d e d f o r t s o r h u g e a r m
i e s a n d w e r e u n p r e p a r e d f o r t h e
c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a l o n g n o r t h - s o u t h i n l a n d c a n a l t h r o u g h o r t u g u e s e a t t a c k s . O n e - b y - o n e , t h e P o r t u g u e s e c a p t u r e d w h i c h m
e r c h a n d i s e - l a d e n b o a t s c o u l d p l y b e t w
e e n t h e
h e p o r t c i t i e s , t h e n w r e c k e d , l o o t e d a n d b u r n e d t h e m t o
s o u t h e r n a n d n o r t h e r n r e g i o n s . W
h i l s t t h i s c a n a l w a s b e i n g
the g r o u n d . T h e r e s i d e n t s o f t h e c i t i e s w h o w e r e u n a b l e t o c o n s t r u c t e d o v e r t h e d e c a d e s ,
a r m
e d i m
p e r i a l C h i n e s e
e s c a p e w e r e k i l l e d . S h i p l o a d s o f p r i c e l e s s g o o d s w e r e s e n t s h i p s k e p t t h e p i r a t e s a t b a y .

b a c k t o P o r t u g a l . H o w e v e r , t h e P o r t u g u e s e a t t e m p t t o t a k e

I n

1 4 0 2 ,
t h e

M
i n g
e m
p e r o r
d e c i d e d
t o
e x t e n d
h i s
o v e r a n d r u n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n t r a d e w a s a f a i l u r e b e c a u s e c o m
m
e r c i a l i n f l u e n c e w e s t w
a r d s i n t o S o u t h e a s t A s i a a n d

:.i ” s
r
t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n . D u r i n g t h e f i r s t c e n t u r y o f C h i n e s e M i n g y n a s t y ( 1 3 6 8 - 1 6 4 4 ) , t h e g o v e r n m
e n t s e n t o u t a t o t a l o f
m a D fU n n ,g *
i s P e r i o d ' a n o t h e r m
a j o r t r a d i n g n a t i o n h a d
s e v e n v o y a g e s i n t o t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n a n d s e v e r a l v o y a g e s
mastered t h e , „ d i , „ O c „ „
r o m
e s , £
w e n t a s f a r a s t h e e a s t c o a s t o f A f r i c a a n d t h e R e d S e a . A s a r e s u l t , b y 1 4 1 5 t h e i m
p o r t a n t t r a d i n g p o r t s f r o m

J a p a n a n d

3 4

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

K o re a to th e e a s t A fr ic a n c o a s t a c k n o w le d g e d t h e p o w e r o f th e M in g c o u r t .

b u i l t u p d u r i n g Z h e n g H e ' s v o y a g e s w e r e a l l o w e d t o r u n d o w n - T h i s c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e i m p e r i a l p e r c e p t i o n t h a t I n a d d i t i o n t o a s s e r t i n g t h e i r p o w e r , a m a j o r o b j e c t i v e C h i n a w a s s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t e n o u g h t o b e t h e c e n t r e o f t h e o f t h e M
i n g r u l e r s i n b u i l d i n g t h e i r N a v y w a s t o d e t e r t h e w o r l d a n d t h a t t h e r e w a s n o n e e d t o i n t e r a c t v i g o r o u s l y J a p a n e s e p i r a t e s w h i c h w e r e a f f l i c t i n g C h i n e s e m a r i t i m e b e y o n d i t s m a r i t i m e b o u n d a r i e s .

t r a d e .

A f t e r 1 4 3 3 , t h e C h i n e s e d e c i d e d t o e n d t h e v o y a g e s , C o m
m
a n d e d b y A d m i r a l Z h e n g H e , 1 w h o w a s k n o w n
w i t h d r e w
t h e i r
s h i p s ,
a n d
f o r b a d e
p r i v a t e
o v e r s e a s
a s t h e " t h r e e - j e w e l l e d e u n u c h , " t h e s e s p e c t a c u l a r v o y a g e s t r a d i n g . T h i s d e c i s i o n i s a t t r i b u t e d t o a f e w f a c t o r s . F i r s d y , e s t a b l i s h e d , d e m
o n s t r a t e d , a n d h e l p e d m a i n t a i n C h i n a ' s
d e a l i n g w i t h t h e t h r e a t o f t h e C e n t r a l A s i a n i n t r u d e r s o n p o l i t i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l s u p e r i o r i t y . B e t w e e n 1 4 0 5 a n d 1434
t h e N o r t h e r n B o r d e r c o n s u m
e d m i l i t a r y a t t e n t i o n
a n d

A D , Z h e n g H e l e d s e v e n v o y a g e s o f o v e r s i x t y s h i p s a t a t i m e , r e s o u r c e s . S e c o n d l y , w i t h t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f a l o n g i n l a n d t h e l a r g e s t a n d o e s t e q u i p p e d e x p l o r i n g f l e e t s t h e n k n o w n c a n a l , c o a s t a l t r a d e a n d t h e t h r e a t o f J a p a n e s e p i r a t e s l a d e n w i t h g o l d , s i l k , p o r c e l a i n a n d o t h e r C h i n e s e w a r e s !

c o u l d b e a v o i d e d . T h i r d l y , t h e S i l k R o u t e o v e r l a n d c o u l d D u r i n g t h e s e v o y a g e s , u n p r e c e d e n t e d f o r t h a t e r a , h e v i s i t e d a d d r e s s t h e f o r e i g n t r a d i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e C h i n e s e .

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Admiral Zheng He (also known as Cheng Ho) was bom in 1371 into a patrician Muslim family. Zheng He was a sixth generation descendant of a governor o f Yunnan and grew up fluent in Arabic and Mandarin. Zheng He participated in the military campaigns of his time and studied at Nanjing's Imperial Central College.

Between 1404 and 1430, Zheng He led the Chinese Ming Dynasty's Imperial Treasure Fleets in seven voyages into the Indian Ocean travelling 50,000 kms and visiting 37 countries. During his first voyage in 1405, his fleet comprised 317 ships and 27,870 men, the largest fleet to have sailed the world's oceans up to that point in time. The fleet sailed down the coast from Nanjing, then capital of China, crossed the South China Sea on to Java, Sumatra, Sri Lanka, the west coast of India and then back home, alter embarking envoys from the various countries who wished to visit the Chinese court.

By 1420, the Ming Dynasty's sponsored naval explorations began to decline because of the increasing pressure on China s northern border from resurgent Mongolian tribes which resulted in shifting of the capital to Beijing in 1421. Gradually, military expeditions replaced China's Indian Ocean voyages.

During Zheng He's final voyage between 1430 and 1433, his fleet visited ports in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, the east coast of Africa and finally the east coast of India where, reportedly, he died and was brought back and buried in Nanjing. Chinese expeditions to the Indian Ocean ceased after Zheng He's death.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 5

Reference Note

Diego Garcia

Historical Background1

D i e g o G a r c i a i s t h e l a r g e s t o f t h e f i f t y - t w o i s l a n d s t h a t T h e s e m i c i r c u l a r C h a g o s a r c h i p e l a g o , a g r o u p o f i s l a n d s c o m
p r i s e t h e a r c h i p e l a g o .

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w i d e l a g o o n t h a t

O c e a n , a b o u t 1 0 0 0 m i l e s ( 1 6 0 0 k m ) f r o m t h e s o u t h e r n t i p i s o p e n a t t h e n o r t h e n d .

o f I n d i a .

2

.B arton P oint

O b ie rttio ry -

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Orient

Bay

Sinpton

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I N D I A N
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(Chagoa Archipelago)

D i e g o C a r c i a

1

Material drawn from public domain including Diego Garcia website.

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a d e p e n d e n c y o f M
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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 7

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T h i s l e d t o t h e 1 9 8 0 C a r t e r D o c t r i n e . I t c r e a t e d t h e R a p i d 3 8 7’RANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Note

Exercises with Foreign Navies

M
o n t h / Y e a r

E x e r c i s e s H e l d W
i t h / S h i p s P a r t i c i p a t e d / L o c a t i o n

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e s t C o a s t o f A u s t r a l i a .

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2 3 - 2 9 M
a r 1 9 9 2

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I L A N 1 9 9 5 —

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S A D A K A H 9 5 ___ F i r s t I n d o - U A E e x e r c i s e . I N s h i p s R a n v i j a y a n d K u t h a r e x e r c i s e d w i t h U A E
s h i p s D a s a n d M
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K o c h i .

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a r 1 9 9 8

S U R A K S H A — M
u l t i l a t e r a l S A R e x e r c i s e o f I N w i t h n a v i e s o f I t a l y , S r i L a n k a a n d C o a s t G u a i x f I o f M
a u r i t i u s .

0 2 - 1 3 M
a r 1 9 9 8

; F i f t h I N - R S N T r a i n i n g A S W
e x e r c i s e . I N S G o d a v a r i , S h a l k i e x e r c i s e d w i t h R S S V a l o u r , V i g i l a n c e ,

! B r a v e a n d D a u n t l e s s , o f f K o c h i .

M
a r 9 8

I N S G a n g a P A S S E X w i t h F N s h i p s S o m
m
e , A g o u s t a a n d S u b m
a r i n e L a P r a y a .

0 2 - 0 3 J u n 1 9 9 8

I N S G a n g a a n d H i m g i r i c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t e x e r c i s e w i t h t h e R o y a l O m a n N a v y , o f f M
u s c a t .

i

0 4 J u n 1 9 9 8

B A R K A T 9 8

—

I N
s h i p s
s a i l e d
f r o m

S h u w a i k h
a n d
e x e r c i s e d
w i t h

K u w a i t

N a v y s h i p

K N A l - S a n b o u k o f f K u w a i t .

0 9 J u n 1 9 9 8

M U L A Q A A T 9 8 — I N s h i p s c a r r i e d o u t e x e r c i s e s w i t h H M

S O q b a h o f S a u d i N a v y d u r i n g

P A S S E X a f t e r d e p a r t u r e f r o m A 1 J u b a y l , o f f S a u d i A r a b i a .

0 9 - 1 0 J u n 1 9 9 8

I N S G a n g a a n d H i m g i r i c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t e x e r c i s e w i t h I r a n N a v y o n p a s s a g e f r o m B a n d a r

A b b a s t o M
u m b a i , o f f I r a n .

1

0 4 - 1 3 M
a r 1 9 9 9

; M A I T R I — T h e f i r s t b i l a t e r a l A S W e x e r c i s e w i t h R S N . I N S G o m a t i , S h a n k u s h a n d T U 1 4 2 M
e x e r c i s e d w i t h R S S V e n g e a n c e , D a r i n g a n d G a l l a n t , o f f K o c h i .

M
a r 1 9 9 9

M I L A N W E S T 9 9 — I n t e r a c t i o n o f l i t t o r a l n a v i e s o f t h e A r a b i a n S e a a n d I n d i a n O c e a n w i t h s h i p s f r o m t h e n a v i e s o f M
a l d i v e s , M
a u r i t i u s , O m a n , S r i L a n k a a n d U A E a t K o c h i .

M
a r 1 9 9 9

M I L A N 9 9 — B i e n n i a l g e t - t o g e t h e r o f f r i e n d l y n a v i e s o f t h e B a y o f B e n g a l l i t t o r a l a t t e n d e d b y t h e n a v i e s o f B a n g l a d e s h , I n d o n e s i a , S i n g a p o r e , S r i L a n k a a n d T h a i l a n d a t P o r t B l a i r .

M
a r 1 9 9 9

; I N - F N P A S S E X — I N S S u k a n y a a n d F N S o m
m
e o f f M
u m b a i .

A p r 1 9 9 9

B L U E C R A N E — A t r i - s e r v i c e p e a c e k e e p i n g e x e r c i s e o f 1 4 n a t i o n s c o m p r i s i n g t h e S o u t h

A l i c a n D e v e l o p m e n t C o m
m
u n i t y ( S A D C ) . I N S S u j a t a w a s t h e c o m
m
a n d a n d c o n t r o l p l a t f o r m
a n d I N w a s t h e o n l y N a v y o u t s i d e t h e r e g i o n i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e M
a r / A p r 1 9 9 9

I N S h i p s c o n d u c t e d P A S S E X w i t h F N S h i p s v i s i t i n g I n d i a n p o r t s i n t h e A r a b i a n S e a a n d i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

2 4 M
a y 1 9 9 9

K A R E E B -

I N S h i p s c a r r i e d o u t e x e r c i s e s w i t h U S c a r r i e r t a s k g r o u p 2 3 - 2 4 A u g 1 9 9 9

I N - F N P A S S E X — I N S h i p s c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h r e e F N S h i p s o f f M
u m
b a i a n d G o a .

0 2 - 0 6 M
a r 2 0 0 0

L

I N S h i p s c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t e x e r c i s e s w i t h t h r e e F N s h i p s , o f f V i s a k h a p a t n a m j

2 8 F e b - 0 9 M
a r 2 0 0 0

L

I N S h i p s c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t e x e r c i s e s w i t h t w o R u s s i a n n a v a l s h i p s 1 9 S e p 2 0 0 0

I N S R a n v i j a y e x e r c i s e d w i t h S i n g a p o r e n a v a l s h i p s .

ri 20 S e p 2 0 0 0

I N S h i p s D e l h i a n d K o r a P A S S E X w i t h t w o C h i n e s e P L A s h i p s

15 Sep 2 0 0 0

I N S D e l h i a n a I N S K o r a c a r r i e d o u t e x e r c i s e s w i t h t w o J a p a n e s e n a v a l s h i p s o f f P o r t B l a i r .

-

5 5 - 2 6 S e p 2 0 0 0

I N S h i p s K a j p u t a n d S i n d h u v i r c a r r i e d o u t A S W
e x e r c i s e w i t h R S N s h i p s V a l i a n t a n d B r a v e .

^

0 8 O
c t 2 0 0 0

1 -

.

. . . . .

i

I N S h i p s D e l h i , A d i t y a a n d K u t h a r c a r r i e d o u t e x e r c i s e s w i t h t w o I n d o n e s i a n S h i p s .

.................

4 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

E xercisin g w ith Foreign N avies

E n h a n c in g In te r o p e r a b ilty - T rain in g w ith R ussian Navy

SECTION II

Safeguarding the Sea Lanes

The Emerging Role of the Indian Navy in the New World Order

SECTION II

Safeguarding the Sea Lanes

The Emerging Role of the Indian Navy in the New World Order

Preamble

“One mountain should have just one tiger” — Chinese proverb

I n d i a ' s
r o l e
i n
t h e
w o r l d
o r d e r
h a s
b e e n
g r a d u a l l y
a m i l i t a r y p r e s e n c e i n t h e r e g i o n t o s a f e g u a r d n a t i o n a l e x p a n d i n g . F r o m
i t s f l e d g i n g o r i g i n s i n t h e e a r l y - 5 0 s , t o t h e i n t e r e s t s ?

e x a l t e d p e r c h a t w h i c h i t f i n d s i t s e l f n o w , t h e r e h a s b e e n a F o r
t h e
m a j o r
p a r t
o f

I n d i a ' s
p o s t - i n d e p e n d e n c e
v i r t u a l i n v e r s i o n o f m
a r i t i m
e s t a t u s a n d p o w e r e q u a t i o n s .

p e r i o d , t h e c o u n t r y h a d o p t e d f o r a n o s t e n s i b l y d e f e n s i v e H i s t o r i c a l l y , I n d i a n m
a r i t i m
e f o r a y s i n t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d
p o s t u r e ; t h e m a j o r p r e o c c u p a t i o n b e i n g t h e g o a l o f r a p i d w e r e d r i v e n b y c o m
m
e r c e a n d c u l t u r e . T h e r e w a s a s t r o n g
s o c i o - e c o n o m
i c
d e v e l o p m e n t
o f t h e
c o u n t r y
a n d
t h e
c i v i l i s a t i o n a l e l e m
e n t t o m a r i t i m
e e x c u r s i o n s . E v e n t h e
c o n c e r n f o r c o n t a i n i n g d e f e n c e e x p e n d i t u r e . T h e d e t e r r e n t c u l t u r a l l y a f f i l i a t e d ' I n d i a n ' k i n g d o m s t h a t c a m e t o b e
c a p a b i l i t y o f o u r D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s , b u i l t u p o v e r t h e y e a r s , e s t a b l i s h e d i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a w e r e a r e s u l t o f t h e s t r o n g t r a d e e r o d e d c o n s i d e r a b l y , e v e n a s i t r e s u l t e d i n l o n g s t r e t c h e s a n d c u l t u r a l l i n k s s h a r e d w i t h t h e i r I n d i a n c o u n t e r p a r t s .

o f c o m p a r a t i v e p e a c e , e n a b l i n g t h e n a t i o n t o c o n c e n t r a t e T h e f a c t t h a t t h e y w e r e c o m
p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t — n e i t h e r
o n
i t s
t a s k
o f
t e c h n o l o g i c a l ,
e c o n o m
i c
a n d
s o c i a l
c o l o n i e s , c o n t r o l l e d f r o m I n d i a , n o r b e a r i n g a n y a l l e g i a n c e a d v a n c e m
e n t .1
t o a n y r u l e r i n I n d i a —
i s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h e ' n u a n c e d ' a n d
b a l a n c e d n a t u r e o f o u r n a v a l a m b i t i o n s .

I t h a d a n i n e v i t a b l e e f f e c t o n t h e b u i l d - u p o f n a v a l f o r c e l e v e l s .

S e a
c o n t r o l
o p e r a t i o n s ,
b a s e d o n
t h e
p r i n c i p l e

C o n t r a r y t o w h a t s o m
e w e s t e r n h i s t o r i a n s w o u l d h a v e
o f
c o n t i n u o u s l y
m o n i t o r i n g
a n d
c o n t r o l l i n g
a c t i v i t i e s
u s b e l i e v e , t h e r e w a s m
o s t d e f i n i t e l y a d e l i b e r a t e a n d w e l l
i n a g i v e n m a r i t i m e a r e a o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e , r e q u i r e d t h o u g h t o u t m
e t h o d o l o g y t o o u r m
a r i t i m
e e n d e a v o u r s . I n d i a
c o v e r i n g a t h e a t r e o f o p e r a t i o n e x t e n d i n g o v e r t h o u s a n d s d o u b t l e s s , s o u g h t t o b e a g r e a t n a t i o n ; b u t n o t b y c o n q u e s t o f s q u a r e k m s . W
i t h d e p l e t e d c o m
b a t f o r c e s , i t j u s t d i d n ' t
o r p l u n d e r —
i n s t e a d b y t r a d i n g a n d c o o p e r a t i o n .

s e e m a p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y . T h e n a v y p e r c e i v e d t h i s a s a I n t i m
e , a r e a l i s a t i o n f o l l o w e d t h a t f o r t r a d e t o f l o u r i s h d i s a b l i n g f a c t o r t h a t w o u l d h a v e a d i s r u p t i n g e f f e c t i n i t s i t w a s i m
p e r a t i v e t o e n s u r e s a f e t y t h r o u g h t h e s e a l a n e s .

b e i n g a b l e t o s e c u r e t h e S L O C s ( t h a t i t s a w a s a p r i m e

T h i s i m
p e l l e d t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n t o t a k i n g a m o r e a s s e r t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ) . I t , n o n e t h e l e s s , t o o k p r o a c t i v e m e a s u r e s
r o l e i n s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e E E Z a n d S L O C s . I n a l l o p e r a t i o n s w i t h i t s e x i s t i n g f o r c e s t r e n g t h t o e n s u r e t h a t s a f e t y i n t h e u n d e r t a k e n s u b s e q u e n t l y , i t d i s p l a y e d g r e a t e r p r o a c t i v i s m .

s e a l a n e s w a s n o t c o m
p r o m
i s e d .

I t w a s , h o w e v e r , n o t i n t h e l e a s t h o s t i l e o r c o n f r o n t a t i o n a l i s t Operations Undertaken to Safeguard the Sea Lanes
i n e i t h e r i n t e n t o r a p p r o a c h .

O n
d i s p l a y , w a s
a c l e a r
d e m
o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e w i l l i n g n e s s t o u p h o l d f u n d a m e n t a l T h e e f f o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y t o s a f e g u a r d t h e s e a - l a n e s p r i n c i p l e s o f p e a c e f u l c o - e x i s t e n c e t h a t w a s t h e g u i d i n g i n t h e 9 0 s d e c a d e c o u l d b e b r o a d l y c a t e g o r i s e d i n t o f o u r s p i r i t b e h i n d a l l o u r m
a r i t i m
e e n g a g e m e n t s .

t y p e s o f n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s — H u m
a n i t a r i a n , L o w I n t e n s i t y

C o n f l i c t ( L I C ) o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t i l l e g a l a n d u n d e s i r a b l e S t r a t e g i c Perspective on the Navy*s Emerging Role
e l e m e n t s , A n t i - P i r a c y a n d D e t e r r e n t .

I n t h e 9 0 s , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m
e a f t e r i n d e p e n d e n c e , D e f e n c e

Humanitarian. T h e

U n i t e d

N a t i o n s

O p e r a t i o n s
p o l i c y
f o c u s s e d
o n
t h e
l a r g e r
c o n t e x t
a s
t o
w h e t h e r
i n

S o m a l i a
b e t w e e n

1 9 9 2
a n d

1 9 9 4
i n
w h i c h

I n d i a
t h e m
i l i t a r y ' s r o l e w a s t o d e f e n d n a t i o n a l t e r r i t o r y a n d p a r t i c i p a t e d .

I t
w a s
a
f i r s t
f o r
t h e

I n d i a n

N a v y ,
t o
s o v e r e i g n t y a g a i n s t e x t e r n a l a g g r e s s i o n s o r t o e s t a b l i s h Excerpts from the Estimates Comm ittee Report 1992-93

Preamble

"One mountain should have just one tiger" — Chinese proverb

I n d i a ' s
r o l e
i n
t h e
w o r l d
o r d e r
h a s
b e e n
g r a d u a l l y
a m i l i t a r y p r e s e n c e i n t h e r e g i o n t o s a f e g u a r d n a t i o n a l e x p a n d i n g . F r o m
i t s f l e d g i n g o r i g i n s i n t h e e a r l y - 5 0 s , t o t h e i n t e r e s t s ?

e x a l t e d p e r c h a t w h i c h i t f i n d s i t s e l f n o w , t h e r e h a s b e e n a F o r
t h e
m a j o r
p a r t
o f

I n d i a ' s
p o s t - i n d e p e n d e n c e
v i r t u a l i n v e r s i o n o f m
a r i t i m
e s t a t u s a n d p o w e r e q u a t i o n s .

p e r i o d , t h e c o u n t r y h a d o p t e d f o r a n o s t e n s i b l y d e f e n s i v e H i s t o r i c a l l y , I n d i a n m a r i t i m
e f o r a y s i n t o t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d
p o s t u r e ; t h e m a j o r p r e o c c u p a t i o n b e i n g t h e g o a l o f r a p i d w e r e d r i v e n b y c o m
m
e r c e a n d c u l t u r e . T h e r e w a s a s t r o n g
s o c i o - e c o n o m
i c
d e v e l o p m e n t
o f t h e
c o u n t r y
a n d
t h e
c i v i l i s a t i o n a l e l e m
e n t t o m
a r i t i m
e e x c u r s i o n s . E v e n t h e
c o n c e r n f o r c o n t a i n i n g d e f e n c e e x p e n d i t u r e . T h e d e t e r r e n t c u l t u r a l l y a f f i l i a t e d ' I n d i a n ' k i n g d o m s t h a t c a m e t o b e
c a p a b i l i t y o f o u r D e f e n c e S e n d e e s , b u i l t u p o v e r t h e y e a r s , e s t a b l i s h e d i n S o u t h e a s t A s i a w e r e a r e s u l t o f t h e s t r o n g t r a d e e r o d e d c o n s i d e r a b l y , e v e n a s i t r e s u l t e d i n l o n g s t r e t c h e s a n d c u l t u r a l l i n k s s h a r e d w i t h t h e i r I n d i a n c o u n t e r p a r t s .

o f c o m p a r a t i v e p e a c e , e n a b l i n g t h e n a t i o n t o c o n c e n t r a t e T h e f a c t t h a t t h e y w e r e c o m
p l e t e l y i n d e p e n d e n t — n e i t h e r
o n
i t s
t a s k
o f
t e c h n o l o g i c a l ,
e c o n o m
i c
a n d
s o c i a l
c o l o n i e s , c o n t r o l l e d f r o m I n d i a , n o r b e a r i n g a n y a l l e g i a n c e a d v a n c e m
e n t .1
t o a n y r u l e r i n I n d i a —
i s i l l u s t r a t i v e o f t h e ' n u a n c e d ' a n d
b a l a n c e d n a t u r e o f o u r n a v a l a m b i t i o n s .

I t h a d a n i n e v i t a b l e e f f e c t o n t h e b u i l d - u p o f n a v a l f o r c e l e v e l s .

S e a
c o n t r o l
o p e r a t i o n s ,
b a s e d
o n
t h e
p r i n c i p l e

C o n t r a r y t o w h a t s o m
e w e s t e r n h i s t o r i a n s w o u l d h a v e
o f
c o n t i n u o u s l y
m o n i t o r i n g
a n d
c o n t r o l l i n g
a c t i v i t i e s
u s b e l i e v e , t h e r e w a s m
o s t d e f i n i t e l y a d e l i b e r a t e a n d w e l l
i n a g i v e n m a r i t i m e a r e a o v e r a p e r i o d o f t i m e , r e q u i r e d t h o u g h t o u t m
e t h o d o l o g y t o o u r m
a r i t i m
e e n d e a v o u r s . I n d i a
c o v e r i n g a t h e a t r e o f o p e r a t i o n e x t e n d i n g o v e r t h o u s a n d s d o u b t l e s s , s o u g h t t o b e a g r e a t n a t i o n ; b u t n o t b y c o n q u e s t o f s q u a r e k m s . W
i t h d e p l e t e d c o m
b a t f o r c e s , i t j u s t d i d n ' t
o r p l u n d e r —
i n s t e a d b y t r a d i n g a n d c o o p e r a t i o n .

s e e m a p r a c t i c a l p o s s i b i l i t y . T h e n a v y p e r c e i v e d t h i s a s a I n t i m
e , a r e a l i s a t i o n f o l l o w e d t h a t f o r t r a d e t o f l o u r i s h d i s a b l i n g f a c t o r t h a t w o u l d h a v e a d i s r u p t i n g e f f e c t i n i t s i t w a s i m
p e r a t i v e t o e n s u r e s a f e t y t h r o u g h t h e s e a l a n e s .

b e i n g a b l e t o s e c u r e t h e S L O C s ( t h a t i t s a w a s a p r i m e

T h i s i m
p e l l e d t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n t o t a k i n g a m o r e a s s e r t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y ) . I t , n o n e t h e l e s s , t o o k p r o a c t i v e m e a s u r e s
r o l e i n s a f e g u a r d i n g t h e E E Z a n d S L O C s . I n a l l o p e r a t i o n s w i t h i t s e x i s t i n g f o r c e s t r e n g t h t o e n s u r e t h a t s a f e t y i n t h e u n d e r t a k e n s u b s e q u e n t l y , i t d i s p l a y e d g r e a t e r p r o a c t i v i s m .

s e a l a n e s w a s n o t c o m
p r o m
i s e d .

I t w a s , h o w e v e r , n o t i n t h e l e a s t h o s t i l e o r c o n f r o n t a t i o n a l i s t Operations Undertaken to Safeguard the Sea Lanes
i n e i t h e r i n t e n t o r a p p r o a c h .

O n d i s p l a y ,
w a s a c l e a r
d e m
o n s t r a t i o n o f t h e w i l l i n g n e s s t o u p h o l d f u n d a m e n t a l T h e e f f o r t s o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y t o s a f e g u a r d t h e s e a - l a n e s p r i n c i p l e s o f p e a c e f u l c o - e x i s t e n c e t h a t w a s t h e g u i d i n g i n t h e 9 0 s d e c a d e c o u l d b e b r o a d l y c a t e g o r i s e d i n t o f o u r s p i r i t b e h i n d a l l o u r m
a r i t i m
e e n g a g e m e n t s .

t y p e s o f n a v a l o p e r a t i o n s —

H u m
a n i t a r i a n , L o w I n t e n s i t y

C o n f l i c t ( L I C ) o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t i l l e g a l a n d u n d e s i r a b l e Strategic Perspective on the Navy*s Emerging Role
e l e m e n t s , A n t i - P i r a c y a n d D e t e r r e n t .

I n t h e 9 0 s , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m
e a f t e r i n d e p e n d e n c e , D e f e n c e

Humanitarian. T h e

U n i t e d

N a t i o n s

O p e r a t i o n s
p o l i c y
f o c u s s e d
o n
t h e
l a r g e r
c o n t e x t
a s
t o
w h e t h e i
i n

S o m a l i a
b e t w e e n

1 9 9 2
a n d

1 9 9 4
i n
w h i c h

I n d i a
t h e m i l i t a r y ' s r o l e w a s t o d e f e n d n a t i o n a l t e n i t o r y a n d p a r t i c i p a t e d .

I t
w a s
a
f i r s t
f o r
t h e

I n d i a n

N a v y ,
t o
s o v e r e i g n t y a g a i n s t e x t e r n a l a g g r e s s i o n s o r t o e s t a b l i s h 1 ■

Excerpts from the Estimates Committee Report 1992-93

O p e r a t i o n s T a s h a , S w a n a n d L e e c h d e m
o n s t r a t e d t l
b e
p a r t i c i p a t i n g
i n
a n
o p e r a t i o n
o f
s u c h
s c a l e
a n d
a b i l i t y o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y a n d n a v a l p e r s o n n e l t o p r o t e c 6
m a g n i t u d e .

t h e E E Z n o t j u s t f r o m
a n e c o n o m
i c b u t a l s o a s e c u r i t y

Low Intensity Conflict (LIC). T h r e e p r o l o n g e d
p e r s p e c t i v e a g a i n s t m
a l e v o l e n t
f o r c e s
o p e r a t i n g i n 0 U r

' r o u n d - t h e - c l o c k ' L I C o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t a m i x e d b a g o f t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s .

m a l e v o l e n t s :

O p e r a t i o n

R a i n b o w
m
a r k e d
t h e
f i r s t
o f
t h e

N a v y ’s

•

O p e r a t i o n T a s h a i n t h e c o n f i n e d w a t e r s o f t h e
o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e s c o u r g e o f p i r a c y , w
h i c h h a s r e a r e d

P a l k B a y w h i c h a i m
e d t o i n t e r d i c t t h e i l l e g a l
i t s u g l y h e a d a g a i n i n t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n .

t r a n s i t o f m
e n a n d m
a t e r i a l b e t w e e n t h e L T T E

T a m i l s e c e s s i o n i s t s i n n o r t h e r n S r i L a n k a a n d

O p e r a t i o n T a l w a r w a s t h e
f i r s t i n s t a n c e
o f t h e N a v y
t h e i r s y m p a t h i s e r s i n T a m i l N a d u .

s u p p o r t i n g l a n d o p e r a t i o n s i n a p r e d o m
i n a n t l y t e r r i t o r i a l
w a r . I t a l s o h i g h l i g h t e d t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f N a v a l d e t e r r e n c e

•

O p e r a t i o n

S w a n
o f f t h e w e s t a n d
n o r t h w e s t
i n s u c h c o n f l i c t s .

A r a b i a n

S e a
c o a s t
o f

I n d i a
w h i c h
a i m
e d
t o
i n t e r d i c t

P a k i s t a n i
t e r r o r i s t s
s m u g g l i n g

T h e s u s t a i n e d p r o f i c i e n c y o f o u r m
e n a n d t h e r e l i a b i l i t y
e x p l o s i v e s , w e a p o n s a n d a m
m
u n i t i o n i n f i s h i n g
o f m
a t e r i a l a s d e m
o n s t r a t e d i n t h e s e o p e r a t i o n s b o o s t e d
v e s s e l s t o r e l i g i o u s e x t r e m
i s t s i n I n d i a .

t h e c o n f i d e n c e o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y t o u n d e r t a k e b l u e w a t e r

•

O p e r a t i o n L e e c h a n d i t s s u c c e s s o r s i n t h e B a y o f o p e r a t i o n s i n d i s t a n t w a t e r s .

B e n g a l w h i c h a i m
e d t o i n t e r d i c t d i e s m u g g l i n g

B y

2 0 0 0 ,
b a s e d
o n
t h e
e x p e r i e n c e
i n
t h e
a b o v e
o f w e a p o n s , n a r c o t i c s a n d e x p l o s i v e s f r o m t h e
o p e r a t i o n s , I n d i a ' s z o n e o f p e a c e f u l m
a r i t i m
e i n f l u e n c e
b a z a r s o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a t o c o a s t a l d e s t i n a t i o n s h a d c r y s t a l l i s e d f r o m
t h e d i s t a n t H
o r n o f A f r i c a t o t h e S t r a i t
o n t h e e a s t e r n r i m o f d i e B a y o f B e n g a l , f o r
o f M
a l a c c a a n d t o t h e T r o p i c o f C a p r i c o r n i n t h e s o u t h .

o n w a r d c o n v e y a n c e a n d d e l i v e r y t o s e c e s s i o n i s t m i l i t a n t s w h o w e r e c o m
b a t i n g I n d i a n t r o o p s i n

B u t
t h e r e
w a s
a l s o
i n c r e a s e d
a w
a r e n e s s
t h a t
t h e
t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n s t a t e s o f I n d i a .

m
i s s i o n o f t h e N a v y i n t h e f u t u r e w
o u l d b e d e f i n e d b y a

Anti-Piracy. O p e r a t i o n R a i n b o w , a j o i n t o p e r a t i o n w i t h n e w , m
o r e p r o f o u n d c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e s e a s a n d t h e t h e C o a s t G u a r d i n 1 9 9 9 , w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e r e s c u e o f s e c u r i t y o f t h e s e a l a n e s ; t h a t i t w
o u l d n e e d t h e r e v i s i o n
t h e h i j a c k e d m
e r c h a n t v e s s e l A l o n d r a R a i n b o w .

a n d r e d r a f t i n g o f t h e f r a m
e w
o r k o f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l r o l e
o f t h e N a v y ; t h a t n e w
g e o p o l i t i c a l r e a l i t i e s t h a t s h a p e o u r

Deterrent. O p e r a t i o n T a l w a r i n J u n e 1 9 9 9 , w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d w o u l d n e e d c a r e f u l a n d t h o u g h t f u l c o n s i d e r a t i o n I n d i a n N a v y e n h a n c e d s e c u r i t y m
e a s u r e s a s a r e s u l t o f t h e
t o t r u l y c o m
p r e h e n d t h e r e a l t h r e a t s t h a t t h e f u t u r e h o l d

P a k i s t a n i a g g r e s s i o n i n K a r g i l .

f o r u s .

4 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

4

Operation Muffet in Somalia 1992 to 1994

I n t r o d u c t i o n
t o m
o n i t o r t h e c e a s e f i r e . T h e a g r e e m
e n t a l s o i n c l u d e d

T h e S o m
a l i a o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n D e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 2 a n d
d e p l o y m e n t
o f U n i t e d

N a t i o n s
s e c u r i t y
p e r s o n n e l
t o
p r o t e c t

U n i t e d

N a t i o n s
p e r s o n n e l
a n d
h u m
a n i t a r i a n

D e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 4 w a s t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s f i r s t e v e r o v e r s e a s a s s i s t a n c e a c t i v i t i e s .

d e p l o y m e n t i n s u p p o r t o f U n i t e d N a t i o n s H u m a n i t a r i a n R e l i e f O p e r a t i o n s .

H o w e v e r , i n t h e a b s e n c e o f a g o v e r n m
e n t c a p a b l e o f
m a i n t a i n i n g l a w a n d o r d e r , r e l i e f o r g a n i z a t i o n s e x p e r i e n c e d I n t h e l a t e 8 0 s , a c i v i l w a r h a d b r o k e n o u t i n S o m a l i a a f t e r i n c r e a s e d h i j a c k i n g o f v e h i c l e s , l o o t i n g o f c o n v o y s a n d a m i l i t a r y c a m
p a i g n a g a i n s t t h e i n c u m
b e n t g o v e r n m e n t ,
w a r e h o u s e s , a n d d e t e n t i o n o f e x p a t r i a t e s t a f f .

t h a t s a w s e r i o u s c l a n - b a s e d f i g h t i n g b e t w e e n r i v a l f a c t i o n s a n d l a r g e p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y b e i n g o c c u p i e d b y t h e f o r c e s Operation PROVIDE RELIEF. T h e o p e r a t i o n b e g a n i n
o f d i s s i d e n c e .

A u g u s t 1 9 9 2 , w h e n t h e W
h i t e H o u s e a n n o u n c e d t h a t U S
m i l i t a r y t r a n s p o r t s w o u l d s u p p o r t t h e m
u l t i n a t i o n a l U N

I n

S e p t e m
b e r

1 9 9 1 ,
s e v e r e
f i g h t i n g
b r o k e
o u t
i n
r e l i e f e f f o r t i n S o m a l i a . T e n C - 1 3 0 s a n d 4 0 0 p e o p l e w e r e M
o g a d i s h u , w h i c h c o n t i n u e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m o n t h s a n d d e p l o y e d t o M
o m b a s a , K e n y a d u r i n g O p e r a t i o n P r o v i d e
s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , w i t h o v e r 2 0 ,0 0 0 p e o p l e R e l i e f , a i r l i f t i n g a i d t o r e m
o t e a r e a s i n S o m a l i a , t o r e d u c e
k i l l e d o r i n j u r e d b y t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r . A g r i c u l t u r e w a s r e l i a n c e o n t r u c k c o n v o y s . T l i e A i r F o r c e C - 1 3 0 s d e l i v e r e d d e s t r o y e d a n d i t l e d t o s t a r v a t i o n i n l a r g e p a r t s o f S o m a l i a .

4 8 , 0 0 0 t o n s o f f o o d a n d m e d i c a l s u p p l i e s i n s i x m o n t h s t o

T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m
m
u n i t y b e g a n t o s e n d f o o d s u p p l i e s t o
i n t e r n a t i o n a l h u m a n i t a r i a n o r g a n i z a t i o n s t r y i n g t o h e l p h a l t t h e s t a r v a t i o n , b u t v a s t a m
o u n t s o f f o o d w e r e h i j a c k e d
t l i e o v e r t h r e e m i l l i o n s t a r v i n g p e o p l e i n t h e c o u n t r y .

a n d b r o u g h t t o l o c a l c l a n l e a d e r s , w h o r o u t i n e l y e x c h a n g e d i t w i t h
o t h e r
c o u n t r i e s
f o r w e a p o n s . A n
e s t i m a t e d

8 0

Operation RESTORE HOPE. O p s P r o v i d e R e l i e f p r o v e d
p e r c e n t o f t h e f o o d w a s s t o l e n . T h e s e f a c t o r s l e d t o e v e n i n a d e q u a t e i n s t o p p i n g t h e m a s s i v e d e a t h a n d d i s p l a c e m e n t
m
o r e s t a r v a t i o n , f r o m
w h i c h a n e s t i m a t e d 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e
o f t h e S o m a l i p e o p l e ( 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 d e a d a n d 1 . 5 m i l l i o n r e f u g e e s d i e d , a n d a n o t h e r 1.5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e s u f f e r e d b e t w e e n o r d i s p l a c e d ) . I n D e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 2 , t h e U S a s s u m
i n g t h e

1 9 9 1 a n d 1 9 9 2 . B y 1 9 9 2 , a l m
o s t 4 . 5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e , m o r e
u n i f i e d c o m
m
a n d i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h r e s o l u t i o n 7 9 4 ( 1 9 9 2 )

t h a n h a l f t h e t o t a l n u m
b e r i n t h e c o u n t r y , w e r e t h r e a t e n e d
l a u n c h e d a m a j o r c o a l i t i o n o p e r a t i o n , R E S T O R E H O P E t o w i t h s t a r v a t i o n , s e v e r e m
a l n u t r i t i o n a n d r e l a t e d d i s e a s e s .

a s s i s t a n d p r o t e c t h u m
a n i t a r i a n a c t i v i t i e s .

T h e m
a g n i t u d e o f s u f f e r i n g w a s i m
m
e n s e . S o m e 2 m i l l i o n

India's Participation in UN ‘RESTORE HOPE'

p e o p l e , v i o l e n t l y d i s p l a c e d f r o m t h e i r h o m
e a r e a s , f l e d
e i t h e r
t o
n e i g h b o u r i n g
c o u n t r i e s
o r
e l s e w h e r e
w i t h i n

B y t h e e n d o f 1 9 9 1 , t h e s i t u a t i o n i n S o m
a l i a w a s g r a v e .

S o m a l i a . A l l i n s t i t u t i o n s o f g o v e r n a n c e a n d a t l e a s t 6 0 p e r T h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l r e l i e f e f f o r t s w e r e s t y m i e d b y t h e f a c t c e n t o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s b a s i c i n f r a s t r u c t u r e d i s i n t e g r a t e d .

t h a t , w h i l e f o o d s u p p l i e s w e r e r e a c h i n g S o m
a l i a , a r m
e d
g a n g s o f t h e t w o w a r r i n g f a c t i o n s l o o t e d f o o d s h i p m e n t s

The UN Administered Humanitarian Operations
a n d f o o d c o n v o y s a n d p r e v e n t e d f o o d f r o m r e a c h i n g t h e s t a r v i n g . T h e r e w a s u r g e n t n e e d t o p r o t e c t f o o d d e l i v e r i e s A g a i n s t t h i s b a c k g r o u n d , i n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 2 , t h e S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l u n a n i m
o u s l y i m
p o s e d a g e n e r a l a n d c o m p l e t e
f r o m t h e l o o t i n g g a n g s .

a r m
s e m
b a r g o o n S o m
a l i a . I n M
a r c h 1 9 9 2 , a g r e e m e n t s

A n A m e r i c a n l e d m u l t i n a t i o n a l f o r c e c o m
p r i s i n g 3 5 , 0 0 0
w e r e
s i g n e d
b e t w e e n
t h e
r i v a l
p a r t i e s
i n

M
o g a d i s h u
t r o o p s f r o m s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s w a s p r e s s e d i n t o s e r v i c e . B u t r e s u l t i n g i n t h e d e p l o y m
e n t o f U n i t e d N a t i o n s o b s e r v e r s

L

Refer to Reference Note, 'Background of the Somalia Conflict.

m o r e a s s i s t a n c e w a s n e e d e d a n d a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a p p e a l T h e I n d i a n

N a v a l
i n v o l v e m
e n t i n
t h e

U N

O
w a s s e n t o u t f o r o t h e r c o u n t r i e s t o j o i n .

' R E S T O R E H O P E ' c a n b e d e s c r i b e d i n t h r e e s e g m
e n t e d 1

I n D e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 2 , I n d i a d e c i d e d t o j o i n t h e U n i t e d

•

O p M

U F F E T

N a t i o n
s p o n s o r e d
i n t e r n a t i o n a l
e f f o r t

“ O p e r a t i o n

•

O p S H I E L D

R E S T O R E H O P E " I n d i a ' s c o n t r i b u t i o n w a s a b r i g a d e o f a b o u t 2 0 0 0 t r o o p s a n d a n a v a l t a s k g r o u p o f t h r e e s h i p s .

•

O p B O L S T E R

Operation MUFFET

C o n s e q u e n t t o t h e C a b i n e t C o m
m
i t t e e o n P a r l i a m e n t a r y

A f f a i r s
d e c i d i n g
i n
f a v o u r
o f
p a r t i c i p a t i n g
i n
t h e
h u m
a n i t a r i a n e f f o r t s , a t a s k f o r c e c o m
p r i s i n g t h r e e s h i n s
w a s d i s p a t c h e d t o S o m
a l i a . I N S h i p s D
e e p a k , K u t h a r a n d

C h e e t a h c o n s t i t u t e d t h e t a s k g r o u p a n d w
a s c o m
m
a n d e d
b y C o m
m
o d o r e S a m
p a t h P i l l a i w
h o w
a s
d e s i g n a t e d a s

C o m
m
o d o r e I n d i a n N a v a l F o r c e s ( C O

M

I N

F ) .

Indian Ships Deployed for Op MUFFET

Ship

Period Deployed off

Som alia

F r o m

T o

F l e e t t a n k e r D e e p a k

D
e c e m
b e r 9 2

J a n 9 3

C o r v e t t e K u t h a r ( C O M

I N F )

D
e c e m
b e r 9 2

F e b 9 3

L a n d i n g s h i p C h e e t a h

D
e c e m
b e r 9 2

F e b 9 3

O P V S u k a n y a

F e b 9 3

M
a r 9 3

O P V S u b h a d r a

M
a r 9 3

M
a y 9 3

O P V S h a r d a

M
a y 9 3

J u l y 9 3

O P V S u v a r n a

J u l 9 3

O
c t 9 3

T trA
u

L i a l s o n O r g a n i s a t i o n ( I N L O ) w
a s s e t u p w i t h

L t L d r H
a n K u m
a r a s t h e f i r s t I N L O , a t t h e C o a l i t i o n J o i n t
a s k F o r c e ( C G T F ) H Q l o c a t e d i n t h e U S E m
b a s s y b u i l d i n g
o
l a i s e w i t h U N I T A F , U N O S O M
a n d N G O s . T h e t e a m
c o n s i s t e d o f o n e o f f i c e r , t h r e e M

A R C O s a n d f e w o t h e r s .

F a i s o n o f f i c e r r e p r e s e n t e d t h e I n d i a n
f o r c e s
a t a l l
m
e e t i n g s , i n t e l l i g e n c e b r i e f i n g s a n d f u n c t i o n s a t t h e C G T F
a n
w a s t h e n o d a l p o i n t f o r l i a i s o n b e t w
e e n t h e l i a i s o n
c e l l s s e t u p b y 2 2 c o u n t r i e s .

Instances of Direct Indian Participation

Rescue by Sukanya. O n 0 3 F e b r u a r y
v
a n

W a S a P P r o a c h e d b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f W
o r l d
o o d P r o g r a m
m
e ( W

F P ) a n d C A R E t o i n t e r c e p t a C A R E
a r e r e
s h i p M

V R e m
o r r a B a y w
h i c h w
a s c a r r y i n g 350
o n s o f s u g a r a n d 1 5 t o n s o f w
h e a t f l o u r . T h e s h i p h a d l o s t
r a d i o c o n t a c t s i n c e 2 8 J a n u a r y 1 9 9 3 o f f t h e c o a s t o f M
e r k a .

w a s a p r a c t i c e o f t h e M
a s t e r s t o u n l o a d t h e a i d m
a t e r i a l
a
e n o i m
o u s p r o f i t a t o t h e r p o r t s ( l i k e B r a v a , M
e r c a ) a n d
a m
e i t o n a t t a c k i n t h e h i g h s e a s b y p i r a t e s . I N S S u k a n y a

s a i l e d w i t h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f W

F P a n d C A R E t o i n t e r c e p t
h e l i c o p t e r s . T h e m i s s i o n w a s a s s i g n e d t o t h e W
e s t e r n F l e e t
t h e m
e r c h a n t v e s s e l . A t 1 7 1 5 h r s , M V R e m o r r a B a y w a s i n t h e m i d d l e o f N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 4 , a n d t h e W
e s t e r n F l e e t
s i g h t e d a n d a G e m i n i w a s l o w e r e d w i t h a n a r m e d b o a r d i n g C o m m a n d e r
w a s
d e s i g n a t e d

T a s k

F o r c e

C o m
m
a n d e r .

p a r t y . B y t h e n , t h e m
e r c h a n t v e s s e l h a d r e s o l v e d t h e e n g i n e

G a n g a a n d G o d a v a r i s a i l e d f r o m M
u m b a i o n 2 8 N o v e m
b e r
p r o b l e m t h a t w a s d u e t o f u e l c o n t a m i n a t i o n .

a n d

S h a k t i
d e p a r t e d

2 6

N o v e m b e r

1 9 9 4 ,
h e a d e d
f o r

A s s i s t a n c e
f o r

H
u m
a n i t a r i a n

A i d .

U N I C E F
s o u g h t

K i s m a y o .

I N
a s s i s t a n c e
f o r
t h e
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n
o f h u m a n i t a r i a n

O p s — S H I E L D
a i d b e t w e e n M
o g a d i s h u , K i s m a y o a n d f r o m M
o m b a s a .

T h e s e
s t o r e s ,
t i l l
t h e n w e r e a i r l i f t e d
a n d i t w a s f o u n d

T h e

I n d i a n

N a v y ' s
m i s s i o n
w a s

“ t o
p r o v i d e
n a v a l
u n e c o n o m
i c a l . I N S S u k a n y a m
a d e t w o t r i p s t o M
o m b a s a
p r e s e n c e a n d t e r m i n a l s u p p o r t f o r s m
o o t h d e i n d u c t i o n

( 1 0 - 2 0 F e b

& 0 3 - 1 1

M
a r ) .

I n a d d i t i o n , c a r g o w a s a l s o
o f I n d i a n A r m y t r o o p s f r o m K i s m a y o , S o m a l i a , i n c l u d i n g c a r r i e d f o r t h e I r i s h a g e n c y C O N C E R N a n d f o r U N O S O M .

N a v a l G u n F i r e S u p p o r t , w h e r e - s o - e v e r f e a s i b l e ' ! O n a r r i v a l o f f K i s m a y o o n 0 6 D e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 4 , a l l h e l i c o p t e r s w e r e

R o l e i n T r a n s i t i o n f r o m

U N I T A F t o U N O S O M
f l o w n i n f o r m a t i o n o v e r t h e t o w n i n a s h o w o f f o r c e . T h e T h e

I N
p a r t i c i p a t i o n
i n
t h e

U N I T A F

' O p

R E S T O R E

N a v a l T a s k G r o u p w a s a s s i g n e d t o : -

H O P E ' w a s r e s t r i c t e d t o p a t r o l l i n g a n d t r a n s p o r t i n g o f U N

•

C o v e r t h e d e - i n d u c t i o n o f 1 B I H A R B a t t a l i o n G r o u p S t o r e s . T h e U N I T A F o p e r a t i o n s w e r e t e r m i n a t e d o n 0 4 M a y f r o m K i s m a y o .

1 9 9 3 ( 1 7 D
e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 2 t o 0 4 M
a y 1 9 9 3 ) . H o w e v e r , t h e
h u m
a n i t a r i a n a s s i s t a n c e i n S o m a l i a c o n t i n u e d a s U n i t e d

•

P r o v i d e h e l i c o p t e r s u p p o r t f o r t h e e v a c u a t i o n o f t h e N a t i o n s O p e r a t i o n S o m
a l i a ( U N O S O M

) .

r e a r g u a r d e l e m e n t s .

W
h e n U N I T A F w a s h a n d e d o v e r t o U N O S O M I I , t h e

•

P r o v i d e a i r - s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d c l o s e w e a p o n s u p p o r t I N w a s r e q u e s t e d f o r o f f i c e r s t o a s s i s t t h e n e w H Q t i l l d u r i n g w i t h d r a w a l o f a r m
o u r f r o m a i r p o r t t o s e a p o r t
p e r m
a n e n t
s t a f f
a r r i v e d .

T h i s
w a s
r e a d i l y
a c q u i e s c e d
a n d t h e i r l o a d i n g o n m
e r c h a n t s h i p s .

a n d L t C d r N N S M
a n i a n , L C d r K K P a n d e y a n d L C d r H a r i

K u m a r w e r e a s s i g n e d t o t h e T r a n s i t i o n H e a d q u a r t e r s i n

•

P r o v i d e h o s p i t a l s h i p f a c i l i t y o n b o a r d G o d a v a r i .

M
a r c h 1 9 9 3 . I t w a s t h e f i r s t t i m e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e I N

P h a s e s
o f

D e - i n d u c t i o n
f r o m

K i s m
a y o .

B y
t h a t n a v a l o f f i c e r s w o r e t h e B l u e B e r e t a n d w o r k e d o n a n 0 6 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 , t h e 1 B I H A R B a t t a l i o n , d e p l o y e d i n U N m i s s i o n .

K i s m a y o f o r t h e U N c o n t r o l l e d h u m
a n i t a r i a n a n d r e l i e f

T h e n a v a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n f r o m a s h o r e w a s w i t h d r a w n i n o p e r a t i o n s , h a d w i t h d r a w n f r o m t h e t o w n a r e a a n d h a d J u n e 1 9 9 3 a n d t h e I N s h i p s w e r e w i t h d r a w n b y e n d 1 9 9 3 .

c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t h r e e a r e a s n a m e l y K i s m a y o I n t e r n a t i o n a l T h e p e r f o r m
a n c e o f t h e N a v y a n d t h e t r o o p s d e p l o y e d f o r

A i r p o r t ,

M
a r o l l e s

C o m p l e x a n d

K i s m a y o

S e a p o r t .

T h e

' O p e r a t i o n

M

U F F E T '

m
a d e
a
c o n s p i c u o u s
g e o p o l i t i c a l
p r o g r e s s i v e d e - i n d u c t i o n o f t h e t r o o p s b e g a n b y t h e i r a i r l i f t i m p a c t .

t o M
o g a d i s h u . E q u i p m e n t p a c k e d i n c o n t a i n e r s , a l o n g w i t h a r m
o u r a n d v e h i c l e s w e r e a l s o w i t h d r a w n t o t h e s e a p o r t .

Operation SHIELD and Operation BOLSTER

P h a s e I —

D e i n d u c t i o n f r o m

A i r p o r t . T h e f i r s t p h a s e

'Operation S H I E L D ' ( 0 6 t o 1 1 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 ) w a s t h e c o m
m
e n c e d o n 0 7 D e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 4 w i t h t w o L - 1 0 0 a i r c r a f t
n a m
e g i v e n t o d e - i n d u c t i o n o f t r o o p s f r o m K i s m a y o a n d '

a r r i v i n g f r o m M
o g a d i s h u f o r d e - i n d u c t i o n o f t h e b u l k o f

Operation B O L S T E R ' ( 1 2 t o 2 3 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 ) c o n c e r n e d t r o o p s . T h e B a t t a l i o n C o m
m
a n d e r o f 1 B I H A R h a n d e d o v e r
t h e d e - i n d u c t i o n o f troops f r o m M o g a d i s h u .

t h e a i r p o r t t o t h e C i t y C o u n c i l a n d t h e t r o o p s g u a r d i n g t h e a i r p o r t , r e g r o u p e d , a n d m o v e d c r o s s - c o u n t r y t o t h e The De-Induction
s e a p o r t . T h e N a v a l s h i p s p r o v i d e d N G S w h i l e h e l i c o p t e r s

%
t h e m
i d d l e o f 1 9 9 4 ,
t h e B r i g a d e i n S o m a l i a , h a d
p r o v i d e d a i r s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d c l o s e w e a p o n s u p p o r t a l l c o m
p l e t e d
i t s
t e n u r e
o f d u t y ,
a n d
n e e d e d
t o
b e
d e a l o n g t h e r o u t e f o r t h e w i t h d r a w i n g m
e n a n d a r m
o u r . T h e
i n d u c t e d . D e - i n d u c t i o n o f U N f o r c e s a n d t h e i r e q u i p m e n t s h o w o f a i r p o w e r w i t h f o u r a r m
e d h e l i c o p t e r s p r o v i d i n g
r e q u i r e d o f f s h o r e a n d a i r s u p p o r t , b u t t i i i s w a s n o t r e a d i l y r o u t e c o v e r p r e v e n t e d t h e S o m a l i
m i l i t i a f r o m
c l o s i n g
f o r t h c o m i n g .

I n d i a t h e r e f o r e c h a r t e r e d m
e r c h a n t s h i p s
o n t h e w i t h d r a w i n g t r o o p s . W
h i l e t h e o p e r a t i o n w a s i n
p r o g r e s s , t w o m
e r c h a n t v e s s e l s , n a m e l y , M V F r e e W
a v e a n d
a n d a n a i r l i n e r .

M V V i n n i t s a a r r i v e d a t K i s m a y o a n d a n c h o r e d c l o s e t o t h e The Navy d e p l o y e d t w o f r i g a t e s a n d a t a n k e r f o r the d e

I N s h i p s .

i n d u c t i o n o p e r a t i o n . Each f r i g a t e h a d t w o S e a k i n g heavy TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 4 7

P h a s e I I —

D e i n d u c t i o n f r o m

M
a r o l l e s C o m
p l e x . T h e
l o a d i n g
o f c a r g o
i n t o
t h e
m
e r c h a n t
s h i p s
b e g a n

M
a r o l l e s c o m p l e x , a f a c i l i t y u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f I n d i a n V i n n i t s a w a s t h e f i r s t s h i p
t o
c o m
p l e t e
l o a d i n g

^

t r o o p s , w a s t o b e h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e S o m a l i s . S i t u a t e d a t D e c e m
b e r a n d s o o n m
o v e d o u t . M

V F r e e w a v e c o

^
t h e n o r t h e r n e n d o f t h e c a u s e w a y b e t w e e n t h e m a i n l a n d l o a d i n g a n d s a i l e d o u t o n . 1 6 D
e c e m
b e r , w h i l e M

V A t l ^

a n d t h e s e a p o r t , t h e c o m
p l e x w a s p l a n n e d f o r v a c a t i o n

L i l y d e p a r t e d o n 1 8 D
e c e m
b e r . I n t h e m
e a n w
h i l e
f o l l o w e d b y a q u i c k r e t r e a t o f t r o o p s a n d a r m
o u r t o t h e
t h e t a s k f o r c e c o n t i n u e d t h e i r v i g i l o f t h e p o r t u n t i l t M

° f

H a m b u r g e r H i l l / S e a p o r t . A s t h e o p e r a t i o n g o t u n d e r w a y , s o l d i e r s w e r e r e p a t r i a t e d b y c h a r t e r e d s h i p s a n d a i r ' f

*

'

a
l a r g e
n u m
b e r
o f a r m
e d

S o m a l i s
c o n v e r g e d
a t
d i e
c
c

*
c h e c k p o i n t o f t h e c o m
p l e x . T o p r e v e n t a n y m i s a d v e n t u r e ,

I n d i a n N a v a l T a s k F o r c e w
a s p r o v i d i n g a i r c o v e r a n d
a l l f o u r n a v a l h e l i c o p t e r s w e r e a i r b o r n e a n d p o s i t i o n e d p a t r o l l i n g t h e c o a s t l i n e t i l l t h e l a s t U N c h a r t e r e d f l i g h t l e f t t o c o v e r t h e a p p r o a c h e s . S o o n a f t e r , t h e B a t t a l i o n C d r M
o g a d i s h u o n 2 3 D
e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 4 . W
i t h t h e d e p a r t u r e o f
h a n d e d o v e r t h e M
a r o l l e s C o m p l e x t o t h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e
t h e c h a r t e r e d f l i g h t , ' O p B O L S T E R ' w
a s t e r m
i n a t e d a n d
o f t h e C i t y C o u n c i l , t h e a r m
o u r a n d t r o o p s w i t h d r e w t o t h e
t i i e T a s k G r o u p p r o c e e d e d t o s e a o n 2 3 D
e c e m
b e r f r o m

H a m
b u r g e r H i l l . H o w e v e r , a s e x p e c t e d , n o s o o n e r h a d t h e M
o g a d i s h u ,
c o m
p l e x b e e n v a c a t e d , t h e l o c a l s b r o k e i n t o t h e a r e a a n d l o o t e d t h e p l a c e .

^ e a r A d m i r a l R N G a n e s h , r e c a l l s :2

P h a s e I I I . B y t h e e n d o f t h e s e c o n d p h a s e , t h e e q u i p m e n t

^ie UN Security Council intervened in Somalia
o f t h e 1 B I H A R B a t t a l i o n w a s a c c u m u l a t e d a t t h e S e a p o r t

*° rest01 e oyder a n d stability after the severe humanitarian
a n d t h e 2 0 8 t r o o p s h a d f a l l e n b a c k t o H a m b u r g e r H i l l .

c/zs/5 caused by internal w ar in that country. A multi-

T h e t h i r d p h a s e b e g a n w i t h M V F r e e w a v e c o m
m
e n c i n g
na^ona^ Task fo rce was led by the US ( initially named
l o a d i n g o n 0 8 / 0 9 D e c e m
b e r . T h e l o a d i n g o f M V V i n n i t s a

UNITAF a n d subsequently UNOSOM). V ie Indian Navy
c o m
m
e n c e d
t h e
n e x t d a y .

B y

11 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 4 , t h e

ParticiPated in the earlier phase which was m ainly a logistic
v e s s e l s h a d c o m
p l e t e d l o a d i n g a n d s e t s a i l f o r M
o g a d i s h u .

°Pemtion-

P h a s e I V -

D
e i n d u c t i o n o f R e a r g u a r d T r o o p s . P h a s e

An lndian Brigade was despatched to Som alia in 1993

I V w a s t h e m
o s t c r u c i a l p a r t o f t h e d e - i n d u c t i o n s i n c e l o c a l a s Pa rt ° f the U N Forces to restore stability a n d the rule of

V y i n g ^

6 a C h 0 t h e r t0 t a k e contro1 o f

law-

US launched a mission to term inate general Aidid
a n d m
t n n s n

T
r M

M
n s n J 0 0 u " 8 l m 'g e q U £ m t i t i e s o f f u e l

^

^

°fflcers-
mission backfired badly and the
a t t h e s e a n n r

A s

I

^
b e e n a b a n d ° " e d
noJ orious "Blackhawk D ow n' incident resulted in the death

I n d i a n t r o o d s t h e n a v a l ^ ° T

^ ^ ^

f j * US SoUUm m d * nom iny f ° r the US forces. Within
t h

S

S
r
r
r

g e n t ’

i m ° a c t i 0 n - W
i t h
n A m erim abandoned Somalia. Thereafter, conditions
s t a
t e
d
o
v
r

^
f T
d’ h, e l i C 0 p t e r S W e r e
m ! 0malia deteri° ™ * d « * adily a n d the Security C ouncil
j z
r
s
v
g
s

” s r a ( b

.r ;“
s— ,
s u p p o r t a n d c h e c k i n f i l t r a t i o n b y b o a t s . O n e S e a k i n g w a s

By f he middle ° f 19H the Indian Brigade, which had
p o s i t i o n e d o n H a m
b u r g e r H i l l t o t r a n s f e r b a g g a g e o f t h e
comP eted its tenure o f duly with honour, was overdue to
r e a r g u a r d , w h i l e t w o o t h e r s g u a r d e d t h e s o u t h w e s t s i d e o f

^

T e ‘e v e d R w
obvious that the w ithdraw ing UN forces
e

S
n f f h p
h e n S U r e f a f e r e C O V e r y 0 f t h e r e a r S u a r d - A t * e

WŮld TeqUire °ffshore a n d air support. But neither relief
b e e n d e i n
d

. t t n

? L D e “

™ b e r 1 9 9 4 ' 2 0 3 s o l d i e r s h a d
was d o m i n g fro m the Western m em bers of
b e e n d e - i n d u c t e d t o M
o g a d i s h u . ' O p e r a t i o n S H I E L D ' w a s

^

UN Security Council.

a s u c c e s s w i t h o u t a n y c a s u a l t i e s .

n ^ 2*S was ^le background against which the India11

O p B O L S T E R

Government decided to dispatch a Naval Task Force fo r the

T h e t a s k f o r c e f r o m

K i s m a y o a r r i v e d a t M o p a H i c h n ^
action o f the Indian Brigade fro m Som alia. The task

1 2 D
e c e m
b e r 1 9 9 4 , b y w h i c h t i m e *

1

S
t

,

"

T Z T

H

“

' » « “ < * * » * - J N o v e m ^

U N O S O M
t r o o p s h a d c o n c e n t r a t e d a r o u n d t h e M
o g a d i s h

F

Fleet C om m ander was designated the Task
a i r p o r t . T h e c a r g o , a l o n g w i t h t h r e e B M

P s o f t h e I n d i a n
r T Con]mandeK T™° FFGs (G uided missile frigates)

c o n t i n g e n t t o b e s h i p p e d , h a d a l r e a d y b e e n p o s i t i o n e d
m ^

Godavari an<* a fleet tanker Shakti were selected
a t t
e p o r t f o r e v a c u a t i o n a n d w a s b e i n g g u a r d e d b y a n

T TaS* Porce' which sailed fro m B o m b a y 0,1

E g y p t i a n c o n t i n g e n t . A s s o o n a s t h e t a s k f o r c e a r r i v e d ,

Africa

* ^

S6t C° W'Se f o r the WeSt C° aSt

2.

R ear Admiral (later Vice Admiral) ^ N ~ G an eslT T O n m an d ed ^ h e^ ava^

----------—

------------------------------------------

4 0

_
as S0nt t 0 So m alia to d e-in d u ct th e In d ian B rigade.

4 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

The Task Force arrived off Mogadishu on the 06 December

In many ways, Operations SHIELD and BOLSTER
and established radio contact with the Headquarters o f the heralded a new maturity and purposefulness on the part of

61 Independent Brigade. Two Indian battalions, which
the naval and the civilian leadership in the exploitation o f
had been deployed in the interior, had concentrated on sea power in the extended areas of our interest.

Mogadishu, but the 1 BIHAR was still in the Kismayo area,
some250 kilometers to the south. The situation in Mogadishu

The Indian Army succeeded because it went in with its
was under control as the air and seaports were well in the boots on, and did notfight shy of going into the interior where
area held by the rem aining UN forces. In Kismayo, however,
required. The US effort on the other hand had been ffo m the
the Indian forces h ad no support and they would have to be safety o f the air and without any forces on the ground they
prepared to carry out a fighting withdrawal
were unable to establish their presence with authority'.

On 06 December, the Task Force arrived off Kismayo. The

The Army were deeply appreciative, however, and there

Brigade Com m ander a n d his senior officers were ferried were articles by them o f the way our “boys in white" cam e to
aboard the flagship G angafor a planning conference. It was rescue them from a sticky situation. Vie Pakistani Brigade
decided that I BIHAR would, withdraw to the seaport under Commander said wistfully to me: “kash ham are navy walon
support o f a squadron o f its T-72 tanks, and with a rearguard bhi aisa karte!" ( “I wish our Navy had also done likewise").

of about forty chosen men. The port was dominated by a hill A couple o f months later, the Journal o f the Royal Artillery
feature (it was called
published a laudatory article on the important role played

"H a m b u rg er Hill” by the Americans,
and was nam ed
by the Indian Navy and the lessons it had fo r the western

"M a la ba r Hill" by the Indian Task Force
staff). The rearguard echelon o f 1 BIHAR would take powers.

position on M alabar Hill and control the access to the port.

C o l A n i l S h o r e y 3 r e c a l l s :

The Seaking helos from the Task Force would be deployed
on armed, reconnaissance to keep at bay the pursuing forces

"As our time came to return to India after nearly 15
of the Somali warlords with their gun-fitted lorries, locally months, the Somali, clans grew more and more belligerent
known as “technicals" The electronic warfare capability of throughout the mission area, including Kismayo, the second
the ships was used to intercept messages between the Somali largest coastal town o f Somalia located. 240 kilometers
militia and keep track o f their location. Meanwhile, the southwest o f the largest town and capital Mogadishu. The
ships o f the task force patrolled off the port, keeping the vital Indian battalion, 1 BIHAR, was deployed there.

positions o f the area constantly in their gun sights.

As the days fo r thefinal de-induction o f the Indian brigade

On 11 December, the Battalion withdrew as planned drew nearer, units in the hinterland chalked out plans to
into the seaport a n d em barked on the Ro-Ro ships that had hand over respective charge to the local Somali authorities.

been chartered fo r the purpose, along with their vehicles,

While everything went smoothly in the hinterland, the
arms a nd equipment. At dawn on 11 December, the Indian
battalion at Kismayo was not so lucky.

chartered ship sailed fro m Kismayo Harbour fo r Mogadishu

Intelligence reports received by the battalion at Kismayo
and in a swift a n d smooth operation, the remaining troops indicated that some of the Somali clan members intended
were helo-lifted fro m M alabar Hill in two sorties to the to coerce 1 BIHAR to leave all its weapons and equipment
ships o f the Task Force, while a third helo orbited overhead behind.

providing cover fo r the evacuation. Operation SHIELD had
been completed successfully without a shot being fired.

In case this was not agreed to, these would be taken by
force. With this input, our hopes fo r a smooth a n d early exit

The Task Force arrived offMogadishu on the 12 December,
from Somalia grew dim.

and rem ained till 2 3 D ecem ber 1994, when the last soldiers

What the Indian brigade needed was a naval task force.

were repatriated by chartered ships and aircraft, and the But that seemed elusive since many Western countries were
naval units sailed back to Mumbai.

more inclined to 'wait and watch' the Somali situation

These operations had a strong impact, in international rather than put theirfleet to sea fo r the convenience o f Third
military circles. India, a developing country, had shown
world contingents.

^he Z

: nV he Caf abi,ity. t0 Pr0tf
itS lnZ 7 J l o v e d

However, towards the end o f November 1994, the Indian
countrip h i f n?

continent, w hereasm

Government decided to send a naval force to Somalia,
entries had failed to honour their commitments.

in w h ich lierecalls the Navy’s de-induction of his Hoops from Kismayo in

S a u u k S a m a c h a r , March 2006 : Extract of Col Anil Shorey s article m December 1994.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 4 9

However, the most striking aspect a n d the grand fina\e

Accordingly, an Indian naval task force o f two frigate
o f the entire Kismayo operation was the re a rg u a rd action
and a tanker, reached Kismayo on 6'" December. For the
perform ed jointly by the troops o f I BIHAR a n d the Indian
officers and men o f the Indian brigade, particulaily those
naval task force.

o f 1 BIHAR and an independent squadron o f 7 Cavahy

(comprising T 72 tanks) based at Kismayo, it was a moment

After ensuring that no interference took place by Somali
o f pride, elation and relief to see their own, impressive and
clan m em bers during de-induction, the 40-odd troops of

Indian made naval ships coming to assist them during the

1 B I H A R , fo rm in g the rear-guard , c o n v e rg e d a t the strategic
crucial de-induction.

H am burger H ill This hill overlooked the Kismayo harbour
from the north and also the m ain a p proa ch leading to it

The Brigade Com mander flew into Kismayo from from Kismayo town. From here, they were lifted by naval

Mogadishu with a few Brigade staffofficers. We were ail lifted Seaking helicopters and ferried to different ships of the task
by naval Seaking helicopters to INS Ganga. A coordination
conference was held where the operatiotial modalities and force.

support to be provided by the task force were discussed.

On the night o f 11/ 12 D ecem ber, the task fo rce weighed

Op SHIELD, de-induction o f troops from Kismayo started anchor and arrived at M ogadishu by the afternoon from
on the following day. The process went about peacefully and
where it supported the de-induction o f the bulk o f Indian
the crucial transition o f Indian-held UN assets (excluding
troops. By 13 December, the fin a l de-induction by air and

Indian weapons and equipment) between 1 BIHAR and sea becam e effective.

local Somalis was executed at the Kismayo airport and

Utis operation succeeded in sen d in g signals across
seaport.

Somalia a n d the world that the Indians m eant business

To ensure the safety o f Indian troops, the Indian naval
in preserving the property and. integrity o f its brigade in
fleet provided various types o f support — aerial logistics, fire Somalia during de-induction. It also proved that India was
support from integral helicopters, ship-to-shore standby fire capable o f dealing with such contingencies which earlier
support and signal communications.

had been the prerogative o f the US a n d Western navies.

Around this time reports cam e in about militant groups,

Operational Significance of the Som alia Operations
belonging to three different clans, planning to force their

V i e w e d
i n t r o s p e c t i v e l y ,
f r o m

a
p u r e l y
m i l i t a r y
way towards the seaport from three different directions.

p e r s p e c t i v e , t h e d e p l o y m
e n t s b e t w
e e n 1 9 9 2 a n d 19 9 4 w e r e

Gunshots could be clearly heard from the direction o f

Kismayo town. We soon learnt through intercepted wireless
s i g n i f i c a n t f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s
communication that Somali clan members were looting,

•

T h e y v a l i d a t e d c o n f i d e n c e i n t h e N a v y ' s r e - o r i e n t e d
at gunpoint, a Non Government Organisation's warehouse
o p e r a t i o n a l p h i l o s o p h y o f " F o r w
a r d D e p l o y m e n t ^
holding fo o d grain.

i n b l u e w
a t e r s . T h i s w
a s i n s h a r p c o n t r a s t t o ^

At the Kismayo seaport, there was no major cause fo r
e a r l i e r
c o m
p u l s i o n s
o f
b e i n g
t e t h e r e d
i n
worry as earm arked Indian troops, supported by tanks
v i c i n i t y
o f
h o m
e p o r t s ,
t o
c o n s e r v e

° P e r a t l |Jn
o f 7 Cavalry squadron, were already deployed at vantage
h o u r s o f m
a c h i n e r y / e q u i p m
e n t a n d f u l f i l t h e

*
positions. Effective roadblocks had also been set up to ensure
o b j e c t i v e s o f e c o n o m
i s i n g f u e l c o s t s a n d ^e s s e n ^
a smooth de-induction o f Indian troops without external
t h e
p r o b l e m
s
o f
l o g i s t i c
s u p p o r t
o f
i m
p 01
interference. A s the de-induction progressed, the tanks
m
a c h i n e r y / e q u i p m
e n t .

an d bulk o f Indian troops at various check-points were to

•

T h e i n t r e p i d w a y t h e N a v y ' s u n p r o t e c t e d h e l i c0
fall back to the seaport fo r boarding various ships, leaving

( S e a k i n g s a n d C h e t a k s ) c a r r i e d o u t r e c c e a n

^
behind an effective rear-guard o f 40 personnel o f 1 BIHAR.

c o v e r
s o r t i e s
w a s
a
r e v e l a t i o n .

O p e r a t i n g

Regular arm ed sorties o f the Indian Brigade's Chetak and
t h e i r m
o t h e r s h i p s i n t u r b u l e n t w
i n d s a t a n
the Navy's Seaking helicopters also deterred the belligerent
or patrolling close offshore in heavy seas, they ^

Somali arm ed factions from coming closer to the seaport.

air-lifted troops during the de-induction 0

^

Simultaneously, the Indian naval ships had their weapons

Indian brigade in the very skies of M ogadis

^
trained on to different land objectives and their electronic
which Somali militants had shot down we^~areIlCe
warfare equipm ent on board not only ja m m ed militant

American helicopter gun-ships. Valuable eXPerl f0r
radio frequencies but also selectively monitored their
was thus gained in operating integral helicopte ^
com m and and control communication channels, which
prolonged durations daily for air surveillance
provided invaluable information to Indian forces.

recce.

5 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

•

E q u a l l y v a l u a b l e w a s t h e r e v e l a t i o n o f t h e a b i l i t y R e t r o s p e c t
o f s h i p ' s a n d t h e i r i n t e g r a l h e l i c o p t e r s t o o p e r a t e G i v e n t h e g e o - s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n o f t h e G u l f o f A d e n f o r
s e v e r a l
m
o n t h s
a t
a
s t r e t c h
h u n d r e d s
o f
t h r o u g h w h i c h t h o u s a n d s o f m
e r c h a n t s h i p s t r a n s i t e v e r y
m
i l e s
a w a y
f r o m

h o m
e p o r t
a n d
t h e i r
s h o r e -
y e a r , O p e r a t i o n M

U F F E T y i e l d e d v a l u a b l e i n s i g h t s . I n d i a ,
b a s e d
m
a i n t e n a n c e
f a c i l i t i e s / e x p e r t i s e .

T h i s
a d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y , h a d s h o w n t h e w i l l a n d t h e c a p a c i t y s u b s t a n t i a t e d t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f i n d i g e n i s e d n a v a l t o s h a r e i n t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f i t s S L O C s i n i t s e x t e n d e d z o n e e q u i p m
e n t a n d m
a c h i n e r y . I t a l s o c o r r o b o r a t e d
o f m a r i t i m e i n t e r e s t a c r o s s t h e n o r t h e r n I n d i a n O c e a n , o f f t h e c o n c e p t s t h a t u n d e r l a y t h e t r a i n i n g r e f o r m s o f a n o t h e r c o n t i n e n t , a s p a r t o f a m u l t i l a t e r a l U N t a s k f o r c e .

t h e p r e c e d i n g d e c a d e s .

T h e a b i l i t y o f s h i p s t o s u s t a i n p r o l o n g e d o p e r a t i o n s f o r T h e s u s t a i n e d p r o f i c i e n c y o f o u r m
e n a n d t h e r e l i a b i l i t y
t w o y e a r s a w a y f r o m t h e i r h o m e p o r t s l e d i n t r o s p e c t i v e o f m a t e r i a l b o o s t e d c o n f i d e n c e f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s b l u e p l a n n e r s t o c o n c l u d e t h a t I n d i a h a d e x t e n d e d t o c o v e r w a t e r o p e r a t i o n s i n d i s t a n t w a t e r s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e , i t t h e S L O C s f r o m t h e H o r n o f A f r i c a i n t h e n o r t h w e s t t o t h e r e i n f o r c e d t h e v i t a l n e e d o f m
o r e f l e e t t a n k e r s f o r s u c h

S t r a i t s o f M
a l a c c a i n t h e s o u t h w e s t .

o p e r a t i o n s .

F r o m a n a t i o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e , t h e o p e r a t i o n w a s w e l l r e c e i v e d i n a l l q u a r t e r s . B y a l l a c c o u n t s t h e p r e s e n c e o f L e s s o n s L e a r n t
o u r s h i p s i n t h e a r e a e a r n e d c o n s i d e r a b l e g o o d w i l l f r o m D e s p i t e r e m
a r k a b l e g a i n s a n d t h e m
o r e t h a n s i g n i f i c a n t
t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n a n d f a c i l i t a t e d t h e t a s k o f A r m y d e -
e x p e r i e n c e t h a t i t o f f e r e d , t h e r e w e r e i m
p o r t a n t l e s s o n s t o
i n d u c t i o n . I n f a c t , t h e U S S e c r e t a r y o f D e f e n c e e x p r e s s e d b e l e a r n t f r o m t h e o p e r a t i o n : -
h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n a n d c o m p l i m e n t e d t h e I n d i a n N a v y f o r t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e p e a c e k e e p i n g e f f o r t s .

•

T h e o p e r a t i o n b r o u g h t h o m
e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n
t a n k e r s u p p o r t , w i t h o u t w h i c h n o p r o g r e s s w o u l d F o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y , t h e o p e r a t i o n , i n i t s v e r y e s s e n c e , h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e .

w a s a w a t e r s h e d a n d m a r k e d a n e w b e g i n n i n g f o r t h e S e r v i c e .

A p a r t
f r o m
b e i n g
a
c a p a b i l i t y
d e m
o n s t r a t o r

•

T h e N a v y r e a l i s e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e s e r i o u s h a z a r d s o f a n d a c o n f i d e n c e b o o s t e r , i t h e r a l d e d t h e s t a r t o f a n e r a u s i n g h e l i c o p t e r s i n p r o l o n g e d l o w i n t e n s i t y c o n f l i c t w h e n t h e N a v y c o u l d p l a y a m e a n i n g f u l a n d
e f f e c t i v e
i n h e a v i l y c o n g e s t e d u r b a n a r e a s .

p a r t i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l e f f o r t s i n s u p p o r t o f h u m a n i t a r i a n
o p e r a t i o n s .

F o r
t h e
s h e e r
r a n g e
o f
e x p e r i e n c e
i n

•

T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f c o o r d i n a t i n g c o n t i n g e n c y p l a n s c o o r d i n a t e d i n t e r n a t i o n a l a c t i o n , t h a t i t p r o v i d e d t h e N a v y b e t w e e n
m
u l t i n a t i o n a l
f o r c e s
a s s e m b l e d
f o r

U N
w i t h , O p e r a t i o n ' M

U F F E T ' r e m a i n s v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t .

O p e r a t i o n s w
e r e a l s o m
a d e c l e a r .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 51

Operation Tasha
f u n c t i o n i n g
a t

R a m
a n a t h a p u r a m

( R a m
n a d )

i n

B a c k g r o u n d
s u p p o r t o f t h e I P K F o p e r a t i o n s , w
a s r e a c t i v a t e d a n d

H i e I n d i a n P e a c e K e e p i n g F o r c e ( I P K F ) w a s i n d u c t e d i n o p e r a t i o n o f b o t h f i x e d w i n g a s w e l l a s r o t a r y w i n g S r i L a n k a i n J u l y 1 9 8 7 , a s p e r t h e I n d o - S r i L a n k a A c c o r d , t o ( h e l i c o p t e r s ) a i r c r a f t r e c o m
m
e n c e d .

e n d t h e e t h n i c s t r u g g l e t h a t c l a i m
e d m
a n y l i v e s a n d r u i n e d
t h e c o u n t r y ' s e c o n o m y . O p e r a t i o n P a w a n s t a r t e d w i t h t l i e

•

I N a n d C G s h i p s , o p e r a t i n g e x - V i s a k h a p a t n a m
a n d
i n d u c t i o n o f t h e I P K F o n 2 9 J u l y 1 9 8 7 . T h e d e - i n d u c t i o n C h e n n a i , w
e r e d e p l o y e d t o p r o v i d e c o n t i n u o u s s e a s t a r t e d i n A u g u s t 1 9 8 9 a n d t h e o p e r a t i o n t e r m i n a t e d o n
b o r n e p a t r o l .

2 4 M
a r c h 1 9 9 0 . W
h e n t h e l a s t e l e m
e n t s w i t h d r e w , t h e r e

•

R e g u l a r c o o r d i n a t i o n m
e e t i n g s w
e r e h e l d w i t h t h e
s t i l l h a d b e e n n o s o l u t i o n t o t h e p o l i t i c a l p r o b l e m

.

S t a t e a u t h o r i t i e s a n d S t a t e a n d C e n t r a l e n f o r c e m e n t , P r i o r t o t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e I P K F 1 f r o m S r i L a n k a o n i n t e l l i g e n c e o r g a n i s a t i o n s .

2 3 M
a r c h 1 9 9 0 , c o n s i d e r a b l e a n x i e t y w a s e x p e r i e n c e d b y t h e S t a t e G o v e r n m e n t o f T a m i l N a d u i n r e s p e c t o f l i k e l y Operation TASHA

L T T E a c t i v i t y i n t h e i m
m
e d i a t e f u t u r e u p o n t e r m
i n a t i o n o f

A n a s s e s s m
e n t - v i s i t w a s m
a d e b y t h e R M
t o t h e P a l k B a y

O p s P A W A N . D u e t o t h e p r o x i m i t y o f t h e l a n d m
a s s e s a n d
i n J u n e 1 9 9 1 a n d t h e G
o v e r n m
e n t d e c i d e d t o c o n t i n u e t h e
a d j a c e n t c o m
m
o n f i s h i n g g r o u n d s , t h e P a l k B a y a n d t h e
o p e r a t i o n f o r a p e r i o d o f o n e y e a r . T h e o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e G u l f o f M
a n n a r h a v e b e e n a h a v e n f o r i l l e g a l t r a f f i c k i n g o f o p e r a t i o n w e r e t o : -
h u m a n s a n d m a t e r i a l f r o m b o t h s i d e s . T h e L T T E e x p l o i t e d t h i s r o u t e f r e e l y f o r i t s l o g i s t i c a l r e q u i r e m
e n t s .

•

P r e v e n t i l l e g a l i m
m
i g r a t i o n a n d i n f i l t r a t i o n o f L T T E
m
i l i t a n t s t o a n d f r o m

S r i L a n k a .

A f o r m a l r e q u e s t w a s m
a d e b y t h e G
o v e r n m
e n t o f T a m i l

N a d u t o t h e M
i n i s t r y o f H o m
e A f f a i r s i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 0

•

P r e v e n t
s m
u g g l i n g
o f
a r m
s ,
a m
m
u n i t i o n
a n d
f o r c e n t r a l a s s i s t a n c e t h r o u g h t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f N a v a l c o n t r a b a n d f r o m
t h e I n d i a n m
a i n l a n d t o S r i L a n
p r e s e n c e i n t h e d e t a c h m
e n t a t R a m
e s h w a r a m
a n d t h e
a n d v i c e v e r s a .

e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a N a v a l d e t a c h m
e n t a t P o i n t C a l i m
e r e .

•

E n f o r c e a i r s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d s e a b o r n e p a t r o l t o c u O n 3 0 M
a y 1 9 9 0 , t h e C e n t r a l G
o v e r n m
e n t o r d e r e d t h e
a c t i v i t i e s o f S r i L a n k a n T a m
i l m
i l i t a n t s i n t h e P a

I N a n d t h e C G t o i n s t i t u t e j o i n t p a t r o l s t o i n t e r d i c t a l l B a y .

u n d e s i r a b l e a c t i v i t i e s ( i n c l u d i n g i n f l u x o f r e f u g e e s ) i n t h e P a l k B a y a r e a , i n a d d i t i o n t o l a w e n f o r c e m
e n t t a s k s a l r e a d y

P a t r o l a c t i v i t i e s w
e r e c o o r d i n a t e d b y N a v a l D e t a c h m e n
b e i n g u n d e r t a k e n . I n e x e c u t i o n o f G o v e r n m
e n t ’ s d i r e c t i v e ,
o n t h e T a m i l N a d u c o a s t . T h e d e t a c h m
e n t s h i r e d t i a w e

“ O p e r a t i o n T A S H A " w a s i n s t i t u t e d o n 2 1 J u n e 1 9 9 0 . T h e f r o m
t h e f i s h i n g i n d u s t r y , f i t t e d t h e m
w i t h m
a c h i n e gu
r e q u i r e m
e n t w a s e n v i s a g e d b y t h e N a v y a s a s h o r t - t e r m

a n d u t i l i s e d t h e m
f o r i n v e s t i g a t i n g b o a t t r a f f i c a c r o s s
r e q u i r e m
e n t f o r 3 t o 6 m o n t h s a n d t h e e x p e n d i t u r e w a s I M

B L . M
a r i n e C o m
m
a n d o s a n d a N a v a l d i v i n g t e a m

W
m
e t f r o m w i t h i n N a v a l r e s o u r c e s . A c c o r d i n g l y ,
p o s i t i o n e d a t s e l e c t e d d e t a c h m
e n t s .

•

T w o

N a v a l

D e t a c h m
e n t s

( N A V D E T s ) ,
e a c h

P a t r o l s o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l M
a r i t i m
e B o u n d a r y
d e p l o y i n g f i v e t r a w l e r s h i r e d f r o m t r a d e , w e r e s e t u p ( I M

B L ) i n t h e P a l k B a y w
e r e c a r r i e d o u t b y s h a l l o w

^

a t R a m
e s h w a r a m
a n d N a g a p a t t i n a m .

m
i n o r w
a r v e s s e l s ( S D B s a n d L C U s ) o f t h e N a v y a n
p a t r o l c r a f t o f t h e C o a s t G u a r d . A i r p a t r o l s w e r e c a r r i e i

•

T h e

N a v a l

A i r

S t a t i o n
w h i c h
h a d
b e e n
e a r l i e r
b y N a v a l a n d C o a s t G u a r d a i r c r a f t a n d N a v a l h e l i c o p t e 1.

Refer to Reference Note "Background of the Sri Lanka Tamil Conflict"

Enhancem ent o f O p T A S H A
w h i c h
r e q u i r e d m
o s t i n t e n s i v e
p a t r o l s .

E a c h

N A V D E T

C onsequent t o t h e a s s a s s i n a t i o n o f S h r i R a j i v G a n d h i , m a i n t a i n e d t h e p a t r o l u s i n g a r m
e d t r a w l e r s i n i t s r e s p e c t i v e
t h e s e c u r i t y s i t u a t i o n i n t h e P a l k B a y r e g i o n w a s r e v i e w e d a r e a o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y a l o n g t h e t h r e e t o f i v e m e t r e d e p t h
b y t h e sta te a n d c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t a u t h o r i t i e s . A t t h e c o n t o u r a n d u p t o s i x N M f r o m t h e c o a s t .

s t a t e l e v e l , t h e m
e e t i n g s w e r e c o n v e n e d a n d c h a i r e d b y t h e

I n a w e e k , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 4 0 0 0 t r a w l e r s w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d C h i e f M
i n i s t e r o f T a m i l N a d u a n d t h e s t a t e G o v e r n m e n t a n d 1 5 0 0 b o a r d e d b y a l l s e v e n d e t a c h m
e n t s . T h e i n t e n s i t y
requested f o r e n h a n c e m e n t o f a s s i s t a n c e f o r a n additional o f f i s h i n g o p e r a t i o n s v a r i e d f r o m p l a c e t o p l a c e b u t h a d s h o r t d u r a t i o n i n J u n e 1 9 9 1 .

b e e n d e n s e i n t h e a r e a a r o u n d R a m e s h w a r a m .

T h e s u r v e i l l a n c e p l a n e n v i s a g e d a l a y e r e d - c o n c e p t t o b e e x e c u t e d i n t a n d e m
w i t h m
e a s u r e s a d o p t e d b y t h e S t a t e

Operational Constraints

G o v e r n m e n t a n d i n v o l v e d : -

I l l e g a l

I n f l u x
o f

R e f u g e e s .

T h e
e s c a l a t i n g
c o n f l i c t
b e t w e e n t h e S r i L a n k a n A r m y a n d L T T E a d d e d t o t h e

•

F u n c t i o n a l d i v i s i o n o f t h e P a l k B a y r e g i o n i n t o t w o p r o b l e m s o f t h e I N / C G p a t r o l s . I n d i a n t r a w l e r s g o t i n v o l v e d o p e r a t i o n a l a r e a s w i t h N a g a p a t t i n a m a s A r e a H Q , i n
i l l e g a l
f e r r y i n g
o f S r i

L a n k a n

T a m i l
r e f u g e e s
f r o m

N o r t h a n d R a m
e s h w a r a m
a s A r e a H Q , S o u t h .

T a l a i m a n n a r t o R a m e s h w a r a m f o r m
o n e t a r y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s .

•

E s t a b l i s h m
e n t o f a d d i t i o n a l f i v e N A V D E T s a l o n g t h e

T o
a v o i d d e t e c t i o n ,
t h e s e
t r a w l e r s b e a c h e d a t n i g h t a t

V e d a r a n i y a m

/ P a l k B a y c o a s t l i n e a t : -

R a m e s h w a r a m a n d n e a r A d a m ' s B r i d g e w h e r e t h e w a t e r

—

T o p p u t u r a i
w a s s h a l l o w a n d n a v a l b o a t s c o u l d n o t c h a s e t h e m .

—

K o d i k k a r a i

W i t h t h e r e f u g e e i n f l u x i n t o T N p e a k i n g i n t h e m i d

—

M
a l l i p a t t i n a m

9 0 s , t h e I N a n d C G p a t r o l s w e r e f o u n d l e s s e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g t h e m i l i t a n t i n g r e s s a l o n g w i t h t h e r e f u g e e s

—

J a g a t h a p a t t i n a m
s i n c e : -

—

T o n d i

•

T h e S L T a m i l s c a u g h t i n t h e l i n e o f f i r e b e t w e e n t h e

•

D e p l o y m
e n t o f f i v e t r a w l e r s h i r e d f r o m t r a d e a n d

L T T E a n d S L A r m y r e a d i l y f l e d t o R a m
e s h w a r a m

.

f i t t e d w i t h M

M

G s , f r o m e a c h o f t h e s e v e n N A V D E T s
w i t h f e w a r m
e d n a v a l p e r s o n n e l t o e f f e c t c l o s e - c o a s t

•

U s e o f f o r c e a g a i n s t c i v i l i a n s d u r i n g t r a n s h i p m e n t
p a t r o l a r o u n d t h e 3 - m
e t r e d e p t h - c o n t o u r l i n e .

w a s n o t p o s s i b l e .

•

D e p l o y m
e n t
o f

I N / C G
s h i p s
a l o n g
t h e

I B L
t o

•

E n t r y o f i l l e g a l T a m i l m i g r a n t s w a s a c c e p t e d o n e n s u r e
t h a t
t h e
f i v e - m i l e

“ N o - f i s h i n g / p r o h i b i t e d
h u m a n i t a r i a n g r o u n d s .

z o n e " e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e T a m i l N a d u G o v e r n m e n t

•

T h e P o l i c e p r e s e n c e a t t h e e n t r y p o i n t s w a s s c a n t y .

r e m
a i n e d u n d e r s u r v e i l l a n c e .

•

N o e f f e c t i v e m
e c h a n i s m
w a s i n p l a c e t o c h e c k I n d i a n

•

Enhancement o f a i r b o r n e s u r v e i l l a n c e b e i n g
f i s h e r m e n i n v o l v e d i n s m u g g l i n g f u e l ( p e t r o l , d i e s e l , m
o u n t e d
f r o m

t h e

N a v a l

A i r

D e t a c h m
e n t
k e r o s e n e , u r e a u s e d f o r m a k i n g f e r t i l i z e r b o m
b s ) ,

( N A V A I R D E T ) d e p l o y e d a t t h e N a v a l A i r S t a t i o n , c o n t r a b a n d a n d h u m
a n c a r g o . T h e a p p r e h e n d e d

R a m
a n a t h a p u r a m

( N A S

R a m
n a d ) .

P e r i o d i c
b u t
b o a t s w e r e b a c k i n b u s i n e s s w i t h i n a s h o r t p e r i o d .

r a n d o m
a i r c r a f t s o r t i e s t o b e u n d e r t a k e n t o c o v e i
the a r e a b e t w e e n the 3 - m e t r e depth-contour a n d

T h e K a c h c h a t i v u P r o b l e m

. T r a d i t i o n a l l y ,
f i s h i n g b y
t h e I B L , a s w e l l a s a l o n g t h e I B L .

I n d i a n f i s h e r m e n i n t h e w a t e r s o f t h e P a l k B a y i n a n d a r o u n d

• Augmentation of the communications network.

K a c h c h a t i v u h a s r e m a i n e d a b o n e o f c o n t e n t i o n b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d S r i L a n k a f o r d e c a d e s . S o m e f i s h i n g b o a t s a l s o T h e N a v a l D
e t a c h m
e n t s w e r e t a s k e d t o c a p t u r e , d e s t r o y
i n d u l g e d i n i l l i c i t t r a d e a n d t r a n s p o r t i n g o f p e r s o n n e l f r o m m i l i t a n t s a t s e a i n t h e P a l k B a y a r e a a n d a s s i s t t h e T a m i l T a m i l N a d u t o a c r o s s t h e I M B L . B o t h t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s l e d t o N a d u

G o v t
t o
p r e v e n t
m
o v e m
e n t s
o f non -bonafid e
c o m p l a i n t s b y I n d i a n f i s h e r m e n o f “ h a r a s s m
e n t b y t h e S r i

P e r s o n n e l
a n d
s m
u g g l i n g
o f c o n t r a b a n d i t e m s i n t h e

L a n k a n N a v y " . D e s p i t e a d e q u a t e w a r n i n g s n o t t o c r o s s t h e c ° a s t a l a r e a b e t w e e n K a r a i k a l a n d L a n d ' s E n d .

I M B L , t h e f i s h e r m e n c o n t i n u e d t o d o s o . C o n s e q u e n d y , a n u n - s t a t e d t a s k o f t h e N a v y a n d d i e C o a s t G u a r d h a d b e e n

' T h e d e t a c h m
e n t s m
a i n t a i n e d t h e f i r s t b a r r i e r , o f t h e
t o o f f e r s o m e p r o t e c t i o n t o I n d i a n f i s h e r m
e n .2
t h r e e - t i e r s u r v e i l l a n c e o f t h e P a l k B a y a r e a u p t o t h e I M B L , Ministry of D efence Annual Report, 1999.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 5 3

M
a l l i p a t t i n a m
d e t a c h m
e n t s
w h i l e

A r e a

H e a d q U a r t e r

H i e

N a v a l
d e t a c h m e n t s
p l a y e d
a n
a c t i v e
r o l e
i n

R a m
e s h w a r a m

e x e r c i s e s
c o o r d i n a t i o n
c o n t r o l

^ , 5
s e n s i t i z i n g I n d i a n f i s h e r m e n a n d e d u c a t i n g t h e m t o d e s i s t over

J a g a t h a p a t t i n a m
a n d T o n d i D
e t a c h m
e n t s .

f r o m c r o s s i n g t h e I M B L t i l l s u c h t i m e a n a g r e e m e n t w a s
m a d e b e t w e e n t h e t w o n a t i o n s a n d f i s h i n g r i g h t s / p e r m i t s

T h e C o m
m
a n d s t r u c t u r e i n 1 9 9 3 w
a s : -
w e r e
g i v e n .

H o w e v e r ,
e c o n o m
i c
c o m p u l s i o n s
f o r c e

F O C - i n - C ( E )

f i s h e r m e n f r o m I n d i a a n d S r i L a n k a t o c r o s s t h e I M

B L t o
f i s h i n e a c h o d i e r s ' t e r r i t o r y . T h e s e a t t e m
p t s w e r e s p o t t e d

I
a n d f o i l e d b y t h e N a v a l P e r s o n n e l o n a r m
e d p a t r o l i n t h e

N O IC (M )

a r e a .

R N O (R )

N A S (R )

S h ip s o n P a tro l

T h e

I n t e l l i g e n c e

P r o b l e m

.

T h e
l a c k
o f
a d e q u a t e
i n t e l l i g e n c e
i n
e f f e c t i v e l y
c o m
b a t i n g i l l i c i t
t r a d e ,
g u n -

A re a C o m m a n d e r
r u n n i n g a n d s m u g g l i n g h a d b e e n b r o u g h t o u t b y M r . M K

A re a Com m ander

N a g a p a ttin a m

Rameshwaram

D h a r , D e p u t y D i r e c t o r o f t h e I n t e l l i g e n c e B u r e a u :-3

“Vie pitiable condition o f cipher breaking capability

M a llip a tn a m

N a g a p a tn a m

K o d ik k a ra i

T o p p u tu ra i
was exemplified by challenges posed by the LTTE cipher
traffic between the island nation and Tamil Nadu. Some

R a m e s h w a ra m

T o n d i

Ja g ath ap attin am

Tamil knowing officers laboured exclusively to decipher
the traffic in Tamil. But they were incapable o f deciphering
alphanumeric, numeric and alphabetic and sign ciphers.

M
a j o r A n t i S m
u g g l i n g / G
u n T r a f f i c k i n g a n d O p e r a t i o n s

Much crucial cipher traffic between the LTTE high com m and

M
a j o r s e a r c h o p e r a t i o n s f o r l a r g e L T T E g u n r u n n i n g
and its safe houses in the Southern Peninsula remained, v e s s e l s b r i n g i n g m i l i t a r y s u p p l i e s f r o m E u r o p e a n d S o u t h
unbroken fo r months together, being tossed over between

E a s t A s i a h a v e r e s u l t e d i n t h e i r c a p t u r e .

the JB, R&AW and the JCB.

A p p r e h e n s i o n
o f M V A H A T .

B a s e d
o n
i n t e l l i g e n c e

The precious life o f Rajiv Gandhi could have perhaps i n p u t s i n e a r l y J a n u a r y 1 9 9 3 o n t h e l i k e l y l a n d i n g o f a r m s
been saved had the intelligence organisation acquired the
a n d a m
m
u n i t i o n b y a n L T T E s h i p n e a r M
u l l a i t i v u o n t h e
capability o f breaking LTTE ciphers. Both the IB a n d t h e N o r t h E a s t c o a s t o f S r i L a n k a , s h i p s w e r e d e p l o y e d to

R&AW did not have powerful first generation computers
a p p r e h e n d t h e c o n t r a b a n d c a r r i e r . H
i e s h i p w a s d e t e c t e d
a n d required software to break enemy codes."

o n t h e n i g h t o f 1 3 / 1 4 J a n 9 3 b y C G S V i v e k a p p r o x 4 0 0
n m

S E o f C h e n n a i a n d w a s d i r e c t e d t o p r o c e e d t o w a r d s O rganisational Stru ctu re

C h e n n a i e s c o r t e d b y K i r p a n a n d V i v e k .

O n

1 6 J a n u a r y

1 9 9 3 , A h a t w a s o b s e r v e d t o b e o n f i r e . W
h i l e t h e c r e w

T h e o v e r a l l o p e r a t i o n a l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t r o l o f m
e m
b e r s w e r e r e c o v e r e d f r o m
t h e s e a , it is b e l i e v e d t h a t

O p T A S H A w a s e x e r c i s e d b y t h e F O C - i n - C E a s t t h r o u g h t h e h a r d c o r e L T T E m
e m
b e r s , i n c l u d i n g K i t t u , p e rish e d i n

N O I C ( T N ) a s t h e Z o n a l N a v a l A u t h o r i t y ( Z N A ) . N O I C ( T N ) t h e c o n f l a g r a t i o n . T h e c r e w
w
e r e h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e p o l i c e
e x e r c i s e d i t s o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l o n t h e N A V D E T s t h r o u g h a u t h o r i t i e s i n V i s a k h a p a t n a m
a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y t o t h e C B l
t h e

A r e a

C o m
m
a n d e r s ,

N o r t h
a n d

S o u t h .

I N S

A d y a r
p r o v i d e d a d m
i n i s t r a t i v e s u p p o r t .

S p e c i a l I n v e s t i g a t i o n T e a m

.

O
p e r a t i o n ' G
r e y H u l l ' —

N
o v e m
b e r 1 9 9 1 * B a s e d on

A p o s t o f R e s i d e n t

N a v a l

O f f i c e r ,

R a m
a n a t h a p u r a m

,
in tellig e n ce r e p o r t s o n a n a t t e m p t t o l a n d a co n sig n m eI1j R N O ( R ) w a s c r e a t e d i n 1 9 9 6 a n d f e w o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s o f a r m
s a n d e x p lo s iv e s in t h e n o r t h e r n S r i L a n k a coas w e r e p o s i t i o n e d
u n d e r h i m .

T h e

R N O ( R )

w a s i n i t i a l l y
p o s i t i o n e d
a t R a m
a n a t h a p u r a m

a n d
f u n c t i o n e d
u n d e r
f o r t h e L T T E , c o o r d i n a t e d s c o u t i n g p a t r o l s b y I N and N O I C ( C h e n n a i ) .

s h i p s a n d a i r c r a f t c o m
m
e n c e d . O n 0 6 N o v

9 1 , t w o s m *
v essels w e r e d e t e c t e d a n d t r a c k e d b y C G D o r n ie r aircra^

T h e P a l k B a y f r o m R a m
e s h w a r a m
t o N a g a p a t t i n a m
w a s

1 0 . 5 m
i l e s e a s t o f K a r a i k a l . U p o n b e i n g s i g h t e d , t h e s d i v i d e d i n t o t w o a r e a s , w i t h e a c h a r e a u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l v essels a c t e d i n a s u s p i c i o u s m a n n e r a n d h e a d e d seawa o f N a v a l D
e t a c h m
e n t C o m
m
a n d e r s a t R a m
e s h w a r a m
a n d
o n a n e a s t e r l y c o u r s e . W
a r n i n g s h o t s w
e r e f i r e d a C I ° eC |

N
a g a p a t t i n a m

. A r e a H
e a d q u a r t e r s , N a g a p a t t i n a m
e x e r c i s e s
t h e i r b o w s b u t t h e v e s s e l s d i d n o t h e e d i t a n d c o n t in 11
c o o r d i n a t i o n c o n t r o l o v e r T h o p p u t u r a i , K o d i k k a r a i a n d o n t h e i r c o u r s e .

3 .

O p e n S e c r e t s —

I n d i a ' s I n t e l l i g e n c e S e c r e t s U n v e i l e d , 2 0 0 5 , pp 4 2 5 and 42 6 .

5 4

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

I L 3 8 a n d T U 142 m a r i t i m e p a t r o l a i r c r a f t w e r e d e p l o y e d L o n g T e r m

E f f e c t s o n N a v a l F o r c e s
f r o m G o a
t o
a u g m
e n t a i r s u r v e i l l a n c e .

I N S S a r y u w a s

O p e r a t i o n T A S H A l a u n c h e d i n 1 9 9 0 c o n t i n u e s t i l l d a t e .

redeployed f r o m i t s P a l k B a y p a t r o l t o i n t e r c e p t a n d T h e N a v a l W i n g o f t h e L T T E h a s b e e n v y i n g f o r r e c o g n i t i o n a p p r e h e n d t h e s e v e s s e l s . I N S K i r p a n f r o m V i s a k h a p a t n a m i n t h e N o r t h a n d N o r t h E a s t w a t e r s o f S r i L a n k a . T h e a n d S D B T - 6 0 f r o m C h e n n a i w i t h M
a r i n e C o m m a n d o s
a c q u i s i t i o n o f i n c r e a s i n g l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d e q u i p m e n t a n d e m b a r k e d w e r e s a i l e d t o a s s i s t S a r y u . A f t e r a l o n g c h a s e , t h e c o n t i n u i n g e n l a r g e m e n t o f L T T E a c t i v i t i e s a n d t h e i r t h e v e s s e l s w e r e f i n a l l y i n t e r c e p t e d d u r i n g th e n i g h t o f o v e r s e a s n e t w o r k i n E u r o p e , S o u t h E a s t A s i a , i n c l u d i n g 0 7 / 0 8 N o v b y I N S S a r y u . A t f i r s t l i g h t , o n 0 8 N o v , t h e v e s s e l s c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h I S I f o r s h i p p i n g m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t /
w e r e b o a r d e d 1 8 0 m i l e s f r o m C h e n n a i a n d t h e c r e w t a k e n s t o r e s
h a s
k e p t
t h e
o p e r a t i o n
g r o w i n g
i n
s i z e
a n d
d e m a n d i n g h e a v i e r i n v e s t m e n t s a n d m a n p o w e r .

i n t o c u s t o d y .

D u e
t o
p r o l o n g e d
o p e r a t i o n ,
t h e
s h i p s
a n d
a i r c r a f t

T h e l a r g e r v e s s e l T o n g a N o v a w a s o n a r e g u l a r s u p p l y d e p l o y e d i n t h e o p e r a t i o n h a d b e e n u t i l i s e d a t a r a t e f a r m i s s i o n s i n c e M
a r 9 1 . T h e l a s t p o r t o f c a l l o f t h e v e s s e l
m
o r e t h a n o r i g i n a l l y a n t i c i p a t e d , r e s u l t i n g i n p r e m a t u r e
w a s S i n g a p o r e w h e r e i t
h a d e m
b a r k e d c a r g o f r o m M V
m
a i n t e n a n c e
a n d
r e p l a c e m e n t .

S m a l l
p a t r o l
c r a f t
o n

M o n d o v i a n a n d t h e i t e m
s w e r e b o u n d f o r J a f f n a . A l a r g e
c o n t i n u o u s p a t r o l w e r e p a r t i c u l a r l y e f f e c t e d .

q u a n t i t y o f t h e r m
o c o l e f l o a t i n g i n t h e a r e a i n d i c a t e d t h e

T h e d e t a c h m
e n t s w e r e m
a n n e d b y p e r s o n n e l d r a w n f r o m
d u m p i n g o f c o n t r a b a n d i t e m s , a r m
s a n d a m m u n i t i o n . T h e
v a r i o u s u n i t s o n a t e m p o r a r y b a s i s f o r p e r i o d s r a n g i n g f r o m a p p r e h e n d e d v e s s e l s w e r e t a k e n u n d e r t o w t o C h e n n a i b y t w o t o s i x m o n t h s i n i t i a l l y . W i t h e s c a l a t i o n i n s u r v e i l l a n c e S a r y u a s s i s t e d b y K i r p a n a n d S D B T - 6 0 . D u r i n g t h e t o w , t h e a c t i v i t i e s , t h e s t r e n g t h o f d e t a c h m
e n t s h a d g r o w n t o m
o r e
u n m a n n e d s m
a l l e r v e s s e l s a n k d u e t o e x c e s s i v e i n g r e s s o f
t h a n 6 0 0 . G r a d u a l l y , a p a r t o f t h e p e r s o n n e l w e r e p o s t e d w a t e r .

o n a p e r m a n e n t b a s i s t o h a v e c o n t i n u i t y i n t h e o p e r a t i o n s a n d f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n v e n i e n c e .

S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
t h e

C a p t u r e o f M V M
a r i a m
m
a . I n M
a r 1 9 9 5 , t h e E a s t e r n
n u m b e r o f p e r s o n n e l h a s b e e n s c a l e d d o w n .

N a v a l C o m m a n d c o n d u c t e d a j o i n t o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e C o a s t F u t u r e o f O p T A S H A . O P T A S H A h a s b e e n a l o n g h a u l G u a r d a n d w a s s u c c e s s f u l i n l o c a t i n g a n d i n t e r c e p t i n g t h e w i t h i t s t e r m i n a t i o n d e p e n d i n g o n t h e u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n L T T E s u p p l y v e s s e l M

V M
a r i a m
m
a . E v e n t u a l l y , t h e c r e w
t h e
n e i g h b o u r h o o d .

T h e

N a v a l

D e t a c h m e n t s ,
t i i o u g h
w a s f o r c e d t o a b a n d o n a n d s c u t t l e t h e s h i p t o a v o i d b e i n g t e m p o r a r y i n n a t u r e a t i n c e p t i o n ,
h a v e a c q u i r e d
m
o r e
c a p t u r e d .

o r l e s s a p e r m a n e n t s t a t u r e . T h e T N
a n d

P o n d i c h e r r y
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a v e b e e n p r o p o s i n g f o r O p B i n g o . O n M
a y 3 , 1 9 9 9 , t h e I n d i a n N a v y p a r t i c i p a t e d
a d d i t i o n a l d e t a c h m e n t s , w h e r e a s t h e N a v y h a s b e e n k e e n i n a n o t h e r j o i n t o p e r a t i o n w i t h t h e C o a s t G u a r d i n ' O p t o h a n d o v e r t h e s u r v e i l l a n c e a c t i v i t i e s t o t h e C o a s t G u a r d a n d C o a s t a l P o l i c e s e t u p s a n d c o n c e n t r a t e o n h i g h s e a s .

B i n g o ' t o i n t e r c e p t a L T T E v e s s e l , S h o w a M
a r u .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 5 5

\

Operation Swan on the West Coast

Background
s T e tte d Ua T e a s ° f th S

N a V y a n d C o a s t G uard, in

Pakistan, on the coasts nf r, •

Persian Gulf and from
been going on since the 1950s Ttu ^

Maharashtra had

Navy-manned vessels of the Central R V ' f WWl by
with representatives of thP r

!

° f Revenue

2 5 - 5 0 n m f r o m t i ; c o a s t ean g 0,n g traW ,erSbet' -
embarked.

Customs' E^ise and Police
th T c o a s fh v ^ * h a ll° W W aters L1P t0 ten miles from
interrogation of a n t i- n a t iT el™ 011 ^

Subsec3uent
the bomb blasts at Bombay in I v T T ' associated with
revealed that there was a likelihood of a

' intelIiSence
i m
p L m

P n f H

2 0 "

6 '

A
f i v e
m
i I e
s a n i t i z e d
being landed from seaward alone the r ™ S ^
expIosives

Maharashtra and Konkan coasl ^
at' Saurashtra’

upto a depth of^

6

^

° f th e Ind ° - PakIMBL
w
a s n p r m
i t t
a •
m
s e a w
a r d a n d n o f i s h i n g a c t i v i t y
likely to originate from the X

! p“ ntraband was
investigations revealed that tho

°T ^ stan- Further b v th e S t 6 n** a r 6 a ‘ ^ l e f i s h e r m e n w e r e inform ed e n f o r r p H k 6
o v e r n m
e n t s
a n d
t h e s a n i t i s e d a r e a was
extend between Jakhau and VenguS.SSlbIe

Sites
s u n n i e r ^

I 1

C ° a S t G
u a r d - A i r p a t r o l s w e r e u s e d to

Operation
s u p p l e m
e n t t h e b a r r i e r p a t r o l a l o n g t h e s a n i t i z e d z o n e .

S W A N
d e t a c h m

^

8 t a c ^ m
e n t s *

I n
t h e
f i r s t
i n s t a n c e ,
t w e l v e

H o m
e ^
a n d V p n ^
f W 0 1 e s e t U P a l o n g t h e c o a s t b e t w e e n J a k h a u

« A p r i l 1993. T h e t a s k o f t h e 0^ ™

“

“ C° m m e n c e d
number ^ f 9

^ e t a c ^ m
e n t s c o n s i s t e d o f m i n i m u m

O p e r a t i o n S W A N " , w a s t o p r e v e n t

’ CO de- n a ™ e d

D o s s i h i o
u
n a V a I

P e r s ° n n e l
s u p p o r t e d ,
whenever
l a n d i n g e x p l o s i v e s , w e a p o n s a n d o fh

8 tfa W le rs fr o m
the dpta / 61ther the cu st°m s or th e police. Each of

* e w e s t c o a s t b e t w e e n t h e l n d o p 5

C O n tra b a n d - o n
patrollir,C ^ 6ntS Were P r o v i d e d with three trawlers for

G u j a r a t c o a s t a n d G o a .

n d ° - P a k i s t a n I M B L o n t h e
patrŮing, f i t t e d w i t h LMG.

Surveillance
coastal de^ 0ym ent 0jt traw lers for surveillance of close

T h e s u r v e i l l a n c e a c t i v i t i e s w e r e
o p e r a t e

.r 6 a s W
a s n e c e s s i t a t e d b e c a u s e s h i p s c o u l d n o t
c a r r i p H

O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g - i n - C h i e f W p t

Ů t y t h e H a g

M
o r p m J
n T

S h a l I o w W
a t e r s
d u e
t o
d r a u g h t
c o n s t r a i n 1-
s u p p o r t e d
b y t h e C
e n M
t

L

J

J

o n
a c r n ^

N

/ C G

S h i P s
w
e r e
n o t
a l w a y s
a v a i l a ^

I n t e l l i g e n c e B u r e a u ( I B ) a n d t h
d
g e n c i e s — t h e
e x e r c i s e s ^
t ^ e ^r
d e p l o y m
e n t
f o r
o t h e r
t a s k s
a n

W i n g ( R & A W ) f o r i n t e r n a l a n d

^

3 n d A n a , y s is
r e s p e c t i v e l y a n d t h e S t a t e G o v e r n m e n t ™ 31 in te iI ig e n «
o f
c a r n r m
f / 1 ^ 6 ^
t r a w ^e r s
a l s o
p r o v i d e d
a n
elem ent

Surveillance units were denlr.,,^ • ,
o f f
n o r m

1 ^
a n d c o n c e a l m
e n t a s t h e y e a s i l y p a s s e d o$'c
operated under the control o V a e om

® eChelons a» d
w e r p a
t r a w l e r s e n g a g e d i n r o u t i n e f i s h i n g a c t i v i t y a n *
in-Chief, Western Naval Command.

Commanding-
w i t h

6 10 m o n * t o r a ^ a c t i v i t i e s i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a S

W p

Ů t a r o u s i n g s u s p i c i o n .

T h e
o c e a n
g o i n g
t r a w
l ^
t

.

e d f r o m

F i s h e r i e s S u r v e y o f I n d i a , a n d t h e c o a s t s
trawlers f r o m t r a d e .

T h e
n a v a l
d e t a c h m
e n t s w e r e s e t u p i n G u j a r a t a n d

C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l . T h e C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l o f

M
a h a r a s t r a
a n d
p l a c e d
u n d e r

N O I C

( S a u r a s h t r a )

a n d
the operation is as follows:-

F O M A r e s p e c t i v e l y : -

F O C I N C W

E S T

U n d e r N O I C ( S a u r a s h t r a )

U n d e r F O M A

M a n d v i

T a r a p o r e

V a d i n a r

B o m b a y

F O M A

N O I C ( G J )

F O N A

I N O P V ,

V e r a v a l

M
u r u d

( M

R A i r c r a f t )

O c e a n

J a f f a r a b a d

S r i v a r d h a n

T r a w l e r s

N a v a l

N a v a l

V a l s a d

D h a b o l

D e t a c h m e n t s

D e t a c h m e n t s

J a i g a r h

( M
a h a r a s h t r a )

( G u j a r a t )

----------------------

M
a l v a n

W i t h t h e o n s e t o f m o n s o o n s , t h e j o i n t c o a s t a l p a t r o l O N G C P a t r o l .

T h e
t r a w l e r s o n p a t r o l w i t h i n
t h e o i l

( J C P ) b y N a v y , P o l i c e a n d C u s t o m s p e r s o n n e l w a s u s u a l l y f i e l d s , o p e r a t i n g u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f F O D A G w e r e a l s o s u s p e n d e d b y e a r l y J u n e e v e r y y e a r . T h e N a v a l D e t a c h m e n t s
w a r n e d t o b e v i g i l a n t a g a i n s t v e s s e l s l i k e l y t o b e i n v o l v e d l o c a t e d a t D a h a n u , V a s a i , M
u r u d , S r i v a r d h a n , D a b h o l ,
i n s m u g g l i n g o f a r m
s a n d e x p l o s i v e s .

R a t n a g i r i a n d D e o g a r h w e r e m
a n n e d d u r i n g t h e m
o n s o o n
a l s o .1

C o - o r d i n a t i o n C o m
m
i t t e e s . S t a t e G o v e r n m e n t s h a d
b e e n
i n s t r u c t e d
t o
c o n v e n e

C o o r d i n a t i o n

M
e e t i n g s
a t

S a g a r R a k s h a k D a l . T o i n v o l v e t h e c o a s t a l c o m
m
u n i t y
t h e S t a t e
c a p i t a l
l e v e l
c h a i r e d
b y t h e

C h i e f S e c r e t a r y
i n
m o n i t o r i n g
a c t i v i t i e s ,

S a g a r

R a k s h a k

D a l
w a s
a n d a t t e n d e d b y r e p s o f t h e C i v i l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , P o l i c e , i m p l e m e n t e d i n J u l y 1 9 9 9 . T h e N a v y w a s i n s t r u m e n t a l i n

C u s t o m s ,

D R I ,

C e n t r a l

P o l i c e

F o r c e ,

I B ,

P o r t s ,

N a v y
t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f S a g a r R a k s h a k D a l i n 2 6 3 c o a s t a l a n d

C o a s t

G u a r d .

D i s t r i c t
l e v e l
m e e t i n g s
w e r e
a l s o
v i l l a g e s u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f M
a h a r a s h t r a P o l i c e . T h e
c o n v e n e d
w i t h
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
o f t h e
a b o v e
a g e n c i e s .

a i m o f t h e s c h e m
e w a s t o e n h a n c e t h e o n g o i n g c o a s t a l

T h e s e
c o o r d i n a t i o n
m
e e t i n g s
p r o v i d e d
i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
s e c u r i t y s u r v e i l l a n c e a l o n g t h e M
a h a r a s h t r a c o a s t . A n a v a l
c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n a n d l o g i s t i c s s u p p o r t t o t h e o p e r a t i o n .

t r a i n i n g t e a m c o m p r i s i n g o f t w o M
a r a t h i s p e a k i n g s e n i o r
s a i l o r s w a s c o n s t i t u t e d f o r t r a i n i n g m
o r e t h a n 1 0 0 0 S R D

B y 1 9 9 7 ,
t h e t w e l v e d e t a c h m
e n t s w e r e i n c r e a s e d t o

( S a g a r R a k s h a k D a l ) m
e m
b e r s b e t w e e n J u l y a n d A u g u s t ,
t w e n t y t w o d e t a c h m
e n t s a l o n g t h e c o a s t b e t w e e n J a k h a u

1 9 9 9 i n t h e f i v e c o a s t a l d i s t r i c t s .

a n d V e n g u r l a a s s i s t e d b y t h e c u s t o m
s a n d t h e p o l i c e . T h e
a v a l D
e t a c h m
e n t s w e r e l o c a t e d a t : -

I n t e l l i g e n c e A s p e c t s

J f l n d e r N O I C ( S a u r a s h t r a )

M
u c h
l a t e r ,
i n

2 0 0 5 ,

M r .

M K D h a r ,
a
f o r m
e r J o i n t

U n d e r F O M A
lakhau

D i r e c t o r o f I n d i a ' s I n t e l l i g e n c e B u r e a u p r o v i d e d i n s i g h t s o n D a h a n u

.Mandvi
w h y , d e s p i t e t h e r e s o u r c e s d e p l o y e d f o r s u r v e i l l a n c e , t h e V a s a i

Rozi
e x c h a n g e o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t p r e v a i l e d d u r i n g O p e r a t i o n B o m b a y

S W A N w a s s o i n a d e q u a t e .2

Salaya

M
u r u d

Qkha

"Police investigations into the Bombay serial bom b blasts

S h r i v a r d h a n

Dwarka
and subsequent events brought out a naked truth: the prim e

D a b h o l
intelligence agencies ofthe country did not have any idea

P ^ r b a n d a ?

R a t n a g i r i
whatsoever about the coastline o f India

Mangroi

—
fr o m Gujarat

M
a l v a n
to West Bengal, which enjoined the key security regions in

Veraval

D e v g a r h

Pakistan, the Maldives, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. The

D i u ^
coastline was open to threats from the Arabian Sea, the

Indian Ocean and to the Bay o f Bengal.

I S ^ H a b a d

H a z i r a

“The Coast Guard in its present form protects the
p a m
a n
territorial waters ofthe nation and prevents smuggling and

0 P ^Se^rl ^ e ^enCe Allnua^ Reports, 1999.

I n d i a ' s Intelligence Unveiled, 2005, Chapter 31 titled 'Terror Strikes Back.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 5 7

poaching activities. It, however, paid m ore attention to the
the police efforts m o re often e n d e d in fu tib ,
blue waters. It did not maintain regular vigil on the shallow
slow m oving dhow s w ere no m a tch f o r G A
as ‘he
waters and the m inor ports and unspecified shallow landing

Com m unication-fitted fa s t boats used bv t h ™ Satelli'e
sites. It was not designed to cany out the sieve work to filter Most ofthe times, the police used rented dh0l \
the flourishing dhow traffic between India, Pakistan and

?

W
e , 's -
the Gulf destinations.

fishing m agnates. Hie intricate linkages b e t w e e n , i f ' * 10
boat operators a n d the sm ugglers often defeated
ng'

We began a task o f carrying out a systematic study o f part o f police operations.

' the secrecy
the major and minor ports along the entire coastline,
recorded and unrecorded landing sites, creeks and inlets

"In fact, there is a case f o r creation o f a Centi-nl r

Simultaneous studies o f the population and political

Security Force, appropriately e q u ip p ed with m odern boat1
complexities were taken up. Several smuggling cartels and
a n d com m unication a n d surveillance equipm ent I, shn u
criminal gangs were identified and modus operandi o f be de-Unked fro m the BSF, the Coast C u J r J Z ^ Z
transportation mechanism between the coastal areas and
t h e C o a s t c ay H ” 7

^

^

Uaison ^
the Coast Guard a n d other land ba sed enforcement units.

t l T u n d e r u T r ^

SmU8glerS’ haw ala operators a n d
the unde) world gangs were charted out.

The, e is an urgent req u irem en t o f involving the Stale police
machineries a n d upgra d in g their capability to guard the
coastalstatP, I ™ 1'01 resistance* ° m the IB units in the

ZZl
vulnerable pockets along their respective coastlines. I hope

™ s t cases they did not have the workforce
the secunty planners will pay a d eq u a te attention to this

M ore importantly, they had no training in generatine
m antim e intelligence that affected the shallow w aZs a nd

> eq u n em en t before a nother catastrophe hits the nation".3

S ab oteurs.1
forces with the internal

Future of Op SWAN. T h e o p e r a t i o n t h a t c o m m e n c e d
s a s u p p o r t t o t h e S t a t e G
o v e r n m
e n t s h a s e x t e n d e d t h e

"By end 1993, the State governm ent< hnri
a v a
r e s o u r c e s t o a g r e a t e r e x t a n t t h a n a n t i c i p a t e d s i n c e
rudimentary shallow water patrol system L

;

>
e o p e r a t i o n s h a v e o n l y s c a l e d u p . T h e N a v y ' h a s b e e n
pitiably inadequate. Vie Coast G u a r d

’

i / ,

WUS
r e c o m
m
e n d i n g t h a t c o a s t a l s u r v e i l l a n c e b e t a k e n o v e r b y e r e s p e c t i v e s t a t e g o v e r n m
e n t s a n d C o a s t G u a r d s o t h a t
t h e N a v y c o u l d l o o k t o w
a r d s b l u e w
a t e r s .

T h e ab ov e

-------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- _ _
y iur a cioscly networked organisation to safeguard maritime security-

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

7

Operation Leech, February 1998

Anti Gun-running Operations in the Andaman Sea

B ack grou n d

C o m m e n c i n g 1 9 6 6 , ( w h e n t h e f i r s t b a t c h ' N a g a A r m y '

W
h e n t h e B r i t i s h s u b d u e d n o r t h e a s t I n d i a a n d B u r m a , l e a c h e d C h i n a t h r o u g h B u r m e s e t e r r i t o r y f o r t r a i n i n g ) C h i n a t h e r e e x i s t e d a l r e a d y a l a r g e n u m
b e r o f a n c i e n t e t h n i c /
t r a i n e d s e v e r a l b a t c h e s o f N a g a , M i z o a n d M a n i p u r i i n s u r g e n t t r i b a l e n t i t i e s / g r o u p s w h o o n h i s t o r i c a l g r o u n d s h a d b e e n l e a d e r s a n d p r o v i d e d s a n c t u a r y , w e a p o n s a n d t r a i n i n g t o a n s e e k i n g s e p a r a t e p o l i t i c a l a n d t e r r i t o r i a l i d e n t i t y . O v e r t h e e n t i r e g e n e r a t i o n o f B u r m e s e C o m m u n i s t i n s u r g e n t s . T h e c e n t u r i e s t h e p e o p l e s c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e e t h n i c t r i b e s h a d i n s u r g e n t s r e c e i v e d m o s t o f t h e i r w e a p o n s f r o m C h i n a . A s s p r e a d
a c r o s s
t h e
p r e v a i l i n g a d m i n i s t r a t i v e b o r d e r s
i n
t h e C h i n e s e w e a p o n s w e r e c a r r i e d b a c k b y t h e i n s u r g e n t I n d i a ' s n o r t h - e a s t e r n s t a t e s . A d j o i n i n g n o r t h e r n B u r m a g r o u p s t h r o u g h B u r m a , I n d i a s t a r t e d c u l t i v a t i n g B u r m a ' s

K a c h i n i n s u r g e n t s t o d e n y t h e n o r t h - e a s t e r n i n s u r g e n t s t h e r e w e r e t h e N a g a s , t h e M
i z o s , t h e M
a n i p u r i s , t h e T r i p u r i s
d i e c o r r i d o r t o r e a c h C h i n a .

a n d
t h e B o d o s .

I n

B u r m
a ,
t h e r e w e r e
t h e K a r e n s ,
t h e

K a c h i n s a n d t h e A r a k a n e s e . A f t e r I n d i a a n d B u r m a b e c a m e I n 1 9 6 8 , t h e B u r m e s e C o m m u n i s t s l a u n c h e d a f i e r c e i n d e p e n d e n t , t h e s e e t h n i c g r o u p s , i n s t e a d o f j o i n i n g t h e o f f e n s i v e i n t h e b o r d e r r e g i o n s t o e x p a n d t h e i r l i b e r a t e d m a i n s t r e a m , s u c c u m
b e d t o t h e t e m
p t a t i o n o f s e c e s s i o n
a r e a s . B y t h e n t h e N a g a a n d M i z o i n s u r g e n t s h a d s t a r t e d a n d i n s u r g e n c y . B o t h c o u n t r i e s w e r e c o n f r o n t e d w i t h t h e u s i n g B u r m e s e t e r r i t o r y f o r s a f e h a v e n s a n d f o r r e a c h i n g i n t r a c t a b l e
p r o b l e m

o f p a c i f y i n g / s u b d u i n g s e c e s s i o n i s t

C h i n a .

W
h i l e

B u r m a
n e e d e d

I n d i a n
s u p p o r t
t o
c o p e
m
o v e m
e n t s i n m
o u n t a i n o u s a n d d e e p l y f o r e s t e d t e r r a i n
w i t h
t h e

C h i n a - b a c k e d

C o m m u n i s t s
a n d
o t h e r
e t h n i c
w h i c h f a v o u r e d t h e i n s u r g e n t s ; t h i s i n t r a c t a b l e p r o b l e m i n s u r g e n t s , I n d i a n e e d e d B u r m e s e s u p p o r t t o b l o c k t h e w a s c o m
p o u n d e d b y t w o o t h e r f a c t o r s . T h e i n s u r g e n t s

N o r t h B u r m a c o r r i d o r u s e d b y i t s o w n i n s u r g e n t s t o a c c e s s n e e d e d a n u n i n t e r r u p t e d s u p p l y o f a r m
s a n d a m m u n i t i o n

C h i n e s e t r a i n i n g a n d w e a p o n s .

w h i c h i n t u r n n e e d e d a n u n i n t e r r u p t e d i n f l o w o f m o n e y t o I n
t h e
e a r l y

1 9 8 0 s ,

C h i n a
s t o p p e d
s u p p o r t i n g
t h e
p a y f o r t h e a r m
s a n d a m
m
u n i t i o n .

i n s u r g e n t g r o u p s o f N o r t h e a s t I n d i a a n d o f B u r m a , a n d

G e o g r a p h i c a l l y ,

I n d i a ' s
n o r t h e a s t
r e g i o n
s i t s
o n
t h e
t h e l a t t e r t u r n e d t o t h e b l a c k m a r k e t s o f S o u t h e a s t A s i a w e s t e r n c o r n e r o f B u r m
a ' s “ G o l d e n T r i a n g l e ' , ' o n e o f t h e
f o r w e a p o n s . T h e l o n g c o n f l i c t i n V i e t n a m h a d c r e a t e d t w o l a r g e s t o p i u m
p r o d u c i n g r e g i o n s i n t h e w o r l d . T h e
a t h r i v i n g a r m s
b a z a r .2 S o o n t h e r e a f t e r , t h e i n s u r g e n t

2 0 0 3 I N C B 1 r e p o r t r a n k s B u r m a a s s e c o n d t o A f g h a n i s t a n g r o u p s f r o m t h e N o r t h e a s t g a i n e d a c c e s s t o t h i s b l a c k -
l n o p i u m p r o d u c t i o n a n d s t a t e s t h a t m
o r e t h a n 7 0 % o f
m a r k e t t h r o u g h d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s . M
o s t o f t h e w e a p o n s
w e r e r e c e i v e d i n T h a i l a n d , l o a d e d i n s h i p s a n d b r o u g h t t h e a m
p h e t a m
i n e s a v a i l a b l e w o r l d w i d e a r e p r o d u c e d i n
t o t h e c o a s t o f B a n g l a d e s h t o l o c a t i o n s l i k e C o x ' s B a z a a r , c o u n t r i e s a r o u n d t h e G o l d e n T r i a n g l e , p a r t i c u l a r l y B u r m a .

f r o m w h e r e t h e y w o u l d f i n d t h e i r w a y i n t o N o r t h e a s t I n d i a e
d e m
a n d
f o r
n a r c o t i c s
i n
t h e
d e v e l o p e d
c o u n t r i e s
t h r o u g h l a n d r o u t e s , w i t h i n s u r g e n t s d o u b l i n g a s p o r t e r s .

g e n e r a t e d
a
t h r i v i n g
n a r c o t i c s
t r a d e ,
t h e
p r o f i t s
f r o m
w
i c h e n a b l e d t h e i n s u r g e n t s t o p a y f o r t h e a r m
s a n d

A s t h e I n d i a n A r m y t i g h t e n e d i t s g r i p i n t h e n o r t h a n i m u n i t i o n .

e a s t e r n
s t a t e s ,
t h e
i n s u r g e n t s
m
o v e d
t h e i r
b a s e s
t o

B u r m a t o o b t a i n s a f e r t r a i n i n g a n d r e g r o u p i n g h a v e n s T h e s i t u a t i o n w a s f u r t h e r c o m
p l i c a t e d b y t h e a c t i o n s o f
w h e r e n e w r e c r u i t s c o u l d b e t a u g h t g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e a n d

| ^ w ’ y i n d e p e n d e n t C o m
m
u n i s t C h i n a a n d t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n
t o w h i c h a c t i v e g u e r r i l l a u n i t s c o u l d r e t r e a t w h e n u n d e r 1
c ° n i m
u n i s t
i n s p i r e d
a n d / o r
c o m
m
u n i s t
s u p p o r t e d
p r e s s u r e .

n s u r g e n c i e s i n t h i s a l r e a d y t r o u b l e d r e g i o n .

2

^ *le *nternational N arcotics Control Bureau Global Report.

the ‘Karikal Muslims' (who hailed from the Tamil-speaking French dependency of

The LTTE was the first to access this arm s bazaar through
an si) and had settled down in Indo-China during French rule.

R e l a t i o n s
b e t w e e n

B u r m
a
a n d

I n d i a
i m
p r o v e d
i n
t h e m i d - n i n e t i e s . I n t h e e n d

1 9 9 0 s , m
i l i t a r y - t o - m
i l i t a r v
r e l a t i o n s i m p r o v e d d r a m
a t i c a l l y . I n d i a a n d B u r m
a s i g n e d
a n a g r e e m
e n t f o r ' i n c r e a s e d c o o p e r a t i o n t o t a c k l e c r o s s -
b o r d e r t e r r o r i s m
a n d d r u g t r a f f i c k i n g . ’

ANGLADESH

/

A f t e r t i n s a g r e e m
e n t , B u r m
e s e t r o o p s a t t a c k e d i n s u r g e n t

D h a k a

T
b a s e s . I n F e b r u a i y 1 9 9 8 , I n d i a o b l i g e d B u r m
a i n O p e r a t i o n

Calcutta

L e e c h
b y
a p p r e h e n d i n g
a
l a r g e
c o n t i n g e n t
o f A r a k a n

H aldiaq
i n s u r g e n t s a n d t h e i r l e a d e r s i n t h e A n d a m
a n I s l a n d s .

O peration L eech in 19 9 8
i n

L e e c h w a s 1116 overa11 n a m e f o r o p e r a t i o n s
i n t h e A n d a m
a n S e a . P r i o r t o O p e r a t i o n L e e c h
t h p a

V i e n t i ^ n e c r *
r u n n e r s a n d d r u g - t r a f f i c k e r s u s e d t o b e h a n d e d o v f r to

*«ir« s ™ :„ | rrdMandwho” "

ANDAMAN J

=
e , l e d
p o s t p o n e m
e n t o f t h e 1 9 9 «
f

-

ISLANDS I

P. Blair $

Andaman

Sea

Official Statements

G u lf o f

Thailand

P
o

^
l S
f b
y

£

^

^

^

*

F e b r u a r y 1 9 9 8 s t a t e s :

r o v o s t M
a r s h a l o n 1 8 th

"Hard intelligence was received thnt „
arms, am m unition and e a u m m r J
u C0W nm ent ° f
som e foreign nationals to Landfall Iskmd
bw ught bV s t a t e d - 1998 AnnUal ReP ° rt o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e
boats. They were reported to be o
tmwl ers/ sP<*d

Intelligence sources intimated that th?

^

0rigin-
a rms, am m unition, stores a n d equipm ent

% brinSinS

N a v a l
f o r c e s
s u c c e s s f u l l y
u n d e r t o o k
m a j o r
was to subsequently tranship them Me °fly

Island
o p e r a t i o n s i n t h e A
n d a m
a n S e a a g a i n s t g u n r u n n e r s

— p

* s s
a n d n a r c o t i c d e a l e r s a n d a p p r e h e n d e d a n u m b e r
o f m
i l i t a n t s a l o n g w i t h l a r g e c a c h e s o f a r m
s a n d
a m
m
u n i t i o n . S o m
e o f t h e m
a j o r o p e r a t i o n s w e r e : -

Operation Leech b e t w e e n 9 th a n d 1 1 th F e b r u a r y

1 9 9 8 . T h e f o r c e s i n v o l v e d w
e r e V i n d h y a g i r i ( N a v a l
z
c ” “
r i g a t e ) ,

S a r y u ( N a v a l o f f s h o r e p a t r o l v e s s e l ) , t w o
n a v a l L a n d i n g C r a f t U t i l i t y , C o a s t G u a r d S h i p s V i v e k a n d L a k s h m
i b a i , N a v a l I s l a n d e r a i r c r a f t , C o a s t G u a r d
ca P ^ P’> f^ /o r ^ m £ „ ^ ^ f “^ 2 ' C
edi l" ,h e

D o r n i e r a i r c r a f t , A r m
y e l e m
e n t s f r o m

3 M
a d r a s a n d
to escape into the adjoining area while o p e n in g T e o

^

A i r F o r c e M

I 8 h e l i c o p t e r s .

troops. O ur troops immediately responded
a n d fatally injured six ofthem whilstin the w ater n

Operation Poorab b e t w e e n 2 9 th M a y a n d 2 nd J u n e
seen d isa p p ea rin g in the sea a n d are presum ed d e a d i T ™

1 9 9 8 . 3 T h e f o r c e s i n v o l v e d w
e r e S a r y u ( N a v a l o f fs h o r e
search, n o n e o f the six bodies could be recovered.

p a t r o l v e s s e l ) , K i r p a n a n d K u t h a r , C o a s t G u a r d S h i p s *

L C U 3 4 , 3 5 ( t w o n a v a l L a n d i n g C r a f t U t i l i t y ) , N a v a l

The 73 arrested m en were h a n d ed over to the civil

I s l a n d e r a i r c r a f t a n d C o a s t G u a r d D o r n i e r a i r c r a f t .

authorities. The arms, am m unition a n d equipm ent were
re ta in e d f o r fu r t h e r investigation".

•

Operation Hibiscus b e t w e e n 9 th a n d 1 7 th A u g u s t

1 9 9 8 .

T h e
f o r c e s
i n v o l v e d
w
e r e

K h a n j a r

( N a v a l

6 0

TRAN SITIO N TO GUARDIANSHIP

c o r v e t t e ) ,

H i m g i r i

( N a v a l
f r i g a t e )

S a r y u

( N a v a l
fisheimen were discharged by the Chief Judicial Magistrate
o f f s h o r e p a t r o l v e s s e l ) a n d K u t h a r .

on May 07, 1999. The remaining 36 militants who were

P r i m
a f a c i e ,

O p e r a t i o n L e e c h w a s j u s t o n e o f m a n y
lodged in jail in Port Blair were released from judicial
o p e r a t i o n s .

H o w e v e r ,
i t
a t t r a c t e d
w i d e s p r e a d
m e d i a
custody on October 14, 1999. They are at present lodged
a t t e n t i o n .

in a building in Port Blair as they do not have any travel
documents.

T h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m
a t i o n w a s g i v e n b y t h e D e f e n c e

The investigation by the CBI is continuing!’

M
i n i s t e r S h r i G e o r g e F e r n a n d e s i n a w r i t t e n r e p l y t o S h r i R a m j i v a n S i n g h a n d o t h e r s i n t h e L o k S a b h a o n N o v e m b e r E v e n t u a l l y ,

H u m a n

R i g h t s
a d v o c a t e s
p e t i t i o n e d
t h e

2 8 , 2 0 0 2 :

j u d i c i a r y f o r t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e i n s u r g e n t s . I n 2 0 0 4 , t h e

"A com bined service operation (Operation Leech) was S u p r e m e C o u r t i s s u e d n o t i c e s t o t h e C B I a n d t h e A n d a m a n
undertaken in February 1998 to intercept arms deliveries a n d N i c o b a r I s l a n d s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o f i l e t h e i r r e p l i e s .

meant fo r Indian insurgent groups in the northeast. In this

F o r t h e f o r e s e e a b l e f u t u r e , t h e s e c u r i t y o f I n d i a ' s n o r t h operation, 73 foreign nationals were apprehended and 138 e a s t e r n s t a t e s r e q u i r e s t h a t i n s u r g e n t s , m i l i t a n t s a n d
weapons along with a large quantity o f ammunitions were s e c e s s i o n i s t s b e d e n i e d u s e o f M y a n m a r ' s t h i c k l y f o r e s t e d ,
recovered.

h i l l y , p o r o u s f r o n t i e r s f o r s m u g g l i n g a r m
s a n d a m
m
u n i t i o n

On the basis o f certain information and in view ofthe i n t o I n d i a .

possible international ramifications o f this operation,

T h e m a i n e n t r y p o i n t f o r s m u g g l e d a r m
s a n d n a r c o t i c s
it was considered desirable that investigations into this w a s , a n d s t i l l i s , C o x 's B a z a r o n t h e B a n g l a d e s h c o a s t ,
episode be carried out by a Central Investigating Agency.

w h e r e a n t i - I n d i a n o r g a n i s a t i o n s h a v e s e t u p a n i n t e r - l i n k e d

Accordingly, CBI was directed to take over the investigation.

n e t w o r k f o r s u p p l y o f w e a p o n s t o i n s u r g e n t s a n d t e r r o r i s t s .

The investigation is still on.

A s i n t h e c a s e o f O p e r a t i o n T a s h a o n
t h e s o u t h e r n

However, as no evidence could come forth during the s e a b o a r d a n d O p e r a t i o n S w a n o n t h e w e s t e r n s e a b o a r d ,
investigation against 3 7 fisherm en, a report under Section A n d a m a n S e a o p e r a t i o n s l i k e L e e c h w i l l r e m a i n a

169 Criminal Procedure Code was filed by the CBI and the
c o n t i n u o u s a c t i v i t y .

AccorHina ^

^ Q, Air™ i qqq thP Indian Armed Forces, in Operation 'Poorab' had intercepted two more Thai vessels with 50 kilom-n

3 ^ wspap(f report; 0 n 3} ?Y

'd o n m e n t of weapons headed for Cox's Bazar, the destination for all consignments meant
for pakf L m? ?

° m 3

8 W1? anoth®r
g6flrH Hesoatch to the United States of America and the other flesh plots of the West, where just a kilnm-p
a
r S e m c e s Intelll8 en ce f o v ° " wa

P f. - f financing Pakistan's arms purchases. From Operation Leech on 11 February
till a L ! m qqqT

111 Can gGt UPt° 3 miUl0n

T f S°thp insurgents in north-east India, went through from Ranong, on the T hailand -M yanm ar

“ U April 1998, five co n sign m en ts o f arm s m eant for the insurgents in nut
border to Cox's Bazar"

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 6 1

8

Operation Rainbow - November 1 9 9 9

I
n

S

”

S

7
c

Z

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™

,;

T
a ,“

' , n

, h e

The Indian Navy was called in for additional fi •
seizure ofa hiiackpH
k

1
resulted in the

16November 1999 4

AJ° ndraRainbowon
r Ayyy, 450 kms off the coast of Goa.

R eT of a Z t e T o f
m
a u -

, h e F l a ^

-

“

pirates armed with s u n s a n d ,

^
masked M o n esian
o f Two Japanese nationals a n d I S F T ° Verpowered the c« w
lh „

“
th ' [,lrates c ™ ™ e d to d is re g a rd w a rn in m and

^ ' * a d , i S 1„ a n o “ ~
n1™ ' P » » « » n . e n ^ e c , e w

< ™ s s i . s b o w s , P r a h a , „ p e L f t e
by Thai fishing boats

P h n te tlsta n d M

Novembe'r” 11

'= * C

S

' S

^

S

T

'

2 ' ™

* ™

- ° "

13 NOTembe^and passed it o ” lnt^,li§eilce KpmlTtbe ISN ov em be! 1999 a S T ° nboard was apprehended on

^ C o a s t C d a r d d e ^ e d C :

"

COiS' G" a r 4

S S S T

7
f

'

'

- K

. ’ T S S ' S S ' S S

“ air search. It received a m e s s a g e ^ T *** m0Unted t°°k naval

V6SSel t0 effeCt salva§e of the vesseL 11

MV AI Shuadda through the P
i

Z

^ u^TZtnT * * hŮrS t0 locate * e valves, by then
umpur of sighting of a ship that looked lilf a ^ 8' Kuala flooding ah^■
of water' and close them to stop further

Rainbow, 60 miles south-west of the South

Alondra transcfe
o

^
j

° nal P
pumPs
ps and
and salvage
salva
equipment were
headed north-west. The patrol vessel! ?

dp ° f India t r n
a

S
n sfe
f enre
r d
e dt 0
t oas
a si
s s st
i s tthe s
t h e a
s lavla
v p
a p
g e t e a m
s .

whose name was f r e s h l y p a S o
t
e

^ ressel
and
r e f l a g g e d u n d e r B e l i z e r e g i s t r a t i o n n

/

M
e g a R a m a '

arrived1 ntM,0V6|?lber' ^ V6SSel Was taken under tow
on radio, the vessel maintained radioS^,Iteiepeatedre(Iuests
a t M
u m
b a . o n 2 0 * N o v e m b e r .

permit examination. It disreeardpH

8nC0 and refused to
the Lakshadweep islands at a w T * T * St°P' crosstog W e s t e r n

^

B e d i ' t l l e C f l i e f o i f S t a f f in Headquarters,
o p e r a t i o n

° m
m
a n d r e c a H s - ' ' I t w
a s a w
e l l - c o o r d i n a t e d

^ b a i f l ^ a t f t ^ t S S X : t o p u T kn0tS‘ CGS
for two days and tlie speed o f 14"; i-

Flnn§ continued
a C o a s t G i

0 ^ V 0 e n t h e N a v y a n d C o a s t G u a r d . I t s t a r t e d a s the Coast Guard v esse k
kn° tS Pr° Ved t0° ™ c h for
not in a n v 0Perat*on' kut since their own assets were
h a n d p H

^ S I t l o n t 0 h a n d l e i t , t h e N a v y s t e p p e d i n a n d l a t e r n a n a e d t h e v e s s e l b a c k t o t h e m

* *

1.

http;/Avvvw.expressindia.com/NovernberT7~i999

2.

Ibid

9

Operation Talwar during the Kargil War in 1999

Preamble
r e s p o n s e t o t h e R u s s i a n s b y e n s n a r i n g t h e m i n a ' J i h a d ' , O f t h e f o u r w a r s s i n c e I n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e t h r e e - m o n t h a r e l i g i o n - d r i v e n
h o l y w a r ,
b y f u n d a m e n t a l i s t M
u s l i m

K a r g i l w a r , i n

1 9 9 9 , w a g e d b y t h e I n d i a n A r m y t o r e p e l

M
u j a h i d e e n ' t r a i n e d i n g u e r r i l l a w a r f a r e , p u t a t i v e l y t o P a k i s t a n i i n t r u s i o n s i n t o I n d i a n T e r r i t o r y , w a s t h e l o n g e s t c o n f r o n t t h e R u s s i a n t r o o p s . T o a c h i e v e t h i s o b j e c t i v e , H i e m
i n d s e t t h a t u n d e r l a y P a k i s t a n ' s r e p e a t e d , a l m o s t A m e r i c a
c o - o p t e d
t h e

P a k i s t a n

A r m y ' s

I n t e r

S e r v i c e
o b s e s s i v e ,
m
i l i t a r y
m
i s a d v e n t u r e s
p r i o r
t o

K a r g i l
w a s

I n t e l l i g e n c e ( I S I ) o r g a n i s a t i o n t o s e t u p c a m
p s t o t r a n s f o r m

m a r k e d b y ' h a t r e d ' a n d ' m
i s t r u s t ' . I t r e s u l t e d i n t h r e e f i e r c e
i n t o M
u j a h i d e e n , t h e y o u t h t h a t h a d b e e n i n d o c t r i n a t e d i n a n d i n t e n s e c o n f l i c t s i n 1 9 4 7 , 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 7 1 . B u t d e s p i t e i t s M
a d r a s s a s

( t r a d i t i o n a l M u s l i m t h e o l o g y s c h o o l s ) a n d
e a i l i e i e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h i t s t r a d i t i o n a l a d v e r s a r y , n o t h i n g p r o v i d e t h o s e b e i n g t r a i n e d i n P a k i s t a n i c a m
p s a n d e t h n i c
t h a t p r e c e d e d t h e w a r h a d p r e p a r e d t h e I n d i a n A r m y f o r A f g h a n f a c t i o n s w i t h m
o n e y a n d w e a p o n s .

t h e h o r r o r t h a t l a y a h e a d .

B y t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0 s , A m e r i c a a n d P a k i s t a n h a d t r a i n e d I n M
a y 1 9 9 9 , P a k i s t a n i i n t r u d e r s c r o s s e d o v e r t h e L i n e h u g e n u m b e r s o f M
u j a h i d e e n f o r t h e w a r i n A f g h a n i s t a n .

o f C o n t r o l a n d o c c u p i e d p e a k s t h a t w e r e v a c a t e d b y t h e T h e s e f i g h t e r s p r o v i d e d t h e R u s s i a n s w i t h s t e r n r e s i s t a n c e , I n d i a n A r m y d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r . P a k i s t a n m o v e d i n t r o o p l i t e r a l l y t a k i n g t h e f i g h t t o t h e e n e m y c a m
p . U n a b l e t o
f o r m a t i o n s c l o s e t o t h e L o C a n d t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l B o r d e r p r e v a i l a g a i n s t t h e M
u j a h i d e e n , R u s s i a , i n 1 9 8 5 , d e c i d e d
a n d s u p p l e m
e n t e d t h e i r r e g u l a r s w i t h r e g u l a r s o l d i e r s f r o m t o w i t h d r a w f r o m A f g h a n i s t a n .

i t s A r m y . B y t h e t i m
e I n d i a n F o r c e s r e a l i s e d t h e e x t e n t o f
t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n , t h e i n t r u d e r s h a d a l r e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d a f i r m T h e s u c c e s s o f t h e A m e r i c a n p l a n i n d r i v i n g o u t t h e h o l d o v e r m
o s t p e a k s a l o n g t h e L o C . N o t t o b e o u t d o n e ,

R u s s i a n s f r o m A f g h a n i s t a n c o u l d b e s e e n a s p o l i c y t r i u m p h , t h e I n d i a n A r m
y m
o v e d i n t o t a k e c o n t r o l o f t h e s i t u a t i o n .

b u t a s t i m e w a s t o p r o v e , i t w a s o n l y a t a c t i c a l v i c t o r y B u t i t h a d m
i s r e a d t h e g r a v i t y o f t h e i n c u r s i o n a n d i n i t i a l l y a n d a r a t h e r f a c i l e o n e , b e c a u s e i n t h e ' M
u j a h i d e e n ' t h e
s u f f e r e d h e a v y l o s s e s . I t t o o k a c o o r d i n a t e d o p e r a t i o n o n A m e r i c a n s h a d c r e a t e d a m
o n s t e r t h e y c o u l d n o t c o n t r o l .

e P a r t o f t h e t h r e e s e r v i c e s t o b r i n g t h e p e r p e t r a t o r s t o I t s r i s e , a s a p o t e n t f o r c e , w a s e v e n t u a l l y t o r e s u l t i n f a t e f u l e e l . M
o r e i m
p o r t a n t l y , t h e o p e r a t i o n b e c a m
e a l i v i n g
c o n s e q u e n c e s , n o t j u s t f o r A m e r i c a , b u t a l s o f o r t h e S o u t h W
e s t A s i a n r e g i o n a s a w h o l e .

j e s t i m o n i a l o f t h e g r i t , c o u r a g e a n d v a l o u r d i s p l a y e d b y t h e n d i a n A r m y i n t h e f a c e o f i m p o s s i b l e o d d s . E x p e c t e d l y , T h e
r e a s o n s
f o r

A m
e r i c a ' s
i n a b i l i t y
t o
p r e d i c t
t h e
e x t l a c t e d
a
h e a v y c o s t ,
b o t h
i n
t e r m
s
o f r e s o u r c e s
d i s a s t r o u s r a m i f i c a t i o n s o f t h e i r a c t i o n s i n A f g h a n i s t a n e x p e n d e d a n d c a s u a l t i e s s u f f e r e d t o e v i c t t h e e n e m y f r o m w e r e m a n y : -
t h e o c c u p i e d p o s t s .

•

T h e A m e r i c a n s h a d n o t a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e f a c t t h a t Genesis of the Conflict
t h e R u s s i a n w i t h d r a w a l w o u l d l e a v e v a s t n u m
b e r s o f
b a t d e - h a r d e n e d M
u j a h i d e e n i n i t s w a k e . A b a n d o n e d

4 0 ^

° ^ e n e s * s
t h e c o n f l i c t i n K a r g i l d a t e s b a c k a l m o s t
b y t h e i r m a s t e r s , t h e s e r u s t i c a n d r u t h l e s s w a r r i o r s y e a r s t o t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e ' M
u j a h i d e e n ' — a M u s l i m
s p r e a d o u t a c r o s s S o u t h W
e s t A s i a a n d o t h e r p a r t s
i n A
f * ^ ^ l O U P f ° r m
e d t o c o u n t e r f o r c e s o f o c c u p a t i o n
o f t h e M u s l i m w o r l d , d r i v i n g r e l i g i o n - b a s e d , a n t i

^

S h a n i s t a n . I n

1 9 7 9 , t h e S o v i e t U n i o n h a d s e n t i t s
g o v e r n m e n t I s l a m i c m o v e m e n t s . F r o m
t h e c r e a t i o n
p
j
f n c *

F o r c e
i n t o
t h e
c o u n t r y t o
p r o p
u p
t h e
o f t h e d r e a d e d 'A 1 Q a e d a ' m
o v e m
e n t , t o i n s u r g e n c i e s
e g e C o m
m
u n i s t r e g i m
e t h a t w a s s t r u g g l i n g a g a i n s t a n
i n R u s s i a ' s C h e c h n y a , t e r r o r c e l l s i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s M
u -

C a n s u P P o r t e d , a n t i - C o m
m
u n i s t r e b e l l i o n b y d e v o u t
a n d I n d o n e s i a , t o f a n n i n g s e p a r a t i s t f i r e s i n I n d i a ' s W

l n i e ^ e m
e n t s - T h e S o v i e t m i l i t a r y i n t r u s i o n w a s v i e w e d
p r o v i n c e o f J a m m u a n d K a s h m i r , M
u j a h i d s s t a m
p e d

\n t

^
m
e r i c a n s a s a g e o - s t r a t e g i c t h r e a t t o i t s i n t e r e s t s t h e i r
p r e s e n c e
w i t h
d i s d a i n ,
c r e a t i n g
f e a r
a n d
e o i l - r i c h P e r s i a n G u l f . I t d e c i d e d t o g i v e a f i t t i n g

^ound propitious to siphon off money and we
pouring in from America, ostensibly f o r 7

P ° n s ' s t i l l

Nothing that the Americans could do was enough to jihad' and used
t0 step up insurgency
stop Pakistan’s Madrassas and the training camps g‘ adualIy’ dle M ia n security forces came t hmir- B u t
fr
f o
r m
o
m co
c n
o ti
n n
ti u
n i
u n
i g
n
g to
t
o ch
c u
h r
u n
r
n Mu

M j
u a
j h
a i
h d
i e
d e
e n
e s
n .

s . T h

T e
h y
e
y ha
h d
a
d
the
th
et h
t r
h e
r at
ea tand

s
and ta
s rt
ta e
rt d
e d
d e
d a
e l
a in
l g
in
gw i t h
wit i
h ti te f
e ff efc te ! !c, t f m s ^
not anticipated that it would s p a w n a

90s’ the electoral process h a d rPC,

. y' By themid
not anticipated that it would spawn a negative and f \ * e elect°ral Process had resumed and j/n f * 0111''1
belligerent mindset.

further improve the law and order situaHn

A % helP«l

The Russian withdrawal had left hel ■ h t,

Vears down the line, the tide had

,
n‘

° * er f«v
amounts of m o n e v t n

■
md huge
he Indl3n establishment. By t h e l a t e V

X

Ů r o f

S l r t "

"

“
b ' h l "

d

® » o » we^I“

“ d P a k iS ,,a "

nnd ongoing insurgencies and the procurement of thpc f
ntlnent Pakistan decided to make the most
of weapons, ammunition and explosives
m m d , “

^ ‘"> »»«o n ,i pressure to Z !

Not surprisingly, Pakistan

,
the wav Doi - 7 -------- -- lva;>llullr ^sue. it didn't turn out
i s s ”

■ <

-

»

opportunity of using its , ™ as ,quick
seize the sJ ™fy Pafastan was hoping for. While sanctions were
redundant in the afteLath ofTjt ^
w e re 1

V 7 b0th India and Pakistan, the limitations
against India. For long, Pakistan h T ™ ^ ? drawal. c o m

S / deterrent' nature and the International
opportunity to get even w ith
f° r “ co»

7

, M t make any ° ™ ^ s to either of.the
suffered a humiliating defeat in the 1 9 7 1 w

3Ving Time w f

^

P° litical or territorial problems,
by the Indian Army's p

^

^

^

decidedto launch
commanding heights in the Si.rh!

° CCUPatIon of the
an °P eration in Kargil.

in wait for an opportuniJv to l v t

Pakistan laid
p ,
aware of the inability of its Armed

^
grace' Acutely
elude t0 ‘he Conflict
r
i
r
r
r
r

-

™
r- *

^

? “ •,h e - * ■ « „ » «
h a d
t h o u s a n d ™

, ? -

,e s y ° f b leed » 8 t h e en e m y
t h i e f ’h

' i " ’ ' , ’l c ' Id“ 1' C h i e f J u s,ic e a n d ih e
y
an arp r
replaced the la

I c tt
l l e
l r with Pervez M u s h a r ra f ,

The
a___

General who hnH

_\t. ,1 . ... a__
severalGen0raI Wh° had served in the Northern Areas for

Siaphpr/031^ commanded the Special Services Group in

Kashmir, Pun^b and

E
a™ mg insurgents in G e n p r a i aif

*n
ear^er appointment as the D i r e c t o r
states. To supplement the Jn
r6StIeSS north^stern

'KargilP]0 ' Th

Operations, had first advocated the

Kashmir, armed, battle hardened Mi^ahids ” SUrgentS in and the ^ lv .6 ^row^n^ an^"m:*^tancy mood in Kashmir of another 'Jihad' were divprw
nowm search
o f an o th er 'Jih ad' w ere diverted to
irch

P r il^ M - 3™ ^ ™ o f two key P a S t e n i ^ e r s o r

Prime M i n f e t e ? key Pakistani Personages^ ^
terrorist activities. A m assive infitaatton
d e S l i v f ^ T 016 ^

C hief' com b in ed to seek a
crossed ^ Wberein hu8 e num bers o f armed in su / g0t Kargil n r

Utlon o f the K ashm ir issu e by lau nching the
ion.

L
cr°o s ! s ! e ld ° oV
v er
er tthhle IInnddiiaann ssiiddee- ^T eh ieri rali m w ar aT
m t

6 nd Zin T
su I
r T

Ben *ts

*
the Indian establishment. They planned tTd ^ destabilise
unrest and fermenting trouble w i t h t h e f 1*tb y cre a tin 8
objective
in Kar^6]311131^

Pakistan launched Operation Badr
of weakening the Indian
g6r po,ltical

Palrict^1 •

3n °P erat^on whose concept, according to a
undermining „s p S t i b t h m S " ' 1’ S,rUC,Ure
s ani source, had taken shape as early as 1987.

The Conflict1
m
a l m ’d !o u s
o p e ra d o o ,
sp e a rh e a d e d
b v

< ) .

M u ja h id e e n , m .tialiy m e , w ith m u e h s u c e e i . P a k isL „

The Line of Control near Kargil is marked by intermittent
os s t at are separated by very steep, heavily snowed,

I .

E x ce rp te from t h e ^ e ^ r g i T R

;^ ^ ^ ^ —

6 4

TRAN SITIO N TO GUARDIANSHIP

a v a l a n c h e - p r o n e m o u n t a i n o u s 'g a p s ' o f l O t o 4 5 k il o m e t r e s In winter, the terrain in these gaps is impassable By an

March. They moved forward in April. The bulk of the
unwritten concord between the local Indian and Pakistani troops entered Indian territory, by late April and moved military commanders, every year, between November up a further two to three kilometres. To avoid detection when winter started and May when winter ended, Indian
y n ian Army Aviation helicopter patrols and to achieve
and Pakistani troops used to leave these gaps "un-held"

surprise, they took great care to move only in the un-held
gaps between the Indian posts. The Pakistani intrusion

Pakistan's plan was to stealthily infiltrate troops
was first noticed by Kashmiri shepherds on 3rd May and
masquerading as Kashmiri freedom fighters, through reported to the nearest Indian Army unit in that sector.

these unheld gaps and by the spring of 1999 be well dug-in
in Indian territory. The plan counted on a normal winter The Confrontation3
and on achieving tactical surprise that would enable the

The first confrontation between the two armies took
infiltrators to consolidate along the heights above Kargil place on May 2, when Indian troops bumped into Pakistani before the Indian side could react.

&
position in the Shyok Sector. The second encounter took

Pakistan hoped that its surprise intrusion in Kargil, place with freedom fighters in the Battalik sector on followed by India's strong reaction, followed by Pakistan's May 7. The Indians suffered heavy casualties. Alarm bells threat of using nuclear weapons would precipitate started ringing at the Indian high command when another international intervention to force India to accept an early skirmish took place with the 'freedom fighters' in the ceasefire and negotiate a new Line of Control in Kashmir. Dras sector on May 10, 1999. India reacted by bringing Should foreign intervention take too long to materialise* its Air Force into action. Helicopters sorties were flown to Pakistani troops would stay where they were till October ascertain the ingresses made by the freedom fighters.

when the next winter set in. Thus they would continue to India's Reaction to the Intrusion1
dominate the Kargil and adjacent sub-sectors bordering
the national highway from Srinagar to Leh along which all

It took some days to determine the sheer dimension and
supplies were transported to the entire Ladakh region.

extent of the intrusion. By 1 1th May, reports by Indian Army

Aviation helicopters and Indian Army foot patrols led to

Meanwhile, the ongoing high-level political interaction the assessment that armed "infiltrators" had penetrated about a negotiated peace had culminated in the invitation through the hitherto "mutually agreed unguarded gaps"

by Pakistan s Prime Minister to India's Prime Minister to between the Indian defended areas to depths of*5 to visit Lahore in February 1999. It became known later that 9 kilometres and occupied some of the commanding at the very time that the Prime Ministers were discussing heights above the strategic National Highway 1A that peace in Lahore, (later called the Lahore Process) intruders connected Srinagar to Leh. It was still not clear whether ad already started crossing surreptitiously into India.

the "infiltrators" were Mujahideen 'freedom fighters' or

To achieve surprise, Pakistan camouflaged its moves.

'Pakistani troops'.

0 the infiltrating troops, the intrusion was explained as

As a precautionary measure, the Army, Navy and Air
a reply to India's capture of Siachen in 1984, the aim now Force were placed on high alert. But even as late as 15th eing to establish a new Line of Control.

May, the intrusions were still being described as Targe
scale intrusions by Pakistani infiltrators'.

The Intrusion2

In end January/early February 1999, reconnaissance

By 17th May, evidence increased that the intruders had

^arties comprising officers of the Pakistan Army’s well- occupied not just the heights overlooking the National

^Cimatised Northern Light Infantry and Special Service Highway at Kargil — they had also occupied the heights roup (SSG) commandos started crossing at unguarded in the gaps between the Indian defended areas in all sub-sectors of the Kargil sector. The Air Force launched
lon^r.a^0n^ a ^ 0 kilometre segment of the 740 kilometre- photo recce sorties. Discussions commenced on whether firsfr ^

^ontro^
end February, they established a air power should be deployed and of Pakistan's likely

^vith'Ine °^ac*m*n*strative bases across the Line of Control

111 a knitted distance. There was heavy snowfall in response. After 20th May, the 'infiltration' assessment was XCeipts fr°m the 'Kargil Review Committee Report!

klstan s Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf's book, In the Line o f Fit e.

GrPts fr°m the 'Kargil Review Committee Report!

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 6 5

upgraded to "armed intrusions by 250 to 300 intruders'!

The Indian Navy's O perations

On 25th May 1998, the Army launched Operation 'VijayJ

As soon as the infiltration was assessed as a «
the Navy Operation 'Talwar' and tlie Air Force Operation intrusion" on 20"' May, Naval Headquarters issued armed

'Safed Sagar) after the Cabinet Committee on Security signal to the three Naval Commands to “enhance ^ ^
approved operations in Kargil with tlie use of air power. measures”. Western Naval Command swung intnSeCUrity Tlie Armed Forces were, however, to adopt a posture of and swiftly deployed the following units:-
aCtl0n
deterrence vis-a-vis Pakistan and air strikes against the
intruders had to be restricted to the Indian side of the

•

A Leander class frigate on a barrier patrol nff

Dwarka.

n

Line of Control. Tlie Army started moving its defensive
and offensive formations in the Western and Southern

Two missile boats at Oklia — one on patrol off Oklia

Commands closer to the Pakistan border to deter Pakistan
and the other berthed alongside in Oklia at one
from escalating the conflict and prevent it from focussing
hours notice.

solely on Kargil.

•

Dornier aircraft on surveillance patrols over the sea

From 25th May onwards, the Air Force struck the bunkers
west of Saurashtra, outside Pakistan's Air Defence
o n t h e m o u n t a i n t o p s , w h e r e t h e P a k i s t a n i i n t r u d e r s h a d Interception Zone (ADIZ).

dug in. On 28th and 29th May, the Air Force lost a Mig 21
fighter, a MI 17 helicopter to Pakistani shoulder-fired,

On 2 3 d May, Naval Headquarters issued a directive to:

anti-aircraft Stinger missiles, and a Mig 27, which crashed

•

Prevent sneak attacks along the Gujarat Coast.

d u e t o t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m s . T h e r e a f t e r p r e c i s i o n - g u i d e d bombs from Mirage aircraft attacked the bunkers from

•

Ensure security of offshore assets.

r a n g e s b e y o n d t h e r e a c h o f s h o u l d e r - f i r e d , a n t i - a i r c r a f t m i s s i l e s .

Counter enemy pre-emptive measures.

In the first three weeks of June, despite losses, the valour

•

Monitor the movements of Pakistani naval forces in
and grit of Indian troops was on full display as they climbed
the North Arabian Sea.

vertical cliffs m the face of withering fire by well dug-in

•

Expedite ongoing 'Short Refits' of major combatants
intruders, succeeded in forcing the intruders to withdraw
their bunkers on the mountain tops.

to maximise operational availability.

Following the directive, Western Naval Command

The Pakistanis began voicing threats implying the use of sailed ships from Mumbai on 22nd May, to protect offshore nuclear weapons. India interpreted the threat as a Pakistani oil installations from clandestine underwater attacks.

gambit to invoke international mediation. Then, in the 3">
week of June, reports appeared that Pakistan had ordered

Concurrently, aerial surveillance was increased off the
coasts of Maharashtra and Gujarat to forestall surprise
warheaPds.ymem
miSS“eS

° f Carrying nuclear

Pakistani intrusions from seaward.

By 25th May, the entire Western Fleet had sailed fro111

On the battlefront, the war continued unabated

Mumbai to the North Arabian Sea as a precautionary

The intensive firepower of Indian artillery, along with
precision strikes by Indian Air Force
eployment to increase surveillance and adopt a
aircraft and a fil
d eterrent
posture. Tlie next day, anticipating an escalation

S

™
r

. b y t h e l n d i a n t r ° 0 p s t 0 t a k e * e w a r t o its
tensions, Naval Headquarters initiated action to:-
l o g i c a l e n d , e v i c t e d t h e P a k i s t a n i i n t r u d e r s f r o m p o s t a f t e r post. Faced with international diplomatic S o n and

•

Make major combatants operational by e n d Jt1Iie
e c o n o m i c p r e s s u r e , P a k i s t a n s t a r t e d s e e k i n p a f a r #

1999.

exit from the looming rout in Kargil.

saving

•

Make naval missiles operational.

•

Maintain tight control over forward deployed foices
u n co n d itio n al w ith d raw ,!

Pakistani , roops ^
ar " T
to avoid trigger-happy misadventure.

Ihough the war ended formally on 16"' Tulv 1 qqci > f ,

By 27th May, the Navy had deployed a guided missile

» „ th e,-ten d ay ! to eviet th „se i n t t n d e , L

’ S

S
destroyer off Saurashtta and positioned additional

Dornier aircraft at Daman to augment surveillance. Ships
and aircraft of the Coast Guard were placed under nava

6 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

command to augment coastal surveillance and defence of

By 2nd July, with Pakistani troops being evicted from
offshore assets.

their bunkers in Kargil, Pakistan started seeking a way to

On 29th May 1998, the Navy informed the Cabinet end the intrusion.

Committee on Security that units of the Eastern Fleet

On 4lh July, under pressure from the American President,
would be joining the Western Fleet by early June. Ships the Pakistan Prime Minister declared the unconditional from the Eastern Fleet arrived in combat ready condition, withdrawal of Pakistani troops from Kargil. The Indian in Kochi, in the first week of June. The press media printed Navy was soon asked to terminate its operations. On photographs of missile-armed ships berthed alongside in 14 July 1999, the Prime Minister, Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee Kochi enroute to join the Western Fleet. These were picked declared Op TALWAR a success.

up and reproduced in the newspapers of the Persian Gulf.

The Indian Navy's participation in the Kargil was hailed

On the diplomatic front, the Foreign Minister of Pakistan nationally and much talked about in international circles.

came to Delhi to discuss the lowering of tension. The talks The Pakistani media was abuzz with reports of how close failed. Naval Headquarters directed the Fleets to “enhance the Indian Navy was to establishing a total blockade of its the level of preparedness" Pakistan Naval Headquarters, port of Karachi.5 Whatever the truth of these reports, the sensing trouble, put its ships on high alert and directed fact is that the Navy's sterling action of imposing presence them to "to keep well clear of the Indian Navy'!

and exertingpressureyielded the desired results.Tactically
too, for the force, the operation had many positives. It

By the second week of June, the conflict had reached was the first time that its operational units had prepared a fever pitch. The Joint Western and Eastern Fleets for action at such short notice. Its ships were armed to the commenced exercises to check the Navy's readiness for an teeth and deployed in heavy numbers in enemy territory, all-out conflict. The Paldstan Navy dispersed its ships away even though technically, it was a less than war situation.

from Karachi to its ports on the Makran Coast — Ormara, The force carefully reassessed, revised and calibrated its Pasni, Gwadar and Jiwani. Pakistan Naval ships started rules of engagement to address the sensitivities of the escorting tankers bringing oil from the Persian Gulf.

situation — by manoeuvring and positioning the fleet in

Two weeks later, after Pakistan announced the a manner that brought pressure on the adversary without deployment of missiles capable of carrying nuclear escalating tensions into a full fledged war. It gave a good first hand experience to commanders in operational
warheads threatening India with nuclear strikes, Indian and tactical command of the tricky nuances of combat missile armed ships responded by moving closer to the posturing without the formal announcement of a war.

Pakistan coast. National and international media were
informed that the Navy was on full alert. The message to C o a s t G u a r d P a r t i c i p a t i o n be conveyed to Pakistan was not to escalate in Kargil or
extend it to the sea. The Pakistan Navy however, went to

The Indian Naval operations would not have succeeded
full alert, launched additional surveillance sorties along its without the Coast Guard's significant contribution. A coast, all the while remaining clear of Indian naval ships number of Coast Guard ships and air assets of Coast Guard Air Station Daman were placed under the Navy
and aircraft. Karachi Port was placed on full alert.

for protection of sensitive areas and surveillance of the

On 30th June, India's Amphibious Brigade started international maritime border off the West coast. The moving westwards from Port Blair to Goa. The presence
deployment lasted 184 ship days with aircraft flying over

Indian Naval ships played on the Pakistan Navys 220 sorties across the Arabian Sea, logging a total of 452
aPprehension of oil supplies from the Gulf being disrupted. hours.

Sensitive about the vulnerability of these oil supplies
and aware that a naval engagement might expose its fuel

Analysis of the O peration
storages in Karachi harbour and also its sea lanes to naval

In the aftermath of the war, the Government of India
attack, the Paldstan Navy prudently escorted its oil tankers constituted a committee to review the events leading up along the Makran Coast. The Indian Naval ships, however, to the Pakistani aggression in the Kargil District of Ladakh did nothing to escalate tensions. In the ensuing operations, in Jammu and Kashmir and recommend measures to Indian naval ships arrested a North Korean ship that was safeguard national security against such armed intrusions.

carrying missile components to Pakistan.

^ ^ ^ d f o 7 s t r i k e outside the Karachi harbour shook the Pakistani establishment

One report suggested that the Indian Naval contingent
impelling into announcing a retreat.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 6 7

The Kargil Review Committee presented a comprehensive that India was considering more offensive operations
report of the shortcomings that led to the conflict. The

Committee in its report has very perceptively outlined

The assessment o f the GHQ staff a nd Rawalpindi c

Pakistan's motives for the war.

fit the logic o f the situation. It was appropriate to all

Rawalpindi Corps to prepare a nd present the FCNa ° j

•

At the Strategic Level. Strategically speaking,
o f the defensive manoeuvre in the Northern Arpn* ^ an

1
oO as to

Pakistan needed to internationalise Kashmir as deny any ingress across the LoC. A plan calling for plUR •
a nuclear flashpoint requiring urgent third party the gaps — ranging from nine to twenty eight miles (fifteen intervention. It sought to alter the Line of Control forty five kilometres) — between our positions was formally
and disturb its sanctity by capturing unheld areas in presented and approved towards the middle of Januaty

Kargil and also achieve a better bargaining position 1999. Rawalpindi Corps and FCNA were to execute it.

for a possible trade-off against the positions held by

India in Siachen.

The terrain and weather were forbidding. The operation
had to be undertaken by limited forces, and security was

•

At the Military/Proxy War Level. From a military crucial. Any leakage of information would have set off a race
point of view, Pakistan aimed at interdicting the to the watershed, as had happened at Siachen. The terrain

Srinagar-Leh road by disrupting vital supplies and resources were to India's advantage, for such a race.

to Leh, specifically in the Kargil sector where the Our information therefore was shared on a "need to know"

National Highway skirts part of the Line of Control. basis. Second line forces under the FCNA, called Northern

Such a move, it anticipated, would boost the morale Light Infantry, composed of locals of the area, were to
of militants in Kashmir and make the Indian Army occupy the forward positions. The troops were given special
withdraw troops from the Valley to Kargil.

instructions not to cross the watershed along the LoC".

•

At the Political Level. The political objective was
for the Army to demonstrate its commitment to the

P o st W ar R e tr o s p e c t
political segment of Pakistan that favoured jihad.

General VP Malik in his book From Surprise to Victoiy
writes:7

Ih e Pakistani Perspective

The Pakistanis, as in the past, had a quixotic explanation

The proxy war in Jam m u a nd Kashmir had been
for the Operation, which they saw as a response to India initiated by Pakistan soon after the Soviet withdrawal from

'creeping forward on the LoC'. General Musharraf, in his Afghanistan in the late 1980s. By working in collusion with
memoirs6 has this to state about Ops Badr:-
the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) o f the United States of

America, Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and the

There were large gaps between our defensive positions in Army had gained valuable experience in waging guerrilla
the Kargil and Dras sectors, making it possible fo r Indian
warfare. The ISI stepped up its efforts to subvert Kashmiri
troops to cross the line too easily. India also brought in and
youth towards the end o f the 1980s. Many young men were
moo 1 Trec! al bunker~bustinS equipment in the autumn of
covertly infiltrated to Pakistan Occupied Kashmir through ci

1998. We knew that the Indian Army had procured large porous LoC for religious indoctrination and arms training
quantities o f high-altitude equipment, special weapons and as were done in Afghanistan. These trained militants started
new snow scooters and snowmobiles. India appeared on the
pouring back into Kashmir.

verge o f an attack across the LoC.

The period from 1987 to 1989 saw a spurt in violence,

Our sources o f information were very reliable. India had prolonged strikes in the Kashmir Valley and attacks on
been creeping forward" across the LoC even after the Simla
political leaders, the police and paramilitary forces. Over
the years, many militant groups mushroomed. Of these, &
a f t e r Z T ’

n aT $
betWem lndia a n d p ^ a n
h n d l t T "

and d6fined the Line ° f Control. India
majority were pro-Pakistan.

to the North M °a

La’ thB Qamar SSCt0r and Siachen
in the Northern Areas. Finally, frequent visits o f the Indian

The Army and paramilitary forces carried out p r o t r a c te d
operations from 1990 onwards to effectively contain
arZ 'dZ T n fth Ge° rgeFemandes' ^ the Siachen and Kargil
areas during the summer and autumn o f the 1998 suggested
terrorism and to create a safe atmosphere fo r the initiation
o f the political process.

In the Line o f Fire, Page 88-90.

-----------------------------------------

K a r e n _ F w m S u rp ris e l0 V ic lo r y h y G e n e r a l v p ^

I n d .a ,s C h i e f o f ^
s t a f f 1997 2000 H a r p e r C o ]]in s & I n d ja ^

2006

6 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Before Kargil, Pakistan had assumed that due to have gaps in between. It is neither physically possible nor
prolonged and excessive involvement in anti-terrorist and tactically desirable to cover the entire length of any border
anti-insurgency operations in Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir with manpower.

and northeast India, the Indian Army was tired and not in
a shape fit to fight; that its weapons and equipment were

The deployment by the defender is, therefore, based on
getting obsolete as no modernization had taken place for the heights that dominate these roads or tracks, or where
more than a decade; and that there was an acute shortage these may be constructed as part ofthe attacker's plan. The
of officers especially at the junior levels. While addressing strength of troops in such deployments depends upon the
troops of Pakistan Army 1 Corps on 29 October 1998,
terrain conditions and relative strength ofthe enemy in the

General Pervez Musharraf declared: ‘Don't be carried away sector. The aggressor is thus forced to attack and clear these
by the rhetoric of the Indians whose armed forces are totally (defender's) deployments and, in the process, the defender
exhausted and whose morale is at its lowest.'

also gets a chance to move his reserves.

Gaps between such deployments are either held thinly, or

B r i g a d i e r S h a u q a t Q a d i r ( o n e o f t h e v e i y f e w w r i t e r s
only patrolled, but must be kept under constant surveillance.

o n t h e K a r g i l w a r f r o m

P a k i s t a n ) , e x p l a i n e d t h e m i n d s e t

Our (and Pakistani) deployment all along the LoC and the
i n s i d e t h e P a k i s t a n A r m y b e f o r e i n i t i a t i n g t h e c o n f l i c t i n

AGPL was (and is) based on such a threat perception. This

K a r g i l , h a s s t a l e d : 8
pattern of deployment with long gap between defences was

In 1998-99, there was a growing concern in the Pakistani followed on either side ofthe LoC.

establishment that the Kashmiri cause was losing its

Regular patrolling in the sector, which would have
international salience and the waning militancy in Jammu ensured that troops were trained to operate in inclement
and Kashmir needed to be rejuvenated. The militaiy weather and would have inculcated the determination
operation, under the garb o f a Mujahideen operation, would and the will to accomplish missions despite harsh and
create a militaiy threat that could be viewed as capable of difficult battle conditions, was conspicuously absent in this
leading to a military solution, so as to force India to the formation. It is evident that patrolling had been relegated to
negotiating table fi‘om a position of weaknesses.

the level of routine activity. One can conclude that our most
important and dependable means of surveillance was not

Given the total ratio o f forces fo r India and Pakistan,
conducted and supervised properly.

which was about 2.25:1, the (Pakistan) Militaiy Operations
concluded that the initial Indian reactions would be to rush

Even after the intrusion had been detected, the Brigade
more troops to Indian-held Kashmir, further eroding their Commander did not realize the seriousness ofthe situation.

offensive capabilities against Pakistan. /Is a consequence, He dismissed the intruders as a handful o f militants and
tasked the units accordingly.

they concluded that it would not undertake an all-out
offensive against Pakistan, since by doing so it would run

Those responsible for safeguarding this sector considered
the risk of ending in a stalemate, which would be viewed as

'that the threat was limited to infiltration ofjehadi militants
a victory fo r Pakistan.

along with heavy firing to interdict the road'. They also felt
that'the intrusion ofthe type that ultimately occurred was

Pak military strategy fo r the limited offensive was that by considered unlikely'.

July [1999], the Mujahideen would step up their activities in
the rear areas, threateningthe Indian lines ofcommunications

There is no military justification for such conclusions.

at pre-designated targets, which would help isolate pockets, If the militants could infiltrate, so could the regular Army
forcing the Indian troops to react to them. This would create personnel. 'Attack by infiltration' is a tactical technique
in mountain warfare usually taught in the Army training
an opportunity fo r the forces at Kargil to push forward and establishments. The element of surprise comes from
pose an additional threat. India would, as a consequence, be actions that are not anticipated. It appears that the local
foiced to the negotiating table...

commanders' obsession with jehadi militants made them

Gen Malik writes, "Ever since the map delineation was neglect this aspect.

done as per the Simla Agreement, the Indian and Pakistani

General Pervez Musharraf and his team gambled on

Annies have, by and large, maintained the sanctity ofthe pulling off a 'Siachen type operation', i.e., pre-emption

There has been considerable misunderstanding in
or occupation of tactically important heights before the

* e public mind about the gaps in the defences of 121 (I) adversary got to know what s happening.

nfantry Brigade. All defences in the mountains inevitably

8‘

'An Analysis ofthe Kargil Conflict 1999; RUSI Journal, Whitehall, London, April 200-

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 6 9

our fighting units. This was a very important thresholdfor

A d m i r a l S u s h i l K u m a r , t h e C h i e f o f N a v a l S t a f f d u r i n g
us. Our forces were deployed with missiles fully arm ed and

O p e r a t i o n T a l w a r s t a t e s : 9
ready fo r action. The codenam e assigned was Operation

7 was officiating as the Chairman o f the Chiefs of Staff Talwar.

Committee (COSC) since General Malik, the Army Chief was
abroad on an assignment. The reports that first came in were

It was around this time that Pakistani generals started
quite vague and hazy. They alluded to some sort o f border
resorting to threats o f nuclear retaliation...By the end of June
incursion having taken place on the Line of Control (LoC)

1999, war with Pakistan seemed imminent. At a crucial triwith Pakistan. There was also a report that an Army patrol service meeting, Gen Malik turned to his Commanders and
had not returned and shepherds having seen strangers on said “You better prepare fo r war, be it declared or otherwise."

We in the Navy were already at action stations.

our side of the LoC. Despite the foggy' nature o f these reports,
the Army was understandably very concerned and the Vice

Here I must add that while we were well prepared, we

Chief (of the Army) requested the Air Force fo r air effort by had our fingers crossed. Our warships were absolutely
way of reconnaissance and armed sorties. The Air Chief at defenceless against the Pakistan Navy's deadly Harpoon
this stage quite rightly advised that hastily inducting the Air and Exocet missiles. It was a very serious vulnerability and

Force into operations may needlessly raise the threshold of we were sure to suffer loss... There is always the fog of war
the confrontation. At that stage, it did seem only a minor and the enemy may not entirely be aware o f the opponent's
border incident.

strengths and weaknesses...

By the time General Malik returned from his assignment

We had deployed in p r e p o n d e r a n t strength and our strike
abroad, it became clear that the incursion in the Kargil forces were aggressively poised. It had the desired effect. We
sector was not a mere border incident...It was at this stage knew that the Pakistan Navy had gone on the defensive
that the three services decided to put our operational forces
when we monitored a special message frv m the Pakistan
on high alert.

Naval High Command to all their warships 'remain in

When the Chiefs of Staff Committee met, I told General harbour'. That signal said it all At the COSC meeting

Malik and Air Chief Marshal Tipnis that while they were that day, I informed my colleagues that the Indian Navy
had achieved what it had set out to do. We had seized the
going ahead with greater mobilisation to meet what now
appeared to be a bigger threat, the Navy would galvanise initiative at sea.

action to ensure that the maritime front is not exposed.

Tri-service cooperation had many facets during the Kargil

While the Pakistan Army had managed to surprise us on operations and the Navy was able to chip in where needed.

land, they must not surprise us at sea.

The Navy's squadron o f specially equipped electronic w arfare

Our intention was to carry out a swift forward deployment aircraft operated extensively along the Line o f C on trol in
to seize the initiative at sea...We realised that our forward support o f land operations. Specialist hydrographic survey
deployment had the desired effect when we learned that teams o f the Navy were also conjoined with the Army s

Pakistanis had frantically started escorting their oil tankers artillery batteries to pinpoint gun locations.

at sea, for that indeed was their lifeline.

Undoubtedly, students o f military history will always

By the middle o f June, tension was mounting... The
remember Kargil as an operation conducted in the snowy
situation looked as though it might escalate beyond Kargil.

Himalayan heights where the Indian Army and Air Force

The Navy's operational commanders re-appreciated the brought glory to the country.

situation and decided to prepare for a larger conflict. We

The role o f the Indian Navy may yet rem ain unspoke
mobilised the Navy's Eastern Fleet in full strength and swung and silent. But that is the way navies operate anyway, oV
it around into the Arabian Sea. And so, as the operations in
the horizon and unseen. Perhaps, that's the reason why
the Himalayan heights at Tololing and Tiger Hill reached a Navy is called the 'Silent Service'.

crescendo, the Navy remained poised with both fleets in full
readiness.

Retrospect

As we approached what seemed like the 'Precautionary

The Kargil episode was a seminal chapter in In 1

&

^

Stage' o f war, operational instructions were issued to our Pak relations. It severely dented the nascent ^iawin? eri
forces, and the Navy defined the rules o f engagement for
relationship between India and Pakistan, which had ta

9.

The excerpts are from his article in FORCE magazine of Decem ber 2006.

7 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

i t s f i r s t t e n t a t i v e s t e p w i t h t h e f a m
o u s 1 9 9 8 v i s i t t o L a h o r e
r e a c t i o n ; p r o m p t i n f o r m u l a t i n g p l a n s a n d d i s p l a y e d g r e a t o f P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r V a j p a y e e . T h e e n t i r e p e a c e p r o c e s s g o t c l a r i t y o n t h e n a t u r e a n d c o n d u c t o f o p e r a t i o n s .

d e r a i l e d a n d a l m
o s t t w o d e c a d e s l a t e r , t h e d a m
a g e h a s

I n i t s a f t e r m a t h , a C o m m i t t e e w a s f o r m e d t o g o i n t o t h e s t i l l n o t b e e n f u l l y r e p a i r e d . I t s e r v e d a s a r u d e w a k e u p r e a s o n s f o r t h e i n c u r s i o n . T h e K a r g i l R e v i e w C o m m
i t t e e
c a l l f o r t h e n a t i o n ' s i n t e l l i g e n c e o r g a n i s a t i o n t h a t w a s m a d e s e v e r a l f a r r e a c h i n g r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s . I t i n c l u d e d
j o l t e d o u t o f i t s s l u m
b e r . I t w a s a t i m e l y r e m
i n d e r t h a t
r a m p i n g
u p
i n t e l l i g e n c e ,
f o r m i n g
a
c o m
p r e h e n s i v e
t h e w i l y , t r o u b l e s o m
e n e i g h b o u r c o u l d n e v e r b e t a k e n
n a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y s e t - u p , p r o c u r i n g l a t e s t w e a p o n s , e t c .

f o r g r a n t e d . F o r t h e I n d i a n A r m y , i t w a s a p e r i o d o f t r i a l , S o m e o f t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s h a v e b e e n i m p l e m
e n t e d ;
b u t d e s p i t e t h e i r r e p l a c e a b l e h u m
a n l o s s e s , i t t u r n e d o u t
s o m e a w a i t e x e c u t i o n .

t o b e a g l o r i o u s c h a p t e r i n i t s h i s t o r y . T h e N a v y a c q u i t t e d i t s e l f w i t h h o n o u r d u r i n g t h e o p e r a t i o n s . I t w a s s w i f t i n i t s I n r e t r o s p e c t , p e r h a p s , i t w a s a l e s s o n w e l l l e a r n t .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 7 1

The Navy's Participation in the

Expeditions to Antarctica

P ream b le

Specifically, Indian Antarctic Research covers the

The continent of Antarctica comprises one tenth of the following long-term scientific programmes/activities: -
earth's land surface. The Antarctic seas comprise one tenth

— Ice-ocean atmosphere system in Antarctica and the
of the world's oceans. It is estimated that Antarctica's six
global environment.

million cubic miles of ice amount to 70% of the world's fresh
water and more than 90% of the world's ice. The thickness

— Antarctic
lithosphere
and

Gondwanaland
of ice varies from a few metres near the continental shelf to
reconstruction.

a maximum of4,776 kms near the South Pole.

— Framework for delineating plate tectonic processes.

The first recorded contacts with Antarctica date from

— Assessment of mineral resources and hydrocarbons.

the 1780s. Serious investigations began after the sixth

The Global Positioning System (GPS) in (India's

International Geophysical Congress in 1895, which urged

Research Station) Maitree has helped scientists to
the promotion of Antarctic Research. Within 20 years, the
postulate that the Indian tectonic plate is moving

South Pole had been reached; Amundsen became the
around 5 cms northward and north-eastward every
first person to reach the South Pole on 4th Dec 1911. In
year.

subsequent years, scientists began to explore the interior
of Antarctica.

— Antarctic
ecosystems
and
environmental

At the conclusion of the International Geophysical
physiology.

Year (1957-58), the 12 nations that had participated in

— Solar terrestrial processes.

Antarctic work formally recognized the cooperative spirit
of the venture by drafting the Antarctic Treaty in 1959. They

— Innovative technologies for support systems.

agreed that "Antarctica shall be used for peaceful purposes
only" and "banned any measure of a military nature."

—

E n v i r o n m
e n t a l i m
p a c t a s s e s s m
e n t .

—

G
e n e r a t i o n a n d s t r u c t u r i n g o f d a t a b a s e s (geological

India launched its first Antarctic Expedition in December
t o p o g r a p h i c , t h e m
a t i c m
a p p i n g , e c o s y s t e m
c h a n g e s *

1981. It was admitted to the Antarctic Treaty on 19th August

1983 and soon thereafter obtained Consultative Status on
e n v i r o n m
e n t a l p a r a m
e t e r s a n d h e a l t h c a r e ) .

12th September 1983. It was admitted as a member of the

In addition to regular annual expeditions, India

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) on launched an expedition to the Weddell Sea in 1989 and an 1st October 1984 and became a member of the 'Convention expedition to Krill in 1995.

on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources'

in 1986. It ratified the Environment Protocol to the Antarctic

The Department of Ocean Development under die

Treaty in 1997.

Ministry of Science and Technology plans India's Antarctica
expeditions. Organisations that have participated in t*105

The broad objectives of India's Antarctic Research expeditions include Geological Survey of India, Surve Programme have been to foster and promote scientific of India, National Geographical Research Institute^
studies in atmospheric sciences, geology, geophysics, India Meteorological Department, National Institute meteorology, biology, oceanography, geomagnetism and Oceanography, Physical Research Laboratory, N ation study of the ozone hole.

Physical Laboratory, Indian Institute of Geomagnetis

N a t i o n a l

R e m
o t e

S e n s i n g

A g e n c y ,

D e f e n c e

R e s e a r c h
c o a s t . T h e m o b i l i t y o f t h e p a c k i c e , u n d e r t h e p r e s s u r e o f a n d

D e v e l o p m
e n t

O r g a n i s a t i o n ,

O i l
a n d

N a t u r a l

G a s
t h e s h i p s ' m o m e n t u m , a l l o w s s h i p s t o p e n e t r a t e i t .

C o m m i s s i o n , V S N L , B S N L , I n d i a n I n s t i t u t e s o f T e c h n o l o g y , T h e e x p e d i t i o n s a r e c o n v e y e d b y ' s p e c i a l e x p e d i t i o n t h e I n d i a n N a v y , A r m y a n d A i r F o r c e a n d t h e D e p a r t m e n t v e s s e l s
o f t h e
h i g h e s t
i c e
c l a s s '

u n d e r
t h e
s y s t e m

o f
o f O c e a n D e v e l o p m
e n t .

u n i f o r m t i m e c h a r t e r . S u c h s h i p s h a v e a d o u b l e s k i n , a F r o m 1 9 9 2 - 9 3 o n w a r d s , a n ‘A n t a r c t i c R e s e a r c h C e n t r e '

h e a t e d h u l l , a b o w t h r u s t e r , e x t r e m e l y l a r g e ( f u e l ) b u n k e r h a s b e e n f u n c t i o n i n g i n G o a .

c a p a c i t y , m o d e r n c o m m u n i c a t i o n s y s t e m s , a h e l i c o p t e r d e c k , a i r - c o n d i t i o n e d a c c o m
m
o d a t i o n f o r 1 0 0 e x p e d i t i o n

T h e N a v y ' s I n v o l v e m
e n t i n A n t a r c t i c E x p e d i t i o n s
m e m b e r s , 2 5 t o n c r a n e s , a n d b o x - s h a p e d h o l d s t h a t a r e I h e

N a v y ' s
i n v o l v e m
e n t
c o m
m
e n c e d
w i t h
t h e
f i r s t
u s e d a s h a n g a r s o r f o r c a r g o .

e x p e d i t i o n i n 1 9 8 1 - 8 2 a n d c o n t i n u e d t i l l 1 9 9 4 - 9 5 . D u r i n g T h e s t o r e s c a r r i e d b y e a c h e x p e d i t i o n i n c l u d e f u e l , f o o d e a c h
e x p e d i t i o n ,
t h e
n a v a l
c o n t i n g e n t
c o m p r i s e d
t h e

( f r o m I n d i a ' s F o o d T e c h n o l o g y R e s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e , D e f e n c e f o l l o w i n g : -

F o o d R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , M A F C O
a n d M
o d e r n F o o d

•

A
h e l i c o p t e r
d e t a c h m
e n t
o f t w o

C h e t a k s .

S i n c e

I n d u s t r i e s ) ,
c o n s t r u c t i o n
m a t e r i a l ,
s p a r e s
f o r v e h i c l e s ,

A n t a r c t i c a
h a s
n o
r o a d s ,
m
o s t
m o v e m e n t s
o f
c l o t h i n g ,
c a m p i n g e q u i p m e n t ,
h y d r o g e n g a s
c y l i n d e r s ,
p e r s o n n e l a n d s t o r e s b e t w e e n t h e e x p e d i t i o n s h i p m e d i c a l
s u p p l i e s ,

L P G
c y l i n d e r s ,
s c i e n t i f i c e q u i p m e n t ,
a n d t h e c a m
p s h a d t o b e d o n e b y h e l i c o p t e r .

c o m m u n i c a t i o n e q u i p m e n t , e t c .

•

C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n
p e r s o n n e l
w h o
p r o v i d e d
r o u n d

T h e
e x p e d i t i o n
s h i p
d e p a r t s
f r o m

G o a
i n
e n d
t h e c l o c k c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n w i t h I n d i a , d u r i n g t h e

N o v e m
b e r / e a r l y D e c e m b e r . A f t e r a f e w h o u r s h a l t i n
e x p e d i t i o n a n d a l s o f o r t h e ' w i n t e r i n g ' t e a m w h o M
a u r i t i u s t o s t o c k u p p r o v i s i o n s , i t r e a c h e s A n t a r c t i c a s t a y e d b e h i n d i n A n t a r c t i c a d u r i n g t h e A n t a r c t i c i n e n d D e c e m b e r . I t s t a r t s o n t h e r e t u r n j o u r n e y i n e a r l y w i n t e r f r o m M
a r c h ( w h e n t h e e x p e d i t i o n s h i p l e a v e s

M
a r c h , s p e n d s a d a y i n M
a u r i t i u s a n d a r r i v e s G o a i n e n d
f o r I n d i a ) t i l l D
e c e m
b e r ( w h e n t h e s h i p r e t u r n s w i t h

M
a r c h / e a r l y A p r i l . 1
t h e n e x t e x p e d i t i o n ) .

O f t h e 7 0 t o 7 5 d a y s t h a t e a c h e x p e d i t i o n c a n s t a y i n

•

M
e t e o r o l o g i c a l p e r s o n n e l f o r w e a t h e r p r e d i c t i o n , A n t a r c t i c a , o v e r h a l f i s a f f l i c t e d b y s t o r m s , b l i z z a r d s a n d v e r y s t r o n g w i n d s . T h e e f f e c t i v e w o r k i n g s e a s o n i s o n l y 3 0
f o r b r i e f i n g p i l o t s o n w
e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s a n d f o r
t o 4 0 d a y s . T h e p a c e o f a c t i v i t y p e r f o r c e h a s t o b e h e c t i c .

r e s e a r c h .

A f t e r a r r i v a l a t t h e p a c k i c e ( w h i c h i s f o r m e d f r o m t h e N a v a l
c o o k s ,
b o t h
f o r
t h e
v o y a g e
t o
a n d
f r o m
f r e e z i n g o f t h e s e a s u r f a c e ) , f a c s i m i l e c h a r t s a n d r o u t e A n t a r c t i c a a n d f o r t h e w i n t e r i n g t e a m

.

r e c o n n a i s s a n c e f l i g h t s b y h e l i c o p t e r s h e l p t o n a v i g a t e t h e I n t h e i n i t i a l y e a r s , t h e N a v y a l s o p r o v i d e d a m e d i c a l
s h i p t h r o U g h t h e p a c k i c e u n t i l t h e s h i p r e a c h e s t h e 4 f a s t i c e '

t e a m
t o
d e a l
w i t h
m
e d i c a l
e m
e r g e n c i e s .

F r o m

1 9 9 4
w h e r e i t b e r t h s a l o n g s i d e t h e a p p r o x i m a t e l y 9 - m e t r e h i g h
o n w a r d s , a s m
a l l n a v a l s u r v e y t e a m
h a s p a r t i c i p a t e d w h e n

A n t a r c t i c i c e s h e l f n e a r L a t i t u d e 7 0 ° S o u t h a n d L o n g i t u d e r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y o u t ' B a t h y m
e t r i c D a t a a n d S o u n d i n g

1 2 °

E a s t .

I m m e d i a t e l y
a f t e r
a r r i v a l ,
h e l i c o p t e r s
s t a r t
s u r v e y s
o n
b e h a l f
o f
t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

H y d r o g r a p h i c
f e r r y i n g p e r s o n n e l a n d s t o r e s t o t h e p e r m
a n e n t s t a t i o n i n

O r g a n i s a t i o n ( I H O ) .

t h e i n t e r i o r .

H e l i c o p t e r s a r e u s e d a l s o f o r f e r r y i n g p e r s o n n e l a n d In d ia's A n ta rctica Expeditions
s t o r e s t o t h e s c i e n t i f i c t e a m
s i n t h e v a r i o u s t e m
p o r a r y
c a m p s , f o r a e r i a l a n d p h o t o r e c o n n a i s s a n c e , f o r c a s u a l t y I h e w i d t h o f t h e i c e b e l t a r o u n d A n t a r c t i c a r a n g e s from e v a c u a t i o n
a n d
f o r
m e d i c a l
s u p p o r t ,
f o r
l a n d i n g
o n

6 0 0 k m t o 3 0 0 0 k m . T h e i c e s t a r t s m e l t i n g i n November; r a p i d m e l t i n g c o m
m
e n c e s i n D e c e m
b e r a n d c o n t i n u e s t i l l
i c e b e r g s a n d f o r a s s i s t i n g t h e s c i e n t i f i c t e a m s o p e r a t i n g i n

M
a r c h . F r e e z i n g o f t h e s e a c o m
m
e n c e s i n e n d M
a r c h a n
h i l l y , r o u g h a n d i c y t e r r a i n s .

| h e a r e a c o v e r e d b y p a c k i c e i n c r e a s e s , u n t i l b y O c t o e r

I h e 1 st E x p e d i t i o n s t a r t e d f r o m G o a i n D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 1 .

is m o r e t h a n d o u b l e t h e area o f Antarctica. I t is d u r i n g I t s e t u p a b a s e c a m p n e a r t h e i c e s h e l f a n d c a r r i e d o u t a i r t h e p e r i o d b e t w e e n N o v e m
b e r t o M
a r c h e a c h y e a r
a t
s u r v e y s f o r a s u i t a b l e s i t e f o r c o n s t r u c t i n g a p e r m a n e n t
s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d e x p e d i t i o n s h i p s c a n r e a c h t h e A n t a r c t i c South Africa, instead of from Goa because it reduced the

From the 20th (2000/01) Expedition onwards, expeditions departed f
journey time to Antarctica from 25 days to 9 days.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 7 3

research station (later called Dakshin Gangotri) where
navigational charts to cover the sea apn
a small team could spend the winter. The 2nd Expedition
the land route to India's p e r m a n e n t to
ferried the material and stores required to construct

Research Station at Maitree.

Arctic

Dakshin Gangotri. The 3rd Expedition commissioned

Dakshin Gangotri. From the 3rd Expedition onwards, the

To collect oceanographic data for the Navy

Navy established and maintained permanent wireless
communication with New Delhi. The 8th expedition

C h ro n o lo g y o f Expeditions 1 9 8 9 till 2007
of 1988-89 found that Dakshin Gangotri was getting
submerged in ice. The 9th expedition commissioned India's Expedition Gist of Expedition/Objectives and Nava!

Participation
second permanent station "Maitree" in an ice-free area
near a freshwater lake.

9'h 1989-90

As soon as the final transfer of stores from

There were other Antarctic Research Stations in the area

Dakshin Gangotri to M aitree was com p leted
where India set up its camps: -
in end January 1 9 9 0 , the new, indigenously
designed, permanent land station Maitree

Country

Remarks
was established in the Schumacher Ranges
at Lat 70°46’ South, Long

Soviet Union The Novolazerskaya camp was the

1 1 ° 4 4 ’ East, 70 kms
from Dakshin Gangotri.

nearest, 10 km from Dakshin Gangotri.

Its runway, which could land Russian

On 25 February 1990, Dakshin Gangotri was

IL 14 aircraft, was 6 km away from
decommissioned as a permanent base and

Dakshin Gangotri.

converted into a supply base cum transit camp.

East Germany George Forster camp was sited on the

The India Meteorological

Department
periphery of Novolazerskaya.

discontinued observations from Dakshin

Gangotri and established a full-fledged

West Germany George Von Neumayer camp.

Meteorological Observatory at Maitree

Britain

Hailey camp.

to study ozone depletion in the Antarctic
spring and solar radiation.

South Africa

SANE camp.

The First Weddell Sea Expedition surveyed the
area east of Berkner Island for a future station.

C harting of A n ta rctica W aters

The hazards of operating single-engined
u / l 1" 5' India became a member of the Permanent

Chetak helicopters in Antarctica's sub-zero
orkmg Group on Co-operation in Antarctica an
conditions for exploratory missions that
organisation set up under the aegis of the International
were increasingly distant from the base

Hydrographic Organisation in Monaco.

camp led to the decision that only twin-

This workinggroup identified the bathymetric chart,np nf
engined helicopters should b e sent on

Antarctic waters a , o n e o f its goals and ,”

ed S
a
l
future expeditions.

hydrographic organisations to contributp

10th 1990-91 The Dakshin Gangotri site continued to be
n a“ o „ ,l r e s o u r c e s M s p r o , ™' ”

H
used as a supply base and transit camp-
ndiais permanent station Maitree had not heen charted

No other country volunteered tn rhar t

«
ted*

The expedition's geo-chronological studies

Russian Antarcfc S t a Z

S“ e the
assessed the age of rocks as 850 mil^011
afewkilometresfrom M
a
i n
e e . i t " J “ “
years.

“' “
area would h e p , o d u c e d i o S X I ^ f r

H th 1991-92 The scientific objectives of the expedite

Commencing with the 14th Exneriitinr, fn
were studies in geology, geo-physics, Se0

.0 March

1994f
magnetism and biology.

one to two officers and one or two s a i l o S

° f

12 1992-93 Air Force helicopter participation ceased.

in Antarctica Expeditions:-

Participated

13 1993-94 As a result of blizzard damage, the expedid0^
vessel had to call at Durban in South ^ llCr
for repairs. In view of the time required o
repairs, expedition members were fl°

7 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

b a c k t o I n d i a . T h i s g a v e r i s e t o t h e i d e a t h a t 2 1 st 2 0 0 1 - 0 2

T h e N a v a l S u r v e y T e a m o f a L t C d r ( H y d r o ) ,
i t w o u l d b e m
o r e e c o n o m
i c a l i n t i m e a n d

L t

C d r

( M
e t o c )

a n d
o n e
s u r v e y
s a i l o r
m
o n e y f o r e x p e d i t i o n m e m
b e r s t o e m b a r k
c o n t i n u e d B a t h y m e t r i c D a t a a n d S o u n d i n g
a n d d i s e m
b a r k i n S o u t h A f r i c a i n s t e a d o f
s u r v e y s o n b e h a l f o f t h e I H O .

i n G o a . T h i s w a s i m p l e m e n t e d f r o m t h e 1 9 th
e x p e d i t i o n o n w a r d s .

H e l i c o p t e r s u p p o r t w a s p r o v i d e d b y a N e w

Z e a l a n d f i r m .

1 4 th 1 9 9 4 - 9 5

T h e
o b j e c t i v e s
o f t h e
e x p e d i t i o n w e r e t o

2 2 nd 2 0 0 2 - 0 3

T h e

N a v a l

S u r v e y

T e a m
c o n t i n u e d
e s t a b l i s h t h e L a s e r H e t e r o d y n e E x p e r i m e n t

B a t h y m e t r i c D a t a a n d S o u n d i n g s u r v e y s .

t o
s t u d y
t h e
o z o n e
p r o f i l e ;
g e o l o g i c a l
m
a p p i n g o f t h e

O r v i n

I I
m o u n t a i n s a n d

2 3 rd 2 0 0 3 - 0 4

F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e e x p e d i t i o n w a s l e d b y t h e
g l a c i o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s .

G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f I n d i a . I t r e c o m
m
e n d e d
t h e s i t e f o r I n d i a ' s t h i r d p e r m
a n e n t s t a t i o n i n

F o r
t h e
f i r s t
t i m e ,
a
n a v a l
s u r v e y
t e a m
t h e L a r s e m a n n H i l l s i n p o s i t i o n 6 9 ° d e g r e e s
o f a n o f f i c e r a n d a s a i l o r f r o m t h e N a v a l

2 4 ' 2 8 " S o u t h , 7 6 ° 1 1 ' 1 4 " E a s t .

H y d r o g r a p h i c O f f i c e w a s i n c l u d e d , t o c a r r y
o u t a s u r v e y o f t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o M
a i t r e e .

2 4 th 2 0 0 4 - 0 5

T h e N a v a l S u r v e y t e a m
s u r v e y e d t h e a r e a
a r o u n d L e n i n g r a d S k i j .

1 5 th 1 9 9 5 - 9 6

N o N a v a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n .

T h e

2 4 lh

A n t a r c t i c a

E x p e d i t i o n
w a s
t h e

1 6 th 1 9 9 6 - 9 7

C o m
m
e r c i a l h e l i c o p t e r s f r o m P a w a n H a n s
l o n g e s t s u m
m
e r e x p e d i t i o n t o t a l l i n g 9 7 d a y s
w e r e h i r e d t o c a n y o u t t h e f u n c t i o n s e a r l i e r
a w a y f r o m p o r t .

p e r f o r m
e d b y n a v a l h e l i c o p t e r s . A t h r e e -
m
e m
b e r N a v a l

S u r v e y T e a m p a r t i c i p a t e d

2 5 th 2 0 0 5 - 0 6

T h i s f i r s t e x p e d i t i o n t o t h e L a r s e m
a n n H i l l s
i n t h i s e x p e d i t i o n . I t s t a s k w a s t o s u r v e y
w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e N a v a l S u r v e y T e a m . F o r

A n t a r c t i c a w a t e r s a n d c o l l e c t p h y s i c a l a n d
t h e f i r s t t i m e , b o a t s o u n d i n g s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t o c e a n o g r a p h i c d a t a o f n a v a l i n t e r e s t .

i n A n t a r c t i c w a t e r s u s i n g a m u l t i b e a m e c h o
s o u n d e r t o c o l l e c t b a t h y m e t r i c d a t a . T h e a i m

1 7 th 1 9 9 7 - 9 8

A n I n d i a n N a v y t e a m
p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e
o f t h e c h e c k s u r v e y w a s t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r

G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y o f I n d i a ' s o c e a n o g r a p h i c
t h e E x p e d i t i o n s h i p c o u l d s a f e l y n a v i g a t e t h e
c r u i s e .

c h a n n e l l e a d i n g t o t h e l o c a t i o n e n v i s a g e d f o r

1 8 th 1 9 9 8 - 9 9

C o m
m
e r c i a l h e l i c o p t e r s f r o m P a w a n H a n s
t h e N e w S t a t i o n a t L a r s e m a n n H i l l .

w e r e a g a i n h i r e d a n d t h e N a v a l S u r v e y T e a m

2 6 th 2 0 0 6 - 0 7

T h e N a v a l S u r v e y T e a m p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h e
p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h i s e x p e d i t i o n .

2 6 th

E x p e d i t i o n .

C u r r e n t
d i r e c t i o n ,
s p e e d

1 9 th 1 9 9 9 - 0 0

F o r
t h e
f i r s t
t i m e ,
t h e
e x p e d i t i o n
w a s
a n d
s o u n d
v e l o c i t y
o b s e r v a t i o n s
w e r e
c a r r i e d o u t a t o n e l o c a t i o n i n L e n i n g r a d
l a u n c h e d f r o m C a p e T o w n o n 1 0 D e c e m b e r

S k i j .

S o u n d i n g w a s
c a r r i e d
o u t
i n

P r y d z

1 9 9 9 . N o n a v a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T h e e x p e d i t i o n

B a y a t L a r s e m a n n H i l l s . A n e w G P S s t a t i o n
a s s e s s e d t h a t l a k e s e d i m
e n t s d a t e d b a c k t o
w a s e s t a b l i s h e d . C o a s t l i n i n g s t a t i o n i n t h e

1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s .

L a r s e m a n n H i l l s w a s a l s o c o n d u c t e d .

20th 2000-01

T h e

N a v a l

S u r v e y

T e a m
c o n t i n u e d

A

M
e d i c a l

O f f i c e r
a c c o m
p a n i e d
t h e

2 6 th

B a t h y m
e t r i c D a t a a n d S o u n d i n g s u r v e y s o n

E x p e d i t i o n t o s t u d y : -
b e h a l f o f t h e I H O .

—

P s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d b e h a v i o u r a l c h a n g e s

M
e t e o r o l o g i c a l
d a t a
w a s
c o l l e c t e d
f o r
d u e t o p r o l o n g e d s o c i a l i s o l a t i o n .

d e v e l o p i n g a d a t a b a s e a n d c o r r e l a t i n g w i t h
o t h e r d a t a .

—

H e a r t r a t e v a r i a b i l i t y .

A t t h r e e
l o c a t i o n s ,
c u r r e n t
d i r e c t i o n
a n d

—

C h a n g e s i n l u n g c a p a c i t y v o l u m e .

s p e e d ,
w
a t e r
t e m
p e r a t u r e ,
s a l i n i t y
a n d

—

H y p o t h e r m i a , s l e e p p a t t e r n i n P o l a r
v e l o c i t y o f s o u n d w e r e r e c o r d e d u s i n g a

R e g i o n s .

S m
a r t

A c o u s t i c

C u r r e n t

M
e t e r .

I c e
s h e l f

— H a e m o g l o b i n v a r i a t i o n i n e x t r e m
e c o l d .

d e l i n e a t i o n w a s u n d e r t a k e n b y h e l i c o p t e r .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

7 5

M A I T H I — I n d i a ' s P e r m a n a n t W i n t e r S t a t i o n a t A n t a r c t i c a P o l a r B i r d ' -

C a r r y i n g t h e A n t a r c t i c a E x p e d i t i o n T e a m

11

Defaiee of Offshore Hydrocarbon Assets

(Note : Refer to chapter titled "Coast Guard")

The F irst Offshore D iscoveries

The Defence of Offshore Assets

T h e O i l a n d N a t u r a l G a s C o m
m
i s s i o n ( O N G C ) ' s a c t i v i t y

T h e m a g n i t u d e o f c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t a n d t h e s e r i o u s i n t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f o f f B o m
b a y s t a r t e d i n 1 9 6 3 . B e t w e e n
c o n s e q u e n c e s
o f i n t e r r u p t i o n
i n
o f f s h o r e
o i l
a n d
g a s

1 9 6 4 a n d 1 9 6 7 p r o m
i s i n g o i l a n d g a s d e p o s i t s w e r e l o c a t e d
p r o d u c t i o n
c o m p e l l e d
c o n t i n u o u s
p r o t e c t i o n
o f t h e s e
i n a n a r e a 7 5 t o 1 0 0 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t o f B o m b a y . T h i s a r e a c o s t l y o f f s h o r e e c o n o m
i c a s s e t s .

w a s n a m e d B o m
b a y H i g h .

D u r i n g p e a c e t i m e a n d d u r i n g h o s t i l i t i e s , t h e o f f s h o r e T h e w o r l d w i d e f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s d u e t o 1 9 7 3 A r a b - I s r a e l i n s t a l l a t i o n s a r e v u l n e r a b l e t o c l a n d e s t i n e t e r r o r i s t a t t a c k , W a r s p u r r e d t h e u r g e n c y t o d e v e l o p B o m b a y H i g h . D r i l l i n g t o s u i c i d a l r a m m i n g b y s h i p s a n d t o d a m
a g e i n f l i c t e d b y
c o m
m
e n c e d a n d o i l w a s s t r u c k i n 1 9 7 4 . A y e a r l a t e r , a n o t h e r s m a l l
c r a f t
l o a d e d
w i t h
e x p l o s i v e s .

D u r i n g
h o s t i l i t i e s ,
o i l - b e a r i n g r e s e r v o i r w a s s t r u c k a t a d e p t h o f 1 3 0 0 m e t r e s .

i n s t a l l a t i o n s c a n b e d a m a g e d b y w e a p o n s l a u n c h e d f r o m O N G C i n t e n s i f i e d i t s s u r v e y s . T h e s e l e d o v e r t h e y e a r s t o a s u b m a r i n e , a w a r s h i p o r a n a i r c r a f t . T h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e d i s c o v e r y o f o i l a n d g a s f i e l d s t h a t w e r e n a m e d H e e r a , t h e s e a s s e t s t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e : -

P a n n a , R a t n a , N e e l a m

, M
u k t a , B a s s e i n a n d D a m a n . T h e

•

C o n s t a n t a l l - r o u n d s u r v e i l l a n c e b y p a t r o l v e s s e l s i n s t a l l a t i o n o f o f f s h o r e p l a t f o r m
s c o m
m
e n c e d i n 1 9 7 6 .

a n d b y r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a i r c r a f t .

T h e d i s c o v e r y o f f i e l d s a t D a m
a n a n d T a p t i l e d t o t h e

•

I n s t a n t
r e s p o n s e
t o
l i m i t
d a m
a g e
a n d
r e s u m
e
l a b e l l i n g o f t h e ' W
e s t e r n O f f s h o r e R e g i o n ' c o m p r i s i n g t h e
p r o d u c t i o n .

B o m b a y H i g h a n d t h e T a p t i f i e l d s . T h e ' E a s t e r n O f f s h o r e R e g i o n ' c o m
p r i s e s t h e R a w
a o i l f i e l d , P Y 1 a n d P Y 3 . T h e

T h e C o a s t G u a r d A c t w a s e n a c t e d i n 1 9 7 8 . I t e n j o i n e d f i e l d s i n t h e A n d a m
a n O f f s h o r e R e g i o n h a v e y e t t o b e
t h e C o a s t G u a r d t o ' e n s u r e t h e s a f e t y a n d p r o t e c t i o n o f d e v e l o p e d a n d n a m
e d E s t i m
a t e s o f O f f s h o r e H y d r o c a r b o n
o f f s h o r e t e r m i n a l s , i n s t a l l a t i o n s a n d o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s a n d R e s e r v e s .

d e v i c e s '

A t t h e t i m
e o f w r i t i n g : -

A n

O f f s h o r e

S e c u r i t y

C o o r d i n a t i o n

C o m
m
i t t e e
w a s

•

Our offshore hydrocarbon resources are estimated e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 7 8 t o c o o r d i n a t e t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s to be over 33,000 million metric tons.

b e t w e e n t h e O N G C , t h e C o a s t G u a r d a n d t h e N a v y f o r t h e s a f e t y a n d p r o t e c t i o n o f o f f s h o r e i n s t a l l a t i o n s . I n 1 9 8 3 , a n

•

O f f s h o r e o i l p r o d u c t i o n i s 6 6 % o f t o t a l d o m
e s t i c

O f f s h o r e D e f e n c e A d v i s o r y G r o u p ( O D A G ) w a s c o n s t i t u t e d production.

u n d e r a R e a r A d m i r a l ( F O D A G ) t o p l a n a n d a d v i s e t h e N a v y

• The replacement cost of offshore infrastructure a n d t h e O N G C o n t h e s e c u r i t y a n d d e f e n c e o f t h e B o m b a y is Rs. 200,000 crores. Current investment is O f f s h o r e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e .

Rs. 25,000 crores.

In 1985, approval was accorded for die resources 'recommendatory' rather than mandatory, th required to counter the peacetime threats to the were not always followed.

’

ese routes
installations in Bombay High which, in view of the
increasing number of oil and gas fields, came to be called

Before a m andatory Vessel Traffic Separation S k
the Western Offshore Region.

can be promulgated,
the International M -

Organisation (IMO) has to approve the Dir ant'me

Provisos in the UN Convention on the Law of

General of Shipping's proposal for a s c h e m ^ T
the Sea regard ing "Safety Z ones aro u n d
satisfactorily reconciles com plex issues like traffic d*5

Offshore S tru ctu res"

area involved, effect on rights o f safe navigation o n ?

high seas, etc. This proposal is still under preparation

After the first (1958) United Nations Conference on
the Law of the Sea, the 1958 Geneva Convention on the Legislation on Suppression of Unlawful Acts Continental Shelf had provided for a safety zone of 500
metres around offshore structures and installations in

In December 2002, Parliament passed a Bill on the
which appropriate measures could be taken to ensure the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Maritime Navieatinn safety, both of navigation and of the offshore structures and Fixed Platforms.

and installations.

Resources for the Protection of Offshore Assets

At the third (1972 to 1982) United Nations Conference

After studying how other nations were dealing with the
on the Law of the Sea, India had stated that considering threats to their offshore installations and considering the the size and speed of modern tankers and the time nature of the threat in our environment, forces were built taken to stop or divert such huge vessels, a 500 metre up for protecting our offshore installations. These included safety zone was totally inadequate. India therefore radars, Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs), maritime patrol advocated enlarged safety zones around oil installations aircraft, and helicopters to fly in Marine Commandos of and structures. This suggestion found place in the 1982 the Quick Reaction Force.

Convention on the Law of the Sea but in a modified
form. The Convention incorporated an enabling
provision "allowing a coastal state to promulgate safety

O ffshore D e v e lo p m e n ts in th e 1990s
zones in excess of 500 metres around artificial islands

By the early 1990s, Bombay High's annual production,
installations and structures, if authorised by generallv in round figures, was over 20 million tons of oil and over accepted standards or as recommended by the competent 3 lakh tons of LPG, the latter flowing through undersea international organisation"

pipelines to terminals on the mainland.

India issued two Gazette Notifications in 1986 declaring

As part of the economic liberalisation reforms of the

1990s, private oil companies, both Indian and foreign,

«

(the latter through joint ventures with the national oil

However the issue of a Gazette Notification on an
companies), were permitted, to explore new oil and gas
reserves, develop proven reserves, lay pipelines an

2 i T v T ° r 0ffsh° re 0U and Gas Installations in
the Maritime Zones of India" is still under consideration
establish refineries.

This exclusion zone would be an area of 500 meters radius

By the mid 1990s, systematic surveys confirmed that
around every offshore oil and gas installation S

S

I

India s continental shelf had potentially rich oil and gas
resources in the Palk Bay between India and Sri Lan a

N a v a l s h i D s ^ a m ! T T

' r ^

V e S S d S 0 t h e r 1 1 1 3 1 1 I n d i a n
t h e z o n e

C° ast Guard shiPS would not enter
and the Cauvery and Krishna-Godavari river basins,
and gas reserves in the Andaman Offshore in the Bay0

Bengal.

Vessel Traffic Separation Scheme
a n d

Western Offshore Region straddles the customary

The extension of offshore activities to both coasts
shipping route into Bombay Harbour Tn avniH k-

•
into deeper waters increased ODAGs responsibilities-

/ j n 20

—02, FODAG was
was re-d

-a esignate
i d
ea as F O D A
t

Adviser Offshore Security and Defence' to the Governifl
of India. Offshore Defence Advisory Cells were estab lis
at Visakhapatnam and New Delhi.

7 8

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

I N D I A 'S O F F S H O R E O I L B A S I N S

I N D I A

B A N G L A D E S H

MYANMAR

•<*! River

P A R A D I

’/iBAI

VISHAK HAPATNAM ,

(ritoo

V G O A

CHENNAI

H P.'B L A IR I

‘KOCHI-

I SRI

,

| LANKA

C O L O U R C O D E

: O ffsh o re Oil Basins on the Continental Shelf.

: D e ep O ffsh o re b ey o n d 2 0 0 m etres depth (1 .3 5 million Square Kilometres).

The New Vessel and Air Traffic M an agem ent

The P o sitio n Today

System (VATMS)

Offshore installations include process platforms, well
platforms and well-cum-process platforms. Pipelines on

T h e
e x i s t i n g
r a d a r
s u r v e i l l a n c e
n e t w o r k
h a s
b e e n
the seabed carry oil and gas from the well platforms to the r e p l a c e d b y a n e w s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t , i n t e g r a t e d V e s s e l process platforms and from there to onshore terminals. a n d A i r T r a f f i c M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m ( V A T M S ) t o p r o v i d e c o n t i n u o u s s e a a n d a i r s u r v e i l l a n c e f o r t h e e n t i r e W
e s t e r n

Ihe overall position is:-

O f f s h o r e
r e g i o n .

A s i m i l a r s y s t e m
i s
p l a n n e d
f o r
t h e

O f f s h o r e Region

Western

Eastern

E a s t e r n O f f s h o r e R e g i o n .

Process Platforms

2 8

1 3

T h e
s y s t e m
c o m p r i s e s
p r i m a r y
s e a
s u r v e i l l a n c e

Well Platforms
r a d a r s i n t e g r a t e d w i t h a i r c r a f t i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s e c o n d a r y

3 1
r a d a r s ,
m e t e o r o l o g i c a l
s e n s o r s ,
c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s
a n d

Well-cum-Process Platforms

0 5
c o m p u t e r i s e d d i s p l a y s

Pipe-line Network

3 2 0 0 km

— T r a n s p o n d e r s f i t t e d o n h e l i c o p t e r s w i l l
i d e n t i f y

Major Offshore terminals

02

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 7 9

OFFSHORE AREAS
r

A S 3 A M

^ J^ ep JIA i'A Y 4f

MAD*fYA PRSDfESH

1

' ,

JHARKHAND-., BfrNGAl

--—

-k
i - y~- _ . 1

X .

x fCHAITISGAWH

MYANMAR

MAHARASHTRA

ANDHRA PR/ DESM

PEL AREAS

TAMIL NADU

E Z 1 O NGC
m m o i l

C Z J p v t / j v
m

CBM-I

■ H CBM-II

ML AREAS

1

I ONGC

E E ] PVT/JV

M a p o f O f f s h o r e E x p l o r a t i o n A r e a s
those helicopters that have been security cleared for
will integrate the radar stations and assist data
operation in the region.

transfer.

Communication with vessels located in surveillance

— The VATMS Training Simulator, lo c a te d in
zone will be through a VHF network.

H Q , ODAG will train personnel and re h e a r
procedures.

Command and control will be exercised from

Offshore Control Centers on the platforms and the

As has become standard procedure, the Navy, ^ A.t

Onshore Control Centre at HQ ODAG.

Force, the Coast Guard and the ONGC regularly con^ ^
exercises to keep up-to-date the contingency plans o

The ONGC's existing SATCOM/Microwave network
defence of offshore assets.

8 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 2

The Marine Commandos

The M arine Com m ando Badge

M
a r i n e C o m
m
a n d o s a r e h i g h l y t r a i n e d , e l i t e ' S p e c i a l N a v a l F o r c e s ' a n d c a n b e r e c o g n i s e d b y t h e i r m a r o o n b e r e t s
a n d t h e c o m
m
a n d o b a d g e o v e r t h e i r n a m
e t a l l y .

P ream b le
c o m
m
a n d o s w a s i n t r o d u c e d i n 1 9 9 5 , t e r m
e d a s M A R C O

T h e n e e d f o r M
a r i n e C o m
m
a n d o ( M A R C O S ) w a s f i r s t

( G e n e r a l

D u t i e s )

i n
a d d i t i o n
t o
t h e
e x i s t i n g

M A R C O
a c c e p t e d i n

1 9 8 5 f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f o f f s h o r e a s s e t s i n

( A d v a n c e ) c a t e g o r y w h o s e r v e f o r 3 t o 5 y e a r s .

B o m b a y H i g h a g a i n s t c l a n d e s t i n e a t t a c k s . T h e c o m m
a n d o s '

T h e i n i t i a l s a n c t i o n f o r t h e I M S F w a s 3 8 o f f i c e r s a n d 3 7 3
t a s k w a s t o e v i c t t e r r o r i s t s w h o h a d a l r e a d y t a k e n o v e r a n s a i l o r s . I n 1 9 9 9 , a f t e r s e e i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e M

C F
o i l p r o d u c t i o n p l a t f o r m

. S a n c t i o n w a s a c c o r d e d f o r t h e
i n O p e r a t i o n V i j a y d u r i n g t h e K a r g i l w a r , s a n c t i o n w a s r a i s i n g o f a n “ I n d i a n M
a r i n e S p e c i a l F o r c e ( I M

S F ) " a n d
a c c o r d e d f o r a n a d d i t i o n a l c o m
p a n y o f 2 9 o f f i c e r s a n d 2 4 6
f o r c o m
m
a n d o v e r s i o n h e l i c o p t e r s t o f l y t h e m
s w i f t l y f r o m
s a i l o r s .

B o m b a y t o B o m
b a y H i g h .

W i t h i n t w o y e a r s t h e i r
i n i t i a l
r o l e w i d e n e d .

I n
e n d

MCF Organisation

J u l y

1 9 8 7 ,
t h e
c o m
m
a n d o s
a c c o m
p a n i e d
t h e

I n d i a n

T h e M C F i s o r g a n i s e d a s M A R C O S E a s t b a s e d a t V i z a g P e a c e k e e p i n g F o r c e ( I P K F ) t o S r i L a n k a t o d e a l w i t h t h e a n d M A R C O S W
e s t b a s e d a t M
u m b a i t o c a t e r f o r s p e c i a l
s e c e s s i o n i s t L T T E ' s m
a r i n e e l e m
e n t s t h a t w e r e o p e r a t i n g
o p e r a t i o n s
o n t h e

E a s t e r n a n d W
e s t e r n s e a b o a r d s .

I n
t o t h e s h a l l o w l a g o o n s a r o u n d J a f f n a .

a d d i t i o n , o n e s m a l l M A R C O u n i t h a s b e e n b a s e d a t P o r t t o

1 9 8 9 ,
t h e

I M

S F
w a s
r e n a m
e d
a s
t h e

M
a r i n e

B l a i r t o m
e e t t h e S p e c i a l O p s r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e A n d a m
a n

C o m m a n d o F o r c e ( M

C F ) a n d I N S A b h i m a n y u b e c a m
e
a n d N i c o b a r C o m m a n d .

1 e P a r e n t

( H Q )

n a v a l
e s t a b l i s h m
e n t f o r

C h a r i o t
a n d

T o d e v e l o p c o m
b a t e f f i c i e n c y , t h e S p e c i a l F o r c e s o f
a r i n e C o m
m
a n d o o p e r a t i o n s . A b h i m a n y u i s u n d e i t h e
v a r i o u s N a v i e s w e r e s t u d i e d . T h e P r a h a r
c o n c e p t w a s

° P e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l o f F l a g O f f i c e r M
a h a r a s h t r a A r e a , w h o
i n t r o d u c e d i n 1 9 9 2 . A P r a h a r c o n s i s t s o f 8 c o m m
a n d o s .

l s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f B o m
b a y .

A f t e r q u a l i f y i n g a s M A R C O S , o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s r e m a i n
t o 1 9 9 2 , M A R C O S E a s t w a s f o r m
e d a n d b a s e d a t V i z a g .

i n t h e M A R C O s u b - c a d r e f o r 3 a n d 5 y e a r s r e s p e c t i v e l y .

t o o r d e r t o i n f u s e y o u n g b l o o d , a v o l u n t a r y c a t e g o r y o f

Role and Training

I n te ra c tio n w ith O ther ‘S p ecial Forces'

Ihe roles of the MCF are:-

In the initial years, a few officers underw

Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) training in th T / the

• To
conduct
clandestine,
surveillance

& States. In 1996, MARCOS trained with SEALS of th
reconnaissance missions/operations and combat Navy and acquired capability for water-jumps-at-sea ' US
maritime terrorism.

To keep themselves combat ready, MARCOS parti ■

• To support amphibious operations and special force in joint exercises and training with foreign and hri-3'6
missions.

Army Special Forces.

lan

Training

MARCOS undergo 10 weeks basic training in INS

Deployments b etw een 1 991 an d 2000

Abhimanyu followed by a three week Basic Para course at

1991

Operation Tasha. Two P r a h a r s were deployed
the Army's Para Training School at Agra. They also undergo
off the southern Tamil N a d u coast to interdict
a basic Combat Divers course. Basic training includes

LTTE infiltration and t h e smuggling of arms
handling of arms, ammunition and explosives, unarmed
and ammunition.

combat, close quarter battle, jungle warfare tactics, para-

1992

Operation Zabardust. MV Ahat, an LTTE
jumping, kayaking, photography, ship intervention drills,
vessel smuggling arms and ammunition was
hostage rescue, and recapture of offshore installations,
intercepted off Madras by MCF personnel.

SAS/SBS and chariot operations.

They boarded the vessel and captured all the

On completion of basic training, MARCOS join
mercenaries before LTTE sank the vessel.

designated 'Prahars' for 'on job' and vertically specialised

1993

United Nations

Operation in Somalia.

advanced training in:-

Four teams of MARCOS were deployed off

Mogadishu in support of the Indian contingent

• The language and culture of likely adversary areas, to
in Somalia. The team provided Maritime Special
enable them to operate and survive behind enemy
lines.

Ops support to the Naval Task Force.

1995

Operation Ralcshak. Two to four teams of

•

Sniper competence and training on shoulder-

MARCOS are deployed round the year in lainmu
launched missiles, MMGs, etc.

& Kashmir, at Wular Lake. This 250 square km lake,

•

Sky diving with water-para jump capability.

surrounded by mountains, was being used freely
by militants to reach Srinagar, saving them from

• Counter insurgency.

having to travel 100 kms through the mountains.

In 1995, a team of MARCOS was positioned at the

• Making Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) with
lake and within weeks, militant activity on the
readily available items.

lake ceased.

For special operations on land, MARCOS are required

In subsequent years, in addition to meeting the
to be deployable from the sea and from the air. In the
requirement of deterring militants from uSin
advanced phase MARCOS are trained in beach, coastal,
the Wular Lake, MARCOS started operating
riverine and jungle warfare. Candidates for advance
on land and Prahars killed several
training must have qualified in static line and freefall. The
and recovered a large quantity of arms a

MCF is one of a handful of units in the world that is capable
equipment.

of para-dropping into the sea with full combat load and
equipment.

1999

Kargil War. MARCOS assisted army operati°n
during the Kargil war.

Water-para-jump is a mode of injecting Special Forces Each M A Rrn
a ■
r------ 7 ---------- -------------------------------- ----
and infiltrates inshore. In 1998, MARCOs carried our th* fircf

♦
sky*dlves from a distance, glides into shallower waters close to his
bjjjty.

In 2002 MARCOS al«n *
only force in India t h a t h a s this c a p *
i n WW2.M A K C O S tO s o a c q u ir e d c o m b a t £ r e e -& Jlc a p a b jlH y w h e n a t e a m o f ,w o o ff ic e r s a n d tw o s a iio c s c o m p l e t e d d a i t i i n g In A u s li a l 'a '

8 2

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

13

‘Goodwill Visits to Foreign Ports

F r o m 1 9 9 1 g a w a rd s, t h e N a v y ' s g o o d w i l l v i s i t s h a v e m a k e i n t h e m a t t e r o f b e h a v i o u r ,
c o u r t e s y ,
d i s c i p l i n e ,
u s u a l l y b e e n d c v e t a ? . - ^ d w i t h e i t h e r P a s s i n g E x e r c i s e s s m a r t n e s s ,
t u r n o u t ,
a n d
e f f i c i e n c y
o f
p e r s o n n e l ,
a s
c a l l e d

' P A S S E X '

or o i r u c t u r e d ' J o i n t E x e r c i s e s ' o r
a l s o t h e m o d e r n i t y
o f e q u i p m e n t a n d s h o w c a s i n g o f
p a r t i c i p a t i o n i i

F l e e t R e v i e w s ' o f n a v i e s o f t h e c o u n t r i e s
i n d i g e n o u s t e c h n o l o g i c a l c a p a b i l i t y . D u r i n g t h e d e c a d e o f b e i n g v i s i t e d .

1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0 , I n d i a a n d h e r N a v y r e a c h e d o u t t o r e g i o n a l m a r i t i m e n e i g h b o u r s . T h e N a v y ' s s h i p s , s u b m
a r i n e s a n d

D u r i n g
n a v a l
g o o d w i l l
v i s i t s ,
t h e
p r o f e s s i o n a l
a i r c r a f t
a n d
t h e i r
p e r s o n n e l
h a v e ,
w i t h o u t
e x c e p t i o n ,
r e g a r d w h i c h
n a v i e s
g i v e
t o
e a c h
o t h e r
d e p e n d s
t o
e n h a n c e d t h e r e g a r d i n w h i c h I n d i a i s h e l d .

a l a r g e
e x t e n t o n
t h e
i m
p r e s s i o n t h a t i t s n a v a l u n i t s

Ports Visited by Fleet Ships and Submarines

S h i p s

C o u n t r y & P o r t s V i s i t e d

Y e a r

R e m a r k s

A d i t y a

I n d o n e s i a , P u s a n , J a k a r t a

S e p - O c t 2 0 0 0

—

A g r a y

P o t i ( R u s s i a ) , P o r t S a i d ( E g y p t )

F e b 9 1

H o m e w a r d a f t e r C o m m i s s i o n i n g

A k s h a y

P o t i ( R u s s i a )

J a n 9 1

H o m e w a r d a f t e r C o m m i s s i o n i n g

A l l e p p e y

D e c 9 0

—

M
a l e ( M
a l d i v e s )

D e c 9 2 - F e b 9 3

U n i t e d N a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n i n

C h e e t a h

M
o g a d i s h u ( S o m
a l i a )

S o m a l i a ( O p s M u f f e t ) .

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n L a n g k a w i I n t e r n a t i o n a l

D e l h i

N o v - D e e 9 7
a ) M
a l a y s i a ( L a n g k a w i )

M
a r i t i m e & A e r o s p a c e E x h i b i t i o n ( L I M A 9 7 ) .

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n S o u t h K o r e a n F l e e t R e v i e w a t
b ) S i n g a p o r e

S e p - O c t 9 8

P u s a n t o c e l e b r a t e 5 0 th a n n i v e r s a r y o f R e p u b l i c c ) C h i n a ( H o - C h i - M
i n h C i t y )

o f K o r e a .

d ) S o u t h K o r e a ( P u s a n )

e ) P h i l i p p i n e s ( M
a n i l a )

E x e r c i s e P o o r v a m u k h / G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S e p - O c t 2 0 0 0
f ) C h i n a ( S h a n g h a i )

g ) J a p a n ( S a s e b o )

h ) I n d o n e s i a ( J a k a r t a )

U n i t e d N a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n i n

D e c 9 2 - J a n 9 3

D e e p a k

S o m
a l i a ( M
o g a d i s h u )

S o m a l i a ( O p s M u f f e t ) .

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

D e c 9 4 - J a n 9 5

D u n a g i r i
a ) S i n g a p o r e
b ) I n d o n e s i a ( J a k a r t a )

c ) T h a i l a n d ( B a n g k o k )

d ) M
a l a y s i a ( P e n a n g )

1

C o u n t r y & P o r t s V i s i t e d

Y e a r

R e m
a r k s

S h i p s

G a n g a
a ) M
a l a y s i a ( P e n a n g )

M
a y 9 0

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l R o y a T F l e e r ~ ~ ~ ~ ^

R e v i e w t o c e l e b r a t e 5 0 y e a r s o f R o y a l M a l a y s *

N a v y .

l a n
b ) I r a n ( B a n d a r A b b a s )

J a n 9 3

G o o d w i l l v i s i t s t o P e r s i a n G u l f .

1
c ) U A E ( D u b a i )

i
d ) O m a n ( M
u s c a t )

I
i
e ) S o m a l i a ( K i s h m a y o ,

N o v - D
e e 9 4

U n i t e d N
a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O
p e r a t i o n i n

1

M
o g a d i s h u )

S o m
a l i a .

1
f ) O m a n ( M
u s c a t )

M
a y - J u n 9 8

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

g ) I r a n ( B a n d a r A b b a s )

G o d a v a r i
a ) S o m a l i a ( K i s h m a y o ,

N
o v - D
e e 9 4

U n i t e d N
a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n i n

M
o g a d i s h u )

S o m
a l i a ,
b ) O m
a n ( M
u s c a t )

N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

c ) I r a n ( B a n d a r A b b a s )

1
d ) Q a t a r ( D o h a )

i

! G o m a t i
a ) S u d a n ( P o r t S u d a n )

O
c t - N
o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

i
b ) E g y p t ( P o r t S u e z t h r o u g h

S u e z C a n a l , A l e x a n d r i a , P o r t
j

S a i d , D j i b o u t i )

c ) I s r a e l ( H a i f a , S a f a g a E i l a t )

M
a r 2 0 0 0

F i r s t g o o d w i l l v i s i t t o I s r a e l i p o r t s .

1 H i m g i r i

I r a n ( B a n d a r A b b a s )

M
a y - J u n 9 8

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

J a m
u n a

M
u s c a t & O f f S o u t h E a s t C o a s t

A u g - S e p 9 3

S u r v e y o f O
m
a n C o a s t i n p a r t
o f O m
a n
a ) R a s A b u D a u d —

R a s A s h S h a j a r
b ) R a s A s h S h a j a r —

W
a d i H
a i d h a

J y o t i

I n d o n e s i a

A u g - S e p 9 6

H
o m
e w
a r d a f t e r c o m
m
i s s i o n i n g i n R u s s i a .

S e p - O
c t 9 8

S o u t h K o r e a n F l e e t R e v i e w a t P u s a n .

________

K h a n j a r
a ) A b u D h a b i

M
a r 9 5

I n t e r n a t i o n a l D
e f e n c e E x h i b i t i o n .

j
b ) I n d o n e s i a ( J a k a r t a )

A u g - S e p 9 5

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n I n d o n e s i a n F l e e t R e v i e w

J a p a n ( T o k y o )

a t J a k a r t a t o c e l e b r a t e 5 0 th A n n i v e r s a r y o f

C h i n a ( S h a n g h a i , H o - c h i - M
i n h

I n d o n e s i a n I n d e p e n d e n c e .

C i t y )

c ) B r u n e i ( M
u a r a )

O
c t - N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t s .

C a m
b o d i a ( S i h a n o u k v i l l e )

M
a l a y s i a ( P o r t K e l a n g )

d ) S i n g a p o r e ,

S e p - O
c t 9 8

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n S o u t h K o r e a n F l e e t R e v i e W ^ | . c C h i n a ( H o - c h i - M
i n h C i t y )

P u s a n t o c e l e b r a t e 5 0 t h a n n i v e r s a r y o f R e p u

!

I n d o n e s i a ( P u s a n C h i n h a e )

o f K o r e a .

P h i l i p p i n e s ( M
a n i l a )

e ) B a n g l a d e s h ( C h i t t a g o n g )

N o v 9 9

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

8 4

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

C o u n t r y & P o r t s V i s i t e d

S h i p s

Y e a r

R e m a r k s
a ) M
a l a y s i a , P e n a n g , L a b u a n

K h u k r i

M a y 9 0

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n I n t e r n a t i o n a l R o y a l F l e e t

R e v i e w t o c e l e b r a t e 5 0 y e a r s o f R o y a l M
a l a y s i a n

N a v y .

b ) I r a n , B a n d a r A b b a s , D u b a i ,

J a n 9 3

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

M
u s c a t
c ) T u r k e y , I s t a n b u l , I z m i r

N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

1
d ) Y e m
e n , A d e n , P o r t S u e z , P o r t

S a i d
e ) B a n g l a d e s h , C h i t t a g o n g

N o v 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

f ) T h a i l a n d , B a n g k o k

A p r 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

g ) M
a l a y s i a , P o r t K e l a n g

K i r p a n
a ) S i n g a p o r e , J a k a r t a , P o r t

D
e c 9 4 - J a n 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

K e l a n g , B a n g k o k , P e n a n g
b ) L a n g k a w i

N o v - D e e 9 7

L I M A 9 7 .

c ) S i n g a p o r e

M a y 9 9

I D E X 9 9 .

K o r a
a ) A b u D h a b i

M
a r 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

b ) S h a n g h a i , S a s e b o

S e p - O c t 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

K u r s u r a

S i n g a p o r e , J a k a r t a

D e c 9 4

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

D e c 9 2 - F e b 9 3

U n i t e d N a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n i n

K u t h a r
a ) M
o g a d i s h u

S o m a l i a ( O p s M u f f e t ) .

G o o d w i l l v i s i t ( O p s B a r g a d ) .

b ) K u w a i t , B a h r a i n , Q a t a r

D e c 9 3

N o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

c ) A b u D h a b i , K u w a i t , D u b a i

S e p - O c t 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

d ) P u s a n , J a k a r t a

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

N o v 9 6

L C U L - 3 4

P h u k e t

Mahe

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

D e c 9 0

M
a l e

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

Mahish

N o v 9 0
a ) J a k a r t a

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

N o v 9 6
b ) P h u k e t

T o e s c o r t C G S V i g i l a n t f r o m P o r t L o u i s t o

D e c 2 0 0 0 - J a n

M
a t a n g a

P o r t L o u i s

M u m b a i .

0 1

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

D e c 9 0

M u i k i

M
a l e

T o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l N a v i e s

J u n - A u g 2 0 0 0

M y s o r e
a ) P o r t S u e z , P o r t S a i d , C a d i z

R e v i e w a t N e w Y o r k i n J u l y 2 0 0 0 .

b ) U S A

N o r f o l k , N e w Y o r k , B o s t o n ,

P o r t s m
o u t h
c ) P o r t u g a l , L i s b o n
d ) G e r m
a n y , B r e m
e r h a v e n
e l F r a n c e T o u l o n

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

O c t - N o v 9 0

N i l g i r i

J a k a r t a , S i n g a p o r e

-------------------------------------

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

8 5

Ships

Country & Ports Visited

Year

Remarks

D e c 9 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

~ ~ ~

P o n d i c h e r r y

M
a l e
a ) S i n g a p o r e , H o - C h i - M
i n h C i t y

S e p - O
c t 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

R a j p u t
b ) H o - C h i - M
i n h C i t y , S i n g a p o r e

S t r a i t s , M
a l a c c a S t r a i t s .

S e p - O
c t 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

R a n a
a ) C h i t t a g o n g

N o v 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

b ) B a n g k o k , P o r t K e l a n g

A p r 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

R a n j i t
a ) P o r t S u e z , I s t a n b u l , I z m i r ,

P o r t S a i d , A d e n ,
b ) K u w a i t

J u n 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

c ) S a u d i A r a b i a , A 1 J u b a y l

1

R a n v i j a y
a ) A b u D h a b i , K u w a i t , D u b a i

N o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

b ) A b u D h a b i

M
a r 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

R a n v i r
a ) K u w a i t , B a h r a i n

D
e c 9 3

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

i
b ) S a f a g a , E i l a t

M
a r 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S a r y u

J a k a r t a , M
a n i l a , T o k y o , S h a n g h a i

A u g - S e p 9 5

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n I n d o n e s i a n F l e e t R e v i e w
a t J a k a r t a t o c e l e b r a t e 5 0 th A n n i v e r s a r y o f

I n d o n e s i a n I n d e p e n d e n c e .

I

S a v i t r i

M
u a r a , S i h a n o u k v i l l e

O c t - N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l V i s i t .

S h a k t i
a ) K i s h m a y o , M
o g a d i s h u ,

D e c 9 4

U N P e a c e - k e e p i n g O
p e r a t i o n s S o m
a l i a .

M
o m b a s s a .

b ) D u b a i .

N o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

c ) I s t a n b u l , I z m i r , P o r t S a i d ,

N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

A d e n , M
u s c a t , B a n d a r A b b a s ,

D o h a , A d e n .

d ) A b u D h a b i .

M
a r 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

e ) S a f a g a , E i l a t

M
a r - A p r 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S h a l k i

A b u D h a b i , D u b a i , K u w a i t

N o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S h a n k u s h

M
u s c a t , B a n d a r A b b a s , D o h a

N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S h a r d a
a ) M
a l e , S o m
a l i a , M
o m
b a s s a

M
a y - J u l 9 3

U n i t e d N
a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O
p e r a t i o n s i n

S o m
a l i a .

b ) M
o m
b a s s a , D i e g o S u a r e z

O c t 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S i n d h u r a j

P o r t K e l a n g

O
c t - N
o v 9 2

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S i n d h u -

S t P e t e r s b u r g , K i e l , L a C o r u n n a ,

D e c 9 7 - M
a r 9 8

H
o m
e w
a r d a f t e r c o m
m
i s s i o n i n g i n R u s s i a -
r a k s h a k

T a n g i e r , A l e x a n d r i a , P o r t S a i d ,

D j i b o u t i

8 6

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

C o u n t r y & P o r t s V i s i t e d

S h i p s

Y e a r

R e m a r k s

S i n d h u r a t n a

M
u s c a t , B a n d a r A b b a s , K u w a i t ,

M
a y - J u n 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

A 1 J u b a y l

S i n d h u s h a s t r a

S t P e t e r s b u r g , K r o n s t a d t ,

A u g 2 0 0 0

H o m e w a r d a f t e r c o m m i s s i o n i n g i n R u s s i a .

K i e l , L a C o r u n n a , T a n g i e r ,

A l e x a n d r i a , P o r t S a i d , D j i b o u t i

S i n d h u v i j a y

A b u D h a b i , D u b a i

N o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S i n d h u v i r

S i n g a p o r e

S e p - O c t 2 0 0 0

I n d o n e s i a n A r m e d F o r c e s d a y a t J a k a r t a .

S u b h a d r a
a ) M
o g a d i s h u , J i l l i

M
a r - M
a y 9 3

U n i t e d N a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n s i n

S o m a l i a .

b ) P o r t S u d a n , P o r t S u e z ,

O c t - N o v 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

A l e x a n d r i a , H a i f a , P o r t S a i d ,

D j i b o u t i

S u k a n y a

M
o g a d i s h u , K i s h m a y o ,

F e b - M
a r 9 3

U n i t e d N a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n s i n

M
o m
b a s s a .

S o m a l i a .

S u j a t a
a ) P o r t L o u i s , D u r b a n , C a p e

A p r - M
a y 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

t o w n / S i m
o n s t o w n
b ) K e n y a , M
o m
b a s s a
c ) D i e g o S u a r e z , P o r t V i c t o r i a

S e p - O c t 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

d ) J i d d a h , P o r t V i c t o r i a

S e p - O c t 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

S u t l e j

M
u s c a t

D e c 9 3 - F e b 9 4

S u r v e y o f O m a n C o a s t .

S u v a r n a
a ) M
a s a n , M
a n i l a , P e n a n g

J u n 9 0

H o m e w a r d a f t e r c o m m i s s i o n i n g i n S o u t h K o r e a .

b ) M
o g a d i s h u , B o s s a s s o

J u l - O c t 9 3

U n i t e d N a t i o n s P e a c e - k e e p i n g O p e r a t i o n i n

S o m a l i a .

c ) M
u s c a t , B a n d a r A b b a s , D o h a

N o v 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

d ) K u w a i t , A 1 J u b a y l

M
a y - J u n 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

T a r a g i r i

O c t 9 2

S i n g a p o r e

D i s a s t e r R e l i e f M i s s i o n ' O p M a d a d !

U d a y g i r i

J u n 9 1

M
a l e

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

V i r a a t

M
a r 9 9

A b u - D h a b i

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 8 7

Goodwill Visits B y C ad et T ra in in g Sh ip s

S h i p s

C o u n t r y & P o r t s V i s i t e d

Y e a r

R e m
a r k s

~

K r i s h n a
a ) N a p l e s , A l e x a n d r i a , D j i b o u t i

S e p 9 5

H o m e w a r d a f t e r c o m
m
i s s i o n i n g i n d i e U K ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^
b ) M
o m b a s s a , D i e g o S u a r e z , P o r t L o u i s

O c t 9 6

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

c ) Y a n g o n , C h i t t a g o n g

M
a r - A p r 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

d ) P o r t L o u i s , P o r t V i c t o r i a , M a l e

S e p - O c t 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

e ) P e n a n g , B e l a w a n

M
a r - A p r 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

f ) D i e g o S u a r e z , P o r t V i c t o r i a , D u b a i ,

S e p - O c t 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

K u w a i t
g ) P e n a n g , B e l a w a n

A p r 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

T i r
a ) P o r t H e d l a n d , F r e m a n t l e

A p r - M
a y 9 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

b ) C h i t t a g o n g , L a n g k a w i

M
a y - J u n 9 2

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

c ) P o r t L o u i s , D a r - e s - S a l a a m

A p r 9 3

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

d ) B a n g k o k

O c t 9 3

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

e ) M a l e

O c t 9 5

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

f ) D a r - e r - S a l a a m , M a p u t o ,

M
a r - A p r 9 7

T o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n N a v y ' s

C a p e t o w n / S i m o n s t o w n .

I n t e r n a t i o n a l F l e e t R e v i e w c e l e b r a t i n g i t s 7 5 th A n n i v e r s a r y
g ) Y a n g o n , C h i t t a g o n g

O c t 9 7

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

h ) P o r t L o u i s , P o r t V i c t o r i a

S e p - O c t 9 8

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

j ) C h i t t a g o n g

:

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

k ) P o r t L o u i s , P o r t V i c t o r i a , M a l e

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

1 ) P e n a n g , B e l a w a n

M
a r - A p r 9 9

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

m

) D u b a i , K u w a i t , J i d d a h , P o r t V i c t o r i a

A p r 2 0 0 0

G o o d w i l l v i s i t .

8 8

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

14

Visits of Foreign Naval Ships 1991-2000

1

N a t i o n a l i t y

N a m
e o f W
a r s h i p s

P o r t s V i s i t e d

D a t e s

U S A

F o r d

M u m b a i

2 3 - 2 4 J a n 9 1

R u s s i a

B o r o d i n o

M u m b a i

2 8 F e b - 0 4 M
a r 9 1

A u s t r a l i a

T o r r e n s

O f f V i z a g

N o v 9 1

E g y p t

A f a r

M u m b a i

1 1 F e b 9 2

O m a n

A 1 M
a b r u k a h

M u m b a i

1 5 F e b 9 2

F r a n c e

A v i s o D e t r o y a t

M u m b a i

2 3 - 2 9 M
a r 9 2

O m a n

A l J a b b a r , A 1 M
u s s a n d a m

M
u m b a i

2 3 - 2 6 N o v 9 2

M
u m b a i

1 9 D e c 9 3

P o r t u g a l

S a g r e s

M
u m b a i

0 6 J a n 9 4

O m a n

A 1 M
a b r u k a h

K o c h i

2 3 - 2 6 F e b

S o u t h A f r i c a

D r a k e n s b e r g

M
u m b a i

2 8 - 3 0 M
a r 9 5

M u m b a i

1 7 - 2 1 J u n 9 5

J a p a n

K a t i m a , S e t o y u k i

O f f K o c h i

2 6 - 3 0 M
a r 9 6

U S A

J o h n S M
c C a i n , I n g e r s o l l , P e c o s ,

B i r m
i n g h a m

0 4 M
a r 9 7

M u m b a i

I t a l y

B e r s a g l i e r e

1 8 M a y 9 7

G o a

F r a n c e

L a f a y e t t e , V e n d e m i a i r e

1 9 J u n 9 7

M u m b a i

Argentina

L i b e r t a d

3 0 D e c 9 7 - 0 2 J a n 9 8

M u m b a i

F r a n c e

T a p p e

1 0 - 1 2 J a n 9 8

K o c h i

B r i t a i n

N o t t i n g h a m

1 9 - 2 0 J a n 9 8

P o r t B l a i r

U S A

C o m
s t o c k

2 3 - 2 8 J a n 9 8

M
u m b a i

F r a n c e

S o m
m
e , S u r c o u f

2 5 - 2 7 F e b 9 8

P o r t B l a i r

S i n g a p o r e

V a l i a n t , V a l o u r , B r a v e , D a u n t l e s s

0 2 - 1 3 M
a r 9 8

K o c h i

0 2 - 0 6 M
a r 9 8

K o c h i

I r a n

K h a r g

0 8 A p r 9 8

K o c h i

Britain

Y o r k

Ports Visited

Dates

Nationality

Name of Warships

P o r t B l a i r

2 4 - 2 9 A p r 9 8

I n d o n e s i a

K R I K a k a p

P o r t B l a i r

2 5 - 2 8 A p r 9 8 ^

~

J a y a s a g r a

S r i L a n k a

P o r t B l a i r

2 5 - 2 9 A p r 9 8

S h a i k a t , S h a h e e d R u h u l A m i n

B a n g l a d e s h

P o r t B l a i r

2 6 - 2 9 A p r 9 8

S i n g a p o r e

S o v e r e i g n t y

G o a

1 3 - 1 8 M
a y 9 8

F r a n c e

F l o r e a l

G o a

2 6 J u i 9 8

B r i t a i n

G r a f t o n

C h e n n a i

1 6 - 2 0 0

; ? 9 8

A d e l a i d e , H o b a r t , W
e s t r a l i a

A u s t r a l i a

G o a

2 3 - 2 6 0 : j <; 9 8

A u s t r a l i a

H o b a r t , W
e s t r a l i a

K o c h i

2 3 - 2 5 G
c i 9 8

A u s t r a l i a

A d e l a i d e

F r a n c e

B o u g a i n v i l l e , R a r e

G o a

2 5 - 2 8 O
c t 9 8

B r i t a i n

G r a f t o n

G o a

0 6 - 1 0 N o v 9 8

F r a n c e

S u r c o u f

G o a

1 2 - 1 7 N o v 9 8

F r a n c e

F l o r e a l

M
u m
b a i

2 6 N
o v - 0 3 D
e c 9 8

B r i t a i n

B o x e r

K o c h i

0 6 F e b 9 9

E g y p t

S h a r m - e l - S h e i k h

M
u m
b a i

0 5 - 0 8 , 1 2 - 1 5 M
a r 9 9

B r i t a i n

B o x e r

K o c h i

0 3 A p r 9 9

B r i t a i n

G l a s g o w

K o c h i

0 4 A p r 9 9

________

F r a n c e

F l o r e a l

K o c h i

0 6 - 1 2 A p r 9 9

S o m
m
e , L a f a y e t t e

M
u m
b a i

0 7 - 1 1 J u n 9 9

_______ _____

I t a l y

V i t t o r i o V e n e t o

M
u m
b a i

2 6 - 3 0 J u l 9 9

T h a i l a n d

L a t y a

M
u m
b a i

1 6 - 2 0 S e p 9 9

M
a l a y s i a

L a k s a m
a n a M
o h a m
m
a d A m
i n , K D

M
u m
b a i

1 6 - 2 0 S e p 9 9

L a k s a m
a n a T a n p u s m
a h

F r a n c e

V a r

G o a

O
c t 9 9

. . . . .

B r i t a i n

S u t h e r l a n d , N e w c a s t l e

0 5 - 0 9 J a n 2 0 0 0

M
u m
b a i

F r a n c e

F o c h , D u q u e s n e , J u l e s V e r n e , T o u r v i l l e

M
u m
b a i

2 4 - 2 8 F e b 2 0 0 0

Singapore

V i c t o r y , V a l i a n t , F e a r l e s s , B r a v e

P o r t B l a i r

2 8 F e b - 0 9 M
a r 2

0

0

0

^

^

^

France

V a r , T o u r v i l l e , B l a i s o n

V i z a g

0 2 - 0 6 M
a r 2 0 0 0

B l a i s o n

K o c h i

1 7 - 2 0 M
a r 2

0

0

0

^

_

_

^

^

-

Thailand

HTMS Tha din Daeng

M
u m
b a i

0 6 - 1 0 M
a r 2

0

0

0

^

_

_

_

_

^

-

Japan

K a s h i m a Y u g i r i

M
u m
b a i

0 7 - 1 0 M
a y 2

0

0

0

^

_

_

_

^

- '

Turkey

TCG Turgutreis

C h e n n a i

1 2 - 1 4 M
a y , 2 5 - 2 7 J u n ,

1 2 - 1 4 J u l 2

0

0

0

^

_

_

_

_

^

^

9 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

N a t i o n a l i t y

N a m
e o f W
a r s h i p s

P o r t s V i s i t e d

D a t e s

Portugal

N R G C o m
m
a n d a n t e , H e r m e n g i l d o

—

2 8 J u n - 0 1 J u l 2 0 0 0

C a p e l o

V a r , N i v o s e

F r a n c e

M u m b a i

0 3 - 0 6 J u l 2 0 0 0

J D S S h i k i s h i m a

J a p a n

—

N o v 2 0 0 0

B r i t a i n

S c o t t

G o a

1 7 - 2 2 N o v 2 0 0 0

Lieutenant d e V a i s s e u l e H e n a f f

F r a n c e

K o c h i

2 2 - 2 4 D e c 2 0 0 0

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 9 1

Reference Note

Indian Ocean Deep Seabed Mining

The M ineral P o ten tial
w a s n o t a c c e p t e d b y m
o s t n a t i o n s . A c o m p r o m i s e w a s
t h e r e f o r e
m
a d e w i t h
r e s p e c t
t o
d e e p - s e a
m i n i n g w i t h

F i r s t d i s c o v e r e d b y a B r i t i s h n a v a l s h i p H M

S C h a l l e n g e r
c e r t a i n c o n c e s s i o n s t o n a t i o n s t h a t h a d a l r e a d y m a d e a n b e t w e e n 1 8 7 2 a n d 1 8 7 6 , p o l y m
e t a l l i c n o d u l e s a r e a r i c h
i n v e s t m
e n t i n e x p l o r a t i o n .

s o u r c e o f h i g h g r a d e m
e t a l l i c o r e s . T h e y a r e
f o u n d
i n
a b u n d a n c e o n t h e f l o o r o f t h e w o r l d ' s o c e a n s , a t d e p t h s I n d i a ' s i n t e r e s t i n d e e p s e a b e d m
i n i n g h a d e v o l v e d f r o m
b e t w e e n 3 5 0 0 m
e t r e s a n d 6 0 0 0 m
e t r e s . T h e a b u n d a n c e
i t s l o n g - t e r m
r e q u i r e m
e n t s f o r m
a n g a n e s e , n i c k e l , c o b a l t
v a r i e s f r o m o c e a n t o o c e a n : -
a n d c o p p e r .

Ocean

Area covered with nodules

I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s , a s y s t e m
a t i c s t u d y o f t h e o c e a n f l o o r
h a d r e v e a l e d t h a t a b o u t 1 4 m
i l l i o n s q u a r e k i l o m
e t r e s i n t h e

P a c i f i c

2 3 m i l l i o n s q . k m s
m
i d d l e o f t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n h a d m
i n e r a l n o d u l e s , m a i n l y

I n d i a n

1 4 m i l l i o n s q . k m s

A d a n t i c

8 m i l l i o n s q . k m s
m
a n g a n e s e o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e s a n d q u a l i t y .

A verage M etal C o n ten t of N odules

The A llo catio n o f In d ia 's S e a b e d M ining Site

T h e p o r o u s n o d u l e s c o n t a i n 2 5 % w a t e r . T h e i r a v e r a g e T h e 1 9 8 2 U N C o n v e n t i o n o n t h e L a w
o f t h e S e a ( U N C L O S )

m
e t a l
c o n t e n t
i s

2 2 %

m
a n g a n e s e ,

1 %
c o p p e r ,

1 %
p r e s c r i b e d a r e g i m
e f o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e a b e d A r e a a n d
n i c k e l , 0 . 1 5 %
c o b a l t a n d m
i n u t e q u a n t i t i e s o f t i t a n i u m

,
g r a n t e d I n d i a , F r a n c e , J a p a n a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n 'pioneer m
o l y b d e n u m

,
b a r i u m

,
v a n a d i u m

,
c a d m
i u m

,
z i n c ,
i r o n
s t a t u s ' f o r s e a b e d m
i n i n g . I n d i a w
a s t h e o n l y c l a i m
a n t i n
a n d l e a d .

t h e I n d i a n O
c e a n . T h e c o n d i t i o n f o r q u a l i f y i n g a s a pioneer i n v e s t o r w a s t h a t t h e n a t i o n s h o u l d h a v e s p e n t $ 3 0

I t h a s b e e n e s t i m
a t e d t h a t t h e r e a r e 0 . 1 5 t r i l l i o n t o n n e s
o n d e e p - s e a m
i n i n g . I n d i a q u a l i f i e d b y d em o n stra tin g
o f n o d u l e s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . H o w e v e r t h e y l i e o u t s i d e c a p a b i l i t y t o e x t r a c t n o d u l e s f r o m
t h e s e a b e d .

I n d i a ' s

E x c l u s i v e

E c o n o m
i c

Z o n e .

T h e i r
s u c c e s s f u l
e x p l o i t a t i o n w i l l d e p e n d o n t e c h n o l o g i c a l d e v e l o p m e n t ,

O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e i n i t i a l d e l i n e a t i o n , a ' p r o s p e c t s g e o l o g i c a l
a n d
e n v i r o n m
e n t a l
f a c t o r s ,
m
e t a l l u r g i c a l
a r e a '

c o v e r i n g 3 , 0 0 , 0 0 0
s q u a r e k i l o m
e t r e s w
a s a lo t
f a c t o r s a n d l e g a l a n d p o l i t i c a l f a c t o r s .

I n d i a s u r v e y e d a n d m
a p p e d t h i s a r e a . T h e rich est s e g
i n t h e s i t e h a d a d e n s i t y o f u p t o 3 0 k i l o g r a m s o f n o
u

The In te rn a tio n a l S eab ed A rea
p e r s q u a r e m
e t r e .

I n 1 9 7 0 , t h e d r a f t e r s o f t h e L a w s o f t h e S e a C o n v e n t i o n A f t e r h a l f o f t h e
a l l o t t e d
a r e a w
a s
s u r r e n ( ^ e l 0 ^ o r y
h a d p r o p o s e d t h a t t h e d e e p - s e a a r e a s b e y o n d n a t i o n a l t h e

I n t e r n a t i o n a l

S e a b e d

A u t h o r i t y ,
t h e

Prepara ^
j u r i s d i c t i o n b e h e l d i n t r u s t o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s a s t h e C o m
m
i s s i o n f o r t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l S e a

B e d A u

" C o m
m
o n H e r i t a g e o f M
a n k i n d ' ' 1 a n d t h e r e s o u r c e s b e

( I S B A )

a l l o t t e d
t o

I n d i a ' s

D
e p a r t m
e n t
o f
c a
d e v e l o p e d
b y
a

U n i t e d

N a t i o n s

E n t e r p r i s e .

T h i s
i d e a

D
e v e l o p m
e n t ( D

O

D

) a 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e

I.

The essence of the 1982 (UNCLOS III) regarding this concept is t
th e d eep seabed an d its natural resources are 'T h e C om m on

Mankind' and that exploitation of those resources shall be carried
for the benefit of m ankind as a whole, taking into p articu lar cons
the interests and needs of the developing countries.

t h e C e n t r a l I n d i a n O
c e a n B a s i n t o c a r r y o u t s e a b e d

C h e n n a i ' s

N a t i o n a l

I n s t i t u t e
o f

O c e a n

T e c h n o l o g y
i n
l o i t a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s f o r t h e r e c o v e r y o f p o l y m e t a l l i c

( N I O T ) a n d o t h e r o r g a n i z a t i o n s i n t h e p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e 6
d u l e s

T h e
a r e a
i s
l o c a t e d
a b o u t

2 , 7 0 0
k m
f r o m
s e c t o r s .

G o a ( 1 0 8 0 n a u t i c a l m
i l e s s o u t h o f C a p e C o m
o r i n , t h e

F i v e
p i l o t
p l a n t
c a m p a i g n s
w e r e
c o m
p l e t e d
a t
t h e
s o u t h e r n t i p o f I n d i a ) , a n d w i t h i n 1 0 0 0 k i l o m
e t r e s o f

N a t i o n a l M e t a l l u r g i c a l L a b o r a t o r y , J a m s h e d p u r a n d t h e t h e U S n a v a l b a s e a t D i e g o G
a r c i a . I t l i e s b e t w e e n t h e

R e g i o n a l R e s e a r c h L a b o r a t o r y , B h u b a n e s w a r f o r o b t a i n i n g l a t i t u d e s o f 1 0 ° a n d 1 6 ° d e g r e e s S o u t h a n d t h e l o n g i t u d e s m a t e r i a l
a n d
e n e r g y
b a l a n c e
u n d e r
t h e

E x t r a c t i v e
o f 7 3 ° a n d 7 9 ° d e g r e e s E a s t .

M e t a l l u r g y

P r o j e c t .

A
j o i n t
w o r k s h o p
h a s
a l s o
b e e n
h e l d w i t h t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s

I n d u s t r i a l

D e v e l o p m e n t

Survey of the Site

O r g a n i s a t i o n ( U N I D O ) o n M a r i n e I n d u s t r i a l T e c h n o l o g y T l i e s u r v e y f o r m
a p p i n g a n d d e t a i l e d b a t h y m e t r y o f t h e
f o r d e v e l o p i n g m a r i n e n o n - l i v i n g r e s o u r c e s .

p i o n e e r a r e a w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y s t r e n g t h e n e d b y t h e u s e o f I n d i a
h a s
d e v e l o p e d
e x p e r t i s e
i n
m
e t a l l u r g i c a l
a m u l t i - b e a m s w a t h b a t h y m
e t r i c s y s t e m ( h y d r o s w e e p ) o n
p r o c e s s e s a n d h a s e s t a b l i s h e d a t H i n d u s t a n Z i n c L i m i t e d t h e D O D ' s O
c e a n i c R e s e a r c h V e s s e l ( O R V ) S a g a r K a n y a .

a t U d a i p u r a p i l o t p l a n t f o r e x t r a c t i n g m
e t a l s f r o m n o d u l e s .

E n v i r o n m e n t a l
d a t a ,
b a s e l i n e
o c e a n o g r a p h i c
d a t a
o n

A n u c l e u s h a s a l s o b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d f o r d e v e l o p i n g a t e s t p h y s i c a l , c h e m
i c a l a n d b i o l o g i c a l m a p p a r a m
e t e r s w a s
m i n i n g s y s t e m .

a l s o c o l l e c t e d .

I n d i a ' s p o t e n t i a l c a p a b i l i t i e s i n d e e p s e a b e d m i n i n g

D e t a i l e d s a m
p l i n g w a s c a r r i e d o u t a t 2 5 0 0 l o c a t i o n s .

h a v e b e e n r e c o g n i s e d . N o r w a y , F i n l a n d a n d J a p a n h a v e O v e r 2 5 0 t o n s o f n o d u l e s w e r e c o l l e c t e d a n d s u p p l i e d t o o f f e r e d a s s i s t a n c e f o r j o i n t l y d e v e l o p i n g a t e s t m i n i n g v a r i o u s l a b o r a t o r i e s f o r e x t r a c t i v e m e t a l l u r g y p r o g r a m m e s .

s y s t e m .

I n t h e a r e a a l l o t t e d t o I n d i a , r e s o u r c e s t r a n s l a t e d i n t o 6 0 7
m i l l i o n m
e t r i c t o n e s o f m
a n g a n e s e , c o p p e r , c o b a l t a n d

I n d i a ' s

D e p a r t m
e n t o f O c e a n

D
e v e l o p m
e n t
i s
t h e
n o d a l
a g e n c y
f o r
i m
p l e m
e n t i n g
t h e
d e e p
s e a b e d -
n i c k e l n o d u l e s .

m i n i n g p r o g r a m
m
e . I t h a s d r a w n u p a l o n g t e r m
p l a n
t o f u l f i l i t s o b l i g a t i o n s a s p i o n e e r i n v e s t o r a n d r e a c h t h e D evelopm ent of Seabed Mining Technology
s t a g e f o r s e e k i n g p r o d u c t i o n a u t h o r i s a t i o n a s q u i c k l y a s R e s e a r c h

&

D e v e l o p m
e n t
o n
t h e
d e s i g n
c o n c e p t s
p o s s i b l e .

o f s e a b e d
m
i n i n g
t e c h n o l o g y
h a d
b e e n
e n t r u s t e
t o
t r a n s it io n t o g u a r d ia n s h ip

9 3

Reference Note

Assistance Rendered by the Navy in Peac e Time

Naval A ssistan ce to Ships in D istress a t S ea

Month

Assistance

Nature of Assistance

Location

B y N
a v a l S h i p s /

& Year

Rendered to

A
i r c r a f t s

O c t 9 1

G e r m
a n S a i l i n g

R e n d e r e d a s s i s t a n c e t o r e s t a r t

O f f K o c h i

M
a t a n g a

V e s s e l K u r l a n d
e n g i n e s

S e p 9 2

M V M
o d i s o n

R e n d e r e d a s s i s t a n c e

O f f V i z a g

S a r y u

J a n 9 3

C G D o r n i e r

S a l v a g e O p e r a t i o n

N o r t h o f P a r a d i p

N
i r e e k s h a k

J a n 9 3

M V A h h a t

S a l v a g e O p e r a t i o n . S u s p e c t e d L T T E

O f f C h e n n a i C o a s t

K i r p a n , C G S V i v e k
c a r r i e r

J u n 9 3

M V R a v i d a s

R e n d e r e d a s s i s t a n c e

O f f T u t i c o r i n

S u t l e j

J u n 9 3

M

V F i r o m
i n a

S e a r c h & R e s c u e o f d r i f t e d s h i p ,

O f f M
u m
b a i

S u b h a d r a

H a r v e s t

F i r e f i g h t i n g A s s i s t a n c e .

F l o a t i n g L i g h t

J u l 9 3

N o r w e g i a n S h i p

C a r r i e d o u t r e p a i r s o n i t s m a i n

—

S h a r d a

M

V B r e m
e r

S w i t c h B o a r d

H a n d e l

M
a y 9 4

M V C o l e r o o n

R e s c u e o f c r e w

O f f C h e n n a i

T a r a g i r i

J u n 9 4

M

V G M
o t h e r

S a l v a g e o p e r a t i o n

O f f D i u H e a d

G
a n g a , R a n j i t

J u n 9 6

O i l R i g

O i l R i g b r o k e n h e r a n c h o r d u e t o

O f f M
u m
b a i

N a v a l h e l i c o p t e r s

S a g a r V i j a y
s t o r m

, P e r s o n n e l r e s c u e d

J u n 9 6

U k r a n i a n s h i p

R e s c u e o f t h e e n t i r e c r e w
o f

O f f M
u m
b a i

N a v a l h e l i c o p t e r s

M

V R o m
e s h k a
g r o u n d e d s h i p

J u n 9 6

B r a z i l i a n C a r g o

R e s c u e o f c r e w o f g r o u n d e d v e s s e l

—

—

M

V T u p i B e z o i s
d u e t o c y c l o n e .

J u n 9 6

M

V M
a r i n e r I I

R e s c u e o f C a p t a i n , 8 P a k i s t a n i s , 3

'

'

N a v a l H e l o

B a n g l a d e s h i , 4 I n d i a n s o n b o a r d t h e
v e s s e l w h i c h w a s g r o u n d e d d u e t o
c y c l o n e .

1997

M

V S e a E x p r e s s

E v a c u a t e d 1 9 c r e w m
e m
b e r s o f

—

N a v a l H e l o
f l o o d e d J a m
a i c a n S h i p

Jun 98

M

V R o s h n i

S a l v a g e o p e r a t i o n

G u l f o f K u t c h

M
a t a n g a , G
o d a v a r i ^ ^ ^ .

A s s i s t a n c e

M o n t h

N
a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

R e n d e r e d t o

& Y e a r

A i r c r a f t s

M V B h o r u k a I I

D e c 9 8

S a l v a g e o p e r a t i o n

O f f P o r t B l a i r

S a v i t r i

A p r 9 9

M

T M
a n p o o l

R e s c u e o f 3 9 c r e w o f s i n k i n g s h i p

D o n d r a H e a d /

K h u k r i

C o l l i d e d w i t h M V H y u n d a i

M
a l a c c a S t r a i t

A p r 9 9

O i l & N a t u r a l

R e n d e r a s s i s t a n c e t o s i n k i n g w o r k

O f f K r i s h n a -

K i r p a n

G a s
b o a t

G o d a v a r i

C o m
m
i s s i o n

B a s i n
b o a t

N o v 9 9

M V A l o n d r a

D e - w a t e r i n g & s a l v a g e e s c o r t e d t o

O f f M u m b a i

P r a h a r , D e l h i , G o m a t i ,

R a i n b o w

H a r b o u r

C G S T a r a b a i

N o v 9 9

M

Y W
e s t e r n

S A R , c r e w e v a c u a t e d & a i r l i f t e d t o

O f f M u m b a i

G o d a v a r i , C h e t a k H e l o s

T r u s t

K u n j a l i

Search and Rescue (SAR) Operations

M o n t h

A s s i s t a n c e

N a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

A i r c r a f t s

& Y e a r

R e n d e r e d t o

J a n 9 1

P i n a k i S a i l B o a t

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

O f f K o l k a t a

K i r p a n

( S a i l E x p e d i t i o n )

O f f M u m b a i

K u n j a l i H e l o

A p r 9 1

F i s h i n g B o a t

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

V e e r / N i r g h a t

D i v i n g a s s i s t a n c e f o r s a l v a g e o f t u g

—

M a y 9 1

O k h a P o r t

A u t h o r i t y

O f f V i z a g

R a j p u t , V i n d h y a g i r i

J u n 9 1

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

M

V N a j i d I I

O f f B o m b a y

E v a c u a t i n g a n i n j u r e d T a i w a n e s e

J u l 9 2

M

T V o o S h e e l l

T a i w a n e s e

S a i l o r
t a n k e r

C C D T ( K o c h i )

—

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

A u g 9 2

P o l i c e

C o m
m
i s s i o n e r

—

C C D T ( K o c h i )

S e p 9 2

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

D C K o t t a y a m

—

C C D T ( K o c h i )

M a r 9 3

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

D C , E r n a k u l a m

C C D T

—

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

F e b 9 4

P r i n c i p a l o f

O f f V e r a v a l

M
a t a n g a

S e a r c h & R e s c u e o f f i s h e r m e n

S e p 9 4

F i s h i n g b o a t

C C D T ( K o c h i )

—

N o v 9 4

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

D C E r n a k u l a m

C C D T ( K o c h i )

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

F e b 9 5

P o l i c e

C o m
m
i s s i o n e r

C C D T ( K o c h i )

M
a r 9 5

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

D C E r n a k u l a m

-

-

-----------------------

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 9 5

Month

Assistance

Nature of Assistance

Location

&Year

Rendered to

A
i r c r a f t s

S A R o f s u n k e n a u t o r i c k s h a w a n d

T h o d u p u z h a R i v e r .

A p r 9 5

D C K o t t a y a m

C C D T ( K o c h i )

0 4 P e r s o n s .

J u n 9 5

D C A l l e p p e y

R e s c u e o f 0 4 t r a p p e d f i s h e r m
e n

T h u m
b e l i

C C D T ( K o c h i )

S A R . T w o s u r v i v o r s r e s c u e d & a i r

O f f D a b h o l

J u l 9 5

M V M
a r a t h a

R a n v i j a y ,

C h a l l e n g e r
l i f t e d t o B o m
b a y

S u b h a d r a , S e a K i n g

H e l o

J u l 9 5

D C E r n a k u l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K )

A u g 9 5

D C K o t t a y a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

C C D T ( K )

N o v 9 5

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

S e a r c h f o r f i s h e r m
e n

O f f G
o p a l p u r

E N C S h i p s

N o v 9 5

F i s h i n g B o a t s

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

O f f G
o p a l p u r

A r n a l a

1 9 9 5

J a p a n N a v a l

S e a r c h o f a m
i s s i n g n a v a l c a d e t

—

R a n v i j a y , S u b h a d r a

!

S h i p K a s h i m a
f r o m S h i p

& 2 S e a K i n g H e l o

J a n 9 6

S a l v a g e o f P N S

S a l v a g e o p e r a t i o n . D e b r i s s a l v a g e d

O f f V i z a g

C C D T ( V )

G a z i

& d i s p l a y e d f o r p u b l i c .

A p r 9 6

S i k k i m G o v t

R e s c u e a s s i s t a n c e

—

—

M
a y 9 7

O N G C D o l p h i n

S e a r c h a n d r e s c u e o f o n e d e a d

W
e s t o f M
u m
b a i

—

H e l i c o p t e r
b o d y a n d p i e c e s o f w r e c k a g e .

H
a r b o u r

J u n 9 7

M V A r c a d i a

R e s c u e o f 1 3 p e r s o n s o f s u n k e n

N a v a l H e l i c o p t e r s

O f f M
u m
b a i

P r i d e
s h i p , 9 p e r s o n s r e s c u e d & 4 b o d i e s
r e c o v e r e d .

M
a y - J u n 1 9 9 8

K a n d l a

S A R i n G u l f o f K u t c h

G u l f o f K u t c h

G
o d a v a r i

_ _ _ _ _

O c t 9 8

M
a h a r a s h t r a

R e s c u e o f c o a l m
i n e r s f r o m

A m
b e r n a t h

C C D T ( B )

W
a r d h a r i v e r

D e c 9 9

D C E r n a k u l a m

S e a r c h & m
a r k a s u n k e n m
o o r i n g

E r n a k u l a m

C C D T ( K )

B u o y

C h a n n e l

J a n 2 0 0 0

D C E r n a k u l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K ) _

_

_

_

_

_

J a n 2 0 0 0

D C K o l l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K

) ________

A p r 2 0 0 0

D C K o l l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K )

A p r - J u n 2 0 0 0

D C E r n a k u l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K ) ____

J u l 2 0 0 0

D C I d d u k y

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

_

C C D T ( K

) _ _ _ _ _ - ' '

A u g 2 0 0 0

D C T r i v a n d r u m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K

) ^

_ _ _ _ ^

A u g 2 0 0 0

D C W
a y a n a d

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K

) _ _ _ _ _ ^

S e p 2 0 0 0

D C E r n a k u l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

—

C C D T ( K

) ^

_ _ _ _ ^

S e p 2 0 0 0

D C E r n a k u l a m

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y

—

C

C

D

T O

O

_ _ _ _ _ ^ -

S e p - D
e e 2 0 0 0

D C E r n a k u l a m

S e a r c h & R e s c u e

C

C

D

T

( K

) ^

_

^

J

—

9 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

M edical Assistance and Evacuation

A s s i s t a n c e

N a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

M o n t h

L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

R e n d e r e d t o

& Y e a r

A i r c r a f t s

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m e r c h a n t s h i p M V H a r m a n n

A p r 9 2

O f f K o c h i

G a r u d a h e l o

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

O c t 9 2

E v a c u a t e a c r e w m
e m
b e r w h o h a d s u f f e r e d a

O f f C o c h i n

C h e t a k H e l o
h e a r t a t t a c k f r o m B a h a m a s r e g i s t e r e d t a n k e r

M T S t a r I n d i a .

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m e r c h a n t s h i p M T R e d S e a

O f f K o c h i

G a r u d a H e l o

J u l 9 3

P o i n e e r

O f f K o c h i

G a r u d a H e l o

A u g 9 3

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m
e r c h a n t s h i p M T A m a z o n

G l o r y

J u n 9 5

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m e r c h a n t s h i p M V E r e d i n e

O f f K o c h i

S h a r d a , G a r u d a H e l o

O f f K o c h i

G a r u d a H e l o

J u l 9 5

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m
e r c h a n t s h i p M V W o r l d

P r i m e

J u l 9 5

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m
e r c h a n t s h i p M V D a p h n e

O f f K o c h i

G a r u d a H e l o

B a n g l a V i l l a g e

G o d a v a r i

J u l 9 7

N i c o b a r I s l a n d

M
e d i c a l C a m p

T h e r e s s a I s l a n d

O f f K o c h i

G a r u d a H e l o

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m e r c h a n t s h i p M V B l u e

S e p 9 8

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

S y m p h o n y

—

A i r l i f t i n g o f a m
o t h e r & n e w b o r n b a b y o f M V

O c t 9 8

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

P e a r l o f A b u D h a b i

O f f K o c h i

S u t l e j H e l o

E v a c u a t i o n f r o m m e r c h a n t s h i p M V A l -

J a n 9 9

C i v i l i a n p a t i e n t

S h a m i a h

Cyclone, Flood and Earthquake Relief

By N a v a l S h i p s /

L o c a t i o n

N a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

M
o n t h

A s s i s t a n c e

A i r c r a f t s

& Y e a r

R e n d e r e d t o

U d a y g i r i

M a l e

D i s a s t e r r e l i e f m i s s i o n

J u n 9 1

M
a l e

C C D T ( V )

G u n t u r , E a s t

A u g 9 1

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

F l o o d R e l i e f

G o d a v a r i & V i z a g

P o r t

C C D T ( V )

—

N o v 9 1

F l o o d R e l i e f

3 2 1 ( V ) F i t D e g a

Y a r a d a ( V i z a g )

F e b 9 2

R e s c u e O p s

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

C C D T ( V ) , R a j a l i

M
a d u r a i ( T N )

N o v 9 2
r y r . l o n e R e l i e f

___________________

T a m i l N a d u

A g r a n i

N e a r M
a d u r a i

F l o o d R e l i e f & R e s c u e o f m a r o o n e d

N o v 9 3

T a m i l N a d u

V i l l a g e r s

---------------------------

C h i l k a , D e g a h e l o s

Flood, medical

O r i s s a c o a s t
r e l i e f f o o d d r o p &

J u l 9 4

O r i s s a

C h a n d i p u r
e v a c u a t i o n o f p e r s o n n e l ______________________

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 9 7

Month

Nature of Assistance

Location

A s s i s t a n c e

B
y N
a ^ a T
s h i p s T

^ ]

&Year

R e n d e r e d t o

A
i r c r a f t s

A s s i s t a n c e a f t e r f l o o d

—

C C D

T ( V

)

J u l 9 4

O r i s s a

( B e r h a m
p u r )

J u n 9 6

W
e s t e r n C o a s t

S e a r c h & r e s c u e p o s t c y c l o n e

—

W
e s t e r n C o a s t s h i p s

& a i r - C r a f t s .

R e s c u e a s s i s t a n c e

—

J u l 9 6

U t t a r P r a d e s h

'

G o v t .

Nov 96

E a s t e r n C o a s t

S e a r c h a n d r e s c u e p o s t - c y c l o n e .

—

E a s t e r n C o a s t s h i p s &
a i r c r a f t s

J u n 9 8

G u j a r a t

C y c l o n e r e l i e f & R e s c u e . R e s t o r e d

O f f K a n d l a , G u l f o f

M
a t a n g a , G o d a v a r i
e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e s & c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n

K u t c h , P o r b a n d a r
a n d H e l o
l i n k s o f p o r t .

S e p - O c t

W
e s t B e n g a l ,

F l o o d , m
e d i c a l r e l i e f & r e s c u e . F o o d

M
a l d a ( W

B )

N e t a j i S u b h a s h ,

9 8

B i h a r
d i s t r i b u t i o n & d i v i n g a s s i s t a n c e .

S a m
a s t i p u r ( B i h a r ) .

1 N H S N i v a r i n i

S e p 9 8

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

F l o o d R e l i e f & R e s c u e O p e r a t i o n

V i j a y w a d a

C C D T ( V )

M
a y 9 9

G u j a r a t

C y c l o n e r e l i e f & r e s c u e

G u j a r a t c o a s t

T a r a g i r i

Oct-Nov

O r i s s a

F l o o d r e l i e f , f o o d d r o p s , a i r l i f t o f

O r i s s a c o a s t ,

R a j p u t , G h a r i a l ,

1 9 9 9
m
e d i c a l T e a m
s , d i v i n g a s s i s t a n c e &

P a r a d i p P o r t

S h a r a b h , G h o r p a d ,
o p e n i n g o f P a r a d i p P o r t .

S a v i t r i , N i r u p a k ,

S a n d h a y a k , H e l o s &

D i v e r s .

Nov 99

O r i s s a

C y c l o n e R e l i e f

O r i s s a

I N S R a j a l i

M
a y 0 0

C i v i l i a n

1 0 0 0 b a r r e l s o f w
a t e r f o r d r o u g h t .

P i p a n a v

S h a k t i

C o m
m
u n i t y

R e l i e f

Maintenance of Essential Services

Month

Assistance

Nat ure of Assistance

Location

By Naval Ships/

& Year

Rendered to

Aircrafts

D
e c 9 2

U n i t e d N a t i o n s

U N I T A F f o r c e s d e p l o y e d i n S o m
a l i a

D
e e p a k , K u t h a r ,

O f f S o m
a l i a n C o a s t
f o r p e a c e k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s .

C h e e t a h , S u k a n y a ,

S u b h a d r a , S h a r d a ,

P r o v i d e d m
a r i t i m
e l o g i s t i c a l s u p p o r t
f o r p r o v i d i n g r e l i e f i n t h a t c o u n t r y .

S u v a r n a

1 9 9 3

U n i o n N a t i o n s

O p e r a t i o n M
u f f e t i n s u p p o r t i n g o f

G
a n g a , Godavari &

O f f M
o g a d i s h u ,

I n d i a n c o n t i g e n t i n S o m
a l i a . T h e

S h a k t i , f o u r t e a m
s

K i s m
a y o
t e a m
p r o v i d e d M
a r i t i m
e s p e c i a l O p s

M
a r c o s .

s u p p o r t t o t h e N a v a l T a s k F o r c e .

98 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Firefighting Assistance

A s s i s t a n c e

N
a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

M o n th

L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

R e n d e r e d t o

& Y e a r

A i r c r a f t s

O N G C O S V ' s , M S V ' s

F i r e f i g h t i n g a s s i s t a n c e

Nov 9 1

O f f M u m b a i

S u k a n y a

L a k s h m i

M V Z a k i r H u s s a i n

F i r e f i g h t i n g a s s i s t a n c e

O f f M u m b a i

K u n j a l i h e l o s , M
a t a n g a

N o v 9 1

M V A r t i

F i r e f i g h t i n g a s s i s t a n c e

O f f A n d a m a n N i c o b a r I s l a n d s

L C U 3 3

M a y 9 4

H P C L C o m
p l e x

F i r e f i g h t i n g a s s i s t a n c e

V i s a k h a p a t n a m

E N C u n i t s

S e p 9 7

J u n 9 8

E S S A R O i l R e f i n e r y

F i r e f i g h t i n g a s s i s t a n c e

N e a r J a m n a g a r

V a l s u r a

Naval Aid to Civil Authority

1

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

N a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

L o c a t i o n

M o n t h &

A s s i s t a n c e

A i r c r a f t s

Y e a r

R e n d e r e d t o

P a l k B a y

K a r w a r , M
e e n

F e b - M
a r

M V R a m
a n u j a m

E s c o r t i n g f r o m R a m e s h w a r a m t o

T a l a i m
a n a r a n d b a c k f o r r e f u g e e t r a n s f e r .

1 9 9 2

O f f M
u m b a i

M
a t a n g a

T o w i n g f r o m A n g r i a B a n k t o M u m b a i .

D e c 9 2

M V D h r u v a k

M o g a d i s h u

K u t h a r , C h e e t a h ,

C a r r i a g e o f h u m a n i t a r i a n a i d f o r U N I C E F .

J a n - M
a r

U N I C E F

K i s i m a y o ,

S u k a n y a , D e e p a k

9 3

M
o m b a s a

S u b h a d r a , S h a r d a ,

S u v a r n a

O f f K o c h i

C C D T ( K )

F o r c l e a n i n g o f t r a n s d u c e r s o f

N o v 9 3

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

S a g a r s a m p a d a .

P o r t T r u s t , K o c h i

K o c h i

C C D T ( K )

T o r e c o v e r d r e d g e g r a p d r o p p e d a l o n g s i d e

J a n 9 4

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ,

P o r t T r u s t , K o c h i

B P T J e t t y .

M a l a m p u z h a ,

C C D T ( K )

R e m o v a l o f 0 8 t o n s t e m p o r a r y b u l k f r o m

M a r 9 4

D C , P a l g h a t

K e r a l a

M a l a m p u z h a d a m

J a g a t S i n g h p u r

0 2 O f f i c e r s , 4 5

F l o o d r e l i e f . D i s t r i b u t i o n o f f o o d a n d

J u l 9 4

G o v t o f O r i s s a

S a i l o r s
m e d i c i n e s .

C C D T ( K )

F o r c l e a n i n g t h e b e r t h i n g h a w s e r f r o m

J u l 9 4

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t
p r o p e l l e r .

---------------------

P o r t T r u s t , K o c h i

N a m k h a n a ,

F o r l o c a t i n g & r e c o v e r i n g a p a s s e n g e r

A u g 9 4

W
e s t B e n g a l

H o o g l y r i v e r
l a
u
n
c l ^

R
e
a

^

C C D T ( M

B )

M u m b a i

O c t 9 4

R e c o v e r y o f s i l v e r I g n o t s

M
u m b a i

C u s t o m
s

W
u l a r L a k e

2 - 4 T e a m s o f

O p e r a t i o n R a k s h a k : D e p l o y e d iround th e

1 9 9 5

M A R C O S .

J a m
m
u &
y
e
f
u

^

M
i
l
i
t
a
n
t

^

—

1-----

K a s h m
i r

C C D T ( K )

J u l 9 5

R e c o v e r y o f 3 d e a d b o d i e ^ _ _ _ _ -------------------- -----------

D C T r i v a n d r u m

C C D T ( K )

K o c h i

I n s p e c t i o n o f H o o p e r d o o r a n d a t t a c h e

S e p 9 5

D y . C o n s e r v a t i o n
w i r e r o p e .

______________________ -—

- —

O f f i c e r

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 9 9

Month

Assistance

Nature of Assistance

Location

&

^
y

^
v
a
i s
h
i p

^

Year

Rendered to

A
i r c r a f t s

D C M
a l a p p u r a m

C l e a r i n g o f l i v e b o m
b s ( A m
m
u n i t i o n )

M
a l a p u r a m
r i v e r

~ ^ C D T ~ ( K )

|

J a n 9 6

R e c o v e r y o f d u m
p e d c o n t r a b a n d i t e m
s

O f f K a u p l i g h t a t

CCOTtK)

H

M
a r 9 6

A d d l .

M
a n g a l o r e

C o m m i s s i o n e r

C u s t o m s

M
a r - A p r

O N G C

S a t u r a t i o n d i v e s f o r s u r v e y o f u n d e r w
a t e r

N i r e e k s h a k

9 7
o i l p i p e l i n e s

1 9 9 8

J a m m u &

O p e r a t i o n V i j a y - T r i a n g u l a t i n g p o s i t i o n s o f

K a s h m i r

P a k i s t a n i A r t i l l e r y

1 9 9 8

D C , E r n a k u l a m

S u r v e y o f g r o u n d e d a m
m
o n i a b a r g e

E r n a k u l a m

C C D T ( K )

~
j

C h a n n e l

M
a y 9 9

W
e s t B e n g a l

R e c o v e r y o f f a l l e n b u s i n B h a g i r a t h i r i v e r

—

N e t a j i S u b h a s h

!

S e p 9 9

A n d a m
a n

A i d t o c i v i l a d m
i n i s t r a t i o n t o d i s p e r s e

P o r t B l a i r

J a r a w a

& N i c o b a r
u n l a w f u l a c t i v i t y , r o a d b l o c k a d e . S i t u a t i o n

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
b r o u g h t u n d e r c o n t r o l , F l a g m
a r c h
c o n d u c t e d .

1

D e c

M

C G S V i g i l a n t

T o w i n g f r o m

M
a u r i t i u s t o I n d i a

—

M
a t a n g a

2 0 0 0

J

D e c

D C , I d u k k i

M
e a s u r i n g t h e d e p t h o f w
a t e r o f d a m
a n d

M
u l l a p e r i y a r

C C D T ( K )

2 0 0 0

___
f i n d o u t t h e n a t u r e o f r i v e r b e d .

d a m

Nov/

P r i n c e s R o y a l

A r c h a e o l o g i c a l e x c a v a t i o n

N i r e e k s h a k

O f f B a n g a r a m

D e c 0 2

Assistance by Naval Diving Teams

Month & Assistance Rendered to

Nature of A ssistance/Location

B
y Naval S h i p 8 j

Year

/

A
i r c r a f t s ^

_ ^

F e b 91

T a m i l N a d u

R e m
o v a l o f w
r e c k f r o m

M
a r i n a B e a c h

C

C

D

T

J A

0 _ _ J

F e b 91

C u s t o m
s

R e c o v e r y o f S i l v e r
c
c
d
t

C v ) ,

^

A p r 91

D R D L

S a l v a g e o f A k a s h m i s s i l e

C C D T

J u n 91

W
e s t B e n g a l

C

C

D

T

( V

) _ ^

M
e t r o R a i l w a y

J u n 91

O r i s s a G o v t

A t H i r a k u n d D a m

C

C

D

T

( V

) _ _ ^ -

J u l 91

A s s a m

G o v t ( D i b r u g r a h )

C C D T ( V ) ^ ^ ,

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y

A u g 91

A n d h r a P r a d e s h ( G u n t u r )

C

C

D

T

( V

) ^

^

'

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y

A u g 91

A n d h r a P r a d e s h ( R a j m
u n d h r y )

C C D T ( V

...........

P u s h k a r M
e l a

Sep 91

C h o k a n i S h i p p i n g

C

C

D

T

( } 0 ^

^

'

A s s i s t a n c e t o F l o a t i n g D
o c k

Sep«91

Kerala P W D

V a z h a n i D a m

^

C

C

D

T

P

O

^

^

1 0 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

A s s i s t a n c e R e n d e r e d t o

M o n t h &

N a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e / L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l

Y e a r

S h i p s / A i r c r a f t s

D i a m o n d H a r b o u r f o r P r e s i d e n t v i s i t

C C D T ( V )

R e c o v e r y o f P r i t h v i

C C D T ( V )

A s s i s t a n c e t o C o c h i n P o r t T r u s t

C C D T ( K )

A s s i s t a n c e t o S o u t h e r n R a i l w a y

C C D T ( K )

A n d h r a P r a d e s h ( E a s t G o d a v a r i )

R e c o v e r y o f b u s / b o d y

C C D T ( V )

J u l 9 2

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y

C C D T ( V )

S e p 9 2

U n d e r w a t e r p h o t o a n d S e a b e d s a m p l e s

C C D T ( V )

F e b 9 3

R e g i o n a l s u r v e y

D i v i n g a s s i s t a n c e

C C D T ( K )

F e b 9 3

D C , A l w a y e

R e c o v e r y o f P T A

C C D T ( V )

M a r 9 3

A F 5 W
i n g

R e c o v e i y o f d e a d b o d y f r o m w e l l

C C D T ( V )

M a y 9 3

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y f r o m r i v e r

C C D T ( V )

A u g 9 3

A n d h r a P r a d e s h ( K u r n o o l )

C C D T ( V )

G a n g a S a g a r M e l a

J a n 9 4

N O I C ( W

B )

N e t a j i S u b h a s h

R e c o v e r i n g o f t w o s u n k e n p a s s e n g e r b o a t s o f f

J a n 9 4

W
e s t B e n g a l

S a g a r I s l a n d n e a r B a r a t o l a .

________________________________

L i f e G u a r d d u t i e s o n o c c a s i o n o f M
a h a s i v a r a t r i

C C D T ( K )

M a r 9 4

D C A l w a y e

C C D T ( V )

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y f r o m E a s t G o d a v a r i R i v e r A p r 9 4

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

C C D T ( V )

R e s c u e c o v e r f o r b o a t r a c e

A p r 9 4

R e v e n u e O f f i c e r

C C D T ( V )

A s s i s t a n c e a f t e r f l o o d

S e p 9 4

O r i s s a ( G o p a l p u r )

C C D T ( V )

Jan 95

G a n g a S a g a r M e l a

N O I C ( W

B )

C C D T ( K )

L i f e g u a r d d u t i e s o n o c c a s i o n o f M
a h a s i v a t r i a t

F e b 9 5

S P E r n a k u l a m

A l w a y e

________________________________ ___________________

C C D T ( V )

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y f r o m d a m

J u l 9 5

N O I C ( A P )

C C D T ( V )

Aug 95

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y

A n d h r a P r a d e s h , S o u t h E a s t

R a i l w a y

C C D T ( V )

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y , R i s h i k o n d a B e a c h

Oct 9 5

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

C C D T ( V )

Nov

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y , Y a r a d a B e a c h

9 5

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

C C D T ( V )

Ian

G a n g a S a g a r M e l a

9 6

N O I C ( W

B )

C C D T ( V )

o f S e a b e d s a m p l e , R R L B h u b a n e s h w a r

Feb

R e c o v e r y

9 6

O r i s s a

C C D T ( V )

G a n e s h V i s a r j a n

Sep 9 6

H y d e r a b a d

C C D T ( V )

G a n g a S a g a r M e l a

N O I C ( W

B )

C C D T ( V )

V i s a k h a F e s t i v a l _________________________________________________

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

Recovery of dead bodyfrom Krishna river

C C D T ( V )

A n d h r a P r a d e s h

B rah m ap u tra B e a c h F e s t i v d

C C D T ( V )

A s s a m

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 0 1

N
a t u r e o f A
s s i s t a n c e / L o c a t i o n

M
o n t h &

A s s i s t a n c e R e n d e r e d t o

By Naval

Y e a r

S h i p s / A i r c r a f t ,

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y f r o m
r i v e r a t S a m
b a l p u r

F e b 9 8

O r i s s a

C C D T ( V )

R e c o v e r y o f S e a b e d s a m
p l e s

F e b 9 8

O r i s s a

C C D T ( V )

S e p 9 8

N O I C ( W

B )

R e c o v e r y o f S e a b e d s a m
p l e s

~ C C D T ~ ( V )

~ ~

O c t 9 8

I n d i a n R a i l w a y s

T o r e s c u e p a s s e n g e r s o f K o n k a n E x p r e s s

-

N o v 9 8

N O I C ( W

B )

G a n g a S a g a r M
e l a

C C D T ( V )

N o v 9 8

O r i s s a

R e c o v e r y o f T u g

C C D T ( V )

J a n 9 9

O r i s s a

R e c o v e r y o f d e a d b o d y a f t e r f l o o d s

C C D T ( V )

M
a r 9 9

O r i s s a

R e c o v e r y o f S e a b e d S a m
p l e , R R L B h u b a n e s h w
a r

C C D T ( V )

N o v 9 9

O r i s s a

L a k s h y a T r i a l s

C C D T ( V )

J a n 2 0 0 0

N O I C ( W

B )

G a n g a S a g a r M
e l a

C C D T ( V )

S e p 2 0 0 0

D C A l l e p p y

L i f e s a v i n g c o v e r f o r M
a h a t m
a G a n d h i B o a t R a c e

C C D T ( K )

A p p reh en sion o f P o a c h in g an d S m u g glin g T ra w le rs
j

M
o n t h &

A s s i s t a n c e

N
a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

| Y e a r

R e n d e r e d t o

A
i r c r a f t s

N o v 9 1

L T T E B o a t T o n g a

O p s G r a y H u l l : A p p r e h e n d e d & e s c o r t e d

O
f f P t . C a l i m
e r e

K i r p a n , S a r y u ,

N o v a
t o C h e n n a i

S D B T 6 0

D e c 9 1

M

V S u b h a n A l l a h

A p p r e h e n d e d & e s c o r t e d t o M
u m
b a i

G o d a v a r i

O f f M
u m
b a i

J a n 9 3

M

V A h a t

K i r p a n , C G S V i v e k

O p Z a b a r d a r s t —

C a p t u r e & b o a r d i n g -

O f f C h e n n a i

L T T E l e a d e r S a d a s i v a n K i t t u w a s o n b o a r d .

A p r 9 3

M S V J a y D a r i y a l a l

O p e r a t i o n S W A N . A p p r e h e n d e d &

—

S h a r d a
e s c o r t e d t o B o m
b a y

D e c 9 7

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e s e T r a w l e r

A p p r e h e n d e d & e s c o r t e d t o P o r t B l a i r

O f f A
n d a m
a n

L C U 3 4

N
i c o b a r I s l a n d s

F e b 9 8

T h a i t r a w l e r

A p p r e h e n d e d & h a n d e d o v e r a t P o r t B l a i r

O f f P o r t B l a i r

S a r y u

M
a y 9 8

D e e p S e a

A p p r e h e n d e d & h a n d e d o v e r t o C o a s t

S a r y u

O f f P o r t B l a i r

S r i L a n k a n t r a w l e r

G u a r d

J u n 9 8

T w o t r a w l e r s

K i r p a n , K u t h a r ,

A p p r e h e n d e d & h a n d e d o v e r a t P o r t B l a i r

O f f N
o r t h

( C a r r y i n g R D X & e x p l o s i v e a m
m
u n i t i o n )

S a r y u

A
n d a m
a n

J a n 9 9

3 B u r m
e s e B o a t s

A p p r e h e n d e d & h a n d e d o v e r a t P o r t B l a i r

L C U 3 6

O f f A
n d a m
a n &

N
i c o b a r I s l a n d s

F e b 9 9

B l u e M
a r i n e ,

A p p r e h e n d e d & h a n d e d o v e r t o N a v a l

S u j a t a

O f f M
i n i c o y

S r i L a n k a n

D
e t a c h m
e n t , M
i n i c o y

M
a r 9 9

M

T M
a r i a m
m
a

E N C j o i n t o p s

I n t e r c e p t e d & h a n d e d o v e r t o C o s t G u a r d

O f f C h e n n a i
w
i t h

_

C
o
a
s t G
u

^
a t C h e n n a i

1 0 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

A s s i s t a n c e

N a t u r e o f A s s i s t a n c e

M o n t h &

L o c a t i o n

B y N a v a l S h i p s /

R e n d e r e d t o

Y e a r

A i r c r a f t s

3 B u r m
e s e

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L C U 3 6
d i n g h i e s

P o l i c e

N i c o b a r I s l a n d s

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a r u

M a y 9 9

I n t e r c e p t L T T E V e s s e l S h o w a M
a r u —

O p s

—

I N , C G S h i p s

B i n g o

A u g 9 9

T h a i T r a w l e r s

A p p r e h e n d e d & H / O t o L o c a l P o l i c e

O f f A n d a m a n &

L C U 3 3

N i c o b a r I s l a n d

O f f A n d a m a n

G u l d a r , L C U 3 6

O c t 9 9

8 6 p o a c h e r s , 0 9

A p p r e h e n d e d a n d h a n d e d o v e r t o l o c a l
d i n g h i e s
p o l i c e

A p p r e h e n d e d t h e s h i p t h a t w a s t a k e n o v e r

O f f G o a

G o m t i , D e l h i ,

N o v 9 9

M V A l o n d r a

P r a h a r & C G S

R a i n b o w
b y P i r a t e s . D e w a t e r i n g & s a l v a g e , e s c o r t e d
t o h a r b o u r — O p s R a i n b o w

T a r a b a i

A p p r e h e n d e d & h a n d e d o v e r t o l o c a l

O f f A n d a m a n

L C U 3 4

D e c 9 9

1 1 B u r m
e s e

N i c o b a r I s l a n d
p o a c h e r s &

P o l i c e

4 d i n g h i e s

O p S a h a y t a

—

J u n 2 0 0 0

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R e s c u e o f S h r i M N B h a k t a E x - M

P h e l d
h o s t a g e b y S r i L a n k a n s

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T r i n k a t

A p p r e h e n d e d a n d h a n d e d o v e r t o l o c a l

D e c 2 0 0 0

1 0 p o a c h e r s & 1

A n d a m a n
d i n g h y

P o l i c e

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 0 3

A N a v a l R e l i e f a n d R e s c u e O p e r a t i o n

Reference Note

Background of the Sri Lankan Tamil Conflict

I n 1 9 7 2 , S r i L a n k a c h a n g e d i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n . I t s t r e s s e d F r o m t h e t i m e o f i t s i n d e p e n d e n c e i n 1 9 4 8 , t h e s e c u r i t y t h e s p e c i a l p o s i t i o n g i v e n t o B u d d h i s m , a s s e r t e d S i n h a l a d i l e m m a
o f

C e y l o n

( l a t e r
r e n a m
e d

S r i

L a n k a )

h a s

B u d d h i s t
c u l t u r e
a n d
w e a k e n e d
p r o t e c t i o n
f o r
t h e
b e e n ' f e a r o f B i g B r o t h e r I n d i a ! 1 T h e S i n h a l e s e , d e s p i t e m i n o r i t i e s . T h e s e p o l i c i e s c o n f i r m e d t h e T a m i l f e e l i n g o f c o n s t i t u t i n g 8 0 %
o f t h e
p o p u l a t i o n ,
v i e w e d
t h e T a m i l
b e i n g t r e a t e d a s s e c o n d - c l a s s c i t i z e n s a n d t h a t t h e i r f u t u r e s e g m e n t o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n n o t a s a m i n o r i t y b u t a s p a r t l a y i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f a s e p a r a t e s t a t e , t o b e c a r v e d o u t o f o f t h e d e m
o g r a p h i c ' p r e s e n c e ' o f t h e m i l l i o n s o f I n d i a n
n o r t h e r n a n d e a s t e r n S r i L a n k a , w h e r e t h e y c o u l d h a v e T a m i l s o f T a m i l N a d u . T h e y p e r c e i v e d T a m i l N a d u a s t h e T a m i l a s a l a n g u a g e a n d H i n d u i s m a s a r e l i g i o n .

n a t u r a l s u p p o r t b a s e o f t h e S r i L a n k a n T a m i l s a n d w e r e c o n s t a n t l y a p p r e h e n s i v e o f I n d i a d i s m e m b e r i n g S r i L a n k a F r o m

1 9 7 2 o n w a r d s , t h e T a m i l s s t a r t e d r e s o r t i n g t o
u n d e r p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e f r o m T a m i l N a d u . T h i s u n d e r l a y v i o l e n c e . T h e f a i l u r e o f r e p e a t e d e f f o r t s t o m e e t T a m i l
t h e r e l u c t a n c e o f t h e S i n h a l e s e - B u d d h i s t s t o r e s p o n d t o a s p i r a t i o n s w a s a g g r a v a t e d b y e c o n o m
i c p r o b l e m s a n d

S r i L a n k a n T a m i l d e m
a n d s f o r d e v o l u t i o n o f p o w e r a n d f o r
r i s i n g
u n e m p l o y m e n t a l l
o f w h i c h
h e l p e d
t h e
r i s e
o f
b e i n g a c k n o w l e d g e d a s a d i s t i n c t e t h n i c g r o u p w i t h i n t h e a s s e r t i v e
a n d a g g r e s s i v e T a m i l m i l i t a n c y ,
s p e a r h e a d e d
b y t h e L i b e r a t i o n T i g e r s o f T a m i l E e l a m

( L T T E ) , l e d b y

S r i L a n k a n p o l i t y .

V P r a b h a k a r a n . T h e e m e r g e n c e o f m i l i t a n t T a m i l s e p a r a t i s t T h e J V P ( J a n a t a V i m u k t i P e r a m
u n a ) , a r a d i c a l p o l i t i c a l
m o v e m e n t s s h a r p e n e d S i n h a l e s e a p p r e h e n s i o n o f I n d i a n m o v e m e n t , w a s m
a d e u p o f t h o s e S i n h a l e s e B u d d h i s t s w h o
i n t e r v e n t i o n i n s u p p o r t o f T a m i l m i l i t a n c y .

w e r e b o t h a n t i - T a m i l a n d a n t i - I n d i a n . I n 1 9 7 1 , i t t r i e d t o A l a r m e d o v e r t h e s e m u s h r o o m i n g m i l i t a n t s a n d t h e i r t o p p l e t h e g o v e r n m
e n t t o ' s a v e t h e i r c o u n t r y f r o m e a s t e r n
g r o w i n g p o p u l a r i t y a m o n g s t t h e T a m i l m a s s e s ,
t h e S r i
i m p e r i a l i s m a n d I n d i a n e x p a n s i o n i s t d e s i g n s ' ; i t c u t o f f a l L a n k a n G o v e r n m e n t r u s h e d t h r o u g h a l e g i s l a t i o n i n 1 9 7 8 , c o m m u n i c a t i o n s w i t h t h e r e s t o f t h e w o r l d .

b a n n i n g t h e L T T E a n d t h e m a i n m i l i t a n t o r g a n i s a t i o n s t h a t w e r e c a r r y i n g o u t a s s a s s i n a t i o n s , a m b u s h e s a n d f o r c i b l e Naval Assistance in 1971
c o l l e c t i o n o f m o n e y .

I n A p r i l 1 9 7 1 , S r i L a n k a r e q u e s t e d I n d i a ' s h e l p t o q u e l l F or I n d i a , t h e p o l i t i c a l i m p l i c a t i o n s o f S r i L a n k a n p o l i c i e s t h i s u p r i s i n g . T h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s t a s k e d w i t h p r e v e n t i n g h a d , b y 1 9 8 0 , b e c o m
e q u i t e v e x e d . O n t h e o n e h a n d , t h e
m e r c h a n t s h i p s

( s u s p e c t e d
t o
b e

N o r t h K o r e a n )

f r o m
p e o p l e o f T a m i l N a d u h a d a s t r o n g s e n s e o f T a m i l p o l i t i c a l f e r r y i n g a r m
s t o t h e i n s u r g e n t s .

and c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y . D u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 0 s , t h e r e w e r e i n s i s t e n t S h i p s o f t h e W
e s t e r n F l e e t p a t r o l l e d S r i L a n k a s w e s t
d e m a n d s b y t h e p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s o f T a m i l N a d u t h a t I n d i a c o a s t , r e m
a i n i n g o u t o f s i g h t . A f r i g a t e e n t e r e d C o o m
should intervene i n S r i L a n k a , militarily if necessary, t o
h a r b o u r t o a c t a s c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n l i n k . N a v a l s h i p s
o m
e n s u r e t h e s a f e t y o f t h e S r i L a n k a n T a m i l s a n d t o c o m p e l

V i s a k h a p a t n a m
p a t r o l l e d

S r i

L a n k a s
e a s t
c o a s t , ^
t h e Government o f S r i L a n k a t o m o d i f y i t s p o l i c i e s o n the treatment
r e m a i n i n g o u t o f s i g h t . A f t e r a f e w w e e k s , t h e c r i s i s e
o f i t s T a m i l minority. O n the other h a n d , i t w a s u n d esirab le t o i n t e r f e r e i n t h e i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s o f S r i L a n k a o v e r a n d s h i p s r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r b a s e p o r t s . T h i s w a s N a v y ' s f i r s t e v e r d e p l o y m
e n t i n s u p p o r t o f a f o r e i g n p o
a n d t h e i r l e g i t i m a t e r e a c t i o n s t o T a m i l m i l i t a n c y .

d e c i s i o n t o r e s p o n d t o a n e i g h b o u r ' s c a l l f o r h e l p .

ndia’s Indian Ocean defence, Ceylon thought India
cedin g T rin co m alee to the British Navy.

h

Reportedly, after Sardar KM Pannikar pointed out that
was a hegem on and entered into a defence agreemei

o f f e r e d , t h e S r i L a n k a n G
o v e r n m
e n t , p r e f e r r e d t o

M
o r e o v e r ,
t h e
c u l t i v a t i o n
b y

S r i

L a n k a
o f s e c u r i t y

B i v e t h e
c o n t r a c t t o a c o n s o r t i u m
o f c o m
p a n i e s l e d b y t h e n
a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h

P a k i s t a n ,

I s r a e l a n d
e d

S t a t e s . I n d i a t o o k t h e v i e w t h a t t h i s p r o v i d e d t h e t h e U S b e g a n t o b e p e r c e i v e d b y I n d i a a s s t r a t e g i c a l l y Potential
f o r a n A m
e r i c a n s t r a t e g i c n a v a l
p r e s e n c e b a s e d
d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s t o h e r i n t e r e s t s .

the
s h e l t e r e d d e e p - w
a t e r h a r b o u r o f T r i n c o m a l e e , w h i c h f

I n d i a ' s
d e c i s i o n
t o
b e
s u p p o r t i v e
o f
t h e
c a u s e
o f
d e c a d e s h a d b e e n a n i m
p o r t a n t n a v a l b a s e o f t h e B ‘

S r i L a n k a n T a m i l s w a s b a s e d o n t h e s e p o l i t i c a l c o m p u l s i o n s

N a v y . V i e w i n g a l l t h e s e d e v e l o p m
e n t s w i t h c o n c e r n I n H
a n d s t r a t e g i c p e r c e p t i o n s .

c o n v e y e d i t s d i s q u i e t t o S r i L a n k a .

'

19

Developments Between 1983 and 1987

I n

1 9 8 4 , t h e I n d i a n N a v y s t a r t e d p a t r o l l i n g t h e P a lk B a y t o p r e v e n t v i o l a t i o n
o f t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l Boundary

I n m i d 1 9 8 3 , S r i L a n k a c o m
m
e n c e d i n t e n s i v e s e c u r i t y

L i n e ( I B L ) b y f i s h e r m
e n o f e i t h e r c o u n t r y a n d t o prevent
o p e r a t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e T a m i l m i l i t a n t s . T h e l a t t e r r e a c t e d h a r a s s m
e n t o f I n d i a n f i s h e r m
e n b y t h e S r i L a n k a n side
w i t h f e r o c i t y . S r i L a n k a n r e t r i b u t i o n w a s s w i f t ; i t t o o k t h e T h e d e m
a r c a t i o n , i n 1 9 7 6 , o f t h e m a r i t i m e b o u n d a r y in the f o r m o f w i d e s p r e a d a n t i - T a m i l r i o t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e l e n g t h P a l k S t r a i t a n d t h e G u l f o f M
a n n a r h e l p e d t o r e d u c e tension
a n d b r e a d t h o f S r i L a n k a , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n C o l o m b o . O v e r
b u t h a d n o t e n t i r e l y r e m
o v e d i t , p a r t l y b e c a u s e o f t h e vexed
t h r e e t h o u s a n d T a m i l s w e r e s l a u g h t e r e d ,
t h o u s a n d s
o f
p r o b l e m
o f K a t c h c h a t i v u .

T a m i l h o m
e s w e r e d e s t r o y e d a n d n e a r l y 1 5 0 , 0 0 0 T a m i l s f l e d t o r e f u g e e c a m
p s . T h e S r i L a n k a n G o v e r n m
e n t d e c l a r e d a

I n 1 9 8 5 , I n d i a a r r a n g e d a c o n f e r e n c e i n B h u t a n , a t t e n d e d s t a t e o f e m
e r g e n c y .

b y a l l t h e m
i l i t a n t g r o u p s a n d S r i L a n k a n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s , t o d i s c u s s a d o c u m
e n t , j o i n t l y p r e p a r e d
b y t h e I n d i a n

T h i s l a r g e - s c a l e m
a s s a c r e l e d t o s e v e r a l d e v e l o p m
e n t s .

a n d S r i L a n k a n G
o v e r n m
e n t s a n d t h e T a m
i l l e a d e r s , f o r

O v e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 T a m i l s s o u g h t r e f u g e i n T a m i l N a d u . T a m i l m
e e t i n g
t h e i r
p o l i t i c a l
a n d
c o n s t i t u t i o n a l
a s p i r a t i o n s .

m i l i t a n t y o u t h g r o u p s e s t a b l i s h e d b a s e s i n T a m i l N a d u W
h e n i t s r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s w
e r e a b o u t t o b e a d o p t e d , d i e
a n d s e l e c t e d m
i l i t a n t c a d r e s w e r e
a r m
e d
a n d
t r a i n e d .

S r i L a n k a n P r e s i d e n t b a c k e d o u t d u e t o d o m
e s t i c p o l i t i c a l

T h e G o v e r n m e n t i n T a m i l N a d u d e m
a n d e d i m
m
e d i a t e

I n d i a n i n v o l v e m e n t t o s t o p t h e g e n o c i d e o f b r o t h e r T a m i l s .

o p p o s i t i o n .

I t p r e c i p i t a t e d I n d i a ' s i n v o l v e m
e n t i n S r i L a n k a ' s e t h n i c

M
e a n w h i l e , t h e L T T E h a d c o n t i n u e d t o g r o w i n s t a t u r e s t r i f e . F r o m

1 9 8 3 o n w a r d s , I n d i a t r i e d t o b r i n g t h e t w o
a n d
s t r e n g t h .

J a f f n a
c a m
e
u n d e r

L T T E
dom ination.

s i d e s t o g e t h e r .

W
i t h t h e c i v i l a d m
i n i s t r a t i o n
t o t a l l y p a r a l y s e d a n d t h e

T h e S i n h a l e s e - m
a j o r i t y G o v e r n m
e n t c o n c l u d e d t h a t i t

S r i L a n k a n A r m
e d F o r c e s ( S L A F ) c o n f i n e d t o c a m
p s a l o n g
c o u l d n o t c o n t a i n T a m i l m i l i t a n c y w i t h i t s o w n r e s o u r c e s t h e c o a s t , t h e L T T E v i r t u a l l y r a n a s t a t e w i t h i n a s t a t e .

a n d
s t a r t e d
l o o k i n g
f o r
e x t e r n a l
s u p p o r t .

I t
s i g n e d

Ih e Accord of July 1987
i n f o r m a l , c o n f i d e n t i a l a g r e e m
e n t s w i t h t h e G o v e r n m
e n t s
o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d B r i t a i n t o b r i n g t h e i r w a r s h i p s B e t w
e e n J a n u a r y a n d M
a y 1 9 8 7 , i n p r e p a r a t i o n
i n t o C o l o m b o , T r i n c o m
a l e e a n d t h e G u l f o f M
a n n a r . T h e
m
a j o r o f f e n s i v e a g a i n s t t h e L T T E w
i t h t h e a i m
o f retrieving
f r e q u e n c y o f v i s i t s b y t h e w a r s h i p s o f t h e s e n a v i e s i n c r e a s e d c o n t r o l o v e r J a f f n a , t h e S L A F p l a c e d t h e J a f f n a P e n i n S ^
e
b e t w e e n 1 9 8 3 a n d 1 9 8 7 . I t a l s o i n v i t e d B r i t i s h m e r c e n a r i e s
u n d e r s i e g e . F i e r c e f i g h t i n g e n s u e d i n w
h i c h most o
a n d

I s r a e l i
i n t e l l i g e n c e
a g e n c i e s
i n t o
i t s
i n t e l l i g e n c e

L T T E c a s u a l t i e s w
e r e c a u s e d b y a r t i l l e r y f i r e a n
s e r v i c e s a n d s o u g h t a s s i s t a n c e f r o m P a k i s t a n t o t r a i n i t s a t t a c k s b y a i r c r a f t a n d h e l i c o p t e r s . W
h a t h u r t t h e

^

H o m
e G u a r d s a n d i t s N a v y .

a n d t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n w
a s t h e e c o n o m ic blocka ® . e ( j
s n a p p e d
e l e c t r i c i t y
s u p p l y ,
r u n n i n g
w
a t e r
and e ^

I n O c t o b e r 1 9 8 3 , t h e U S A o f f e r e d t o a s s i s t i n o b t a i n i n g e n t r y o f s u p p l i e s a n d m
e d i c i n e s . T h e m
a s s exodus t o

I s r a e l i a r m
s s u p p l i e s a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e s u p p o r t f o r S r i L a n k a i n c r e a s e d .

a n d , a s a q u id pro quo, S r i L a n k a s h o u l d p r o v i d e s t r a t e g i c for
i n t e l l i g e n c e g a t h e r i n g f a c i l i t i e s a g a i n s t I n d i a i n S r i L a n k a ' s Lu

-------------------

■
w

D i p l o m
a t i c i n i t i a t i v e s f a i l e d t o e a s e t h e b l o c k a d

T h e

V o i c e o f A m
e r i c a ( V O A )

b r o a d c a s t i n g s t a t i o n . 2 S r i L a n k a
s u p p l y
o f e s s e n t i a l
m
e d i c i n e s
a n d
f o o d
s u p p > i e s ;
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f A

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n c ° m
a e e

T a n k F a r m
s . I n d i a h a d b i d f o r
b y s e a f o r d i s t r i b u t i o n t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n o f f a f f 1
t h i s p r o j e c t ,
b u t d e s p i t e b e i n g t h e m
o s t r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e t h e S r i L a n k a n N a v y s t o p p e d a c o n v o y o f f i s h i n g t r a at T rin co m alee^ '11' 3 aU'h° riSed * e Voice o f'S

I
broadcasting against the Soviet Union and offered the U

S A

^ i l ^ f a « lirieS

1 0 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

flying w h i t e f l a g s w i t h a R e d C r o s s , l e d b y C o a s t G u a r d S h i p t h e s i g n i n g o f t h e A c c o r d , b e c a m
e i n c r e a s i n g l y r e l u c t a n t ,

V i k r a m . T o a v o i d a n i n c i d e n t , t h e c o n v o y r e t u r n e d h o m e a n d e v e n t u a l l y r e f u s e d t o s u r r e n d e r a l l i t s a r m s . I t f e l t t h a t
w i t h o u t u n l o a d i n g i t s r e l i e f s u p p l i e s .

t h e A c c o r d w o u l d n o t b e h o n o u r e d b y t h e S L A F . T h e L T T E
d e c i d e d t o f i g h t t h e I P K F .

O n 4 J u n e 1 9 8 7 , t r a n s p o r t a i r c r a f t o f t h e I n d i a n A i r F o r c e a i r d r o p p e d s u p p l i e s o v e r J a f f n a . 3 T h e S r i L a n k a G o v e r n m e n t I n t h e e n s u i n g m o n t h s , t h e I P K F f o u n d i t s e l f b o g g e d c a l l e d t h e a i r d r o p p i n g a v i o l a t i o n o f i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w .

d o w n i n a g u e r r i l l a w a r i n t e r r a i n i n w h i c h t h e L T T E h a d t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n c e r n f o r t h e p e o p l e o f J a f f n a , a n d t h e a d v a n t a g e . O v e r c o m i n g s u s p i c i o n s a n d d e s p i t e d i f f i c u l t i e s , l o w - k e y r e s p o n s e t o t h e s e o b j e c t i o n s a n d t o S r i L a n k a n t h e I P K F s u c c e e d e d i n e s t a b l i s h i n g p e a c e f u l c o n d i t i o n s i n r e q u e s t s f o r a s s i s t a n c e , i n d u c e d S r i L a n k a t o h a l t t h e S L A F
t h e J a f f n a p e n i n s u l a a n d t h e E a s t e r n p r o v i n c e .

o f f e n s i v e .

T h e c o m
m
o n p e r c e p t i o n a m
o n g t h e S i n h a l e s e s o o n

S e e i n g t h e w r i t i n g o n t h e w a l l , t h e S r i L a n k a G o v e r n m e n t b e c a m
e t h a t t h e I P K F w a s a t h r e a t t o t h e s o v e r e i g n t y o f S r i s o u g h t
d i s c u s s i o n s
w i t h
t h e

I n d i a n

G o v e r n m e n t .

T h e

L a n k a . I n t h e S i n h a l a a r e a s , t h e J V P t r i g g e r e d a n i n s u r r e c t i o n o u t c o m e w a s t h e I n d o - S r i L a n k a A c c o r d t h a t w a s s i g n e d t h a t s o u g h t t o " s a v e t h e c o u n t r y f r o m a n u n h o l y t r i n i t y o f o n 2 9 J u l y 1 9 8 7 .

A m e r i c a n
i m p e r i a l i s m ,

I n d i a n
i m p e r i a l i s m
a n d

T a m i l
e x p a n s i o n i s m ' !

F o r S r i L a n k a ,
t h e A c c o r d s o u g h t t o e n d t h e e t h n i c
s t r u g g l e
t i i a t
h a d
c l a i m
e d
c o u n t l e s s
l i v e s ,
d a m a g e d

T h e B u d d h i s t c l e r g y a l s o r e s e n t e d t h e A c c o r d . I n t h e i r p r o p e r t y a n d r u i n e d i t s e c o n o m
y .

v i e w ,
t h e A c c o r d
h a d b e t r a y e d t h e S i n h a l a
p e o p l e b y
c o n c e d i n g t o o m u c h t o t h e T a m i l s a n d a l l o w i n g t h e I n d i a n s F o r I n d i a , w h o s e a r m
e d f o r c e s w e r e c o m
m
i t t e d o n i t s
t o e n t e r t h e i s l a n d a s a p e a c e k e e p i n g f o r c e .

W e s t e r n a n d t h e N o r t h e r n b o r d e r s , t h e A c c o r d s o u g h t : -

I n J a n u a r y 1 9 8 9 , S r i L a n k a e l e c t e d a n e w P r e s i d e n t w h o s e

•

T o s a f e g u a r d t h e s e c u r i t y o f i t s s o u t h e r n s e a b o a r d .

v i e w s w e r e d e c i d e d l y a n t i - I n d i a n . B e t w e e n F e b r u a r y a n d

•

T o s u b s u m
e s e c e s s i o n i s t t e n d e n c i e s i n T a m i l N a d u

M a y 1 9 8 9 , t h e J V P a g a i n w e n t o n t h e r a m p a g e . L e a d i n g a c o a l i t i o n o f B u d d h i s t m o n k s a n d s t u d e n t s , t h e J V P l a u n c h e d a n d P u n j a b .

a n a t i o n w i d e a g i t a t i o n a g a i n s t t h e I P K F a n d a g a i n s t t h e

•

T o
a v o i d
t h e
a c q u i s i t i o n
b y
f o r e i g n
p o w e r s
o f

G o v e r n m e n t . S e i z i n g t h e o p p o r t u n i t y , t h e L T T E s o u g h t f o o t h o l d s i n S r i L a n k a .

t a l k s w i t h t h e S r i L a n k a n g o v e r n m e n t . T h e t a b l e s t u r n e d .

T h e S L A F j o i n e d h a n d s w i t h t h e L T T E a n d t r a n s f e r r e d S e q u e l t o t h e A
c c o r d
w e a p o n s a n d a m m u n i t i o n , w h i c h t h e L T T E d e s p e r a t e l y I n d i a n

P r i m
e

M
i n i s t e r

R a j i v

G a n d h i
a n d

S r i

L a n k a
n e e d e d t o f i g h t t h e I P K F . A n t i - I n d i a n p r o p a g a n d a s p r e a d .

P r e s i d e n t J a y a w e r d e n e s i g n e d t h e A c c o r d o n 2 9 J u l y 1 9 8 7 i n T h e m a j o r i t y S i n h a l a c o m m u n i t y , t h e m i n o r i t y S r i L a n k a C o l o m b o . T h e s i g n i n g o f t h e a c c o r d w a s f o l l o w e d b y v i o l e n t T a m i l s a n d t h e S r i L a n k a G o v e r n m e n t a l l d e v e l o p e d a n u p h e a v a l s i n S r i L a n k a b y t h e J V P . S r i L a n k a i m m e d i a t e l y a v e r s i o n f o r t h e I P K F . T h e n e w P r e s i d e n t c o n f i d e n t l y c a l l e d s o u g h t I n d i a ' s m
i l i t a r y a s s i s t a n c e t o s t a b i l i s e t h e s i t u a t i o n
f o r t h e w i t h d r a w a l o f t h e I P K F .

a n d s a f e g u a r d S r i L a n k a ' s u n i t y a n d t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y .

O p e r a t i o n P a w a n h a d s t a r t e d w i t h t h e
i n d u c t i o n
o f

I n t h e e a r l y h o u r s o f 3 0 J u l y 1 9 8 7 , t h e N a v y c o m m
e n c e d
t h e I P K F o n 2 9 J u l

1 9 8 7 . T h e
d e - i n d u c t i o n
s t a r t e d i n
t h e i n d u c t i o n o f t h e I n d i a n P e a c e k e e p i n g F o r c e ( I P K F ) A u g u s t 1 9 8 9 a n d b y O c t o b e r 1 9 8 9 , t h e b u l k o f t h e I P K F
i n t o S r i L a n k a . T h e i n d u c t i o n w a s b y s p e c i f i c i n v i t a t i o n .

h a d w i t h d r a w n . T h e o p e r a t i o n t e r m
i n a t e d o n 2 4 M
a r c h

I t s a r r i v a l w a s w e l c o m
e d b o t h b y t h e S L A F a n d t h e T a m i l

1 9 9 0 , w h e n t h e f i n a l c o n t i n g e n t o f t h e I P K F s a i l e d o u t o f p o p u l a t i o n , b u t n o t b y t h e B u d d h i s t p o p u l a t i o n .

T r i n c o m a l e e o n b o a r d s h i p s o f t h e E a s t e r n F l e e t . W
h e n t h e
l a s t e l e m e n t s w i t h d r e w , t h e r e s t i l l h a d b e e n n o s o l u t i o n o f D u r i n g t h e
n e x t t w o
m
o n t h s ,
t h e

L T T E , w h i c h h a d
t h e p o l i t i c a l p r o b l e m .

i n i t i a l l y b e e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e d i s c u s s i o n s t h a t p r e c e d e

-----— ----------------------------------- -------- ------------ -----

, . Waded Jaffna would be opposed by the Sri Lanka Navy. When the flotilla wisely

3-

It was anticipated that India's effort to send food by sea to b io (| g y ‘
suppiies into laffna. This had a significant effect on expediting
turned back rather than fight its way through, the decision was taken
the Indo-Sri Lanka Accord of July 1987.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 0 7

Reference Note

Background of the Somalia Conflict

T w o
a n c i e n t
n a t i o n s ,

E t h i o p i a
a n d ,

S o m
a l i a ,
t r a d i t i o n a l l y h o s t i l e n e i g h b o u r s . A
m
e r i c a h a d b e e n sending
s u b s t a n t i a l l y c o m
p r i s e t h e H o r n o f A f r i c a , w h i c h o c c u p i e s
s u b s t a n t i a l m
i l i t a r y a i d t o E t h i o p i a w
h o s e s o u t h e r n r e g i o n
a n
e x t r e m e l y
i m
p o r t a n t
s t r a t e g i c
l o c a t i o n .

S o m a l i a ' s

O g a d e n , h a d a s u b s t a n t i a l S o m
a l i p o p u l a t i o n . T h e S o m a l i s
n o r t h e r n c o a s t l i e s a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e b e c a m
e j a d e d o f t h e A
n t i - A
m
e r i c a n i n d o c t r i n a t i o n b y t h e

S t r a i t o f B a b - e l - M
a n d e b a n d d o m
i n a t e s t h e r o u t e f r o m
t h e

R u s s i a n s . D u r i n g t h e f i n a l y e a r s o f t h e C o l d W a r , A m e r i c a P e r s i a n G u l f t h r o u g h t h e R e d S e a a n d t h e S u e z C a n a l t o t h e g a v e S o m
a l i a s u b s t a n t i a l h u m
a n i t a r i a n a n d m i l i t a r y a i d

M
e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a .

a n d i n r e t u r n o b t a i n e d u s e o f t h e n a v a l f a c i l i t i e s a t B e r b e r a , p r e v i o u s l y a S o v i e t n a v a l a n d m
i s s i l e b a s e .

S o m a l i a h a s h a d a l o n g a n d t u r b u l e n t h i s t o r y . B e c a u s e o f i t s
s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n ,
a s t r i d e
t h e
s a i l i n g
s h i p
r o u t e

N e w o p p o s i t i o n m
o v e m
e n t s —
e a c h d r a w i n g s u p p o r t
b e t w e e n t h e M
e d i t e r r a n e a n S e a k i n g d o m
s o f E u r o p e a n d
f r o m

a
d i f f e r e n t
c l a n
e m
e r g e d
i n
t h e
l a t e

1 9 8 0 s . T h e
t h e c o a s t a l k i n g d o m s o f C h i n a a n d I n d i a a c r o s s t h e I n d i a n d i s s i d e n t S o m
a l i N a t i o n a l M
o v e m
e n t c o n t i n u e d i t s m i l i t a r y

O c e a n , i t c o n t r o l l e d t h e t r a d e b e t w e e n t h e R e d S e a p o r t s c a m
p a i g n a g a i n s t t h e B a r r e g o v e r n m
e n t , c a p t u r i n g p a r t s
a n d t h e r i c h c i t y s t a t e s o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f A f r i c a .

o f t h e
n o r t h .

T h e
c i v i l
w
a r
i n t e n s i f i e d
a n d

B a r r e w a s
f o r c e d t o f l e e t h e c a p i t a l i n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1 . A f t e r t h e f a l l , D u r i n g t h e 1 8 th a n d 1 9 th C e n t u r i e s , t h e r e w a s B r i t i s h M
o g a d i s h u ' s w
a r l o r d s b e g a n f i g h t i n g o n e a n o t h e r c r e a t i n g

S o m a l i l a n d , F r e n c h S o m
a l i l a n d a n d I t a l i a n S o m
a l i l a n d .

a h u m
a n i t a r i a n d i s a s t e r .

B r i t a i n , F r a n c e a n d I t a l y f o u g h t i n c e s s a n t l y o v e r t e r r i t o r y .

T h e d e e p - w a t e r p o r t o f K i s m a y o i n s o u t h e r n S o m
a l i a w a s

S e q u e n c e o f E v e n ts L e a d in g to th e
f o u n d e d i n 1 8 7 2 . I t w a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e B r i t i s h i n 1 8 8 7 a n d B a ttle o f M o g a d ish u
f r o m 1 9 2 7 t o 1 9 4 1 w a s p a r t o f I t a l i a n S o m
a l i l a n d . B e r b e r a
i s a d e e p - w a t e r h a r b o u r o n t h e S o m a l i c o a s t o f t h e G u l f o f A f t e r t h e 1 9 9 1 r e v o l u t i o n , t h e c l a n s c o a l i t i o n d i v i d e A d e n l y i n g o p p o s i t e t h e s o u t h e r n Y e m
e n c i t y o f A d e n .

i n t o t w o g r o u p s . O n e w
a s l e d b y A l i M
a h d i , w h o b e c a m e
p r e s i d e n t ; a n d t h e o t h e r , b y M
o h a m
m
e d F a r a h A i d i d -
n

O n J u l y 1 , i 9 6 0 , b y a g r e e m
e n t w i t h t h e U N T r u s t e e s h i p
t o t a l , t h e r e w
e r e f o u r o p p o s i n g g r o u p s w
h i c h c o n t i n u e

C o u n c i l , S o m a l i a w a s g r a n t e d i n d e p e n d e n c e .

f i g h t o v e r t h e d o m
i n a t i o n o f S o m
a l i a .

Political Background

I n J u n e ,
a c e a s e f i r e w
a s
a g r e e d , w
h i c h t h e s e ^
o U J s t
f a i l e d t o h o l d . A f i f t h g r o u p , s e c e d e d f r o m
t h e n o r
w

T h e p o l i t i c a l c u l t u r e o f S o m a l i a w a s p r e d i s p o s e d b y p o r t i o n o f S o m
a l i a , r e n a m
i n g i t t h e S o m
a l i l a n d R e p u
c o m
p e t i t i o n a m
o n g a n u m
b e r o f c l a n s a n d c l a n - b a s e d
f a c t i o n s

A l t h o u g h

S o m a l i s
h a d r e c e i v e d
t h e i r p r i m
a r y

I n S e p t e m
b e r , s e v e r e f i g h t i n g b r o k e o u t i n
w h i c h
c o n t i n u e d
i n
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
m
o n t h s
an^ ^ \ ed
t u t e l a g e

^

8 n d

P ° S t ; W a r

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p a f
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t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , w i t h o v e r
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o h a m e d M a h d i w a n t e d U N O S O M
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t h e U S m i l i t a r y t r a n s p o r t s s u p p o r t i n g t h e m u l t i n a t i o n a l t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s h u m a n i t a r i a n w o r k U N r e l i e f e f f o r t i n S o m a l i a . W
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t o m o n i t o r t h e c e a s e f i r e . T h e a g r e e m
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u n d e r w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w o u l d a s s u m e t h e u n i f i e d (UNOSOM I), April 1 9 9 2 to M arch 1993
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r e s o l u t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h U N O S O M

I . B y J u n e , t h e p r i n c i p a l

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o r o c c o a n d Z i m b a b w e
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e n v i r o n m e n t h a d n o t y e t b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a n d i n c i d e n t s o f Growing

Difficulties.

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e
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a n d n o d i s c i p l i n e d n a t i o n a l a r m y .

O n 2 8 O c t o b e r , G e n e r a l M
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a d F a h r a h A i d i d d e c a r e

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 0 9

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p e o p l e i n r e b u i l d i n g t h e i r e c o n o m
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s e l v e s i n t h e f i e r c e s t u i ° C t ° b e r
r e c r e a t e a d e m
o c r a t i c S o m a l i S t a t e . U N O S O M I I t o o k o v e r

T h e U S t r o o p s w e r e f i n a l l y w
i t h d r a w
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a r c h 1995
f i t e '

f r o m U N I T A F i n M
a y 1 9 9 3 .

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The Battle of Mogadishu

D u r i n g t l i e t w o y e a r s b e t w
e e n

1 9 9 3 a n d

1995 w h

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o g a d i s h u w a s f o u g h t o n 3 rd a n d 4 th O c t o b e r
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1 9 9 3
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o g a d i s h u b e t w e e n f o r c e s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
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e n l e d t h e U N
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l e a v i n g S o m
a l i a i n 1 9 9 5 . W
h e n t h e U N w i t h d r e w i n 1995,
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s h o t d o w n b y r o c k e t p r o p e l l e d g r e n a d e s a n d t h r e e o t h e r s T h e

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i l i t a r y i n t e r v e n t i o n i n T h i r d
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™

! f
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M

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i l i t a r y g r o u n d
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i n c o m
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M
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S0ldler dled' and seven were w ounded; two Pakistanis w ele also w o o d e d 3”

3 m ° rtar

8 ^

^

1 1 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

SECTION III

Consolidating Force Capability

Enhancing the Navy's Capability to Fulfill its Emerging Role

Preamble

"There is nothing more common than to find considerations of supply affecting the strategic lines of a campaign and a war'

— Karl Von Clausevitz

O v e r v i e w

E n o r m o u s s y n e r g y w a s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e i n t e r c h a n g e A p a r t f r o m t h e a b i l i t y t o d e t e r a g g r e s s i o n a n d i n f l i c t o f t a l e n t e d y o u n g n a v a l a r c h i t e c t s b e t w e e n s h i p d e s i g n d a m a g e i n w a r , o p e r a t i o n a l c o m
b a t p r e p a r e d n e s s i n v o l v e s ,
a s s i g n m e n t s i n t h e D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f N a v a l D e s i g n i n a l m o s t e q u a l m
e a s u r e , a c h i e v i n g s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s i n
a n d
a s s i g n m e n t s
a s
n a v a l
o v e r s e e r s
i n
t h e
w a r s h i p
b u i l d i n g y a r d s t o o v e r s e e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s h i p s t h a t a c o n f l i c t t h a t m
i g h t h a v e b e e n t h r u s t b y t h e a d v e r s a r y .

t h e y h a d h e l p e d t o d e s i g n . T h i s s y n e r g y h e l p e d M
a z a g o n

F r o m a n a v a l p e r s p e c t i v e , s u c h r e a d i n e s s d e p e n d s o n a D o c k s , G a r d e n R e a c h a n d G o a S h i p y a r d t o a c q u i r e t h e c o m b i n a t i o n o f h a v i n g t h e r i g h t c o m
b a t c a p a b i l i t i e s ( o f
c o n f i d e n c e i n " h y b r i d i s i n g , " t h a t w a s t o b e c o m e s t a n d a r d
w a r s h i p s , s u b m
a r i n e s a n d a i r d e f e n c e s y s t e m s ) , t i m e l y
p r a c t i c e i n I n d i a n n a v a l w a r s h i p b u i l d i n g .

l o g i s t i c a l s u p p o r t a n d a n a p p r o p r i a t e l e v e l o f t r a i n i n g .

T h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e g r o w t h o f t h e I n d i a n N a v a l f l e e t T h e

N a v y ' s
o p e r a t i o n a l
p r e p a r e d n e s s
s a w
s o m e
d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0 w a s f a c i l i t a t e d b y c e r t a i n e x t r a o r d i n a r y p e a k s a n d t r o u g h s d u r i n g t h e 9 0 s d e c a d e .

f a v o u r a b l e c i r c u m s t a n c e s i n t h e p r e c e d i n g y e a r s : -

T h e f a i l e d m
o n s o o n s o f t h e l a t e 1 9 8 0 s i m p o s e d s e r i o u s
r e s o u r c e c o n s t r a i n t s ; I r a q ' s i n v a s i o n
o f K u w a i t i n

1 9 9 0

•

Defence Reviews by the Apex Committees in 1973
r a i s e d o i l p r i c e s a n d t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n 1 9 9 1
and 1975. T h e g r o w t h b e t w e e n 1 9 7 6 a n d 1 9 8 3 h a d
l e d t o s h o r t a g e o f s p a r e s . G r o w t h g a t h e r e d m o m e n t u m b e e n t h e r e s u l t o f t h e r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s o f t h e s e
i n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f t h e d e c a d e t i l l U S - l e d s a n c t i o n s r e v i e w s , w h i c h l e d t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f R u s s i a n a g a i n s t I n d i a ' s n u c l e a r w e a p o n t e s t s i n M a y 1 9 9 8 . T h e i r g u i d e d
m i s s i l e
d e s t r o y e r s ,
o c e a n
g o i n g
r o c k e t
c a s c a d e e f f e c t s s e r i o u s l y i n t e r r u p t e d t h e N a v y ' s p l a n s a n d b o a t s ,
m i n e s w e e p e r s ,

M R A S W a i r c r a f t
a n d A S W
j e o p a r d i s e d n a v a l p r e p a r e d n e s s .

h e l i c o p t e r s .

T h e s e r i o u s n e s s o f t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s w e l l s u m m a r i s e d

•

Design of the Godavari Class Frigates. T h e s e
b y t h e n

C N S A d m V S

S h e k h a w a t w h o
r e c a l l e d i n a n

R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e r e d e s i g n i n g i n t e r v i e w a f t e r h i s r e t i r e m
e n t t h a t t h e s i t u a t i o n w a s s o
o f t h e f r i g a t e s t h a t w o u l d f o l l o w t h e s i x t h a n d l a s t g r i m t h a t i n t e n y e a r s n o t a s i n g l e s h i p h a d b e e n o r d e r e d .

o f t h e L e a n d e r s . T h i s r e d e s i g n p r o c e s s l e d t o t h e I n t h i s s c e n a r i o , t h e N a v y e m b a r k e d o n a m a j o r p a t h o f G o d a v a r i c l a s s f r i g a t e s f i t t e d w i t h R u s s i a n w e a p o n i n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n . I t a l l c u l m
i n a t e d i n t h e l a t e 9 0 s i n
s y s t e m s .

p r o j e c t s a n c t i o n s f o r t h e i n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n o f g u i d e d

• Alignment and Co-operation. T h e g r o w t h o f t h e
m i s s i l e d e s t r o y e r s a n d f r i g a t e s , m i s s i l e a r m
e d c o r v e t t e s ,

N a v a l f l e e t w a s g r e a t l y h e l p e d b y a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y f a s t m i s s i l e a t t a c k c r a f t , l a n d i n g s h i p s , s u r v e y s h i p s , t a n k e r s w o r k i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e N a v y , t h e M
i n i s t r y
a n d d i v e r s e s m
a l l e r s h i p s . T h e r e f o r e , v i e w e d i n t h e o v e r a l l
o f D e f e n c e
a n d
t h e

P r i m e

M i n i s t e r ' s

O f f i c e
a n d
c o n t e x t o f b l e a k s c e n a r i o t h a t e x i s t e d a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e b e t w e e n t h e t h r e e s e r v i c e c h i e f s . I t l e d t o t h e s w i f t d e c a d e , t h e N a v y ' s a c h i e v e m
e n t s i n t h e f i e l d o f w a r s h i p
a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e B r i t i s h a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r H e r m e s . T h e d e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o n w e r e q u i t e s i g n i f i c a n t .

n e e d t o r e p l a c e t h e a g e i n g R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s l e d t o s a n c t i o n s f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f b e t t e r s u b m a r i n e s ,

^ h e
d e c a d e
s a w
a
n o t a b l e
s h i f t
i n
p r e f e r e n c e
f o i
f a s t m i s s i l e a t t a c k c r a f t , a n t i - s u b m a r i n e p a t r o l v e s s e l s , C o m m e r c i a l O f f t h e S h e l f ( C O T S ) e q u i p m e n t . B u t t h a t a s i d e , l a n d i n g s h i p s a n d m a r i t i m e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a i r c r a f t .

s e l f - r e l i a n c e c o n t i n u e d t o p r o g r e s s , w h e r e v e r c o s t e f f e c t i v e a n d r e s u l t e d i n s u c c e s s f u l p r o d u c t i o n o f e q u i p m e n t f o r

•

Confidence in Indigenous Design & Production
a l a r g e n u m
b e r o f s h i p , s u b m
a r i n e a n d a i r c r a f t s y s t e m s ,

Capability. T h e s u c c e s s o f i m p l a n t i n g R u s s i a n

. o r e s i g n i f i c a n t , p e r h a p s , w a s t h e e n o r m
o u s s u c c e s s o
w e a p o n
s y s t e m s
i n
t h e

G o d a v a r i
c l a s s
f r i g a t e s ,

^ n o v a t i o n s a t t h e w o r k i n g l e v e l t o r e m
e d y c o m
p l e x d e f e c t s
s y n e r g i s e d w i t h t h e m
o m
e n t u m
t h a t h a d b u i l t u p
a n d r e s t o r e o p e r a t i o n a l w o r t h i n e s s .

i n
t h e
i n d i g e n o u s
w a r s h i p - b u i l d i n g
p r o g r a m
m
e ,
o c c a s i o n e d l a r g e l y d u e t o f a c t o r s b e y o n d t h e
i m p a r t e d
a
c o n f i d e n c e
i n
t h e
c a p a b i l i t y
o f t h e

N a v y . B u t d e s p i t e t h e f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s a n d s a n ^

° f ^

N a v y ' s D e s i g n O r g a n i s a t i o n . T h e w a r s h i p b u i l d i n g

' N
u c l e a r T e s t s , ' t h e n a v a l m
a i n t e n a n c e , r e p a i
p 0 s t
y a r d s h a d b e g a n t o p r e s s t h e M
i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e
c a p a c i t y r o s e t o t h e o c c a s i o n a d m
i r a b l y . T h e d * 3 ^
r e f i l

P r o d u c t i o n
f o r
l o n g - t e r m

o r d e r s
t o
k e e p
t h e i r
s a w t h e N a v y b u i l d i t s t h i r d N a v a l B a s e a t K
a r ^

* ^
a l s °
w o r k f o r c e g a i n f u l l y e m p l o y e d .

a n o t h e r l a n d m
a r k a c h i e v e m
e n t
s i g n i f y i n g t h
e ^

1 1 W a s

•

Russian Assistance for Indigenous Warship
e x p a n d i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e a n d g r o w
i n g o p e r a t i o n a l ^ ! ^ 8

Production. R u s s i a c o n t i n u e d t o o f f e r I n d i a i t s

T h e N a v y a l s o f o r t h e f i r s t t i m
e s e e m
e d t o m o v e t o w
l a t e s t w e a p o n s f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n I n d i a n b u i l t h u l l s .

c r e a t i o n o f a v i a b l e l o g i s t i c a l f r a m
e w
o r k . T i m e l y l 0 ■

•

T h e r e w a s w i l l i n g n e s s f r o m t h e R u s s i a n s i d e t o a s s i s t s u p p o r t ,
a n i m
p e r a t i v e
f o r o p e r a t i o n a l
r e a d i n e s s
i n d i g e n o u s w a r s h i p p r o d u c t i o n a l s o .

e x t r e m
e l y c o m
p l e x a n d e x p e n s i v e t a s k . T h e c r e a t i o n o f t T

L o g i s t i c s C a d r e i n t h e l a t e - 8 0 s w
a s s o o n f o l l o w e d by a s e t f e *

T h e s e f a c t o r s l a i d t h e f r a m e w o r k f o r t h e g r o w t h o f t h e o f s t e p s i n t h e 9 0 s t o i m
p r o v e t h e l o g i s t i c s o r g a n i s a t i o n
f l e e t , e s p e c i a l l y t h r o u g h i n d i g e n o u s d e s i g n , h y b r i d i s a t i o n N o t t h e l e a s t o f t h e s e , w
a s t h e c o n v e n i n g o f t h e L o g i s t i c
a n d p r o d u c t i o n .

D e l e g a t i o n s ( L O G D E L s ) t h a t h e l p e d m
a k e a b r e a k t h r o u g h

Consolidation of Capabilities
i n t h e p r o c u r e m
e n t o f s p a r e s f r o m

R u s s i a a n d U k r a i n e i n
t h e m
i d 9 0 s . T h e N a v y a c h i e v e d a s i g n i f i c a n t m i l e s t o n e T h e d e c a d e w a s s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n t h a t i n t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e I n t e g r a t e d L o g i s t i c s M a n a g e m e n t t h e N a v y u n d e r t o o k t o e n h a n c e i t s F o r c e C a p a b i l i t y . I n S y s t e m

( I L M

S )

t h a t
p r o v i d e d
i t
w i t h
a
s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t
t h i s , i t w a s a s s i s t e d f o r t u i t o u s l y b y t h e d i s s o l u t i o n o f t h e L o g i s t i c s M
a n a g e m
e n t S y s t e m

.

S o v i e t U n i o n a n d t h e e n s u i n g p e r e s t r o i k a , w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n s i g n i f i c a n t R u s s i a n a c q u i s i t i o n s .

T h e
c o n t r i b u t i o n
o f

R e s e a r c h
a n d

D e v e l o p m e n t
t o
n a v a l
s e l f - r e l i a n c e
a l s o
d e s e r v e s
s p e c i a l
m e n t i o n .

B e s i d e s a c q u i s i t i o n s , t r e m
e n d o u s p r o g r e s s w a s m
a d e i n

T h e d e f e n c e l a b o r a t o r i e s I N

P L ( l a t e r r e n a m
e d N P O L ) ,
t h e i n d i g e n o u s d e s i g n a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f w a r s h i p s . T h e r e N C M

L a n d D R D O c o n t r i b u t e d s i n g u l a r l y t o t h e g o a l o f w e r e s i g n i f i c a n t m
o d e r n i s a t i o n s a n d s e r v i c e l i f e e x t e n s i o n
s e l f - r e l i a n c e a n d i n d i g e n i s a t i o n n o t c h i n g m
a n y f i r s t s i n
p r o g r a m
m
e s u n d e r t a k e n t o k e e p
e q u i p m
e n t i n

I n d i a n
d e v e l o p m
e n t o f u n d e r w
a t e r e q u i p m
e n t a n d A n t i - M i s s i l e
s h i p s a b r e a s t o f l a t e s t a d v a n c e m
e n t s i n t e c h n o l o g y .

D e f e n c e ( A M

D ) s y s t e m
s .

S u b m
a r i n e
w a r f a r e
a n d
a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
t a c t i c s
a l s o

Retrospect
u n d e r w e n t a m
e t a m
o r p h o s i s i n t h e 9 0 s . W
i t h c h a n g e s i n
t h e c o m
m
a n d a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e S u b m
a r i n e A r m , i n d u c t i o n

T h i s p e r i o d i s n o t a b l e f o r t h e t r e m
e n d o u s s t r i d e s t h e N a v y
o f t h e S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s o f s u b m
a r i n e s , a n d t h e g e n e s i s o f
t o o k t o w a r d s s e l f - r e l i a n c e . T h e N a v y ' s q u e s t f o r in d i g e n o u s t h e d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h F r a n c e f o r t h e j o i n t p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n , w h i c h s t a r t e d a l m
o s t t h i r t y y e a r s a g o , w a s

S c o r p e n e , t h e p r o c e s s o f g i v i n g t h e a r m
a c o m
p l e t e ' m
a k e a l o n g a n d a r d u o u s o n e . B u t i t b o r e t h e r e s u l t s t h a t w e o v e r g o t u n d e r w a y .

s o u g h t . E v e n s o , t h e r e w
a s a n e f f o r t t o m
a i n t a i n a n o p t i m u m
b a l a n c e b e t w e e n i n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e f o r e i g n T h e c o m
b a t c a p a b i l i t y o f t h e a i r - a r m
t o o g r e w s t e a d i l y
a c q u i s i t i o n s , t h e l a t t e r e n s u r i n g p e r i o d i c i n f u s i o n o f n e u N e w
s e n s o r s ,
s i m
u l a t o r s ,
w e a p o n s
a n d
a i r c r a f t
w e r e
t e c h n o l o g y . T h e N a v y a c k n o w
l e d g e d t h e f a c t t h a t w a r s l i p
m
d u c t e d t o m a k e s u r e t h e N a v y k e p t p a c e w i t h t e c h n o l o g v .

a n d s u b m
a r i n e b u i l d i n g y a r d s c o u l d n o t d e l i v e r v e s s e l s i n T h r e e n e w n a v a l a i r s t a t i o n s w e r e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d w h i c h
t h e n u m
b e r s r e q u i r e d t o m
a k e g o o d t h e d e p l e t i o n i n n a v a
m
a d e c o v e r a g e o f s e a a r e a s b y m
a r i t i m
e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e
f o r c e l e v e l s a n d f a c t o r e d t h a t i n i t s p l a n s f o r a c q u i s i t i o n s , m
o r e ^ 0 1 ^ p l ® t e - T h e V i r a a t a n d V i k r a n t s a w t h e i r c a p a b i l i t i e s p r o v e d t o b e t h e k e y t o t h e s u s t e n a n c e o f f o r c e l e v e l s .

u p g r a d e d w h i l e t h e f i r s t s t e p s w e r e i n i t i a t e d f o r a c q u i s i t i o n of the Russian aircraft carrier Gorshkov (Vikramaditya)

T r a d i t i o n a l

I n d o - R u s s i a n
c o o p e r a t i o n
r e r n a ^n l
f
importantforlndiaasithelped close the defence techno o
a n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e i n d i g e n o u s a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r p r o j e c t .

g a p . S i g n i f i c a n t l y , i n a d e p a r t u r e f r o m e a r l i e r p r a c t ic e s , ^

Maintenance, Repair and Refit
s e r v i c e l o o k e d a t e n h a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y t r a n s f e r s f r o m F a c i l i t i e s at t h e N a v a l

Dockyards at Mumbai and Vishakapatnam and the Naval U S , U K , G e r m a n y , F r a n c e , J a p a n a n d I s r a e l . T h e ^ t e I ? t p S

Ship Repair Yards at Kochi and Port Blair improved by c l e a r — t h e N a v y w a s f o c u s e d o n n a r r o w i n g c r i t i c a g leaps and bounds. Naval maintenance capacity faced i n i t s s t r a t e g i c t e c h n o l o g y . T h e r e f o r m u l a t i o n o f e l l t
serious challenges as a result of non-availability of spares
o b j e c t i v e s a n d c o n s e q u e n t r e d r a f t i n g o f s t a f f r e q u i r e p a r a m
e t e r s w
a s i n i t s e l f a r e m
a r k a b l e a c c o m
p l i s h 1*

^

1 1 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

15

The Russian Acquisitions

O v e r v i e w

2 0 0 0 . B y t h e e n d 1 9 9 0 s , c o n t r a c t s h a d b e e n n e g o t i a t e d f o r t h e n e w P r o j e c t 1 1 3 5 . 6 K r i v a k I I c l a s s m i s s i l e f r i g a t e s T h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e S o v ie t U n i o n r e s u l t e d i n a n i g h t m a r e ( T a l w a r c l a s s ) a n d a n u p g r a d e d m i s s i l e - c a p a b l e s u b m a r i n e , f o r i t s a r m
s c l i e n t e l e , i n t e r m
s o f s p a r e s s u p p o r t . T h e S o v i e t
t h e S i n d h u s h a s t r a o f t h e S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s .

U n i o n , d u r i n g t h e C o l d W
a r e r a , h a d p e r f e c t e d d i s p e r s i o n
a n d
a l t e r n a t i v e
m
a n u f a c t u r i n g
f a c i l i t i e s
o f i t s
d e f e n c e

B y 2 0 0 0 , t h e n e w R u s s i a n A d m i n i s t r a t i o n h a d s t a b i l i s e d i n d u s t r y a c r o s s t h e l e n g t h a n d b r e a d t h o f t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s , t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d , w i t h t h e c o m i n g o n l i n e o f n e w o i l a n d a l t h o u g h t h e r e w e r e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c e r t a i n i n d u s t r i a l g a s r e s o u r c e s , t h e R u s s i a n e c o n o m y b e g a n t o r e v i v e .

b e l t s .

I n t h e i r c o n t r o l l e d
e c o n o m
y ,
t h e y c o u l d
d r a w f r o m

Indo-Russian Defence Cooperation
o n e o r m
o r e s o u r c e s a n d m
e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e i r

The Restructuring of the Russian Military Industrial
c u s t o m e r s .

Complex

T h e m
a n u f a c t u r e r s / O E M

' s o n t h e o t h e r h a n d d i d n o t

U n t i l 1 9 9 0 , I n d i a ' s d e f e n c e i n t e r a c t i o n u s e d t o b e w i t h h a v e a n y i n s i g h t i n t o w h e r e t h e i r p r o d u c t w e n t . T h i s e n s u r e d t h e S o v i e t M i n i s t r y f o r F o r e i g n E c o n o m
i c R e l a t i o n s a n d i t s
s t r i n g e n t C e n t r a l C o n t r o l , a s e v e n r a w m a t e r i a l s u p p l i e s t w o d e p a r t m e n t s , T h e G e n e r a l E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t
a n d o u t p u t w e r e m
o n i t o r e d . T h u s , w h e n t h e b r e a k - u p t o o k

( w h i c h d e a l t w i t h t h e s u p p l y o f s h i p s / s u b m
a r i n e s / a i r c r a f t )

p l a c e , t h e y w e r e b l i n d e d b y t h e s t a r k r e a l i t i e s o f n o t o n l y a n d T h e G e n e r a l T e c h n i c a l D e p a r t m e n t ( w h i c h d e a l t w i t h p a y i n g f o r r a w m a t e r i a l s , t h a t t h e y h a d t o a c q u i r e b u t w e r e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e ) .

a l s o u n a b l e t o m
a r k e t t h e i r p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t t h r o u g h t h e

F o r l i c e n s e d p r o d u c t i o n , t h e r e w a s d i r e c t i n t e r a c t i o n R u s s i a n i n t e r f a c e a g e n c y l i k e R V Z . T h i s f o r c e d t h e m i n t o w i t h t h e c o n c e r n e d S o v i e t m i n i s t r i e s l i k e S h i p b u i l d i n g , d i v e r s i f y i n g
q u i c k l y
i n t o
a l t e r n a t e
c o n s u m
e r p r o d u c t s .

A v i a t i o n ,
e t c
f o r
w h i c h
h i g h
l e v e l
b i l a t e r a l
w o r k i n g

H o w e v e r , s i n c e t h e i r e c o n o m
y h a d b e e n h i t , t h e r e w e r e f e w
g r o u p s m e t p e r i o d i c a l l y t o r e s o l v e p r o b l e m s . D u r i n g t h e b u y e r s f o r t h e s e p r o d u c t s . T h e r e s p e c t i v e G o v e r n m e n t s o f p r o c e s s o f e c o n o m i c r e s t r u c t u r i n g ( a n d a s t h e p l a c e o f t h e t h e n e w l y c o n s t i t u t e d C I S R e p u b l i c s a t t e m p t e d t o b a l e S o v i e t U n i o n w a s t a k e n b y t h e R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n ) , t h e t h e m o u t a n d i n t h e b a r g a i n a l s o o b t a i n ( h a r d c u r r e n c y ) f u n c t i o n s o f t h e G E D a n d G T D w e r e m
e r g e d i n t o a s i n g l e
r e v e n u e f r o m e n d u s e r s . T h e r e w a s p o a c h i n g o n a l l s i d e s , o r g a n i s a t i o n — M s R o s v o r o o z h e n i e ( R V Z ) t o s t a r t w i t h a n d b u t t h e m
a i n p l a y e r s w e r e
i n t h e R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n ,
f r o m 2 0 0 0 o n w a r d s b y M s R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t a s t h e R u s s i a n U k r a i n e a n d B y e l o r u s s i a .

G o v e r n m e n t ' s ' c o r p o r a t i o n ' f o r e x p o r t o f a r m
a m
e n t s .

I n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , e f f o r t s w e r e m
a d e t o s o u r c e s p a r e s

D u r i n g
t h e

C o l d

W a r ,
t h e

S o v i e t

U n i o n ' s

M
i l i t a r y
e v e n d i r e c t l y f r o m
t h e R u s s i a n N a v y a n d t h e S h i p y a r d s ,

I n d u s t r i a l

C o m p l e x

( M

I C )

n o t
o n l y
h a d
t o
m
e e t
t h e
w h o i t w a s b e l i e v e d w e r e a l s o i n f i n a n c i a l d o l d r u m s , b u t d e m a n d s o f t h e W
a r s a w P a c t c o u n t r i e s — i t w a s a l s o a
h a d s t o c k p i l e d s p a r e s . A l t h o u g h , t h e r e w a s o p t i m i s m i n m a j o r e x p o r t e r o f a r m a m e n t s t o f r i e n d l y c o u n t r i e s . A f t e r t h i s a p p r o a c h , f e w p u r c h a s e s a c t u a l l y f r u c t i f i e d t h r o u g h t h e C o l d W a r , w i t h t h e R u s s i a n A r m e d F o r c e s b e i n g c u t t h e s e m
e a n s .

b a c k , R u s s i a ' s M I C h a d t o d e p e n d o n e x p o r t s t o s u r v i v e .

I t h a d t o c o m p e t e f o r e x p o r t s w i t h t h e U S A , B r i t a i n a n d H o w e v e r , b y t h e m
i d 1 9 9 0 s , I n d o - R u s s i a n a n d I n d o -

F r a n c e . I t d e c i d e d t o a d o p t n e w w a y s t o s u r v i v e . S o m e o f

U k r a i n i a n
n a v a l
i n t e r a c t i o n
g r a d u a l l y
a d j u s t e d
t o
t h e
t h e s e w e r e : -
r e s t r u c t u r e d e c o n o m
i e s .

•

T o c a p t u r e a n d r e t a i n m a r k e t s b y e x p o r t i n g s t a t e -

I n 1 9 9 4 , I n d i a a n d R u s s i a s i g n e d a n a g r e e m
e n t o n l o n g -
o f - t h e - a r t s y s t e m s , m
u c h a s i t h a d b e e n d o i n g w i t h
t e r i * i , b i l a t e r a l , m
i l i t a r y - t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n t i l l t h e y e a r

I n d i a i n t h e p r e c e d i n g d e c a d e s . I n 1 9 9 6 , a f o r m e r
n e e d e d t o b e r e - n e g o t i a t e d i n a m
a n n e r t h a t

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f R o s v o r o o z h e n i a s t a t e d : -
m
i n i m
i s e t h e p r o b l e m
s t h a t h a d b e e n e x p e r i e n c e d ^ ^

"If previously the Soviet Union did not deliver, as a

D u r i n g n e g o t i a t i o n s , i t b e c a m
e c l e a r t h a t t h e

}

rule, the newest models o f arms to other countries,
t a k i n g p l a c e i n R u s s i a a n d t h e C I S w
e r e l i k e l y t Q l a n g e s
today Russia sells m odern high tech models. Also,
i n c r e a s i n g
d e m
a n d
t o
s u p p l y
e q u i p m
e n t
against
these deliveries are occurring simultaneously with
c u r r e n c y o r o n “ c a s h a n d c a r r y " b a s i s , p a r t i c u l a r l y f o r t h
the introduction o f these weapon systems in Russia 's
i t e m
s t h a t w
e r e r e q u i r e d u r g e n t l y a n d w
h e r e t h e N a v v h ^
arm ed forces. This is an important difference between
t o d e a l d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e O E M
s . U n d e r t h e s e c i r c u m
s t a n c f

Russia's export policy and US policy. The United
i t b e c a m
e a l l t h e m
o r e i m
p o r t a n t t h a t a m
u c h b i g g e r t h r u s t

States often sells other than the best systems abroad,
b e g i v e n t o t h e i n d i g e n i s a t i o n o f N a v a l e q u i p m e n t .

and most often sells either used arms or arm s which
have been in their arsenal fo r many years".

T h e E a r l y 9 0 s

•

D e s p i t e t h e c h a n g i n g p o l i t i c a l s c e n a r i o i n t h e S o v i e t

T o s e l l t o c o u n t r i e s t h a t d i d n o t b u y f r o m W
e s t e r n

U n i o n , a s u c c e s s i o n o f v i s i t s b y h i g h r a n k i n g N a v a l , A r m y c o u n t r i e s o r c o u l d n o t d o s o b e c a u s e o f W
e s t e r n
a n d A i r F o r c e d i g n i t a r i e s i n t h e S o v i e t d e f e n c e h i e r a r c h y s a n c t i o n s o r w h o d i d n o t r e l i s h e m
b a r g o s .

w a s p e r c e i v e d a s a n i n d i c a t i o n o f a v o i d i n g a d i s c o n n e c t i n

•

C o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h w e l l - e s t a b l i s h e d W
e s t E u r o p e a n
t h e I n d o - S o v i e t d e f e n c e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

c o m
p a n i e s f o r t h e j o i n t d e v e l o p m
e n t , p r o d u c t i o n ,
m a r k e t i n g , s a l e s a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a r m
a m
e n t s .

I n r e s p o n s e t o t h e c o n c e r n s r a i s e d b y t h e I n d i a n s i d e i n 1 9 9 1 , i t w
a s a s s u r e d t h a t a l l c o o p e r a t i o n w o u l d b e o n t h e

•

O f f e r
a n d
c o o p e r a t e
i n
l i c e n s e d
p r o d u c t i o n ,
e r s t w h i l e c r e d i t t e r m
s a n d t h a t a p r e l i m
i n a r y d e c i s i o n h a d
s e r v i c i n g o f o l d a n d n e w a r m
s a n d e q u i p m
e n t a n d
b e e n t a k e n b y t h e S o v i e t G
o v e r n m
e n t t o a d o p t a p o s i t i v e
t r a i n i n g o f p e r s o n n e l .

a p p r o a c h f o r s u p p l y o f n e w
h a r d w
a r e a n d f u t u r e d e f e n c e

Indo-Russian Defence Cooperation after the Cold War
c o o p e r a t i o n .

A f t e r t h e e m
e r g e n c e o f t h e R u s s i a n F e d e r a t i o n , I n d i a

T o a v o i d d e l a y s i n t h e d e l i v e r y o f s p a r e s a n d s t o r e s , a n d R u s s i a s i g n e d i n 1 9 9 3 , a 2 0 Y e a r T r e a t y o f F r i e n d s h i p w h i c h w e r e c r i t i c a l f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y , t h e R u s s i a n s i d e a n d

C o o p e r a t i o n ,
r e p l a c i n g
t h e

I n d o - S o v i e t

T r e a t y
o f
w a s a s k e d t o c o n s i d e r t h e t r a n s f e r o f s p a r e s f r o m t h o s e 1 9 7 1 . T h i s w a s a c c o m
p a n i e d b y t h e s i g n i n g o f t h e B i l a t e r a l
s h i p s / s u b m
a r i n e s , w
h i c h w
e r e b e i n g p h a s e d o u t o f t h e

D e f e n c e

C o o p e r a t i o n

A g r e e m
e n t
f o r
t h e
p e r i o d

1 9 9 4

S o v i e t N a v y . T h e R u s s i a n s i d e i n d i c a t e d t h a t a l i s t o f s u c h t o

2 0 0 0 ,
c o v e r i n g t h e
s a l e
a n d
p r o d u c t i o n
o f R u s s i a n
s y s t e m
s a n d e q u i p m
e n t h a d b e e n h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e i r
a r m
a m
e n t s a n d s p a r e s .

M
i n i s t r y o f F o r e i g n E c o n o m
i c R e l a t i o n s , t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e m
b e i n g h a n d e d o v e r t o t h e I n d i a n s i d e .

I n

1 9 9 7 ,
t h e
t w o
s i d e s
s i g n e d
a

M
i l i t a r y T e c h n i c a l

C o o p e r a t i o n A g r e e m
e n t a n d e x t e n d e d b i l a t e r a l d e f e n c e

I n l a t e 1 9 9 1 , t h e first h i g h r a n k i n g R u s s i a n d e le g a tio n c o o p e r a t i o n t i l l 2 0 1 0 . I n 1 9 9 8 a n d 1 9 9 9 , t h i s c o o p e r a t i o n p o s t t h e d i s s o l u t i o n i n d i c a t e d t h a t f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e s i n p r o g r a m
m
e w a s e x t e n d e d t o c o v e r n e w a r e a s l i k e A n t i -

1 9 2 9 , f i v e - y e a r p l a n s h a d b e e n d i s p e n s e d w i t h . T h e B a l l i s t i c M
i s s i l e S y s t e m s a n d j o i n t R & D o f n e w w e a p o n

P l a n n i n g A u t h o r i t y h a d l o s t i t s p r e - e m
i n e n t p o s i t i o n ^

s y s t e m s ,
l i k e
t h e

' B r a h M
o s '

( B r a h m
a p u t r a - M
o s c o w

)

n o t h i n g h a d r e p l a c e d i t . I n s u c h a s c e n a r i o , t h e y w e r 6 e S t s s u p e r s o n i c , a n t i - s h i p c r u i s e m i s s i l e , a f i f t h g e n e r a t i o n j e t i n a p o s i t i o n t o r e s p o n d w
i t h c e r t a i n t y t o I n d i a n r e q

^
f i g h t e r , a d v a n c e d e l e c t r o n i c w a r f a r e e q u i p m
e n t , a i r c r a f t
f o r f u t u r e a c q u i s i t i o n s . T h e f a l l o f t h e Communist e n g i n e s a n d m
a r i n e p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m s .

h a d d e n u d e d t h e G
o v e r n m
e n t r a n k s o f a c o m
m
i t t e
o f p e o p l e w h o h a d p e r f o r m
e d t h e t a s k t h a t o t h e r coui

Indo-Russian Financial Transactions
e n t r u s t e d t o p e r m
a n e n t b u rea u cra cies.

The financial transactions with the Soviet Union were

, g f e n c e
historically based on Rupee-Rouble agreements with

T h e

I n d i a n
s i d e
w a s
c a u t i o n e d
t h a t
future ^ rted

Credit terms and Contracts negotiated at "friendship s u p p l i e s w e r e u n l i k e l y t o b e o n c r e d i t a n d t h e y h a v e ^ e ^
prices'!

w i t h a n e w
s y s t e m
o f p r i c i n g p r o d u c t s , c ° r r i p a r l ^1^
e q\$
w i t h w
e s t e r n o r i g i n e q u iv a le n ts . T h e R epu blics o

^ jn

A f t e r

1 9 9 1 ,
t h e
e r s t w h i l e f i n a n c i a l
a r r a n g e m
e n t s
f o r
h a d b e e n given m o r e r i g h t s t o c o n t r o l t h e p r ° u C ^ 0 l j y D e f e n c e t r a d e b e t w e e n I n d i a a n d t h e U S S R h a d t o b e t h e i r p l a n t s , f a c t o r i e s a n d s h i p y a r d s . P r o p o s a ls c 0 ^ o n 0 f l i y r e n e g o t i a t e d w i t h R u s s i a a n d t h e n e w C o n f e d e r a t i o n , t h e b e f o r m
u l a t e d a f t e r t h e r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f t h e So v ie t e

^

C I S . C o m
m
e r c i a l a n d c o n t r a c t u a l t e r m
s a n d c o n d i t i o n s
w a s o v e r a n d t h e I n d i a n s i d e s h o u l d t h e r e f o r e b e p 1 1 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

I n 1 9 9 2 , i t w a s c o m
m
u n i c a t e d t h a t R u s s i a w o u l d n o t b e
m i s s i l e c a p a b i l i t y i n s o m e o f t h e e a r l i e r P r o j e c t 8 7 7
i n a p o s i t i o n t o r e s u m
e o r o f f e r d e f e n c e c r e d i t s t o I n d i a . A s

E K M .

8 0 % o f t h e i n d u s t r i a l u n i t s m a n u f a c t u r i n g n a v a l e q u i p m e n t

•

C o m m e n c e m e n t i n I n d i a o f M
e d i u m R e p a i r s o f 8 7 7
w e r e l o c a t e d i n R u s s i a a n d t h e r e m
a i n d e r i n U k r a i n e a n d

E K M s .

o t h e r R e p u b l i c s o f t h e C I S , t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s b u d g e t i n g w a s i m p a c t e d .

Aircraft & Helicopters

T h e R u s s i a n s i d e a l s o s t a t e d t h a t t h e n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t y

•

U p g r a d a t i o n a n d m o d e r n i s a t i o n o f t h e L R M P T U

1 4 2
o f c r e d i t , s h o r t a g e o f r a w m
a t e r i a l s , p o w e r c u t s , i n d u s t r i a l
a i r c r a f t , t o p r o v i d e a i r - t o - s u r f a c e m i s s i l e c a p a b i l i t y .

u n r e s t ,
e t c ,
m
a y
l e a d
t o
d i s r u p t i o n s
i n
s u p p l i e s
o f

Note: D u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d n e g o t i a t i o n s a l s o c o m m e n c e d e q u i p m e n t a n d s p a r e s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d f o r t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d - h a n d a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r
s u p p l y o f s p a r e s a n d e q u i p m
e n t f o r t h e I n d i a n N a v y w a s

G o r s h k o v a n d i t s c a r r i e r b o r n e M I G 2 9 K a i r c r a f t .

u n l i k e l y t o b e completed b e f o r e 1 9 9 4 .

Infrastructure for Maintenance, Repair, Overhaul and

O v e r a l l , t h e early 90s were a n e x t r e m e l y d i f f i c u l t p e r i o d .

Refit of Russian Acquisitions

T h e d i f f i c u l t i e s faced b y the R u s s i a n s i d e c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e f i n a n c i a l crisis i n I n d i a . T h e N a v y s t r u g g l e d t o k e e p T o
s u p p o r t
t h e
n e w
a c q u i s i t i o n s
f r o m

R u s s i a ,
t h e S o v i e t a c q u i s i t i o n s i n f i g h t i n g t r i m . A l l n e w i n d u c t i o n s c o n t r a c t s w e r e c o n c l u d e d f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e n e c e s s a r y w e r e p l a c e d o n h o l d . E f f o r t s w e r e m
a d e a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s t o
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e t o s u p p o r t t h e s e l o c a l l y : -
e s t a b l i s h d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h t h e O E M s .

•

A t V i s a k h a p a t n a m

F o r
s h i p s
a n d
s u b m a r i n e s

Situation in the Mid and End 1990s

& M u m b a i

•

A t K o c h i

F o r
i n s h o r e
m i n e s w e e p e r s

T h e
g r a d u a l
r e s t o r a t i o n
o f
e c o n o m
i c
n o r m a l c y
i n
a c q u i r e d e a r l i e r

R u s s i a l e d t o a n i m
p r o v e m
e n t i n t h e s i t u a t i o n . T h e m i d

9 0 s w e r e
n o t e w o r t h y f o r t h e
d e p u t a t i o n
o f s u c c e s s i v e

•

A t G o a

F o r M R A S W a i r c r a f t a n d A S W
l o g i s t i c d e l e g a t i o n s ( L o g D e l s ) t o t h e C I S . T h e d e l e g a t i o n s h e l i c o p t e r s
c o m p r i s e d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e M o D , F i n a n c e a n d N H Q

•

A t A r a k k o n a m

F o r L R M P a i r c r a f t
t h a t w e r e e m
p o w e r e d t o n e g o t i a t e c o n t r a c t s d i r e c t l y w i t h
t h e R u s s i a n O E M
s . I n d u e c o u r s e , b y t h e e n d 9 0 s n e w

Agreements to Support New Commercial Arrangements
c o n t r a c t s w e r e c o n c l u d e d f o r t h e f o l l o w i n g :

D e s p i t e t h e p r o g r e s s m a d e i n t h e m i d 9 0 s , p r o d u c t s u p p o r t ,
d o c u m e n t a t i o n ,
a n d
t r a i n i n g
f o r
t h e
n e w

S h i p s
a c q u i s i t i o n s r e m a i n e d p r o b l e m a t i c . A s a r e s p o n s e t o t h e i r T h r e e 3 8 4 0 - t o n K r i v a k I I c l a s s m i s s i l e f r i g a t e s l a t e r n e w e c o n o m
i c e n v i r o n m e n t , i t w a s f e l t t h a t t h e R V Z s e e m
e d
d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e T a l w a r c l a s s .

t o b e m o r e f o c u s s e d o n c o n c l u d i n g m a j o r a c q u i s i t i o n c o n t r a c t s , t h a n r e s o l v i n g p r o d u c t s u p p o r t i s s u e s t h a t t h e T e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r t h e w e a p o n s y s t e m s t o b e I n d i a n s i d e c o n s i d e r e d i m p o r t a n t .

s u p p l i e d f o r t h e s h i p s b e i n g c o n s t r u c t e d i n I n d i a

—

P r o j e c t

1 5 D e l h i c l a s s d e s t r o y e r s ,

P r o j e c t 1 6 A

T h e r e w a s , t h e r e f o r e , a g r e a t e r f o c u s a n d a t t e n t i o n t o G o d a v a r i
c l a s s
f r i g a t e s ,

P r o j e c t

1 7

S h i v a l i k c l a s s
t h e s e i s s u e s b y t h e I n d i a n s i d e d u r i n g f u r t h e r i n t e r a c t i o n s .

s t e a l t h f r i g a t e s , P r o j e c t 2 5 A m i s s i l e c o r v e t t e s , P r o j e c t S t e a d y
e f f o r t s w e r e
m a d e
t o
p u t
i n
p l a c e
f r a m e w o r k

1 2 4 1 R E
g a s - t u r b i n e
p r o p e l l e d
m i s s i l e
b o a t s
a n d
a g r e e m e n t s f o r p r o d u c t s u p p o r t a n d f o r m u l a t i o n o f m o d e l

P r o j e c t 7 1 I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r .

c o n t r a c t s t o a d d r e s s p r o d u c t s u p p o r t i s s u e s , a n d a t t h e A c q u i s i t i o n i n

1 9 9 5
o f I N S J y o t i ,
a s e c o n d h a n d
t i m e o f s i g n i n g f u t u r e c o n t r a c t s ,
t o
c o n t r a c t u a l l y b i n d
m
e r c h a n t t a n k e r
a f t e r c o n v e r s i o n t o
m
e e t n a v a l
s u p p l i e r s i n m o r e s p e c i f i c t e r m s . E f f o r t w a s m a d e t o u s e
r e q u i r e m
e n t s f o r r e p l e n i s h i n g s h i p s a t s e a .

t h e R u s s i a n s i d e ' s k e e n n e s s i n p r o g r e s s i n g a c q u i s i t i o n p r o j e c t s a s l e v e r a g e i n e l i c i t i n g t h e r e q u i r e d r e s p o n s e f o r Submarines
p r o d u c t s u p p o r t i s s u e s .

A cq u isitio n o f tw o P r o j e c t 8 7 7 E K M S in d h u g h o sh

I n O c t o b e r 1 9 9 7 , t h e 1 9 9 4 I n d o - R u s s i a n P r o t o c o l o n cla ss s u b m a r in e s o f w h ic h o n e , latei n am ed

L o n g - t e r m B i l a t e r a l M
i l i t a r y - T e c h n i c a l C o o p e r a t i o n w a s

S in d h u s h a s tra , w ith c a p a b ility to la u n ch m issiles
e x t e n d e d t i l l 2 0 1 0 .

fro m its to rp e d o tu b e s .

I n 2 0 0 0 , I n d i a a n d R u s s i a s i g n e d t h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f M e d iu m R e p a i r s c u m re tro fitm e n t o f tu b e lau n ch

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 1 5

I n h i s
a d d r e s s t o
t h e s e m
i n a r ,
t h e

D e p u t y D i r e

S t r a t e g i c R e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e D
e c l a r a t i o n s c l a u s e r e l a t i n g

R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t s t a t e d : -
c t 0 r o f
t o

D e f e n c e
s t a t e d
t h e
o b j e c t i v e s
a s

“ C o n s o l i d a t i n g
d e f e n c e
a n d
m
i l i t a r y - t e c h n i c a l
c o o p e r a t i o n
i n
a
l o n g

“In accordance with the new D ecree o f the Pr •
t e r m

p e r s p e c t i v e "

a n d

“ d e e p e n i n g
s e r v i c e - t o - s e r v i c e
o f the Russian Federation, certain enterprises rn T
c o o p e r a t i o n "

A n

I n t e r

G o v e r n m e n t a l

C o m
m
i s s i o n
o n
granted the right o f direct deliveries o f spare parts 6

M
i l i t a r y a n d T e c h n i c a l C o o p e r a t i o n w a s s e t u p , c o - c h a i r e d
foreign customers. The specific list o f such enterprise
b y t h e D e p u t y C h a i r m
a n o f t h e R u s s i a n M

I C a n d I n d i a ' s
will be m ade know n to the prospective customers $

D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r . T h e r e w e r e t w o w o r k i n g g r o u p s u n d e r
due course o f time.''

t h e C o m m i s s i o n — o n e h e a d e d b y t h e D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y t o d e a l w i t h m
i l i t a r y - t e c h n i c a l c o o p e r a t i o n a n d t h e o t h e r

Implication of Procuring through R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t
h e a d e d b y t h e S e c r e t a r y D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n t o d e a l w i t h I n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , t h e r e w e r e 'frien d sh ip c o - p r o d u c t i o n o f s h i p s , a i r c r a f t , t a n k s , e t c . I n t h e y e a r s p r i c e s ' .

G i v e n t h e
r i g o r o u s
f i n a n c i a l
s c r u t i n y o f I n d i a n
s i n c e 2 0 0 0 , t h e t h r u s t h a s b e e n m o r e i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f d e f e n c e p r o c u r e m
e n t , d e a l i n g w i t h a c o m
m
e r c i a l l y d r i v e n
j o i n t p r o d u c t i o n , j o i n t r e s e a r c h a n d j o i n t d e v e l o p m e n t o f
c o r p o r a t i o n
l i k e

R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t
e n t a i l s
p a y m e n t o f
n e w p r o j e c t s .

a n o v e r h e a d c h a r g e . T h i s a d d i t i o n t o
c o s t l e a d s t o t h e
t e m
p t a t i o n t o d e a l d i r e c t l y w i t h O E M
s .

I n t h e s a m
e y e a r , a n I n d o - R u s s i a n I n t e r G o v e r n m
e n t a l

C o m
m
i s s i o n o n M
i l i t a r y - T e c h n i c a l C o o p e r a t i o n w a s s e t

I t
s e e m
s
p r u d e n t
t o
e x p l o r e ,
i n
c o n s u l t a t i o n
w i t h
u p . A n I n t e r - G o v e r n m
e n t a l A g r e e m
e n t ( I G A ) s i g n e d i n

R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t , t h e ' q u a l i t y a s s u r a n c e ' o f f u t u r e R u s s i a n O c t o b e r 2 0 0 0 a g r e e d i n p r i n c i p l e f o r d i e a c q u i s i t i o n , a f t e r O E M
s . O n a n a n a l o g o u s b a s i s , f o r e x a m
p l e , w h e n o r d e r i n g
r e f i t o f ' A d m i r a l G o r s h k o v ' 1
w i t h t h e n a v a l v e r s i o n o f t h e
s p a r e s f o r d i e M
i r a g e s o r t h e J a g u a r s , o n e p r e s u m e s t h a t

M I G

2 9 K ,

K a m
o v

2 8

A n t i - S u b m a r i n e
h e l i c o p t e r s
a n d

E u r o p e a n O E M
s a s s u r e t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e i r s p a r e s .

K a m o v 3 1 A i r b o r n e E a r l y W
a r n i n g h e l i c o p t e r s , t h e f i n a l
c o n t r a c t s f o r w h i c h w o u l d b e n e g o t i a t e d s e p a r a t e l y .

Econom ic Order Quantity. T l i e D e p u t y D i r e c t o r o f

R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t a l s o a d d r e s s e d t h e i s s u e o f E c o n o m i c In P ersp ectiv e

O r d e r Q u a n t i t y : -

Russian and Indian Defence Industries

“A program m e was la unched to reform a n d restructure the

Russian defence industry a n d to m obilise part o f it for civi

D i s c u s s i o n s w i t h R u s s i a n p a r t i c i p a n t s a f t e r a n I n d i a n
production purposes. However, the implementation of t w

D e f e n c e R e v i e w s e m
i n a r o n “ R e f o r m
s i n R u s s i a n a n d l n d i a n
program m e is going to take a long time a n d requires solution

D e f e n c e I n d u s t r i e s " r e v e a l e d i s s u e s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e : -
o f other related problem s. We have m any relatively sin^

Implications of dealing directly with Russian (OEMs).

enterprises m aking com ponents a n d spare paits, i

W
h i l s t d i s c u s s i n g t h e p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s f o r t h e u n u s u a l
are used in various w eapon systems. M ost o f the enterp
n u m
b e r o f M I G 2 1 a c c i d e n t s , o n e R u s s i a n v i e w w a s t h a t
are unprofitable a n d sustain losses because the
w h i l s t i t m
a y h a v e b e e n c h e a p e r d u r i n g t h e
r e s t r u c t u r i n g
quantities o f the com ponents are sm a ll A nd it is W
o f t h e R u s s i a n e c o n o m
y , f o r I n d i a t o h a v e b o u g h t u r g e n t l y
to shut them dow n because they a re the sole manufac i
r e q u i r e d s p a r e s d i r e c t l y f r o m
t h e R u s s i a n O E M
s , t h e O E M
s
possessing unique technology a n d equipm ent.

a s t h e y w e r e t h e n , w e r e n o t r e a l l y i n a p o s i t i o n t o ' a s s u r e '

I n d i a h a s e x p e r i e n c e d s i m
i l a r d i f f i c u l t i e s w h e n

^

t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e i r s p a r e s . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w h e n s p a r e s i n d i g e n i s e R u s s i a n s p a r e s . I n d e e d , t h e p r o b l e m o
f |y
a r e
a c q u i r e d
t h r o u g h
a

G o v e r n m
e n t

' c o r p o r a t i o n '

l i k e
f r o m
t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , a n d l a t e r f r o m

R u s s i a , r p e S p i t e

R o s o b o r o n e x p o r t , t h e l a t t e r i s d u t y b o u n d t o v o u c h s a f e t h e a t t r a c t s t h e a t t e n t i o n o f s e n i o r l e v e l s o n b o t h s i d e s .

^
q u a l i t y o f t h e s p a r e s . T h e u n - s t a t e d i m
p l i c a t i o n w a s t h a t
t h e b e s t i n t e n t i o n s , a s a t i s f a c t o r y s o l u t i o n h a s y t h e M I G a c c i d e n t s m
i g h t p o s s i b l y h a v e b e e n t h e r e s u l t o f
s u b - s t a n d a r d s p a r e s p r o c u r e d d i r e c t l y f r o m O E M
s .

f o u n d .

1.

Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union, Admiral Sergei Gorshkov had done more than any other Soviet leader to assist the d eV Q foll0'

the Indian Navy for twenty years from the mid 1960s to the mid 1980s. The submarines and anti-submarine ships of the 1960s .

er.k F
in the 1970s by missile boats, MRASW aircraft, missile corvettes and minesweepers, followed in the 1980s by missile destroyers, submarines and LRMP ASW aircraft and the lease of a nuclear propelled submarine.

It is fortuitous that the largest and most powerful warship to be acquired by the Indian Navy bears his name until she is c o m m is si°ne 116 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

INS Delhi (D61) — Missile Destroyer with Seaking

F ire p o w e r o f INS M ysore - M issile D estroy er

INS Brahmaputra (F31) — Missile Frigate

16

Warship Production and Acquisition

T h e

N a v y ' s
a c h i e v e m
e n t s
i n
t h e
f i e l d
o f
w a r s h i p
a u x i l i a r i e s h a d b e e n a c c e p t e d in th is p l a n .

d e s i g n
a n d p r o d u c t i o n
h a v e
b e e n
n o t e w o r t h y .

I n
t h e
t w e n t y f i v e y e a r s b e t w e e n 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 9 0 , s h i p b u i l d i n g I n 1 9 6 9 , t h e r e w
a s a n a c u t e s h o r t a g e o f n a v a l a r c h i t e c t s
m e t a m o r p h o s e d f r o m
a n a s c e n t ,
a d j u n c t i v e
a c t i v i t y t o
a n d s p e c i a l i s t c o n s t r u c t e r o f f i c e r s . T h e N a v y d i d n o t h a v e a c e n t r a l , t r a n s f o r m a t i v e m
o v e m
e n t t h a t r e v o l u t i o n i s e d
e i t h e r
a d e q u a t e
e x p e r i e n c e
o r
c a p a c i t y
t o
u n d e r t a k e
t h e s e r v i c e . F r o m
b u i l d i n g b o a t s i n t h e e a r l y 5 0 s , t h e N a v y
i n d i g e n o u s
d e s i g n
o f
t h e
r a n g e
o f
s h i p s
a n d
c r a f t
c a m
e t o d e s i g n i n g a n d b u i l d i n g s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t w a r s h i p s e n v i s a g e d i n t h e p l a n . I n i t s p r o p o s a l t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t b y t h e I a t e - 9 0 s . T h e t i n y ' C e n t r a l D e s i g n O f f i c e ' t h a t w a s f o r a f u l l - f l e d g e d D
i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l D e s i g n ( D N D ) , N a v a !

d e s i g n i n g y a r d c r a f t , b l o s s o m
e d a n d t r a n s f o r m
e d i n t o t h e

H
e a d q u a r t e r s
e n v i s a g e d
i n d u c t i o n
o f
f o r e i g n
w a r s h i p

D i r e c t o r a t e G e n e r a l o f N a v a l D e s i g n t h a t w a s d e s i g n i n g d e s i g n e r s o n l o a n w
i t h a s s u r a n c e o f b a c k u p f r o m t h e i r
p a r e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n s .

a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s , d e s t r o y e r s a n d n u m
e r o u s t y p e s o f l a r g e
a u x i l i a r y a n d m
i n o r w a r v e s s e l s .

I n 1 9 7 0 , t h e D
e s i g n C e l l o f D N C h i v e d o f f t o b e c o m e

W
a r s h i p p r o d u c t i o n a n d a c q u i s i t i o n d u r i n g 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0
t h e D
i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l D
e s i g n ( D

N

D

) . F r o m
t h e o u t s e t ,
c o v e r e d a w i d e f i e l d o f a c t i v i t y a n d e n v i s a g e d l a r g e a n d D N D w
a s c o n c e i v e d a n d c r e a t e d a s a n i n t e g r a l part o f a m b i t i o u s s h i p b u i l d i n g p r o j e c t s . T h i s c h a p t e r d e a l s w i t h N a v a l H
e a d q u a r t e r s . T h i s e n s u r e d c l o s e i n t e r a c t i o n with t h e g e n e r i c a n d c h r o n o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s o f w a r s h i p d e s i g n a l l t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l d i r e c t o r a t e s i n N H Q a t a l l l e v e l s , while a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d a l s o l i s t s d o w n t h e s h i p s d e s i g n e d f u n c t i o n i n g u n d e r t h e s c r u t i n y o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f . I n l a t e r a n d c o n s t r u c t e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d .

y e a r s ,

D N D
w
a s
u p g r a d e d
t o
b e c o m
e
t h e

Directorate

G
e n e r a l o f N a v a l D
e s i g n ( D

G

N

D

) .

Background

I n 1 9 8 5 , t h e D
i r e c t o r a t e o f N
a v a l C o n s t r u c t i o n ( D N C )

T h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l C o n s t r u c t i o n

( D N C ) , w h e n
w
a s r e n a m
e d D
i r e c t o r a t e o f N
a v a l A
r c h i t e c t u r e ( D N A ) .

f i r s t
e s t a b l i s h e d
i n
t h e

1 9 5 0 s ,
w a s
r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r
a l l
a s p e c t s o f n a v a l c o n s t r u c t i o n —
p o l i c y , p l a n n i n g a n d h u l l

T h e W
a r s h i p c o n s t r u c t i o n u n d e r t a k e n i n t h e 70s and
m
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i n d i g e n o u s d e s i g n o f P r o j e c t

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l e s s l y a s p e r S y s t e m I n t e g r a t i o n
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a n e n t s t a t u s
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E S O t r a n s f o r m e d

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1 7
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&

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S y s t e m s

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a n d i m p r o v e d d e s i g n c o n c e p t s a n d t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h E s t a b l i s h m e n t ( W

E S E E ) .

a s t h e T o t a l A t m o s p h e r e C o n t r o l s y s t e m f o r t h e s h i p ' s W h i l e t h e c o r e b u s i n e s s o f W

E S E E i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e
a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g w h i c h w i l l g i v e a m o r e r e l i a b l e a n d u s e r w a s

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b e g a n w o r k o n d e v e l o p i n g i n d i g e n o u s D a t a L i n k s y s t e m t o B r i d g e S y s t e m , I n d i g e n o u s C o m b a t M
a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m
n e t w o r k t h e s h i p s a n d a i r c r a f t a t s e a . I n h i n d s i g h t , i t c a n a n d s h i p w i d e d a t a n e t w o r k s b r i n g i n g i n m u c h a u t o m a t i o n b e s a f e l y c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e f o r m a t i o n o f W

E S E E w a s a
a n d e f f i c i e n c y i n s h i p o p e r a t i o n s .

p i v o t a l d e c i s i o n , w i t h o u t w h i c h t h e i n d i g e n o u s c a p a b i l i t y R e a r A d m i r a l ( R e t d ) J J B a x i , o n e o f t h e p i o n e e r s o f W E S O
t o b u i l d w a r s h i p s c o u l d n o t h a v e g r o w n t o t h e s p e c t a c u l a r r e c a l l s t h e s e v e r a l o r g a n i c e l e m e n t s w h i c h c o n t r i b u t e d t o l e v e l t h a t d i e N a v y i s p r o u d o f t o d a y .

t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e N a v y ' s p r o j e c t s : -

Indigenous Warship Design after 1990

"First and foremost, amongst the three services, the Indian

Navy has shown the greatest determination to be self-

B y t h e m i d 1 9 8 0 s , t h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l D e s i g n ( D N D )

sufficient and self-reliant. And this was by a genre o f people
h a d c o m
p l e t e d t h e d e s i g n o f t h e P r o j e c t 1 5 ( D e l h i c l a s s
over generations, not merely by one individual.

d e s t r o y e r s ) . T h e r e w a s a l u l l p e r i o d t i l l 1 9 9 2 - 9 3 . I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s , D N D h a d r e t a i n e d t w o d i s t i n c t p r o f i l e s o f w a r s h i p

Secondly, by creatingthe Directorate General o f Naval Design
d e s i g n .

T h e s e
e i t h e r
h a d
t h e

L e a n d e r
f r i g a t e
l i n e a g e
within Naval Headquarters, we got an agency, m anned by

( P r o j e c t 1 6 - G o d a v a r i c l a s s ) & P r o j e c t 1 6 A ( B r a h m a p u t r a
officers on deputation, responsible fo r indigenisation, under
c l a s s ) o r h a d a R u s s i a n R a j p u t c l a s s d e s t r o y e r ( P r o j e c t - 1 5 )

the direct control o f Naval Headquarters, which slowly
a n c e s t r y .

started to build up complete design and project management
skills in-house, within the Navy.

T h e l u l l p e r i o d a f t e r t h e P - 1 5 d e s i g n p r o v i d e d t h e t i m e t o e v o l v e a d i s t i n c t i v e l y h o m
e - g r o w n a p p e a r a n c e t o D N D s

Thirdly, the Navy started inducting naval constructors in
d e s i g n s , b e g i n n i n g w i t h P r o j e c t 1 7 ( P - 1 7 ) f r i g a t e s i n 1 9 9 4 .

uniform. They became a highly specialised cadre, capable o f

S e v e r a l e x t e r n a l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e d f o r t u i t o u s l y i n m a k i n g
handling all aspects o f naval architecture, ship design and
t h e P -1 7 d e s i g n , a w a t e r s h e d i n t h e D N D ' s h i s t o r y . T h e s e
ship construction.

w e r e :

On the Mazagon Docks side, the Navy sent some o f their

•

T h e
l i b e r a l i z e d
m
e a n s
o f
c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n
t h a t
best officers and best brains to go into shipbuilding. The
f a c i l i t a t e d
s w i f t a n d e a s y c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s w o r l d
best naval technical officers were placed at the disposal of

Mazagon Docks to be able to build the ships.

w i d e .

This total involvement o f Naval Headquarters in ship

•

T h e
a c c e s s
t h r o u g h

I n f o r m a t i o n

T e c h n o l o g y
t o
design ship construction, development, inspection and
h i g h e r l e v e l s o f t e c h n o l o g y & i m p r o v e d s o f t w a r e
testing, whereby NHQ was itself the vendor and was also the
t o o l s f o r t h e w a r s h i p d e s i g n e r s .

customer, led to a pragmatic approach by NHQ whenever

•

T h e
d e m
a n d s
o f
t h e
n a v a l
s t a f f
f o r
e n h a n c e d
confronted with compromises in the design process.

p e r f o r m
a n c e i n t e r m
s o f s e a k e e p i n g , e n d u r a n c e ,

R ish t fro m top level d ecision m a k ers lik e DSR a n d DNP,
s t e a l t h a n d s u r v i v a b i l i t y .

d o w n to a L ieu ten an t in th e n a v a l a rch itectu re b ra n ch ,

^ b e c u m
u l a t i v e e f f e c t w a s t h a t D N D ' s d e s i g n e r s w e r e
ev ery b o d y learn t to ta k e tech n o lo g ica l a n d p r o fe s s io n a l

A s p i r e d t o e v o l v e a d e s i g n w h i c h w o u l d h a v e m a n y p a t TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 121

decisions. A complete, integral, decision m aking process
s c a l e d d o w n t o s i x b o a t s b y 1 9 9 0 a n d t h e
remainimg
n i n e b y 1 9 9 5 .

built up within the confines o f NHQ"

•

I n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n w
a s t o b e s h a r e d b e n

Vessels Designed and Constructed During 1991-2000

M
a z a g o n D o c k s a n d G
o a S h i p y a r d . M

D L d e l i v ^

Landing Ship Tank-Large (LST-L). T h e f i r s t L S T ( L ) ,
b o a t e a c h i n 1 9 9 1 , 1 9 9 2 a n d 1 9 9 4 . G S L d e l i v e r e d ^

M a g a r , w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 8 7 . T h e s e c o n d , G h a r i a l ,
b o a t s , s t a r t i n g 1 9 9 3 .

h v e
w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 7 .

•

I n t h e 1 9 9 0 s , d u e t o f i n a n c i a l s t r i n g e n c y a n d c o s t Survey Ships. T h e S a n d h a y a k d e s i g n b u i l t a t G o a
e s c a l a t i o n , i t w
a s d e c i d e d n o t to b u i l d a n y m o

S h i p y a r d a n d i t s s u r v e y e q u i p m
e n t w e r e i m
p r o v e d u p o n

1 2 4 1 R E s a f t e r 2 0 0 2 . O f th e f i f t e e n b o a t s o r i g i n a l l y a n d
t h e
f i r s t
s h i p
o f t h e
i m p r o v e d

S a n d h a y a k
c l a s s ,
e n v i s a g e d f o r i n d i g e n o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n , o n l y e i g h t I n v e s t i g a t o r , w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 0 . I t w a s f o l l o w e d
w e r e e v e n t u a l l y b u i l t .

b y t w o m
o r e s u r v e y s h i p s
o f t h e
s a m
e
c l a s s ,

J a m
u n a

Brahm aputra (P-16A ) C l a s s F rig a te s. W h i l e t h e
c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 1 a n d S u t l e j i n 1 9 9 3 .

G o d a v a r i c l a s s w
a s t h e c o r n e r s to n e p r o je c t o f D G N D i n

T h e d e s i g n
a n d
t h e
s u r v e y e q u i p m
e n t w e r e
f u r t h e r
m
a n y w a y s , t h e B r a h a m
p u t r a c la s s frig ates, m a d e a t G R S E ,
i m p r o v e d u p o n i n t h e n e w D a r s h a k c l a s s s u r v e y s h i p s , w
e r e e v e n m
o r e c o n t e m
p o r a r y f r i g a t e s o f th e ir t i m e s . T h e s e

D a r s h a k a n d S a r v e k s h a k , w h i c h w e r e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n
s h i p s w
e r e d e s i g n e d i n t h e e a r l y n in e tie s . H o w e v e r , d u e t o 2 0 0 1 a n d 2 0 0 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .

c e r t a i n w
e a p o n i s s u e s d e l i v e r y o f th e t h r e e s h i p s B e t w a , B r a h m
a p u t r a a n d B e a s c o u l d m
a t e r i a l i s e o n l y p o s t 2 0 0 0 .

Fleet Tankers. T h e o r d e r f o r t h e f l e e t t a n k e r , A d i t y a , w a s p l a c e d w i t h G R S E i n 1 9 8 5 . H o w e v e r , t h e 2 4 , 0 0 0 t o n t a n k e r Delhi (P -15) Class D estroyers. D e l h i c l a s s , p e r h a p s
w a s d e l a y e d a n d c o u l d b e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d o n l y i n A p r i l
t h e f i n e s t i n i t s
c l a s s w
o r l d
o v e r w
a s
d e s i g n e d i n t h e

1 9 9 9 .

I n t h e i n t e r i m , a t a n k e r o f t h e K o m
a n d a r m

F e d k o
e a r l y n i n e t i e s . T h r e e s h i p s o f t h i s c l a s s D e l h i , M
y s o r e a n d
c l a s s w a s a c q u i r e d f r o m

R u s s i a o n t h e f a s t t r a c k i n 1 9 9 5 .

M
u m
b a i , b u i l t b y M

D L , j o i n e d t h e N a v a l f l e e t i n 1 9 9 7 , 1 9 9 9

T h e c o m
m
e r c i a l t a n k e r b u i l t b y t h e A d m
i r a l t y S h i p y a r d ,
a n d 2 0 0 0 r e s p e c t i v e l y . I N S D e l h i ' s a b i l i t y t o w i t h s t a n d t h e S t P e t e r s b e r g w a s r u g g e d i z e d f o r m
i l i t a r y a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
e x t r e m
e c y c l o n i c w
e a t h e r i n

S o u t h

C h i n a S e a w i t h o u t
c h r i s t e n e d a n d c o m
m
i s s i o n e d a s I N S J y o t i i n J u l y 1 9 9 6 .

a n y d a m
a g e w a s a t r u e t e s t i m
o n y t o t h e e m
e r g i n g d e s i g n
p r o w e s s o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y .

Offshore Patrol Vessels. I n 1 9 8 6 , s a n c t i o n w a s
a c c o r d e d f o r s e v e n h e l i c o p t e r - c a p a b l e s h i p s f o r p a t r o l l i n g Indo-Soviet Interaction in Indigenous Warship Design
t h e o f f s h o r e a s s e t s i n t h e B o m
b a y H i g h r e g i o n . T h r e e o f
and Production
t h e s e O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l s ( O P V s ) S u k a n y a , S u b h a d r a T h e f i r s t s t e p i n " l i c e n s e d p r o d u c t i o n " w a s t a k e n i n t h e
a n d S u v a r n a w e r e b u i l t i n S o u t h K o r e a i n 1 9 8 9 - 9 0 . T h e n e w

4 0 0 - t o n , g a s - t u r b i n e d m
i s s i l e b o a t s o f Project
r e m
a i n i n g f o u r , S a v i t r i , S a r y u , 1 S h a r d a a n d S u j a t a w e r e R E .

b u i l t i n H i n d u s t a n S h i p y a r d t o t h e K o r e a n d e s i g n a n d d e l i v e r e d b e t w e e n 1 9 9 0 a n d 1 9 9 3 .

c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h t h e R u ss ia

T h e n e x t s t e p , a g a i n i n

B ureau,

M
i n i s t r y o f S h i p b u i l d i n g a n d t h e i r S h i p D e s i g n

^

Licensed Production of Project 1241 RE Gas-turbined
w a s t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f m
o r e m
o d e r n sy s te m s i n t e

^

Missile Craft. T h e N a v y ' s r e q u i r e m e n t o f m i s s i l e c r a f t b y C o r v e t t e s o f P r o j e c t 2 5 , t h e n e w

D e s t r o y e r s o f

1990 w a s t w e n t y . A c c o r d i n g l y : -
a n d f r i g a t e s o f P r o j e c t 1 6 A , t h e s u c c e s s o r s o f t h e

•

F i v e w e r e a c q u i r e d f r o m
t h e S o v i e t U n i o n b e t w e e n

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1 9 8 7 a n d 1 9 8 9 .

s i m
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o f P r o j e c t 2 5 A a n d t h e f o l l o w o n D e s t r o y e r s

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1 9 8 2 a n d 1 9 8 3 f o r t h e l i c e n s e d p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e B y 1 9 8 7 , i t b e c a m
e c l e a r t o b o t h t h e So viet a
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l^~ #jo\&
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w e a p o n a n d p r o p u l s i o n p a c k a g e s b e i n g s u p p l i e d b y t h e S o v i e t s i d e . I t s o o n b e c a m
e c l e a r t h a t i t w o u l d
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:

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1 9 9 0 . T h e p l a n f o r l i c e n s e d p r o d u c t i o n w a s t h e r e f o r e Later Saryu was gifted to the Sri Lankan Navy and is now called the Sayura.

1 2 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

M a z a g o n D o c k s , G o a S h i p y a r d a n d G a r d e n R e a c h a t t h e a n d u n d e r - u t i l i s a t i o n o f o u r s h i p y a r d s . A t t h e s a m e t i m e ,
r i g h t t i m e .

t h e e n h a n c e d t h r e a t a s s e s s m e n t b a s e d o n a c q u i s i t i o n s o f
a d v a n c e d
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b y
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c o u n t r i e s ,
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o r k i n g G r o u p o n S h i p b u i l d i n g
n e c e s s i t a t e d a c t i o n .

I S W O G ) w a s s e t u p t o s t r e a m
l i n e t h e p r o c e s s . I t w a s
c h a i r e d j o i n t l y b y t h e D e p u t y M
i n i s t e r o f S h i p b u i l d i n g

C o n f r o n t e d w i t h a n a g e i n g f l e e t w i t h o b s o l e t e e q u i p m e n t o f t h e U S S R a n d I n d i a ' s S e c r e t a r y o f D e f e n c e P r o d u c t i o n a n d a r e d u c e d c o m b a t e d g e t o m e e t c o n t e m p o r a r y t h r e a t s t o d e a l w i t h l i c e n s e d p r o d u c t i o n o f 1 2 4 1

R E s a n d t h e
a t s e a , N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s t o o k a n i n t e n s e l o o k a t t h e m i d d e s i g n a s s i s t a n c e f o r t h e f i t m e n t o f S o v i e t s y s t e m s i n t h e l i f e r e f i t a n d m o d e r n i s a t i o n p l a n s o f s h i p s , s u b m a r i n e s a n d i n d i g e n o u s hulls oi P ro je cts 2 5 , 1 5 , 2 5 A , 1 6 A , e t c .

a i r c r a f t . T h e i n t e n t w a s t w o f o l d : -

T i r e f i r s t m eetin g o f th e J I S W O G w a s h e l d i n N e w D e l h i i n

•

T o k e e p t h e e q u i p m e n t i n I n d i a n N a v a l S h i p s a b r e a s t M a r 1 9 8 8 . Th ereafter m eetin g s w e r e h e l d e v e r y s i x m o n t h s , o f t h e l a t e s t a d v a n c e s i n t e c h n o l o g y .

a l t e r n a t e l y i n R u s s i a a n d I n d i a , i n w h i c h t h e C h a i r m e n o f

•

T o e x t e n d t h e s e r v i c e l i f e o f t h e s h i p s / s u b m
a r i n e s /
t h e I n d i a n D e fe n ce shipyards a n d t h e i r c o u n t e r p a r t s f r o m a i r c r a f t s a n d t h e r e b y c o n s e r v e p r e c i o u s n a t i o n a l S o v i e t f a c t o r i e s particip ated . I n d u e c o u r s e , t h e J I S W O G ' s r e s o u r c e s
t h a t
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s p e n t
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t e r m s o f r e f e r e n c e w ere e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e d i s c u s s i o n o f a c q u i r i n g t h e i r s u b s t i t u t e s .

p r o d u c t s u p p o r t p ro b lem s f o r s h i p s a n d e q u i p m e n t t h a t h a d a l r e a d y b e e n s u p p l i e d .

A d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s w a s m a d e o n t h e r e s i d u a l l i f e o f a g e i n g
s h i p s
a l o n g w i t h
r e c o m m e n d e d
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A f t e r 1 9 9 1 , t h e J I S W

O G w a s r e n a m
e d a s J I R W O G a n d
u p g r a d e s a n d m a x i m i s i n g l o n g e v i t y o f p l a t f o r m s , b e a r i n g a f t e r a f e w y e a r s w a s r e c o n s t i t u t e d a s t h e I n d o - R u s s i a n i n m i n d t h e c o s t e f f e c t i v e n e s s a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s u i t a b l e I n t e r G o v e r n m e n t C o m
m
i s s i o n ( I R I G C ) .

s u b s t i t u t e e q u i p m e n t .

P r o j e c t 1 1 3 5 . 6 S h i p s . T h e I n d i a n g o v e r n m e n t s i g n e d T h e p r i n c i p l e a d h e r e d t o w a s t h a t i d e a l l y a s h i p ' s m i d l i f e a c o n t r a c t w i t h t h e R u s s i a n g o v e r n m
e n t f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f
u p d a t e s h o u l d c o i n c i d e w i t h i t s m e d i u m r e f i t a s a l s o t h e t h r e e P r o j e c t 1 1 3 5 . 6 K r i v a k c l a s s f r i g a t e s o n 1 7 N o v 1 9 9 7 .

i n v e s t m e n t i n t h e u p g r a d a t i o n s h o u l d e n s u r e h e r c o m b a t

T h e s h i p s w e r e d e s i g n e d b y t h e S e v e r n o y e D e s i g n B u r e a u w o r t h i n e s s f o r a t l e a s t a n o t h e r 1 0 y e a r s o r m o r e . W
h i l s t t h e
a n d b u i l t a t t h e B a l t i s k i Z a v o d i n S t P e t e r s b e r g .

N a v y c o u l d n o t a f f o r d t o m o d e r n i s e a l l i t s s h i p s , i t t o o k a c o n s c i o u s d e c i s i o n t o m o d e r n i s e t h e o n e s w h i c h m a t t e r e d

A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r s .

A M
o U w a s s i g n e d i n D e c e m b e r
m o s t .

1 9 9 8 , b e t w e e n t h e I n d i a n a n d R u s s i a n G o v e r n m e n t s f o r T o e f f e c t i v e l y r e t a i n t h e c o m
b a t e d g e , s y s t e m a t i c m i d l i f e
r e f u r b i s h m e n t o f t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r ' A d m i r a l G o r s h k o v u p d a t e s ( M L U ) a n d S e r v i c e L i f e E x t e n s i o n P r o g r a m m
e s
a n d i t s s u b s e q u e n t t r a n s f e r t o t h e I n d i a n N a v y . T h e K i e v ( S L E P ) w e r e p l a n n e d . T h i s e n s u r e d t h a t n o t o n l y d i d t h e c l a s s c a r r i e r e a r l i e r n a m
e d B a k u w a s t o b e c h r i s t e n e
p l a t f o r m g e t a n e x t e n d e d l e a s e o f l i f e , b u t a l s o t h a t t h e y

' V i k r a m a d i t y a ' o n j o i n i n g t h e I n d i a n N a v y .

w e r e r e t r o f i t t e d w i t h m o d e r n w e a p o n s a n d s e n s o r s s o F a s t A t t a c k

C r a f t s .

S e v e n

S u p e r

D v o r a

F a s t A t t a c k
t h a t t h e s e w e r e a b l e t o a c c e p t a d v a n c e s i n t e c h n o l o g y a n d C r a f t s e x R a m t a , I s r a e l , w e r e i n d u c t e d i n t h e N a v y b e t w e e n o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y i n a c o n t e m p o r a r y e n v i r o n m e n t .

1 9 9 8 - 2 0 0 5 o u t o f w h i c h f i v e w e r e b u i l t a t G S L u n d e r a l o T h e m a j o r m o d e r n i s a t i o n s o f t h i s d e c a d e w e r e o f : -
p r o g r a m m e .

.

T h e A i r c r a f t c a r r i e r V i r a a t .

F o u r T r i n k a t c l a s s F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t s w e r e d e s i g n e d a n d T h e f i t t i n g o f t h e B r a h m o s m i s s i l e s i n t h e f i r s t s h i p o f b u i l t b y G R S E w i t h t h e f i r s t T r i n k a t b e i n g c o m m i s s i o n e i
t h e R a j p u t c l a s s .

S e p 2 0 0 0 a n d T a r a s a c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 2 0 0 1 .

T h e r e t r o - f i t m e n t o f T u b e L a u n c h e d M i s s i l e s ( T L M

)

i n t h e S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s a c q u i r e d f r o m W
a r s h i p M
o d e r n i s a t i o n s a n d S e r v i c e L i f e E x t e n s i o n
t h e S o v i e t U n i o n .

P r o g r a m
m
e s

T h e m o d e r n i s a t i o n o f H D W 1 5 0 0 c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s T h e c o n c e p t o f m
o d e r n i s a t i o n a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n o f s
p
a c q u i r e d
f r o m

G e r m a n y ,
m a n u f a c t u r e d
a n d
a s f o l l o w e d b y a l l a d v a n c e d n a v i e s , s t a r t e d a s e a r y a m o d e r n i s e d i n M
a z a g o n D o c k s .

1 9 ? 0 s i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y . H o w e v e r t h i s a s s u m e d a g r T h e M L U o f R u s s i a n r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a i r c r a f t I L 3 8
u r g e n c y i n t h e d e c a d e o f t h e 9 0 s .

a n d T U 1 4 2 .

T h e r e s o u r c e c r u n c h r e s u l t e d i n r e d u c e d a c q u i s '

t r a n s it io n t o GUARDIANSHIP

1 2 3

I t i s s o m
e t h i n g t h a t p l a n n e r s n e e d t o i m
p l i e d

T h e m i d l i f e u p d a t e / s e r v i c e l i f e e x t e n s i o n p r o g r a m m
e
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i n s t i t u t i o n a l i s e d m a n n e r . T h e m
o d e r n i s a t i o n p l a n s w e r e
i n c l u d e d i n t h e b u d g e t o f t h e r e l e v a n t p l a n p e r i o d . T h e a i m A f f o r d a b i l i t y
a n d

S e l f - R e l i a n c e .

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o t h e r
w a s t o e n s u r e f o c u s s e d u p g r a d a t i o n o f o u r p l a t f o r m s t o
p r e d i c a m
e n t i s t h a t o f a s s e s s i n g a f f o r d a b i l i t y o f a c q u i s ^

°
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a i n a b i e a s t
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a g a i n s t i n d i g e n o u s b u i l d i n g a b i i ° n f
o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n t a g e s .

I n e a r l i e r y e a r s , c o m
p e t i n g g o a l s u s e d t o m
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m
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somewhat

Retrospect
d i f f i c u l t . B u t i t i s g r a d u a l l y b e c o m
i n g p o s s i b l e t o re c o n c ile

I n r e c e n t y e a r s , t w o d e v e l o p m
e n t s h a v e o v e r l a p p e d .

b o t h o b j e c t i v e s .

I n d i a h a s b e c o m
e a c o s t - e f f e c t i v e m
a n u f a c t u r i n g l o c a t i o n
a t a t i m e w h e n I n d i a ' s A r m y , N a v y a n d A i r F o r c e a r e p o i s e d

•

T h e

G o a l
o f S e l f - R e l i a n c e .

E a r l i e r ,
t h e q u estio n
t o c o m
m
e n c e t h e i r m
o d e r n i s a t i o n a n d t r a n s f o r m
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o u r
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f u t u r e w a r f a r e .

m
o r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e , l e s s e x p e n s i v e a n d / o r b e t t e r T h i s o v e r l a p a n d t h e d a u n t i n g c o s t o f f u t u r e c o m b a t
d e f e n c e p r o d u c t s w
e r e
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e l s e w h e r e .

s y s t e m s m a k e i t t i m e l y t o c o n s i d e r a n e w a p p r o a c h t o G
r e a t e r s e l f - r e l i a n c e i s n o w
w e l l w i t h i n r e a c h i f w e
w a r s h i p p r o d u c t i o n a n d l i f e c y c l e m
a n a g e m
e n t o f t h e
c a n s y n e r g i s e " j o i n t v e n t u r e s " a n d " o f f s e t s " w i t h o u r d e f e n c e a c q u i s i t i o n p r o c e s s i n g e n e r a l a n d w a r s h i p s i n

" c o s t a d v a n t a g e "

p a r t i c u l a r .

•

A f f o r d a b i l i t y . I t h a s n o t b e e n t h e p r a c t i c e f o r a n I h e L i f e

C y c l e C o s t i n g D
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i m p e r a t i v e t o d e f i n i t i v e l y a s c e r t a i n t h e b e t t e r s y s t e m o f
s t i p u l a t e e i t h e r t h e c o s t o f a c q u i s i t i o n o r t h e c o s t o f d e t e r m i n i n g c o s t —
t h e m
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o w n e r s h i p c o s t ? T h e m
o s t e c o n o m
i c a l b i d i s u s u a l l y e a s i e r
o f f u t u r e s y s t e m
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o r k c e n t r i c c a p a b i l i t y
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m
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o v e r i t s e x p e c t e d l i f e .

i n v o l v e m
e n t i n s u c h c o m
p l e x c o s t e s t i m
a t e s .

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, w h i c h i s n o t
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e s l i k e t a n k s , a i r c r a f t , s h i p s a n
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o s t E c o n o m
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t h e M
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, e v e n t h o u g h
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i t m
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p l e x f i g u r e t o c a l c u l a t e .

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a n a g e m
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o n e y .

o f s p a r e s a n d e q u i p m
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J o i n t V
e n t u r e s a n d O f f s e t C l a u s e s
l i f e . N o n a t i o n w a n t s t o b e " h e l d h o s t a g e " b y a n y O E M
o r

J o i n t V
e n t u r e s . A s B r a h m
o s h a s s h o w
n , t ^ e r e , ^ ° j 0 g ) '

o t h e r n a t i o n d u r i n g t h e l i f e c y c l e s u p p o r t p h a s e .

s t r e n g t h i n c o o p e r a t i v e e f f o r t s i n r e s e a r c h and t e c

^

T h e r e a r e t h r e e f a c e t s o f t h i s d i l e m
m
a :

d e v e l o p m
e n t a n d p r o d u c t i o n e f f o r t s . O n t h e o t h e r

. j ,
t h e T r i s h u l S A M

P r o j e c t h a s s h o w
n , d eveloping na^i

•

F i r s d y , s a n c t i o n s s u c h a s t h o s e i m
p o s e d i n

1 9 9 8
l e v e l n i c h e c a p a b i l i t i e s r e q u i r e s t i m
e a n d funding
a f t e r o u r n u c l e a r t e s t s c a n s e v e r e l y i m
p a c t f o r c e
of w h i c h c a r r y a n e l e m e n t of r i s k a n d over-runs.

c a p a b i l i t y a n d p r e p a r e d n e s s .

_ w? foeiftS

O f f s e t s . The D e fe n c e P r o c u r e m e n t P ro c e d u re s

^uced

•

S e c o n d l y , t h e c o l l a p s e o f t h e s u p p l y l i n e l i k e w h e n
revised annually. One o f the recent clauses in cr0reS’

t h e S o v i e t U n i o n d i s s o l v e d , c o u l d h a v e a s i m
i l a r
is the offset clause on all contracts above Rs

^ . e to
c r i p p l i n g e f f e c t .

Transfer o f Technology f o r m a in ten a n ce
yy}i

•

T h i r d l y ,
h o w
d o e s
o n e
a s s e s s
t h e
c o s t / b e n e f i t s /
an Indian public or private fir m will b e aPP^caonnecti°]l
r e l i a b i l i t y o f a n a s s u r a n c e o f u n i n t e r r u p t e d s u p p l i e s
equipm ent is bought fro m fo re ig n vendors. In c

^
ted\
f r o m a p o t e n t i a l v e n d o r ?

with offsets in defence deals, a recent m ed ia i'eP°

1 2 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

“Under the new arms acquisition guidelines, all defence " C o m p e t i t i v e C o n s o r t i a " c a n d e v e l o p c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h i n
deals worth over $70 million will be used as offsets. This t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e p r e v a i l i n g r e g u l a t o r y p o l i c i e s
requires foreign vendors to buy defence or procure other a n d c r e a t e a n i n d u s t r y w h e r e n a v a l s h i p s c a n b e c o s t
specified equipment locally from Indian suppliers."

e f f e c t i v e l y p r o d u c e d b o t h f o r o u r o w n r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d
f o r e x p o r t .

W i t h t h i s o f f s e t p o l i c y i n p l a c e a n d f o r e i g n c o r p o r a t i o n s v y i n g t o
c o - p r o d u c e
d e f e n c e
e q u i p m e n t
i n

I n d i a ,
t h e

I n t h e p a s t 4 0 y e a r s , t h e N a v y h a s d e v e l o p e d u n i q u e M i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e s h o u l d t a k e t h e i n i t i a t i v e t o b e c o m e e x p e r t i s e
i n
e l e c t r i c a l l y
a n d
e l e c t r o n i c a l l y
i n t e g r a t i n g
t h e " f a c i l i t a t o r " f o r b o t h t h e D R D O a n d t h e I n d i a n D e f e n c e w a r s h i p e q u i p m e n t , r e g a r d l e s s o f i t s o r i g i n — b e i t R u s s i a n , I n d u s t r y ( p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e ) . F o r e i g n c o l l a b o r a t o r s s h o u l d E u r o p e a n o r i n d i g e n o u s . S e c o n d l y , t h e N a v y h a s a c q u i r e d b e l e v e r a g e d t o t r a n s f e r t h e t e c h n o l o g i e s t h a t c a n h e l p i n v a l u a b l e e x p e r i e n c e o f b u i l d i n g w a r s h i p s f o r t r o p i c a l I n d i a b e c o m
e a n e x p o r t h u b f o r D e f e n c e p r o d u c t i o n .

c o n d i t i o n s , t y p i c a l o f t h e n o r t h e r n I n d i a n O c e a n ( h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e s ,
h i g h h u m i d i t y a n d w a r m ,
h i g h l y s a l i n e ,

C o m p e t i t i v e C o n s o r t i a f o r W
a r s h i p P r o d u c t i o n
h i g h l y c o r r o s i v e s e a s ) .

& W
a r s h i p E x p o r t

T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t f r o m t h o s e f o r A t p r e s e n t , w a r s h i p s a r e i n d u c t e d f r o m t w o s o u r c e s : w h i c h E u r o p e a n a n d A m e r i c a n s h i p y a r d s b u i l d t h e i r n a v y ' s t h o s e
d e s i g n e d
i n - h o u s e
a n d
b u i l t
b y

G o v e r n m e n t
s h i p s . T h e s u c c e s s f u l o p e r a t i o n o f I n d i a n b u i l t w a r s h i p s s h i p y a r d s a n d t h o s e i m
p o r t e d w h e n f o r c e l e v e l s f a l l .

i n t r o p i c a l c o n d i t i o n s m a k e s t h e m u n i q u e l y s u i t a b l e f o r e x p o r t t o c o u n t r i e s i n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n . T h i s p a r t i c u l a r T h e p e r - u n i t c o s t o f a w a r s h i p i n c r e a s e s r e m o r s e l e s s l y a s p e c t w i l l m a k e j o i n t v e n t u r e e v e n m o r e a t t r a c t i v e t o a y e a r a f t e r y e a r . T h e p r i m
a r y c a u s e s a r e t h e l o n g g e s t a t i o n
f o r e i g n p a r t n e r , a l l o w i n g b e n e f i c i a l t w o - w a y t e c h n o l o g y p e r i o d b e t w e e n d e s i g n a n d d e l i v e r y , t h e c h a n g e s i n c h o i c e t r a n s f e r .

o f e q u i p m e n t d u r i n g t h e g e s t a t i o n p e r i o d a n d t h e h i g h c o s t o f s y s t e m s h a v i n g t h e l a t e s t t e c h n o l o g y . O v e r t i m e , t h e h i g h T h e
t i m e
h a s
t h e r e f o r e
c o m
e
f o r
a n
a c t i v e

P u b l i c
u n i t c o s t l i m i t s t h e n u m
b e r o f s h i p s t h a t c a n b e a c q u i r e d .

P r i v a t e
p a r t n e r s h i p
i n
t h e
d e s i g n
a n d
p r o d u c t i o n
o f

N a v a l w a r s h i p s , w h i c h c a p i t a l i z e s o n t h e e x p e r i e n c e a n d W
i t h t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f d e f e n c e e q u i p m e n t o p e n i n g p r o g r e s s m a d e t h u s f a r .

u p t o
t h e

' p r i v a t e
s e c t o r !

i n n o v a t i v e
f r a m e w o r k s
l i k e

Overview of Ship Inductions 1 9 9 1 -2 0 0 0

T h e t a b l e b e l o w s u m
m
a r i s e s t h e i n d u c t i o n o f s h i p s d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d , a n d a s i s e v i d e n t i n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n r e p l a c e d i m
p o r t s i n a v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t m a n n e r .

____________ _________________________________________

I n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n

A c q u i s i t i o n s

Type

S i x ( 3 e x - M

D L , 3 e x - G S L )

F i v e e x R u s s i a

F a s t M i s s i l e A t t a c k C r a f t 1 2 4 1 R E

F o u r e x R u s s i a

A n t i - s u b m a r i n e V e s s e l s 1 2 4 1 P E

F o u r e x - H S L

T w o e x S o u t h K o r e a

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l s ( O P V s )

O n e

O n e ( s e c o n d h a n d ) e x B r i t a i n

C a d e t T r a i n i n g S h i p

O n e e x - G R S E

O n e e x R u s s i a

F l e e t T a n k e r s

T h r e e e x - G R S E

P r o j e c t 2 5 G u i d e d M
i s s i l e C o r v e t t e s

T w o e x - M

D L

G u i d e d M i s s i l e D e s t r o y e r s ( P r o j e c t 1 5 )

O n e

G u i d e d M
i s s i l e C o r v e t t e s ( P r o j e c t 2 5 A )

O n e e x - G R S E

G u i d e d M
i s s i l e F r i g a t e ( P r o j e c t 1 6 A )

O n e e x - G R S E

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k - L a r g e ( L S T - L )

O n e E x - G S L
j ^ T
r a i n i n g S h i p ( S T S ) T a r a n g i n i

T h r e e e x - G R S E

S u r v e y S h i p s

O n e e x - G R S E

M
a r i n e A c o u s t i c R e s e a r c h S h i p ( M A R S ) Sagardhwa

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 2 5

—

O
n e

F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t ( F A C )

—

E x t r a F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t ( X F A C ) T 8 0 , T 8 1

T w o

D i v i n g S u p p o r t V e s s e l , N i r e e k s h a k

O
n e

Details of Ships Inducted

I n d u c t i o n

S t a n d a r d

N a m
e

V i n t a g e

Y e a r

Y e a r

S u p p l i e r

D
i s p l a c e m
e n t

O
r d e r e d

C
o m
m
i s s i o n e d

( T o n s )

M i s s i l e A r m e d

1 3 5 0

K U T H A R

N e w

1 9 8 2

1 9 9 0

~ G R S E

C o r v e t t e s ( P r o j e c t

K I R P A N

1 9 9 1

2 5 )

K H A N J A R

1 9 9 1

------------------------------------------

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l

1 8 9 0

S U B H A D R A

N e w

1 9 8 7

1 9 9 0

S o u t h K o r e a

V e s s e l s

S U V A R N A

1 9 9 0

S o u t h K o r e a

S A V 1 T R I

1 9 9 0

H S L

S A R A Y U

1 9 9 1

H S L

S H A R D A

1 9 9 2

H S L

S U J A T A

1 9 9 3

H S L

A n t i - s u b m a r i n e

4 8 5

A J A Y

N e w

1 9 8 6

1 9 9 0

R u s s i a

P a t r o l V e s s e l

A K S H A Y

1 9 9 0

A G R A Y

1 9 9 1

F a s t M i s s i l e A t t a c k

5 0 0

V I B H U T I

N e w

1 9 8 5

1 9 9 1

M

D L

C r a f t

V I P U L

1 9 8 5

1 9 9 2

M

D L

( P r o j e c t 1 2 4 1 R E )

V I N A S H

1 9 8 8

1 9 9 3

G S L

N A S H A K

M

D L

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 4

V I D Y U T

1 9 8 8

1 9 9 5

G S L

P R A H A R

G S L

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 7

P R A B A L

M

D L

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 2

P R A L A Y A

G S L

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 2

S u r v e y S h i p s

1 9 3 0

G R S E

I N V E S T I G A T O R

N e w

1 9 8 5

1 9 9 0

J A M U N A

1 9 9 1

S U T L E J

1 9 9 3

D A R S H A K

2 0 0 1

S A R V E K S H A K

2 0 0 2

M
a r i n e A c o u s t i c

2 0 5 0

G R S E

S A G A R D H W A N I

N e w

1 9 8 8

1 9 9 4

R e s e a r c h S h i p

S u b m
a r i n e s ( S S K )

1 5 0 0

S H A L K 3

M

D L

N e w

1 9 8 1

1 9 9 2

( H D W

1 5 0 0 )

S H A N K U L

J v

4 D

L

_ _ _ ^

1 9 9 4

C a d e t T r a i n i n g

2 9 5 0

B r i t a i n

K R I S H N A

S e c o n d

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

S h i p
h a n d

D i v i n g S u p p o r t

2 1 6 0

M

D L

N I R E E K S H A K

S e c o n d

1 9 8 9

V e s s e l
h a n d

F l e e t T a n k e r

4 0 0 0 0

R u s s i a

J Y O T I

S e c o n d

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6
h a n d

1 2 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

S t a n d a r d

I n d u c t i o n

N a m e

V i n t a g e

Y e a r

Y e a r

S u p p l i e r

D
i s p l a c e m
e n t

O r d e r e d

C o m m i s s i o n e d

( T o n s )

■ ^ t r a F a s t A t t a c k

6 0

T 8 0

N e w

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

G S L

T 8 1

C r a f t

1 9 9 9

( X F A C s )

T 8 2

2 0 0 3

T 8 3

2 0 0 4

T 8 4

2 0 0 4

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

1 5 6 0 0

G H A R I A L

N e w

1 9 8 7

1 9 9 7

G R S E

( L a r g e )

S a i l T r a i n i n g S h i p
j 4 2 0

T A R A N G I N I

N e w

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 7

G S L

S u b m a r i n e s ( S S K )

2 8 9 0

S I N D H U R A K S H A K

N e w

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 7

R u s s i a

M i s s i l e f i r i n g

S I N D H U S H A S T R A

N e w

1 9 9 7

2 0 0 0

R u s s i a

I m p r o v e d 8 7 7 E K M

M D L

M i s s i l e D e s t r o y e r s

6 7 0 0

D E L H I

N e w

1 9 8 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 9

M D L

( P r o j e c t 1 5 )

M Y S O R E

M U M B A I

2 0 0 1

N e w

1 9 8 6

1 9 9 8

G R S E

M i s s i l e C o r v e t t e s

1 3 5 0

K O R A

2 0 0 1

M D L

( P r o j e c t 2 5 A )

K I R C H

2 0 0 1

G R S E

K U L I S H

2 0 0 4

G R S E

K A R M U K

G R S E

B R A H M A P U T R A

N e w

1 9 8 6

2 0 0 0

M i s s i l e F r i g a t e s

3 6 0 0

2 0 0 4

B E T W A

( P r o j e c t 1 6 A )

2 0 0 5

B E A S

G R S E

T R I N K A T

N e w

1 9 9 6

2 0 0 0

F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t

2 6 0

2 0 0 1

T I L L A N C H A N G

( F A C s )

2 0 0 1

T A R A S A

2 0 0 2

T A R M U G L I

N e w

1 9 9 1

2 0 0 0

G R S E

A D I T Y A

F l e e t T a n k e r

2 4 6 0 0

N e w

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 2

G R S E

F l e e t T u g

G A J

5 6 0

R u s s i a

N e w

1 9 9 7

2 0 0 3

T A L W A R

M i s s i l e F r i g a t e s

4 0 0 0

2 0 0 3

T R I S H U L

( P r o j e c t 1 1 3 5 . 6

2 0 0 4

T A B A R

— K r i v a k I I I )

N e w

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

G R S E

G U L D A R

L a n d i n g S h i p T a n k

5 5 0 0

( L a r g e )

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 2 7

17

Project 17 Stealth Frigates

Preamble
it cam e along like the E u ro p ea n Countries or the Americans
did.

T h r e e F P 1 7 ( S t e a l t h f r i g a t e s ) — S h i v a l i k , S a h y a d r i a n d S a t p u r a — w e r e s a n c t i o n e d i n 1 9 9 4 , p r e l i m i n a r y e s t i m a t e s

It was given the project designation o f Project 17 and
o f R s . 7 5 0 c r o r e s e a c h t o h a v e a m i x o f I n d i g e n o u s , R u s s i a n
eventually in design it c a m e to b e a ro u n d 5000 tones."

a n d W
e s t e r n w e a p o n s a n d s e n s o r s .

T h e n C d r ( n o w

R e a r A d m

) V a i d y a n a t h a n w a s t h e P r o j e c t

T h e s h i p w o u l d h a v e a C O D O G ( C o m b i n e d D i e s e l o r G a s O f f i c e r a n d l a t e r P r o j e c t D
i r e c t o r f o r d e s i g n i n g t h e P r o j e c t

T u r b i n e ) p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m a n d a d i s p l a c e m
e n t a p p r o x

1 7 F r i g a t e . H e r e c a l l s : -

5 5 0 0 t o n s , L e n g t h 1 4 3 m e t r e s , B e a m

1 7 m
e t r e s w i t h S S M s ,

S A M s , A S W

& i n d i g e n o u s O T O 7 6 m
m
a n d O T O M

E L A R A

G
e n e s i s o f P r o j e c t 1 7 . I n

1 9 9 2 - 9 3 , t h e o u t l i n e N a v a l

S R G M .

S t a f f R e q u i r e m
e n t s f o r a n e w
d e s i g n f r i g a t e w i t h C O D O G

( C o m
b i n e d D i e s e l o r G a s T u r b i n e ) p r o p u l s i o n s p u r r e d the I t w a s a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t 3 f r i g a t e s o f P r o j e c t 1 7 A w o u l d d e s i g n e r s t o e x p l o r e v a r i o u s c o n c e p t s f o r t h e n e w d e s i g n .

f o l l o w P 1 7 . O r d e r s w e r e p l a c e d o n M

D L i n 1 9 9 8 . T h e k e e l o f

A t t h e s a m
e t i m
e , t h e ( P r o j e c t - 1 6 A

) f o l l o w o n f r i g a t e s o f
t h e f i r s t s h i p ( S h i v a l i k ) w a s l a i d i n 2 0 0 1 , s h e w a s l a u n c h e d t h e ( P r o j e c t - 1 6 ) G
o d a v a r i c l a s s w
e r e o n o r d e r o n G R S E .

i n 2 0 0 3 a n d i s e x p e c t e d t o c o m
m
i s s i o n i n 2 0 0 9 , f o l l o w e d b y

S i n c e t h e P r o j e c t - 1 6 A
p r o g r a m
m
e ( c o n s i s t i n g o f 3 s h i p s )

S a h y a d r i a n d S a t p u r a i n a b o u t 8 - 1 0 m
o n t h s i n t e r v a l s .

w a s m
o v i n g s l o w l y a t G R S E w
i t h e v e n t h e f i r s t v e s s e l f a r
f r o m
d e l i v e r y , t h e r e w
a s i n i t i a l l y s o m
e p r o p o s a l t o c o n v e rt

I t w a s n o t t i l l t h e m
i d 1 9 9 0 s t h a t t h e N a v y c o u l d r e c o v e r
t h e 3 rd s h i p s a n c t i o n o f P r o j e c t 1 6 A t o a n e w c l a s s o s u p f r o m
t h e r e s o u r c e c r u n c h t h a t h a d , s i n c e t h e m i d 1 9 8 0 s , t o b e d e s i g n a t e d P r o j e c t 1 7 w
h i c h w o u l d h a v e t h e i s a i n
r e s t r i c t e d s a n c t i o n s f o r w a r s h i p c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e t h e n C N S A d m

V S S h e k h a w a t r e c a l l s : -
w
e a p o n p a c k a g e
a s

P r o j e c t - 1 6 A
a n d
t h e
n e w

^

p r o p u l s i o n ( i n s t e a d o f s t e a m

) . T h i s p r o p o s a l w a s , h ° w ^

"When I took over as Chief (in 1992) I realised that we were s o o n d i s c a r d e d b e c a u s e a m o r e m o d e r n h u l l o r m
reaching a situation where our surface ship numbers were
e n h a n c e d
s t e a l t h
a n d
p e r f o r m
a n c e
w a s

0 I ^
s e e jc
declining very rapidly. Though the ships which we were

F u r t h e r m
o r e , G
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1 9 9 8 . T h e r e a f t e r , i t t o o k n e a r l y t w
o y e a r s t o s i g n t h e G e n e f

C o n t r a c t f o r t h e s u p p l y o f P r o j e c t 1 7 , w
e a p o n s , s e n s o r s a n
t e c h n i c a l s e r v i c e s .

u p o n t h e w
e a p o r f a n d s e n s o r s
t S

”

W 3 S t 0 p r e v a i l
o f t h e i r e x p o s e d e q u i p m
e n t .

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.

o r t w o w e e k s a n d w
e f i n a l i s e d t h e d r a f t o f t h e Gene
s u c c e e d e d i n g e t t i n g a s t e a l t h s h i e l d f

° f I t a I y '

w e
g u n s i t e d i n t h e f o x l e . T h e c h o i c e o f t h

? 6 ' 2 m
m

S R G M

C o n t r a c t w
h i c h w a s o f f i c i a l l y s i g n e d i n A p r 2 0 0 0 i n M ° s(
s y s t e m

, w h i c h w a s f l u s h d e c k m n
y . e r t l c a I l a u n c h S S M

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e n t a r y a g r e e m
e n t f o r d e v e l o p i n g t h e w e a p

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w e a p o n
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i n t e g r a t i o n w a s s i g n e d l a t e r .

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a j o r w e a p
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u c h j o y w i t h t h e o t h e r r S

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- e s p l t e ,
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d e c i d e d t o c h a n g e t o t h e I s r a e l i B a r a k ( P D M

S ) .

1 3 0 t r a n s it io n t o g u a r d ia n s h ip

T h i s m a j o r c h a n g e c o m
p e l l e d p u t t i n g o n h o l d t h e d e s i g n
m o d e l t e s t s c o m p l e t e d b y e n d 1 9 9 6 , t h e s h i p d e s i g n h a d a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s h i p ' s a f t s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , h a v i n g a l s o p r o g r e s s e d t o s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l t o d e f i n e t h e s c o p e o f t h e P D M S w e a p o n c o m
p l e x , t i l l t h e B a r a k s y s t e m a l o n g
w o r k t o t h e s h i p b u i l d e r . T h e h u l l s t r u c t u r e w a s e v o l v e d t o w i t h t h e t a r g e t a c q u i s i t i o n a n d f i r e c o n t r o l r a d a r s c o u l d b e g i v e a r o b u s t d e s i g n w i t h a l l s h e l l a n d N o . 1 d e c k p l a t i n g o r d e r e d .

b e i n g a b o v e

1 0 m m . T h i s a v o i d e d t h e

“ h u n g r y h o r s e "

D u r i n g t h e c o u r s e o f t h e w e a p o n s y s t e m s i n t e g r a t i o n l o o k o f e a r l i e r d e s i g n s w i t h l o w s c a n t l i n g s . A c o n s c i o u s t h e r e w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e d e b a t e b e t w e e n t h e d e s i g n e r s a n d d e c i s i o n w a s a l s o m a d e t o a v o i d p e n e t r a t i o n o f f r a m e s t h e M a t e r i a l b r a n c h w i t h r e g a r d t o t h e s h i p ' s d a t a n e t w o r k a n d b e a m s b y m o r e t h a n 5 0 % o f w e b d e p t h f o r p a s s a g e a n d i n t e g r a t i o n o f w e a p o n a n d N a v i g a t i o n e q u i p m e n t w i t h o f l o n g i t u d i n a l a s p r e s c r i b e d b y N E S d e s i g n g u i d e l i n e s .

t h e o t h e r s y s t e m s i n t h e s h i p .

A
s o m e w h a t
i n n o v a t i v e
d e s i g n
w a s
f o l l o w e d
f o r
t h e
t h r e e p i e c e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . M o v i n g a w a y f r o m t h e e a r l i e r T h e E l e c t r i c a l s i d e s t r o n g l y a d v o c a t e d t h e u s e o f t h e p r a c t i c e o f u s i n g r i v e t e d c o n n e c t i o n s f o r e x p a n s i o n j o i n t s A T M b a s e d

I n t e g r a t e d

S h i p

D a t a

N e t w o r k ( A I S D N ) t o
t o s t r u c t u r a l l y b r e a k t h e s p a n o f t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e , t h e i n t e g r a t e a l l w e a p o n s s e n s o r s a n d c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s i n t h e

P r o j e c t

1 7 d e s i g n
u s e s
a
p h y s i c a l l y d i s c o n n e c t e d
b u t
s h i p , i n c l u d i n g N a v i g a t i o n e q u i p m e n t .

v i s u a l l y i n t e g r a t e d d e s i g n f o r t h e m i d d l e s e c t i o n o f t h e C o n s i d e r i n g t h e
d e v e l o p m
e n t a l
r i s k s o f a n e w d a t a
s u p e r s t r u c t u r e . T h e m i d d l e s e c t i o n f e a t u r e s a s o m e w h a t
n e t w o r k s y s t e m a n d b e a r i n g i n m i n d t h e P r o j e c t 1 6 A t i m e s u s p e n d e d
d e s i g n
w i t h
t h e
s u p e r s t r u c t u r e
s i d e s
o v e r r u n e x p e r i e n c e w i t h E M

C A ,

D G N D r e c o m m e n d e d
d i s c o n n e c t e d f r o m t h e s h i p s i d e s o f t h e m a i n h u l l w h i l e s t a n d a l o n e a r r a n g e m
e n t s f o r t h e R u s s i a n w e a p o n s y s t e m s
s u p p o r t e d b y b u l k h e a d s a n d f u n n e l s t r u c t u r e .

a n d f o r t h e N a v i g a t i o n f u n c t i o n s , s o t h a t w h i l e t h e n e w T h i s h e l p e d t o g i v e a t o t a l l y c o v e r e d s u p e r s t r u c t u r e s y s t e m m a y t a k e i t s t i m
e t o m
a t u r e , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s
w i t h i n w h i c h t h e b o a t s c o u l d b e a r r a n g e d w i t h R C S s c r e e n s o f t h e W
e a p o n
s u p p l i e r s
f o r p r o v i n g t h e i r
e q u i p m e n t
o n t h e s i d e s a n d c o u l d b e h o i s t e d f o r l o w e r i n g o f b o a t s .

a n d
o f t h e
s h i p ' s
e s s e n t i a l

N a v i g a t i o n
f u n c t i o n s
w e r e
i n d e p e n d e n t l y a s s u r e d .

C C S S a n c t i o n a n d L O I . T h e c a s e f o r C C S s a n c t i o n w a s b e i n g p u r s u e d s i n c e

1 9 9 4 .

T h e

D N D
p r e p a r e d
a

A f t e r
m
u c h
d e b a t e
a n d
t h e

R u s s i a n
s i d e ' s
o w n
c o m p r e h e n s i v e c o s t e s t i m a t e f o r t h e p r o j e c t w h i c h w a s i n s i s t e n c e t h a t t h e y w o u l d p r e f e r t o e n s u r e t h e i r w e a p o n t h o r o u g h l y s c r u t i n i z e d b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t .

s y s t e m
i n t e g r a t i o n
b y
t h e i r
o w n
m
e a n s ,
t h e

D G N D ' s
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w a s a c c e p t e d . H o w e v e r , a n A T M b a s e d C o s t P r o p o s a l s w e r e a l s o i n v i t e d f r o m M D L f o r b u i l d i n g A I S D N f o r t h e c o m
m
u n i c a t i o n ( i n t e r n a l & e x t e r n a l ) , V C S ,
t h r e e s h i p s o f P r o j e c t 1 7 . T h e C C S s a n c t i o n f o r t h e p r o j e c t N a v S e n s o r s a n d t h e C A I O w a s a l s o
d e c i d e d w i t h t h e
w a s f i n a l l y r e c e i v e d i n e n d 1 9 9 7 f o r R s 2 2 5 0 c r o r e s f o r t h e R u s s i a n s y s t e m s i n t e r f a c i n g t h r o u g h a n i n t e r f a c i n g u n i t .

t h r e e s h i p s . T h e L e t t e r o f I n t e n t ( L O I ) f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h r e e v e s s e l s o f P r o j e c t 1 7 w a s i s s u e d t o M

D L i n F e b

H u l l S t r u c t u r e & L a y o u t s . W
i t h t h e v a r i o u s s p e c i a l i s t
d e s i g n
s t u d i e s ,
w i n d
t u n n e l
t e s t s
a n d
h y d r o d y n a m i c

1 9 9 8 .

■

■

■

■

■

■

Sketch of P17

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 31

Ship C onstruction.

A d e c i s i o n w a s t h e r e f o r e t a k e n t o c h a n g e o v e r

A l t h o u g h
t h e
m
a j o r
s t r u c t u r a l

R u s s i a n D 4 0 S s t e e l a n d t h e a s s o c i a t e d b u l b b a r sp ° ^

d r a w i n g s w e r e i s s u e d t o t h e s h i p y a r d w e l l i n a d v a n c e , t h e r e t o R u s s i a n S t a n d a r d

( G O S T )

s p e c i f i c a t i o n s f o r t h e ^ h " 15
w a s c o n s i d e r a b l e d e l a y i n o r d e r i n g s t e e l . T h e s t r u c t u r a l s t r u c t u r e . T h i s c h a n g e c o n s e q u e n t i y r e q u i r e d c h a n g e d e s i g n w a s c a r r i e d o u t b y D N D o n t h e b a s i s o f u s e o f B r i t i s h a l l t h e h u l l s t r u c t u r e d r a w
i n g s a n d r e - e s t i m
a t i o n o f s t ^

" B ” q u a l i t y s t e e l w i t h s y m
m
e t r i c a l T
s e c t i o n s f o r t h e
q u a n t i t i e s b y M

D L . T h e s h i p y a r d a l s o h a d c o n s i d e r a b l
s t r u c t u r e . H o w e v e r , t h e B r i t i s h s t e e l i n d u s t r y h a d c e a s e d d i f f i c u l t y i n o r d e r i n g t h e s t e e l a s M

/ s P r o m
e t y , t h e s t e e l
p r o d u c t i o n o f T b a r s a n d i n c r e a s i n g l y u s e d c o m m
e r c i a l l y
s u p p l i e r s w e r e q u i t e r i g i d i n t h e i r t e r m
s . E v e n t u a l l y , s t e e l
a v a i l a b l e s e c t i o n s . T h e N a v y a l s o h a d b e t t e r e x p e r i e n c e w i t h c u t t i n g a n d p r o d u c t i o n o f t h e f i r s t s h i p " S h i v a l i k ” c o u l d t h e R u s s i a n s t e e l i n t h e R a j p u t c l a s s d e s t r o y e r s a s c o m p a r e d
c o m
m
e n c e o n l y o n 2 0 D
e c 2 0 0 0 .

t o B r i t i s h s t e e l s u s e d f o r e a r l i e r i n d i g e n o u s s h i p s .

18

I lie Submarine Arm

T h e b a d g e w h i c h s u b m
a r i n e r s o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y w e a r a b o v e t h e i r l i n e o f m e d a l s s h o w s o n e d o l p h i n o n e i t h e r s i d e o f t h e e m
b l e m
o f t h e I n d i a n R e p u b l i c -
t h e t r i p l e l i o n s a t o p t h e A s h o k a P i l l a r .

.

T h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a 3 0 y e a r P l a n t h a t w o u l d r e v i v e P r e a m
b l e
i n d i g e n o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n , p r o g r e s s i v e l y a c h i e v e s e l f -

The protection of national sovereignty from seaward
r e l i a n c e t o s u s t a i n f o r c e l e v e l s u n t i l t h e f i r s t q u a r t e r aggression requires naval capability below the sea, on
o f t h e 2 1 s t C e n t u r y , a n d m a k e o r d e r q u a n t i t i e s o f the s e a and above the s e a . S u b m a r i n e s are the primary s u b m a r i n e
e q u i p m e n t s i z e a b l e
e n o u g h
t o
m a k e
platforms for capability below the sea.

i t p r o f i t a b l e f o r r e p u t e d p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n d u s t r y t o i n v e s t i n t h e s u b m a r i n e p r o d u c t i o n s e c t o r .

This chapter starts with an overview of submarine

warfare and anti-submarine tactics to help the lay reader to

•

T h e a c q u i s i t i o n f r o m R u s s i a i n t h e e n d 1 9 9 0 s o f better understand the uphill effort to maintain minimum
a s u b m a r i n e c a p a b l e o f l a u n c h i n g m i s s i l e s f r o m force levels and several other inter-related developments
i t s
t o r p e d o
t u b e s w h e n
s u b m e r g e d
f o l l o w e d
b y
that affected the submarine arm in the decade 1991-2000.

t h e m o d e r n i s a t i o n a n d u p g r a d a t i o n o f t h e e a r l i e r These were:-

E K M s .

•

T h e 1 9 8 7 d e c i s i o n n o t t o e x e r c i s e t h e c o n t r a c t u a l Submarine W arfare and Subm arine Tactics
o p t i o n t o b u i l d t h e 5 th a n d 6 ' h G e r m a n s u b m a r i n e s S u b m a r i n e s a r e e x t r e m e l y p o t e n t w e a p o n p l a t f o r m s .

i n M
a z a g o n D o c k s M
u m b a i a n d t h e c o n s e q u e n t

T h e i r t r a d i t i o n a l t a s k s h a v e b e e n t o a t t a c k e n e m y w a r s h i p s c e s s a t i o n
i n

1 9 9 4
o f
i n d i g e n o u s
s u b m a r i n e
a n d
s u b m a r i n e s .

I n
r e c e n t
y e a r s ,
s u b m a r i n e s
h a v e
c o n s t r u c t i o n f o r t h e n e x t s e v e r a l y e a r s a f t e r M
a z a g o n
s u c c e s s f u l l y a t t a c k e d l a n d t a r g e t s
a t l o n g r a n g e s w i t h

D o c k s c o m
p l e t e d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e 4
e r m a
p r e c i s i o n g u i d e d m i s s i l e s f i r e d w h e n s u b m e r g e d .

HDW submarine.

S u b m a r in e s a r e d e s i g n e d t o m i n im i s e t h e c h a n c e s

•

T h e d e l a y e d c o m
p l e t i o n b y M
a z a g o n D o c k s o f t h
n f t h e i r b e i n g d e t e c t e d a n d ,
i f d e t e c t e d ,
t o w i t h s t a n d

3 rd a n d 4 th G e r m
a n , H D W

/ I K L

1 5 0 0 d e s i g n ,
a n t i - s u b m a r i n e a t t a c k s . T h e y a r e e q u i p p e d w i t h a c c u r a t e s u b m
a r i n e s t h a t w e r e e v e n t u a l l y d e l i v e r e
i n
a n d l e t h a l w e a p o n s b o t h f o r a t t a c k a n d f o r s e l f d e f e n c e .

a n d 1 9 9 4 .

• The adverse impact of the interruption

Stealth and Snorting
of

T h e
m o d e r n ,
d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c p r o p e l l e d

' h u n t e r - k i l l e r '

s p a r e s after the c o l l a p s e of the S o v i e

1991 on submarine force l e v e l s .

T h e
s u b m
a r i n e i s v e r y s t e a l t h y , p r o v i d e d t h a t u t m
o s t c a r e h a s
g r e a t a d v a n t a g e o f a n u c l e a r p r o p e l l e d
b e e n t a k e n a t t h e d e s i g n s t a g e t o m
i n i m i s e i t s s e l f n o i s e .

i s t h a t i t d o e s n o t n e e d t o c o m
e t o t h e s u r f a c e S U b m a r i n e
b a t t e r i e s
b e c a u s e
t h e
n u c l e a r
r e a c t o r
h
e t °
r e c l l a r g e

T h e o c e a n o f f e r s n a t u r a l v i s u a l a n d e l e c t r o - m
a g n e t i c
g e n e r a t e s t e a m
t h a t r u n s s t e a m
t u r b i n e s t h a t
t o
c a m o u f l a g e .

B y
r e d u c i n g
t h e
n o i s e
g e n e r a t e d
b y
t h e
p r o p e l l e r . I t s m
o b i l i t y a n d e n d u r a n c e w h e n d

‘ h e
s u b m
a r i n e ( s e l f n o i s e ) a t o r b e l o w t h e n a t u r a l n o i s e o f n o n e
o f
t h e
l i m
i t a t i o n s
o f
a
d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c
h a v e
t h e s e a , t h e s u b m
a r i n e c a n e f f e c t i v e l y c o n c e a l i t s e l f i n
s u b m
a r i n e . I t i s , h o w e v e r , n o i s i e r a n d e a s i e r t o d e t ™

^ "

t h e o c e a n . T h e r e f o r e ' s e l f n o i s e ' i s a c r i t i c a l p a r a m e t e r
i n s u b m
a r i n e d e s i g n a n d d u r i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , p e r i o d i c T e c h n i c a l l y s p e a k i n g ,
d u r i n g s n o r t i n g , t h e s u b m
r e f i t s a n d o v e r h a u l s . I t h a s t o b e r i g o r o u s l y m o n i t o r e d a n d
i s
c o m
p e l l e d
t o
b e

" i n d i s c r e e t "

b e c a u s e
i t h a s h

T

^
m
i n i m i s e d t h r o u g h o u t a s u b m
a r i n e ' s o p e r a t i o n a l l i f e .

s h e d t h e i n v i s i b i l i t y t h a t i t h a d w
h e n d i v e d . " I n d i s c r
t 0
r a t e ” i s t h e r e f o r e a v i t a l p a r a m
e t e r i n t h e d e s i g n o f b a t t ° n

C a r e f u l l y
h a n d l e d ,
a
w e l l - d e s i g n e d
d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c
p r o p e l l e d s u b m
a r i n e s .

" I n d i s c r e t i o n r a t e " i s t h p

I
p r o p e l l e d ' h u n t e r - k i l l e r ' s u b m
a r i n e c a n b e a s q u i e t a s t h e
i

.

j ,

.

c r« uo of
t h e t i m
e n e e d e d t o r e m
a i n a t p e r i s c o p e d e p t h t o recharge
g r a v e . A t l o w s p e e d s , t h e s o f t h u m
o f i t s e l e c t r i c p r o p u l s i o n
t h e b a t t e r i e s a n d t h e t o t a l o p e r a t i n g t i m
e . I n c r e a s i n g t h e
p o w e r u n i t i s a l m
o s t u n - d i s c e m
a b l e . U n l i k e t h e C o l d W
a r
c a p a c i t y o f t h e d i e s e l g e n e r a t o r s a n d t h e c a p a c i t y o f t h e n u c l e a r p r o p e l l e d s u b m
a r i n e , i t h a s n o r e a c t o r t h a t r e q u i r e s
p r o p u l s i o n b a t t e r i e s c a n h e l p t o l o w
e r i n d i s c r e t i o n r a t e
t h e s u p p o r t o f n u m
e r o u s m
e c h a n i c a l s u b - s y s t e m s , a l l o f
a n d p e r m
i t l o n g e r s u b m
e r g e d e n d u r a n c e .

w h i c h a r e p o t e n t i a l n o i s e - m
a k e r s .

S i n c e r e c h a r g i n g b a t t e r i e s e x p o s e s t h e d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c a l W
h e n d i v e d , a d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c s u b m
a r i n e i s p o w e r e d b y
s u b m
a r i n e t o
d e t e c t i o n ,

" i n d i s c r e t i o n
r a t e "

( h o w o f t e n
a s e t o f h u g e e l e c t r i c b a t t e r i e s . D e p e n d i n g o n h o w m u c h
a s u b m
a r i n e i s c o m
p e l l e d t o b e i n d i s c r e e t ) i s a s v i t a l a s
b a t t e r y p o w e r i s u s e d u p ( t h e h i g h e r t h e s p e e d , t h e q u i c k e r

' s e l f n o i s e ' i n s u b m
a r i n e d e s i g n a n d i n t h e t e c h n o l o g y o f
t h e b a t t e r y r u n s d o w n ) ; t h e s e b a t t e r i e s h a v e t h e r e f o r e t o s u b m
a r i n e b a t t e r i e s .

b e r e c h a r g e d r e g u l a r l y b y d i e s e l g e n e r a t o r s . J u s t l i k e a c a r ' s d i e s e l e n g i n e n e e d s a n i n t a k e o f a i r , s o d o e s t h e d i e s e l Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) Systems for Battery-e n g i n e o f a s u b m
a r i n e ' s d i e s e l g e n e r a t o r .

Propelled Subm arines

B a t t e r i e s
c a n
b e
r e c h a r g e d
e i t h e r
b y
b e i n g
o n
t h e

E x p e c t e d l y , e n o r m
o u s r e s e a r c h h a s b e e n u n d e r t a k e n
s u r f a c e ( m
o r e v u l n e r a b l e ) t o s u c k i n a i r o r b y r e m
a i n i n g a t
b y E u r o p e a n
s u b m
a r i n e
c o n s t r u c t i o n
c o r p o r a t i o n s o n
p e r i s c o p e d e p t h a n d s u c k i n g i n a i r t h r o u g h a l o n g h o l l o w

' A i r I n d e p e n d e n t B a t t e r y - P r o p u l s i o n S y s t e m
s ! S i n c e t h e
t u b e
c a l l e d a ' s n o r t '

( l e s s v u l n e r a b l e ) . W
h e n
a
d i e s e l -
e n d o f t h e S e c o n d W
o r l d W
a r , A I P h a s d e v e l o p e d i n f o u r
e l e c t r i c s u b m
a r i n e c o m
e s t o p e r i s c o p e d e p t h a n d r a i s e s
t e c h n o l o g i c a l o p t i o n s : -
h e r s n o r t m
a s t t o s u c k i n t h e a i r r e q u i r e d t o r u n h e r d i e s e l

•

G
e r m
a n y ' s

T h y s s e n

N
o r d s e e w
e r k e

( T N S W )

g e n e r a t o r s t o r e c h a r g e h e r b a t t e r i e s , t h e p r o c e s s i s k n o w n a s ' s n o r t i n g ! 1
d e v e l o p e d a c l o s e d - c y c l e d i e s e l e n g i n e u s i n g l i Q u o x y g e n , d i e s e l o i l a n d a r g o n . T h e s a m
e d i e s e l i s u s e ^

E v e n t h o u g h a s u b m
a r i n e ' s h u l l i s n o t v i s i b l e w h i l s t
a s a c o n v e n t i o n a l a i r - b r e a t h i n g e n g i n e f o r s u r a s n o r t i n g , t h e s u b m
a r i n e i s s t i l l d e t e c t a b l e . T h e a c o u s t i c
p r o p u l s i o n .

n o i s e
o f i t s
d i e s e l
e n g i n e s
c a n
b e
h e a r d
b y a n e a r b y

•

G
e r m
a n y ' s H
o w
a l t s w
e r k e - D
e u t s c h e W
e r f t
a d v e r s a r y
s u b m
a r i n e ,
i f i n
t h e
v i c i n i t y .

I t s
p e r i s c o p e
a n d s n o r t m
a s t s t h a t s t i c k o u t j u s t a b o v e t h e w a t e r c a n
d e v e l o p e d
a h y b r i d
f u e l
c e l l
s y s t e m

.

H i g
s^ . | e
b e d e t e c t e d o n s h i p a n d a i r c r a f t r a d a r . T h e i o n s i n t h e o p e r a t i o n s r u n o f f t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l b a t t e r y ,

§
d i e s e l e x h a u s t c a n b e ' s n i f f e d ' b y d e t e c t o r s f i t t e d i n a n t i t h e f u e l c e l l r e c h a r g e s t h e
b a t t e r y ,
a n d p r 0
s u b m
a r i n e a i r c r a f t . T h e r e i s l i t t l e
a s u b m
a r i n e
c a n
d o
e n e r g y f o r l o w

- s p e e d o p e r a t i o n s .

^
a b o u t t h e s e l i m
i t a t i o n s ,
e x c e p t t o s t o p r e c h a r g i n g a n d

•

Hybrid diesel-electric units propel S w e d is h G o t l ^

' c r a s h d i v e ' e v e r y t i m
e i t d e t e c t s t h e r a d a r e m
i s s i o n s o f a n
s u p p l e m
e n t e d
w i t h

^ ^

C l a s s
s u b m
a r i n e s ,
a d v e r s a r y a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e a i r c r a f t / h e l i c o p t e r o r i t s p a s s i v e

S t i r l i n g
e n g i n e s
r u n n i n g
o n
l i q u i d
o X ^
c t r j c i t y
s o n a r h e a r s t h e n o i s e o f a p p r o a c h i n g s h i p s .

d i e s e l o i l t o t u r n a g e n e r a t o r t o produce e
diesel engines. Prior to the in v e n t t o ™ ^
when at PeriscoPe depth, through which air can be
low, they became very vulnerable to ramminp cnHH
m

S
t0
on
surface t0 recharge their batteries — when the

^er h
below the surface and only the top of the snort being^sfole

^ ^

^ Sn° rt enabIes the submarine to recharge batteries

1 3 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

fo r p r o p u l s i o n a n d t o c h a r g e t h e v e s s e l 's b a t t e r i e s .

d e m a r c a t e d a r e a i n w h i c h t o o p e r a t e . 2

•

T h e

F r e n c h

" M

E S M

A "

( M
o d u l e
d ' E n e r g i e

S o u s -

A s u b m a r i n e s t a l k s i t s p r e y j u s t l i k e a c a t s t a l k s a m o u s e .

M
a r i n e

A u t o n o m
e )

A I P
s t e a m

- t u r b i n e
s y s t e m

T h e c r u x o f s u b m a r i n e t a c t i c s i s t o s i n k a n a d v e r s a r y b u r n s e t h a n o l a n d l i q u i d o x y g e n t o m a k e s t e a m t o w a r s h i p ,
w i t h d r a w
f r o m
t h e
s c e n e
a n d
s u r v i v e
t h e
d r i v e a t u r b o - e l e c t r i c g e n e r a t o r . T h e d e s i g n p e r m i t s a n t i - s u b m a r i n e c o u n t e r a t t a c k t h a t i s s u r e t o f o l l o w .

r e t r o f i t t i n g i n t o e x i s t i n g s u b m
a r i n e s b y i n s e r t i n g a n

S h o u l d a n t i - s u b m a r i n e f o r c e s s u c c e e d i n ' l o c a l i s i n g '

e x t r a s e c t i o n i n t o a n e x i s t i n g h u l l .

a s u b m a r i n e , i t e i t h e r f i g h t s l i k e a c o r n e r e d b e a s t o r g o e s I n
t h e
e a r l y

1 9 8 0 s ,
t h e
a s s e s s m
e n t
w a s
t h a t
t h e s e
s i l e n t a n d t r i e s t o s l i p a w a y .

t e c h n o l o g i e s w o u l d t a k e t i m
e t o m
a t u r e . N a v i e s u s u a l l y
p r e f e r r e d t o r e t a i n t h e o p t i o n f o r r e t r o f i t t i n g a n A I P M o d u l e Anti-submarine W arfare And Tactics
i n t o t h e e x i s t i n g h u l l s b y a d d i n g a n e x t r a s e c t i o n .

S o u n d P r o p a g a t i o n u n d e r t h e S e a

V i c e A d m i r a l R N G a n e s h , a v e t e r a n s u b m a r i n e r r e c a l l s : -

S o u n d i s v i r t u a l l y t h e o n l y f o r m o f e n e r g y t h a t p r o p a g a t e s 7 f would be erroneous to think that the fitment o f an AIP
u s e f u l l y
u n d e r w a t e r ,
w h e r e
e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c
w a v e s ,
system totally frees the submarine from its dependence on i n c l u d i n g l i g h t , a r e r a p i d l y a t t e n u a t e d .

atmosphere. A major shortcoming o f AIP systems still is that

T h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s e a b e c o m
e s c o o l e r a s d e p t h
they are very low-powered. Typically, submarines can only i n c r e a s e s . T h is c h a n g e i n t e m p e r a t u r e a f f e c t s t h e v e l o c i t y
propel at 15 to 2 0 per cent o f their maximum speed on the ( a n d h e n c e t h e p a t h ) o f t h e s o u n d w a v e s t r a n s m i t t e d b y a

AIP systems now available. For the kind o f tactical mobility s o n a r . T e m p e r a t u r e l a y e r s i n t h e s e a r e f r a c t ( b e n d ) s o u n d
that is required in actual combat scenarios, they would still w a v e s m u c h t h e s a m e w a y t h a t a p r i s m r e f r a c t s l i g h t i n g . 3 A s
have to rely on their main batteries. The benefit o f AIP is a r e s u l t , a s h a d o w z o n e i s c r e a t e d w h i c h i s n o t i n s o n i f i e d
significant in the patrol area, when an AIP boat can "loiter'

b y w a r s h i p s o n a r . U n d e r t h e s e h y d r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , b y
and keep her main batteries fully charged fo r an encounter o p e r a t i n g i n t h i s s h a d o w z o n e , a s u b m a r i n e c a n , w i t h o u t
with the enemy "

b e i n g d e t e c t e d , m o v e c l o s e e n o u g h t o c o n f i d e n t l y f i r e i t s t o r p e d o e s a t i t s w a r s h i p t a r g e t .

Submarine Tactics

T h e w a y t o d e t e c t a s u b m a r i n e l u r k i n g i n a s h a d o w z o n e D u r in g w a r, a s u b m a r i n e p a t r o l l i n g i n a d v e r s a r y w a te r s o r b e l o w a t e m p e r a t u r e l a y e r i s t o p o s i t i o n a n a c o u s t i c c o m e s u p n e a r t h e s u r f a c e o n l y w h e n i t h a s to r e c h a r g e s e n s o r ( l i k e a s o n a r , o r a s o n o b u o y ) o r a n S S K s u b m a r i n e , i n h e r b a t t e r i e s . E v e n t h e n , it w ill o n ly d o s o a t n ig h t, a n d for t h e s a m e s h a d o w z o n e o r b e l o w t h e s a m e t e m p e r a t u r e l a y e r .

th e s h o r t e s t p o s s i b l e t i m e , s o a s to m i n i m i s e t h e c h a n c e o f A n t i - s u b m a r i n e s h i p s a c h i e v e t h i s b y l o w e r i n g a l a r g e t o w e d b e in g d e t e c t e d a n d “lo c a l i s e d " f o r a tt a c k .

s o n a r d o m e ( c a l l e d V a r i a b l e D e p t h S o n a r -

V D S ) t o t h e
r e q u i r e d d e p t h w h i l s t m a i n t a i n i n g s p e e d . A n t i - s u b m a r i n e F o r s u c c e s s f u l a t t a c k , a s u b m a r i n e r e l ie s o n c o n c e a l m e n t h e l i c o p t e r s l o w e r t h e i r s m a l l e r s o n a r d o m e ( c a l l e d “ d u n k i n g a n d s u r p r i s e r a t h e r t h a n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f fo rc e . A s o n a r " ) w h i l s t h o v e r i n g a b o v e t h e s u r f a c e o f t h e s e a . M R A S W
s u b m a r i n e a t t a c k is u s u a l l y m o r e s u c c e s s f u l b e c a u s e it a i r c r a f t a c h i e v e t h i s b y d r o p p i n g s o n o b u o y s . 4
d e te c ts t h e s h i p e a r l i e r a n d c a n d e li v e r a h ig h w e a p o n -
d e n s ity a t t a c k b e f o r e b e i n g d e t e c t e d — t h i s a b ility p ro v i es I n
a n t i - s u b m a r i n e
t a c t i c s ,

M R A S W
a i r c r a f t ,

A S W
s u r p r is e .

h e l i c o p t e r s ,
s o n a r
f i t t e d
w a r s h i p s
a n d
h u n t e r - k i l l e r
s u b m a r i n e s
c o m b i n e
t h e i r
r e s p e c t i v e
c a p a b i l i t i e s
t o

To a v o id m u t u a l i n t e r f e r e n c e , s u b m a r i n e s o p e r a t e
b e c o m e a f o r m i d a b l e p r e d a t o r t e a m
a g a i n s t t h e s u b m a r i n e s
sin g ly . W h e n m o r e t h a n o n e s u b m a r i n e is d e p lo y e d i n t h e w h i c h a r e t h e i r p r e y .

s a m e a d v e r s a r y r e g i o n , e a c h s u b m a r i n e is g iv e n a s p e c i

------------------------------------------------
ated SUCCessfully as 'wolf packs' against convoys in the Atlantic

For a short period in 1942-43, during the World War, erm ari^ ^ ^ surface and dived only for the attack.

Ocean. This was possible because subm arines generally p
preValent and changing currents. The com bination o f these effects

Every sea area is su bject to its unique diurnal a n d seasonal
causes different tem perature patterns at different deptns.

oattems ^
h d p tQ pinpoint the subm arine’s position and
un

,

■

i

1

Moralised! sonobuoys are ciroppL
y
lowers its acoustic sensor to a preset depth. The sensor
len an adversary subm arine has
f
anci au to m a tica lly releases a war

^
awaits an echo from the submarine's hull.). The
ovements. Each sonobuoy floats on
be active (it transmi
helicopter who processes this data to compute where
can be either passive (to detect subm arine noisej or u ^ MRASW aircraft or the ASW helicopter y
sonobuoy's radio transm itter sends the data it detects
to drop more sonobuoys a n d /o r its anti-submarine

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 3 5

t h e s u b m
a r i n e t o c o m
p e l i t t o r e m
a i n subm

T h e
c o r e
o f a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
t a c t i c s
i s
t o
c o m
p e l
a
e x h a u s t i t s b a t t e r y .

e r § e d a n d
s u b m a r i n e , b y r e p e a t e d a n d i n t e n s e a t t a c k s , t o r e m a i n
d i v e d a n d t h e r e b y e x h a u s t i t s b a t t e r i e s , r e d u c e i t s m o b i l i t y t o e v a d e a t t a c k a n d h i t i t w i t h w e a p o n s t o f o r c e i t t o s u i f a c e Anti-Submarine Ships and Anti-Subm arine u
e h c opters
a n d s u r r e n d e r .

A s s o o n a s a n M

R A S W
a i r c r a f t l o c a l i s e s a n a d

MRASW Aircraft
s u b m
a r i n e , s h i p s e q u i p p e d w
i t h s o n a r s , a n t i - s u b r r u r ^
h o m
i n g t o r p e d o e s , a n t i - s u b m
a r i n e h e l i c o p t e r s o n

W
h e n e v e r a s u b m
a r i n e m
a k e s a w i r e l e s s t r a n s m
i s s i o n ,
p r o c e e d t o t h e a r e a w
h e r e t h e M

R A S W
a i r c r a f t ' *
i t
b e t r a y s
i t s
p r e s e n c e
b y
g i v i n g
s h o r e - b a s e d
a n d
p a t t e r n s h a v e b e e n l a i d .

n
s s o n o b U o y
s h i p - b a s e d

D i r e c t i o n

F i n d i n g

( D

/ F )

e q u i p m
e n t
a n
a p p r o x i m a t e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e t r a n s m
i s s i o n . I f m
o r e t h a n

A n t i - s u b m
a r i n e
h e l i c o p t e r s
c a n
s e a r c h
a g i v e n a r e a
o n e D

/ F e q u i p m e n t d e t e c t s a t r a n s m
i s s i o n , t h e p o s i t i o n
q u i c k e r
a n d ,
b e i n g
a i r b o r n e ,
t h e y
c a n n o t
b e
h i t b y
o f t h e t r a n s m i t t e r c a n b e t r i a n g u l a t e d t o
e s t a b l i s h t h e
s u b m
a r i n e f i r e d t o r p e d o e s .

A f t e r a s c e r t a i n i n g f r o m t h e
a p p r o x i m a t e
p o s i t i o n
f r o m
w h i c h
t h e
s u b m
a r i n e
h a d

M

R A S W
a i r c r a f t t h e
p r o g r e s s
o n
l o c a l i s a t i o n , t h e A S W
m a d e i t s t r a n s m i s s i o n . A n M

R A S W
a i r c r a f t s w i f t l y s p e e d s
h e l i c o p t e r s e i t h e r l a y t h e i r o w
n s o n o b u o y s t o r e - l o c a l i s e
t o t h a t p o s i t i o n .

t h e c o n t a c t o r u s e t h e i r d u n k i n g s o n a r t o s e a r c h . I f t h e s o n a r s e a r c h i s p a s s i v e , t h e i r s o n a r s l i s t e n f o r t e l l - t a l e n o i s e T h e
o b j e c t i v e
o f a n

M

R A S W
a i r c r a f t
i s
t o
o b t a i n
a
o f s u b m
a r i n e p r e s e n c e .

m
o r e a c c u r a t e p o s i t i o n o f t h e s u b m
a r i n e . F o r e x a m
p l e ,
a n i n d i c a t i o n o n i t s d e t e c t o r o f t h e " m
a g n e t i c a n o m
a l y "

I f t h e s o n a r s e a r c h i s a c t i v e a n d a s u b m
a r i n e i s p r e s e n t ,
c r e a t e d b y t h e s u b m
a r i n e ' s s t e e l h u l l o r a " s n i f f " o f d i e s e l t h e
s o n a r
r e c e i v e s
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t h e
i m
p r e s s i o n
f r o m

t h e i r R u s s i a n
e i g h t s u b m
a r i n e s h a d t o b e s h a r e d b e t w e e n r e f i t y a r d s i n i n s t r u c t o r s
t h a t
t h e

E I C M ' s
t e a r d r o p
h u l l ,
c o a t e d w i t h

R u s s i a a n d V i z a g : -
a n e c h o i c
r u b b e r
t i l e s
t o
a b s o r b
a d v e r s a r y
s o n a r

R u s s i a :

K a i v a r i

K a r a n j
t r a n s m
i s s i o n s a n d m
u f f l e e c h o e s a n d o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s

( 1 9 7 5 - 7 6 ) ,

( 1 9 7 8 - 7 9 ) ,
w e r e f e a t u r e s o f a s u b m
a r i n e t h a t w
a s s u p p o s e d t o b e

V e l a

V a g l i

V a g h s h e e r
p r o p e l l e d b y a m
i n i a t u r i s e d n u c l e a r r e a c t o r . B u t d u r i n g

( 1 9 8 0 - 8 2 ) ,

( 1 9 8 1 - 8 4 ) ,

( 1 9 8 3 - 8 5 )

d e v e l o p m
e n t , e i t h e r t h e r e a c t o r c o u l d n o t b e f i t t e d i n t h e s p a c e a v a i l a b l e o r t e c h n i c a l p r o b l e m
s c o n s t r a i n e d f u r t h e r

I n d i a :

K h a n d e r i

K u r s u r a

V a g i r
m
i n i a t u r i s a t i o n
a n d
t h e
d e s i g n
r e v e r t e d
i n t o
a d i e s e l -

( 1 9 7 6 - 8 1 ) ,

( 1 9 7 7 - 9 5 ) ,

( 1 9 8 1 - 8 4 ) ,
e l e c t r i c p r o p e l l e d b o a t .

K a i v a r i

V e l a

K a r a n j

( 1 9 8 4 - 8 8 ) ,

( 1 9 8 6 - 8 8 ) ,

( 1 9 8 8 - 9 6 ) ,

T h i s
m
a y
h e l p
t o
e x p l a i n
w h y ,
d e s p i t e
t h e

R u ss ia n

V e l a

V a g l i

D e s i g n B u r e a u ' s a w
a r e n e s s o f t h e I n d i a n s i d e ' s p r e s s i n g

( 1 9 9 3 - 9 8 ) ,

( 1 9 9 7 - 9 9 )

n e e d f o r g r e a t e r a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g c a p a c i t y w
h e n ° P e ^

^

R u s s i a n s u b m
a r i n e s i n t r o p i c a l t e m
p e r a t u r e s , t h e

O f t h e e i g h t s u b m
a r i n e s o f t h e K a i v a r i
c l a s s , f o u r w e r e
i n a d e q u a c y i n a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g c o u l d
n o t b e r e m e
d e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d
b e t w e e n

1 9 8 9
a n d

2 0 0 3 ,
g i v i n g
a n
a v e r a g e i n - s e r v i c e l i f e o f 2 8 y e a r s .

b e f o r e t h e s u b m
a r i n e s w
e r e d e l i v e r e d .

C d r ( l a t e r C a p t a i n ) I C R A j r e k a r u n d e r w e n t t r ^ i n i ^
s }1)

O f t h e f o u r V e l a c l a s s , t w o u n d e r w e n t 6 - y e a r l y M R s R u s s i a a n d w
a s C o m
m
a n d i n g O f f i c e r o f t h e S i n d h u g
b e t w e e n 1 9 9 5 a n d 1 9 9 9 , t w o w e r e d e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d a f t e r

1 9 9 7 a n d t w o w e r e i n s e r v i c e i n 2 0 0 0 .

t h e f i r s t E K M

. H e r e c a l l s : -

"The tear-drop hull, b ein g hydro-dynam ically

0j

In d u ctio n o f R ussian 8 7 7 EKM Sindh ughosh
underw ater configuration, the u n d erw a ter inanag

^0\

Class S ub m arin es
the EK M was excellent. The E K M h a d auto d i v i n g ^

— you could steer the su b m a rin e autom atically ev'

^ $

I n
t h e
l a t e

1 9 7 0 s ,
t h e

R u s s i a n
s i d e
w a s
r e q u e s t e d
the fire control com puter. The hydroplanes were 0

0 th
t o
s u g g e s t
r e p l a c e m
e n t s
f o r
t h e
e i g h t

F o x t r o t
c l a s s
the m id ships portion w here there was no interfete
s u b m
a r i n e s . A r e q u e s t w a s a l s o m
a d e f o r T u b e L a u n c h e d
the sonar. The su b m a rin e h u ll was covered wi ^ ersarj

M
i s s i l e s ( T L M
s ) i n 1 9 7 8 . T h e R u s s i a n r e s p o n s e w a s t h a t t h e
tiles which absorbed the acoustic energy °J a . Q
j the

8 7 7 E K M
d e s i g n w a s o n t h e d r a w i n g b o a r d a n d t h a t T L M
s
sonar transmissions. The radiated noise (self-n0is
w o u l d t a k e s o m
e t i m
e t o d e v e l o p a n d b e o f f e r e d . A s r e g a r d s
subm arine was very low.

^ ^
t h e s u b m
a r i n e s , I n d i a s h o u l d m a k e u p i t s m
i n d q u i c k l y s o
t h a t i t s r e q u i r e m
e n t s c o u l d b e b u l k e d w i t h o t h e r s . I t w a s

The sonar could pick up H E a t very long ranges.

}UigW
d e c i d e d t o a w a i t a t h o r o u g h e v a l u a t i o n .

h a d I picked up those kinds o f ranges. In f a ck w

1 3 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

that we would pick up these ranges only in the Arctic waters I n M u m b a i
of the cold Baltic Sea. However, within a month o f arrival in

India, extensive sonar trials were carried out and the ranges

T h e
f a c i l i t y
f o r
c o m m i s s i o n i n g
s u b m a r i n e
b a t t e r i e s
obtained were just slightly less than what we had obtained in w a s n e a r i n g c o m p l e t i o n i n 1 9 9 0 . I t m e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f b o t h t h e n e w R u s s i a n E K M a n d t h e n e w G e r m a n H D W
the Baltic. Tire sonar is excellent, the underwater telephone s u b m a r i n e s b a s e d a t M u m b a i . I t d i s p e n s e d w i t h t h e n e e d
facility is excellent, and the intercept sonar is very good. In f o r R u s s i a n s u b m a r i n e s t o g o a ll t h e w a y t o V i z a g t o r e p l a c e
addition, there is m ine hunting sonar which is very useful'!

t h e i r b a t t e r i e s .

I n t h e i n i t i a l years in I n d i a , t h i s c l a s s o f s u b m a r i n e s A s a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d , t h e p r o b l e m o f M R s w a s c o m p l e x .

s u f f e r e d
a c u t e
inadequacy o f a i r c o n d i t i o n i n g . T h i s

I t w a s e v e n t u a l l y r e s o l v e d b y : -
w a s progressively resolved by i n s t a l l i n g i n d i g e n o u s a i r

•

O f f l o a d i n g
t h e

M R s
c u m T L M
r e f i t m e n t
o f t h e
c o n d i t i o n i n g in units. The acute s h o r t a g e o f f r e s h w a t e r w a s S i n d h u g h o s h
c l a s s

E K M s
t o

R u s s i a
a n d
o f t h e
a l s o s o l v e d by fitting indigenous r e v e r s e osmosis p l a n t s .

G e r m a n H D W 1 5 0 0 S S K s t o M D L i n M
u m b a i .

I n 1 9 9 4 , t h e Russian side o f f e r e d T L M c a p a b l e s u b m a r i n e s .

•

C r e a t i o n o f M R c a p a b i l i t y f o r S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s I n 1 9 9 7 , o r d e r s were placed f o r t w o o f t h e s e s u b m a r i n e s . T h e E K M s i n P u b l i c S e c t o r U n d e r t a k i n g s l i k e H i n d u s t a n n i n t h s u b m a r i n e did not h a v e T L M b u t w a s a n i m p r o v e d S h i p y a r d i n V i z a g .

v e r s i o n t h a t h a d rem edied t h e t e e t h i n g p r o b l e m s e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e e a r l i e r 8 . T h e 1 0 ' h s u b m a r i n e h a d t h e l o n g a w a i t e d t u b e V L F C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n s w i t h S u b m
a r i n e s a t S e a

T L M c a p a b i l i t y . I n d u e c o u r s e , m o s t o f t h e i n i t i a l 9 E K M s O n 2 0 O c t o b e r 1 9 9 0 , a V e r y L o w F r e q u e n c y T r a n s m i t t i n g w e r e p r o g r e s s i v e l y u p g r a d e d w i t h T L M s .

S t a t i o n w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d a s I N S K a t t a b o m a n i n T a m i l N a d u o n t h e s o u t h e r n t i p o f t h e I n d i a n p e n i n s u l a .

M R s a n d M
o d e r n i s a t i o n o f S i n d h u g h o s h C l a s s E K M S

S u b m
a r i n e D e p o t S h i p — A m b a

I n E K M s u b m
a r i n e s , t h e p e r i o d i c i t y o f M
e d i u m R e f i t s
w a s f i v e y e a r s ( i n s t e a d o f s i x - y e a r s a s i n t h e c a s e o f t h e A m b a a f t e r c o m m i s s i o n i n g i n 1 9 6 8 , p r o v i d e d c r u c i a l a f l o a t l o g i s t i c , t e c h n i c a l a n d r e f r e s h e r a t t a c k s i m u l a t o r e a r l i e r K a l v a r i / V e l a c l a s s ) .

t r a i n i n g s u p p o r t t o s u b m a r i n e s o p e r a t i n g w i t h f a c i l i t i e s F r o m

1 9 9 7 o n w a r d s , E K M
s u b m a r i n e s s t a r t e d g o i n g
l i k e
b a t t e r y
c h a r g i n g ,
t o r p e d o
p r e p a r a t i o n ,

H P
a i r
t o R u s s i a
f o r 5 - y e a r l y
r e p a i r s - c u m

- m
o d e r n i s a t i o n .

T h e
r e c h a r g i n g a n d c o m f o r t a b l e a c c o m m o d a t i o n f o r t h e c r e w s f i r s t s u b m
a r i n e
t o
b e
m
o d e r n i s e d
b e t w e e n

1 9 9 7
a n d
o f s u b m a r i n e s e c u r e d a l o n g s i d e h e r w h e n e v e r o p e r a t i n g 1 9 9 9 w a s S i n d h u v i r ( c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 8 8 ) , f o l l o w e d b y
a w a y f r o m t h e i r h o m e p o r t .

S i n d h u r a t n a ( a l s o c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 8 8 ) b e t w e e n 2 0 0 0

I n
t h e
l a t e

1 9 8 0 s ,

A m b a ' s
t e c h n i c a l
f a c i l i t i e s
w e r e
a n d 2 0 0 2 a n d f o l l o w e d b y S i n d h u g h o s h ( c o m m i s s i o n e d u p g r a d e d t o e n a b l e h e r t o p r o v i d e a f l o a t s u p p o r t t o t h e 1 9 8 6 ) b e t w e e n 2 0 0 3 a n d 2 0 0 4 .

n e w 8 7 7 E K M S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s . S h e w a s a l s o m a d e h e l o c a p a b l e b y s t r e n g t h e n i n g a p a r t o f h e r Subm arine Refit, M aintenan ce & Support Facilities d e c k . I n 2 0 0 6 , A m b a w a s d e c o m m i s s i o n e d a f t e r 3 8 y e a r s o f i n v a l u a b l e s e r v i c e t o t h e S u b m a r i n e A r m .

In Vizag

B y 1 9 9 0 , a l l t h e w o r k s h o p s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e 6 - y e a r l y S u b m a r i n e R e s c u e

M R s o f K a l v a r i a n d V e l a c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s w e r e n e a r i n g B e t w e e n

1 9 8 2
a n d

1 9 8 7 ,
c o n t e m
p o r a r y

E u r o p e a n
c o m p l e t i o n i n t h e V i z a g D o c k y a r d . F o u r s u b m a r i n e s h a d S u b m a r i n e R e s c u e V e s s e l s ( S R V s ) h a d b e e n e v a l u a t e d f o r c o m p l e t e d t h e i r M

R s a n d t w o s u b m a r i n e s w e r e u n d e r M R .

t h e i r s u i t a b i l i t y . E a c h o f t h e s e h a d p r o s a n d c o n s f o r I n d i a n c o n d i t i o n s . A s t u d y w a s a l s o c a r r i e d o u t o f t h e u t i l i s a t i o n P l a n n i n g h a d c o m
m
e n c e d f o r a u g m e n t i n g t h e V i z a g
o f t h e U S N a v y ' s a i r - p o r t a b l e D e e p S u b m e r g e n c e R e s c u e D o c k y a r d w i t h f a c i l i t i e s f o r r e p a i r i n g t h e e q u i p m e n t f i t t e d V e s s e l ( D S R V ) r e s c u e s y s t e m .

i n t h e n e w E K M
s u b m
a r i n e s . I n 2 0 0 1 , a n e w 9 - s t o r e y E K M

T h e d r o u g h t f o l l o w i n g t h e f a i l u r e o f t h e m
o n s o o n o f t h e

B u i l d i n g w a s c o m
p l e t e d i n V i r b a h u t o a c c o m
m
o d a t e t h e
m i d 1 9 8 0 s a n d t h e e n s u i n g s h o r t a g e o f r e s o u r c e s c o m p e l l e d c r e w o f t h e S i n d h u g h o s h c l a s s s u b m
a r i n e s b a s e d i n V i z a g .

p o s t p o n i n g t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f a n e w S R V a n d i n t e n s i f y i n g

^
e

M
a t s y a
c h a m
b e r
o f
t h e

N o r t h

D r y

D o c k
w a s
t h e s e a r c h f o r a n i n t e r i m s o l u t i o n .

c o m p l e t e d i n 1 9 9 0 . I t w a s s p e c i a l l y d e s i g n e d t o b e c o v e r e I t s o h a p p e n e d t h a t i n 1 9 8 8 , M
a z a g o n D o c k s w a n t e d t o
t o a v ° i d r a i n d i s r u p t i n g t h e p r o l o n g e d w o r k o n d i s m a n e
d i s p o s e o f a D i v i n g S u p p o r t V e s s e l ( D S V ) w h i c h i t h a d b u i l t s u b m
a r i n e h u l l s u n d e r g o i n g M R .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 3 9

nuclear propulsion technology was inescapabl
f o r O N G C ' s o f f s h o r e o i l e x p l o r a t i o n w o r k . I t h a d a d y n a m i c
was not to b e left too f a r b e h in d by the end. o f th ^ India
p o s i t i o n i n g f a c i l i t y a n d a r e c o m
p r e s s i o n c h a m
h e r . T h e
when atom ic en ergy would, b e a m a jo r source*

N a v y t o o k t h i s v e s s e l o n d r y c h a r t e r a n d f i t t e d h e r w i t h t h e M v n n n / r i n n n n r ! o v t o t c t m r a / i 7 i t i - n ™ n „ t .

*
b o [ J j
propulsion a n d en ergy req u irem en ts. A small n
d i v i n g b e l l a n d o t h e r e s s e n t i a l r e s c u e e q u i p m
e n t r e m
o v e d
engineers was located in BA R C as early as 19 7 8 ’s ° QUS °f
f r o m t h e a g e d 1 9 7 0 s v i n t a g e R u s s i a n S R V , I N S N i s t a r .

A f t e r s o m e y e a r s o f t r i a l s , t h i s D S V w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d

"Seeing the advent o f n u clea r propulsion in subnia ’

i n S e p t e m b e r 1 9 9 5 a s I N S N i r e e k s h a k . E v e n t h o u g h s h e
o f other navies, a study was undertaken by BARC ^
w a s n o t a p e r f e c t S R V , s h e w a s b e t t e r t h a n t h e N i s t a r w h i c h
study a nuclear propulsion p ackag e fo r naval ships and
w a s o v e r d u e f o r d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g . T h e r o l e s e n v i s a g e d f o r
subm arines. A stage arose when it becam e necessary to train

N i r e e k s h a k w e r e t o f a c i l i t a t e r e s c u e f r o m a s u b m a r i n e i n
serving personnel in this very im portant area ofpropuiSi0n
technology.6
d i s t r e s s a n d t r a i n i n g o f s a t u r a t i o n d i v e r s .

T h e
f i r s t w e t - m a t i n g
w i t h
a
s u b m
e r g e d
s u b m
a r i n e

“Tl'ie offer by the Soviet authorities o f a. 'nuclear powered

V a g h s h e e r w a s a c h i e v e d o f f G o a o n 0 5 M
a y 1 9 9 2 a t a d e p t h
subm arine fleet.' f o r the Indian Navy was m ade by Soviet
o f 4 5 m e t r e s . T h e n e x t w e t - m
a t i n g w a s a c h i e v e d o f f B o m
b a y

M arshal Ogarkov d u rin g his visit to India in April 1981. The
i n 2 0 0 4 . N i r e e k s h a k ' s d i v i n g b e l l m
a t e d w i t h a s u b m
a r i n e

Soviets offered, to a rra n g e a two years' training programme
b o t t o m e d a t a d e p t h o f 6 0 f e e t a n d s u c c e s s f u l l y t r a n s f e r r e d
fo r Indian naval personnel, lease one nuclear submarine
c r e w t o N i r e e k s h a k .

fo r fiv e years f o r practical training a n d to render technical
assistance f o r creating m a in ten a n ce facilities in India for

T h e c o n c e p t o f f r e e e s c a p e f r o m a d i v e d s u b m
a r i n e
nuclear pow ered subm arines. H e a d d e d that the sale, as also
w a s a l s o v a l i d a t e d a n d c o n s o l i d a t e d . E s c a p e f r o m a d i v e d
assistance f o r designing a n d constructing nuclear powered
s u b m a r i n e w a s c a r r i e d o u t f r o m S i n d h u v i r . K a r a n j c a r r i e d
subm arines, could b e taken u p later".7
o u t t h e m a i d e n s u c c e s s f u l e s c a p e f r o m t o r p e d o t u b e s .

I n
h i s
m
e m
o i r s

D
e f e n c e

M
i n i s t e r

( l a t e r

P r e s i d e n t )

Tie-Up with the US Navy for Submarine Rescue

V e n k a t a r a m
a n h a s w
r i t t e n t h a t : -

T h e
i s s u e
o f p r o c u r e m
e n t
o f a

S u b m
a r i n e

R e s c u e

“The idea o f acq u irin g a n u clea r propelled submaiine

V e s s e l

( S R V )

w a s
i n i t i a t e d
i n
t h e
e a r l y

9 0 s .

H o w e v e r ,
was floated by m e as D efence M inister a n d after months o]

t h e p r o c u r e m
e n t n e v e r m
a t e r i a l i s e d
d u e t o
p a u c i t y o f
bargaining the Soviets agreed. A training programme was
f u n d s a n d o t h e r r e a s o n s . A s a n i n t e r i m
s o l u t i o n , i t w a s
arranged f o r Indian sailors. I h a d visited the tiainees v
p r o p o s e d f o r a f i v e y e a r t i e u p w i t h t h e U S N a v y f o r h i r i n g

Leningrad a n d Riga. I was also hap p y that the lease ^ oUl e
o f ' S u b m
a r i n e R e s c u e V e s s e l F l y A w a y K i t ' ( S R K F ) . I n 1 9 9 7 ,
charged by the Soviet Union was fairly reasona &
a U S t e a m
v i s i t e d a n d c o n d u c t e d o n s i t e r e v i e w o f t h r e e
nuclear propelled su b m a rin e h a d the advantage ° f rerna*!ofjai
c l a s s e s o f s u b m
a r i n e s a n d a i r p o r t s . F u r t h e r i n t e r a c t i o n
under water which was not possible f o r the conven^econ(\
w a s i n t e r r u p t e d b y t h e s a n c t i o n s i m
p o s e d b y t h e U S a f t e r
submarines. It was also p roposed at that time
jjjg
n u c l e a r t e s t s i n M
a y

1 9 9 8 .

H o w e v e r ,
d i s c u s s i o n s w e r e
nuclear propelled su b m a rin e w ould b e built in

^
r e s u m e d i n F e b 1 9 9 9 . T h e a p p r o x i m
a t e c o s t e s t i m
a t e d f o r

Atomic Energy w ere confident o f p ro d u cin g an atorw
e a c h D S R V r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n w a s R s 1 0 C r o r e s .

pack fo r the subm arine.8

. . ijniofl

Nuclear Propulsion for Submarines

“A n agreem ent was co n clu d ed with the
o

^

a n d a team o f officers u n d e r the s u p B i vision ^pgra

The three Year (1988-91) Lease of Russian Nuclear-

A dm iral M K Roy was fo r m e d to steer the Pl0j e^ e nud^ r

Powered Submarine INS Chakra
rigorous selection pro ced u re, the first batch of

^ p anid

Nuclear propulsion in India was first m ooted in 1967 subm arine crews, u n d er the co m m a n d ° ^ a^ ^ ning lU(lSlr
when a naval officer and a BARC scientist p rep a red a
co m m en ced their training in the USSR. The

^ any °l
feasibility report. A more detailed report was p rep a red perhaps, the most thorough a n d taxing coUJ se r a
in 1971 as the Committee o f Secretaries felt that R&D on
the Indian subm ariners, m ost o f w hom ha 0

5.

War in the Indian Ocean by Vice Admiral MK Roy, Pages 114 et seq.

6.

Excerpts from The Pictorial History o f the Submarine Arm published by Naval Headquarters 1992.

War in the Indian Ocean, by Vice Admiral MK Roy, pages 114 et seq

8.

Former Defence Minister and President, R Venkataraman, in his book My Presidential Years, Page 74.

1 4 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

o f subm arining b eh in d them, h a d ever undergone. They

C h a k r a w a s b a s e d i n V i s a k h a p a t n a m w h e r e m i n i m u m
absorbed the new technology with professional aplomb.9
e s s e n t i a l m a i n t e n a n c e f a c i l i t i e s h a d b e e n c r e a t e d f o r t h e

“On September 14, (1987) Vice Admiral Roy, Chief of the l e a s e p e r i o d . F r o m 1 9 8 8 o n w a r d s , C h a k r a e x e r c i s e d w i t h

Eastern Naval Com m and conveyed to me the pleasant news o u r s h i p s i n t h e B a y o f B e n g a l a n d t h e A r a b i a n S e a .

that the Government had finally decided to take the first "The demise of the Soviet Union coincided with the need for
nuclear propelled subm arine from the Soviet Union on lease,
refuelling Chakra which was almost at the end o f her lease
as purchase would entail acceptance ofNPT conditions!no
agreement. It was decided to return the submarine and she
departed from Visakhapatnam on 16 December 1990V1

B e t w e e n 1 9 8 2 a n d

1 9 8 6 ,
t h e c r e w s w e r e t r a i n e d in

R u s s ia a n d t h e s h o r e s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s w e r e s e t u p in V i z a g O n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e l e a s e , C h a k r a s a i l e d f o r R u s s i a o n b y 1 9 8 7 .

1 6 D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 0 a n d w a s t h e r e a f t e r d e c o m m i s s i o n e d i n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 1 .

O n c o m
p l e t i o n o f t h e s e a t r a i n i n g c o m m i t m e n t , t h e
n u c l e a r s u b m
a r i n e i n w h i c h o u r p e r s o n n e l h a d c o m p l e t e d

T h e r e w a s s p e c u l a t i o n i n t h e p u b l i c d o m a i n w h e t h e r t h e t h e i r p r a c t i c a l t r a i n i n g a t s e a w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d a s I n d i a n l e a s e s h o u l d h a v e b e e n r e n e w e d . A d m i r a l L R a m d a s , C h i e f N a v a l S u b m a r i n e ( I N S ) C h a k r a , a f t e r h a v i n g u n d e r g o n e a o f N a v a l S t a f f a t t h e t i m e t h e l e a s e w a s t e r m i n a t e d s a i d t h a t r e f i t w h i c h w a s s u f f i c i e n t t o s e e h e r t h r o u g h t h e t h r e e y e a r

"the Indian Navy had learned all it could on that type of
boat and, moreover, because other than the lease amount,
p e r i o d o f l e a s e .

it costs Rs 150 crores annually for onshore support, and that

C h a k r a c o m
m
i s s i o n e d o n 5 J a n u a r y 1 9 8 8 , s a i l e d f o r
the whole programme was becoming uneconomical'?2

I n d i a o n 1 5 J a n u a r y 1 9 8 8 u n d e r t h e c o m
m
a n d o f C a p t a i n

( l a t e r V i c e A d m i r a l ) R N G a n e s h . E x c e p t w h e n t r a n s i t i n g A s s t a t e d i n The Pictorial History o f the S ubm arine Arm
t h r o u g h
s h a l l o w
w a t e r s
i n
t h e

S o u t h

C h i n a

S e a ,
t h e
t h e N a v y h a d c o m p l e t e d i t s b a s i c o b j e c t i v e s o f t h e l e a s e , S i n g a p o r e S t r a i t s a n d t h e S t r a i t s o f M
a l a c c a , h e r p a s s a g e
w h i c h w e r e t o u n d e r s t a n d : -
w a s s u b m
e r g e d . T h r o u g h o u t h e r p a s s a g e , s h e w a s t r a c k e d

•

N u c l e a r s u b m a r i n e c u l t u r e a n d t h e p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t s b y A u s t r a l i a n a n d A m
e r i c a n M R A S W a i r c r a f t . T h e f r i g a t e
o f h a n d l i n g n u c l e a r p o w e r p l a n t s a f l o a t .

D u n a g i r i r e n d e z v o u s ' d h e r i n t h e S o u t h C h i n a S e a t o e s c o r t h e r h o m e w a r d .

«

T h e t a c t i c a l a s p e c t s o f u n d e r w a t e r l a u n c h e d a n t i s h i p m i s s i l e s .

O n a r r i v a l a t V i s a k h a p a t n a m ,
i n F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 8 , s h e
w a s r e c e i v e d b y P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r R a j i v G a n d h i , t h e D e f e n c e

•

A n t i - s u b m a r i n e
o p e r a t i o n s
a g a i n s t
n u c l e a r

M
i n i s t e r K C P a n t a n d t h e C N S A d m i r a l N a d k a r n i . A f t e r s u b m a r i n e s .

e m b a r k i n g , t h e y w e r e t a k e n t o s e a f o r a n o u t i n g .

German HDW

Russian EKM

Russian

Year

Russian Kalvari & Vela Class

Infrastructure/

Nuclear Chakra

C h a k r a r e t u r n e d

—

—

1 9 9 1

K a r a n j & K u r s u r a u n d e r M R s i n V i z a g .

t o R u s s i a .

S h a l k i ( S S K 3 )

1 9 9 2

K a r a n j & K u r s u r a f i r s t w e t - m a t i n g
c o m m i s s i o n e d .

_
b e t w e e n N i r e e k s h a k & V a g h s h e e r
a c h i e v e d o f f G o a a t 4 5 m
e t r e s d e p t h .

—

—

1 9 9 3

K a r a n j , K u r s u r a , V e l a u n d e r MRsmVizag.

S h a n k u l ( S S K 4 )

1 9 9 4

K a r a n j , K u r s u r a , V e l a u n d e r M R s i n V i z a g .

r n m m i s s i o n e d .

■

—------------- -—

■

______________________

1991

9.

Excerpts from The Pictorial History o f the

Years, Page 75.

10.

Former President, R Venkataraman, in his book My

1 1 .

War in the Indian Ocean by Vice Adm M K Ro>. PaSe “
gg4_

12.

Nuclear Weapons & Indian Security by Bharat Kar

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 4 1

Year

Russian Kalvari & Vela Class

German HDW

Russian EKM

Russian

Infrastructure/

Nuclear Chakra

1 9 9 5

K u r s u r a c o m
p l e t e d M R s .

K a r a n j & V e l a u n d e r M R .

D i v i n g S u p p o r t V e s s e l N i r e e k s h a k
c o m m i s s i o n e d a s I n t e r i m

R e s c u e V e s s e l .

1 9 9 6

K a r a n j c o m p l e t e d M R s i n V i z a g .

V e l a u n d e r M R s .

V a j r a b a h u c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n B o m
b a y .

K a l v a r i d e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d .

1 9 9 7

V e l a & V a g l i u n d e r M R s i n V i z a g .

S i n d h u r a k s h a k

V a g h s h e e r d e c o m
m
i s s i o n e d .

( E K M

9 )

c o m
m
i s s i o n e d .

G o v t c l e a r e d i m
p o r t
o f t w
o 8 7 7 E K M

S u b m
a r i n e s f r o m

R u s s i a .

1 9 9 8

V e l a c o m
p l e t e d M R .

—

------

V a g l i u n d e r M

R i n V i z a g a n d w a s

'

c o m
p l e t e d i n 2 0 0 6 .

2 0 0 0

M
i s s i l e - c a p a b l e

( 1 0 t h E K M

)

S i n d h u s h a s t r a
c o m
m
i s s i o n e d .

1 4 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

19

Commencement, Cessation & Resumption
of Indigenous Submarine Construction

(N o te : R efer to c h a p te r titled "T he S u b m a r in e A r m ”)

Overview

W
i t h i n t h e N a v y , v i e w
s w
e r e d i v i d e d : -

T h e p r o t e c t i o n o f n a t i o n a l s o v e r e i g n t y f r o m s e a w a r d

•

I n o n e v i e w ,
i n d i g e n o u s
s u b m
a r i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n
a g g r e s s io n r e q u i r e s n a v a l c a p a b i l i t y b e l o w t h e s e a , o n s h o u l d s t a r t w
i t h a f u t u r i s t i c d e s i g n .

t h e s e a a n d a b o v e t h e s e a . S u b m a r i n e s a r e t h e p r i m a r y p l a t f o r m s f o r c a p a b i l it y b e l o w t h e s e a . T h e S u b m a r i n e

•

T h e o t h e r v i e w , f a v o u r e d b y M
a z a g o n D o c k s L t d w a s

A r m s t a r t e d w i t h f o u r t o r p e d o - c a p a b l e K a lv a r i ( F o x t r o t) t h a t t r a n s f e r o f s u b m
a r i n e b u i l d i n g t e c h n o l o g y a n d
a n d f o u r V e la ( I m p r o v e d F o x tr o t c la s s ) c l a s s s u b m a r i n e s i n t r a n s f e r o f p r o d u c t i o n d r a w
i n g s w o u l d b e s w i f t e r
t h e e a r l y 1 9 7 0 s. T h e s u b m a r i n e f l e e t w a s a u g m e n t e d w i t h a n d
m
o r e
m
a n a g e a b l e
w
i t h
t h e p r o v e n G e r m a n

8 7 7 E K M (K ilo c l a s s ) s u b m a r i n e s f r o m R u s s i a i n 1 9 8 4 a n d d e s i g n .

s u b s e q u e n t l y w i t h G e r m a n H D W S SK s.

Reconstructed Chronology of Indigenous S u b m arin e

M e a n w h i l e t o fu lfil t h e o v e r a ll n a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e o f Construction
b e c o m i n g s e l f - r e l i a n t 1 f o r f u n d a m e n t a l n a v a l r e q u i r e m e n t s T h e in c e p tio n o f th e G e r m a n H D W T y p e 209/1500 SSK
o f w h i c h " S u b m a r i n e D e s i g n a n d C o n s t r u c t i o n C a p a b il it y '; P ro je c t h a s b e e n d is c u s s e d in th e p re c e d in g v ° l u m e ^
w e r e m a j o r r e q u i s i t e s , e v a l u a t i o n s h a d c o m m e n c e d s u m m a rise , in D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 1 , s e p a r a te c o n t r a c t s w e t o c h o o s e t h e d e s i g n o f a c o n v e n t i o n a l d i e s e l - e l e c t r i c p r o p e l l e d s u b m a r i n e f o r i n d i g e n o u s c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e sig n ed w ith th e G e r m a n firm o f H D W f o r : -
c h o i c e w a s b e t w e e n a R u s s i a n d e s i g n a n d a n E u r o p e a n

•

T w o s u b m
a r i n e s ( S S K s 1 & 2 ) t o b e c o n s t r u c t ^ aS
d e s i g n : -

G
e r m
a n y . I n d i a n n a v a l d e s i g n e r s a n d o v e r S ^
c e r s

• Russian design. T h e la te s t R u s s ia n 8 7 7 E K M K ilo
w e l l a s o f f i c e r a n d s a i l o r s u b m
a r i n e r s , a n
c l a s s d e s i g n w a s a l r e a d y b e i n g i n d u c t e d t o r e p l a c e a n d
k e y
p e r s o n n e l
f r o m

t h e
s h i p b u i
e
r } l l e
t h e o l d e r R u s s i a n s u b m a r i n e s .

w
o u l d b e d e p u t e d t o G
e r m
a n y t o l e a i n
o f
c o n s t r u c t i o n

' o n
t h e j o b '

a n d
absorb t r a

• European design. T h e A m e r ic a n a n d E u r o p e a n
t e c h n o l o g y .

.

l i t e r a t u r e o f t h a t e r a , d r i v e n b y t h e C o l d W a r
f S S ^ s **
a n t a g o n i s m b e t w e e n t h e U S l e d N A T O a l l i a n c e ,

•

M
a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s f o r t w
o s u ^ m
a r ^n ? S . - c a t j n g ^
a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n l e d W a r s a w p a c t a l l i a n c e

4 )

c o n s i s t i n g o f s t e e l
s e c t i o n s
f o r

J 1 q U i p i f l e Ilt
p r o p a g a t e d t h e v ie w t h a t R u s s i a n s u b m a r i n e s w e r e
p r e s s u r e h u l l , a l o n g w
i t h m
a c h i n e r y a n

^

1

#

i n h e r e n t l y n o is y , w h e r e a s E u r o p e a n d e s i g n s w e r e
w
e r e t o b e s h i p p e d t o M

D

L f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n ^ ^ ^ ,e f ° r6
t e c n o l o g i c a l l y s u p e r i o r a n d q u i e t e r . S in c e q u i e t n e s s o f m
a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m
e n t , a n d s e a
g o v e r n e d d e t e c t a b i l i t y i n t h e d e a d l y s u b m a r i n e
d e l i v e r y .

^
e n c o u n t e r s , c o m p a r a t i v e t e c h n i c a l e v a l u a t i o n s a n d

" T r a n s f e r o f D
e s i g n T e c h n o l o g y ' f o r w

^
e c a i n e ^

a v a i l a b i l i t y c o n s i d e r a t i o n s n a r r o w e d t h e c h o i c e T e a m
o f s p e c i a l i s t o f f i c e r s ( w
h i c h l a t e r ^

^ p t i j ^
d o w n t o t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y - f u t u r i s t i c S w e d i s h

S u b m
a r i n e D
e s i g n G r o u p , S D G ) w a s

K o c k u m s d e s i g n a n d t h e 1 9 3 9 - 1 9 4 5 W o r l d W a r
t o G
e r m
a n y t o l e a r n t h e fu n d a m e n ta s
f

C

Z

' ,

T
t a t i 0 n ” G e r m
a n d e s i g n o f H

D

W

' s T y p e
d e s i g n f r o m
t h e e x p e r i e n c e d d e s i g n e r s

^ y u * 1
w
a s t h e d e s i g n a r m
o f H

D

W

) a n d c o n c u

t h e i r o v e r s i g h t t o a c t u a l l y p r o d u c e t h e d e s i g n o f a R e a s o n s f o r S l i p p a g e s i n

C o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e

H D W
f u t u r i s t i c s u b m
a r i n e t o m
e e t t h e s t a f f r e q u i r e m e n t s
s h i p y a r d
h a d
e s t i m a t e d
t h a t

M D L ' s
c o n s t r u c t i o n
t i m e
g i v e n t o t h e m
b y N H Q .

s h o u l d b e 4 2 m o n t h s . B u t b e i n g M D L ' s f i r s t a t t e m p t a t
s u b m a r i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e N a v y h o p e d M D L w o u l d b e A j i o p t i o n t o a c q u i r e m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s f o r t w o m o r e a b l e t o c o m p l e t e t h e f i r s t s u b m a r i n e i n 6 0 t o 6 2 m o n t h s .

s u b m
a r i n e s ( S S K s 5 & 6 ) a t t h e s a m
e b a s e l i n e p r i c e

H o w e v e r ,
t h e
f i r s t s u b m a r i n e
t o o k

1 0 0
m o n t h s
t o
b e
a s t h e e a r l i e r f o u r b u t t o w h i c h e s c a l a t i o n w o u l d b e d e l i v e r e d a n d t h e s e c o n d s u b m a r i n e t o o k m o r e t h a n 1 2 0

' a d d a b l e ! T h i s o p t i o n w a s t o b e e x e r c i s e d w i t h i n 1 2
m o n t h s .

m o n t h s o f c o n t r a c t i . e . b y D e c e m
b e r 1 9 8 2 .

N e i t h e r d e l a y s i n d i e a r r i v a l o f n o r d i s p a r i t i e s i n t h e Construction o f S S K s I a n d 2 in G e r m a n y — 1 9 8 3 t o 1 9 8 5
m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s w e r e c a u s e s o f d e l a y . B o t h i n G e r m a n y T h e f i r s t S S K ,

I N S S h i s h u m
a r w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n
a n d i n I n d i a , t h e m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s ( i . e . t h e C K D k i t s ) S e p t e m b e r 1 9 8 6 a n d t h e s e c o n d o n e i n N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 6 .

r e c e i v e d b y H D W a n d M D L h a d b e e n i d e n t i c a l .

B o t h w e r e
s e a
l i f t e d
t o

I n d i a
i n
e a r l y

1 9 8 7 .

I n M D L ,

M D L ' s w o r k s h o p s w e r e a b l e t o s u c c e s s f u l l y c a r r y o u t t h e d e d i c a t e d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e c a l l e d “ T h e E a s t Y a r d ” w a s c r e a t e d f o l l o w i n g w i t h i n i n d i g e n o u s c a p a b i l i t y : -
a t a c o s t o f a p p r o x i m
a t e l y R s 4 0 c r o r e s , w h o s e p r e s s u r e -
h u l l f a b r i c a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s w e r e s p e c i f i c t o t h e d i m e n s i o n s

—

R o l l , s h a p e a n d f a b r i c a t e t h e p r e s s u r e - h u l l a n d t h e o f t h e I K L 1 5 0 0 s u b m
a r i n e s .

n o n - p r e s s u r e - h u l l s t r u c t u r e s f r o m t h e p l a t e s a n d s e c t i o n s s u p p l i e d b y H D W .

T h e t h i r d a n d t h e f o u r t h S S K s w e r e t o b e c o n s t r u c t e d i n M D L . C o n s t r u c t i o n o f S S K s i n M

D L s t a r t e d i n e n d 1 9 8 4

—

M
a n u f a c t u r e t h e h y d r a u l i c p o w e r p a c k s , t h e d r i v e a f t e r t h e m
a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s a r r i v e d . M

D L a l s o e x p e r i e n c e d
g e a r s f o r t h e h y d r o p l a n e s , t h e r u d d e r s , t h e c a p s t a n s , t e e t h i n g p r o b l e m
s i n w e l d i n g t e c h n o l o g y w h i c h t o o k t i m e
t h e h u l l v a l v e s , t h e t o r p e d o f l a p s a n d g u i d e r a i l s , a n d t o r e s o l v e . A s a r e s u l t , M D L ' s t i m e s c h e d u l e o f s u b m a r i n e t h e p r e s s u r e - t i g h t b u l k h e a d s .

c o n s t r u c t i o n w e n t a w r y .

Y e t , t h e r e w e r e s l i p p a g e s . T h e o c c u r r e n c e o f d e l a y s c o u l d b e a t t r i b u t e d t o a v a r i e t y o f r e a s o n s : -

T h i s c h a p t e r , d i s c u s s e s : -

•

Conceptual Reasons. T h e p r i n c i p l e r e a s o n s f o r t h e

•

R e a s o n s f o r t h e d e l a y s i n t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f S S K s d e l a y s , i t a p p e a r s , w e r e c o n c e p t u a l . F i r s t o f a l l , t h e r e 3 & 4 .

w a s a d e l a y i n d e c i d i n g w h i c h p a r t i c u l a r m a r k o f

•

T h e e v e n t s t h a t p r e c e d e d t h e d e c i s i o n t o f o r e g o t h e e n g i n e t o g o i n f o r a n d n e g o t i a t i n g t h e p r i c e s f o r t h e o p t i o n t o b u i l d t h e 5 th a n d 6 th S S K s , i n M D L .

e n g i n e s . S i n c e t h e c o n t r a c t h a d a l r e a d y b e e n s i g n e d ,

•

T h e
f o r t u i t o u s
c o i n c i d e n c e
o f
u n f o r e s e e n
a s u s u a l , t h e p r i c e s i n c r e a s e d m a n i f o l d . F o r l a c k o f d e v e l o p m
e n t s t h a t c u l m
i n a t e d i n t h e c o n c l u s i o n
e x p e r i e n c e , t h e d o c k y a r d h a d n o t d r a w n u p a v e r y o f
n e g o t i a t i o n s
s e v e n t e e n
y e a r s
l a t e r
f o i
t h e
c o m p r e h e n s i v e l i s t o f e x t r a s p a r e s a s p a r t o f t h e f i r s t c o n t r a c t . T h e l i s t i n c l u d e d i n t h e f i r s t c o n t r a c t w a s c o n s t r u c t i o n i n M

D L o f f a r m
o r e a d v a n c e d F r e n c h ,
m
i s s i l e - c a p a b l e , S c o r p e n e s u b m a r i n e s a s t h e f i r s t j u s t f o r r e p a i r s a n d o n b o a r d s p a r e s d i a t w e r e q u i t e i n s u f f i c i e n t . T h e d o c k y a r d t o o k t h e p r e c a u t i o n o f p h a s e o f a f a r - s i g h t e d l o n g t e r m

“ P r o j e c t f o r S e r i e s
p u t t i n g i t s o w n t e a m t o n e g o t i a t e t h e p r i c e s b u t s i n c e C o n s t r u c t i o n
o f S u b m a r i n e s
a n d

A c q u i s i t i o n
o
p r i c e s h a d b e e n h i k e d a g r e a t d e a l , g e t t i n g e n h a n c e d N a t i o n a l C o m
p e t e n c e i n S u b m a r i n e B u i l d i n g .

G o v t s a n c t i o n s f o r d i e n e w p r i c e s t o o k t i m e .

Construction of S S K s 3 and 4 in M D L

. Welding Defects. T h e s e c o n d r e a s o n f o r t h e d e l a y

T h e s h i p p i n g f r o m G e r m
a n y o f t h e m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s ,
w a s d i e f r e q u e n t o c c u r r e n c e o f w e l d i n g d e f e c t s .

a l ° n g w i t h t h e f i r s t s e t o f d r a w i n g s c o m
m
e n c e d i n J a n u a r y

B e c a u s e
o f
t h e
d i f f e r e n c e
i n
t e m p e r a t u r e
a n d

1 9 8 2 a n d w e n t o n t h r o u g h 1 9 8 3 .

h u m i d i t y c o n d i t i o n s b e t w e e n G e r m a n y a n d I n d i a , d i s t o r t i o n s a n d w e l d d e f e c t s s t a r t e d o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g C o n s t r u c t i o n
o f
t h e
t h i r d

S S K
c o m
m
e n c e d
o n

1 2
f a b r i c a t i o n i n M D L . T h e s e d e l a y s c h a i n - r e a c t e d w i t h J a n u a r y 1934. I t t o o k f i v e y e a r s f o r h e r t o b e l a u n c h e o t h e r d i f f i c u l t i e s l i k e r e v a l i d a t i o n o f e x p i r e d w a r r a n t i e s o n 3 0 S e p t e m
b e r 1 9 8 9 a n d t h r e e m
o r e y e a r s t i l l s
e w a s
e t c . I t took y e a r s t o s o r t o u t t h e s e p r o b l e m s .

com m issioned a s I N S S h a l k i ( S 4 6 ) on 7 February 1 9

.

Pressure Hull Issues. A l t h o u g h t h e s u b m a r i n e

C o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e f o u r t h S S K b e g a n o n 12 S e p t e m b u i l d i n g dock w a s r e a d y , t i i e r e w e r e p r o b l e m s a b o u t 9 8 4 . S h e w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d t e n y e a rs l a t e r a s I N S Shankui
i s 4 7 ) o n 2 8 M
a y 1 9 9 4 .

t r a n s it io n t o g u a r d ia n s h ip

1 4 5

One was the question o f w elding in the a m bien t
t h e w e l d i n g o f t l i e p r e s s u r e h u l l . T l i e m
a i n p r o b l e m

a n d the hum idity, w hich existed in Bom bay
i n w e l d i n g a s u b m a r i n e ' s p r e s s u r e h u l l i s t h a t i t h a s

% f mpe,'ahre
t o b e w e l d e d i n s e g m e n t s . T h e y a r e o f a p a r t i c u l a r l y
recommended by the Germans for heating the Pl°Ceclire
l a r g e w e i g h t a n d s i z e s t e e l , a n d t h u s r e q u i r e a s p e c i a l
and pre-healing the high tensile steel surfacesele°tr°des
succeedinghere. We involved our Welding Resear \
n°l
t e c h n i q u e .

who carried out a number of experiments and we

V i c e

A d m i r a l

N P

D u t t a ,

C h a i r m
a n

M
a z g a o n

D o c k s
the problem of welding.

0Ve,'came

( 1 9 7 7 - 8 4 ) , r e c a l l s

Subsequently, it w ent to such a n extent that when we

7 / ? . the case o f surface ships, you exam ine a n d check w hether
done the C weld o f the various sections o f the submar ^
the weld is successful That is not the case in subm arine
total 6.5 m etre d ia m eter welding from outside, inside and
building. Here the rule is 100% X-ray inspection. We had to
all m a n u a l welding. In a num ber o f C sections we got zero
set up a huge X-Ray facility fo r taking X-rays o f all welds. We
defects which the G erm ans h a d never ever achieved So
fo u n d to our horror that the first sections that were welded progressively, I think we improved.

had a lot o f hydrogen bubbles in them. We took it up with the

HDW people — they too were perplexed because we had used Every technician o r every w orker in East Yard could not have
exactly the sam e technique as they had done in their HDW been sent to Germ any. Only a certain handful o f trades were
yard and yet the results were different. Analysis showed that
sent to G erm any f o r training. W hen I interacted with them,
it was probably due to the higher temperature and higher I learnt that they w ere given m o re o f visual training and
humidity in Mumbai, as opposed to the temperature and
not so m u ch ",ha n d s on" training. They knew what was to
humidity conditions in Germany. So they experimented. All
be done, b ut the skill o f h a n d was not available with them.

the various experiments meant delay. All those results were

So we h a d to develop that, slowly a n d steadily. A number
rejected. So we had to start anew.

o f times we had. to call G erm a n p eo p le to do the job and for
our people to learn with them to b e able to overcome their

Ultimately, they fo u n d that the welding temperature that shortcomings. So this was the second problem.

we were using was in excess o f the conditions that were
warranted in Mumbai. They had to change the strength o f The other problem we fa c e d was that: we had got all the
the flow and the angle o f impact o f the flam e. After trial and
m aterial packages in o n e go. A lthough it was supposed to
error, they fo u n d the answer but that put us back by a year-
be spread over, the sp rea d was very little. In our wisdom, we
and-a-half.

h a d decided that i f the G erm ans ca n m a k e these submarines
in 4 2 months, there is no reason why we Indians caivio

The fa ct was that we had never built a subm arine before.

m ake it in 4 2 m onths. A n u m b e r o f theories were advance^

It is really like a small watch but on a m uch bigger scale. A
we will have m o re m anpow er, we will have all threes
lot o f the work had to be finished and it had to be welded to
running, etc. They look very good, on paper, but t h e y ,
each other, section by section, and we had problems in that.

work out in practice. We d id not have adequate num

Ultimately we solved that by producing large-scale models people to go into three shifts.

o f wood. We paid a great deal o f money to produce those
models. It look time. We knew that in subm arine building,

A lot o f studies w ere ca rried o u t to a s c e r t a i n the ^ ^ oJh
we couldn't take any risk.

one could achieve in eveiy a rea o f su b m a rin e cons i

^
w hether it was hull fa b rica tio n o r fittin g out ot hai 0 ^ ^

In addition to the delays that I have mentioned was the
sea trials. A n d we f o u n d that we w ere hovering at0 ^ j^oj
delay in equipm ent arrival Since the prices had gone up,

5 6 o r 62% at best in areas w here we h a d already go ^ ^ j jS
negotiations, financial sanctions a n d placing o f orders took
experience. The build-period thus c h a n g e s fro m
time, so the whole schedule went astray:

to 78 months.

■ P period P r

R e a r A d m i r a l D V T a n e j a , w h o t o o k o v e r a s G e n e r a l

Taking the facts into cognisance, the u m
f m0Stdll°J

M
a n a g e r o f E a s t Y a r d i n 1 9 8 8 , r e c a l l s : -
subm arine construction was revised. But by ^ient? a sfrelfl$
the equipm ent h a d com e in (excep tfo r those wit ■

ted

My joining the dockyard as General M anager (East Yard)

a n d therefore it all h a d to b e stored. There wei e unJ )) nis u,erC
was basically because submarine production was running floods in Bombay in 1985, and a num ber ofeclulP v^ngthe,]]\
well behind schedule. The facilities had already been set up
im m ersed in water. There was the problem oftem

I only encountered the difficulties o f things either not having
redoing them, rectifying them and. getting t

^je tes
been thought o f or not done. We were fa ced with num erous
reinstated, which was done. Then, w hen it cam e

..ed.

a n d trials, the w arranty o f every equipm ent ha c-

1 4 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Question was whether we get them re-warranted or we go
n e g o t i a t i o n s t o b e b a s e d o n t h e “ o n e b y H D W a n d
ahead and wherever a problem comes, we tackle it, because
o n e b y M D L " o p t i o n .

the cost of doing everything was becoming prohibitive. It was
decided that we would go along and if any equipment failed

I n D e c 1 9 8 5 , p r e l i m i n a r y n e g o t i a t i o n s s t a r t e d i n D e l h i
and did not work, we would attend to it. And that added to
w i t h H D W . T h e p r i c e s q u o t e d h a d i n c r e a s e d b y 7 3 % p e r m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e . T h e i n c r e a s e w a s d u e t o :

t i m e substantially.

The expertise on carrying out trials was also limited, although

•

C o s t e s c a l a t i o n b y 2 6 % a n d e f f e c t i v e c o s t i n c r e a s e ,
the crews were m ade available from S S K 1 and SSK 2; they
o v e r a n d a b o v e e s c a l a t i o n .

were not; available when the trials o f 3 and 4 took place.

•

A d d i t i o n a l i t e m s , u p g r a d e s a n d o n b o a r d s p a r e s .

Therefore, during the trial phase, we allowed ourselves more
time, anticipating that failures would occur they would

•

S m a l l e r o r d e r q u a n t i t y ( T h e 1 9 8 5 q u o t e w a s f o r t w o
need to be attended to and, in some cases we may even have
m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s a n d t h e e a r l i e r o n e w a s f o r f o u r
to get the spare parts from Germany. The submarines were
m a t e r i a l p a c k a g e s ) .

eventually delivered late, 1 think, in something like 100 to

•

D o l l a r e x c h a n g e r a t e b e c a m e m o r e a d v e r s e .

120 months

•

H i g h e r l e v e l s o f d o c u m e n t a t i o n d e m a n d e d b y t h e Negotiations fo r S S K s 5 a n d 6

I n d i a n s i d e .

As p er c o n tr a c t in k ed o n 11 D ec 1981, Ind ia had the

•

L o s s e s i n c u r r e d i n t h e l a s t c o n t r a c t d u e t o r e j e c t i o n option to ord er/ b u y tw o m o re m a te ria l p ack ag es for SSKs
o f s e c t i o n s a s a r e s u l t o f w e l d i n g p r o b l e m s a n d p r i c e 5 & 6 w ith in 12 m o n th s i.e. by 11 D ec 1982. For various
c o n c e s s i o n s g r a n t e d d u r i n g t h e l a s t c o n t r a c t .

reasons, N HQ a n d M o D w ere u n a b le to e x ercise th e option
clause by 198 2 a n d so u g h t, an d o b ta in e d , exten sio n s from

C o m m o d o r e ( L a t e r V i c e A d m ) A C B h a t i a w a s t h e N a v a l I-IDW to h old th e b a s e lin e p rice .

A t t a c h e i n B o n n . H e r e c a l l s : -

“The Germans had offered us an option which was to be

The fou rth SS K o f th e S h ish u m a r cla ss IN S Shankul was
exercised by December 1982 without any appreciable
launched in early 1991 /early 1992. A fter th at th e assem bly
increase in price. We could not avail of that option clause.

line at M D L lay id le, b e c a u s e th e su b m a rin e w as in water,

When we started negotiations in 1985, linear escalation had
nearly o u tfitted , a w aitin g tria ls a n d sh e w as co m m issio n ed
lapsed and as a result the jum p in price was very big. When
in May 1994.

I talked to NHQ, they were calculating the Rupee effect,

MDL d eliv ered S S K 3 in 1 9 9 2 an d SSK 4 in 1994. Their
because by now the value of the Deutsch mark had also
op eration al p e r fo r m a n c e m e t th e Navy's exp ectation s.

escalated, so the rupee effect was very much higher.

After M D L d eliv e red SS K 4 in M ay 1994, approval was

The Germans had their own side o f the stoiy. HDW said,
accorded in O c to b e r 1985, to c o m m e n c e n eg otiation s for

“We kept on reminding Delhi that this option clause is going
the a cq u isitio n fro m I-IDW o f th e m a te ria l packages for
to lapse. But you were unable to exercise the option. Now

SSKs 5 & 6.

w e are not bound. We have hundreds o f sub-suppliers. They
have raised their prices. You have to compensate us fo r that

B etw een 1981 a n d 1 9 8 5 , N H Q h a d in te ra cte d w ith HDW
escalation"

°n im p ro vin g th e o p e ra tio n a l cap a b ility incorp o ratin g
changes like a b e tte r su p e r-ch a rg e d d iesel engine,

As fa r as the material package itself was concerned, we had
better se n so rs a n d w e a p o n s , su b stitu tio n o f o b so lesce n t
wanted improvements. For example, we wanted upgraded
equ ip m ent e tc o f th e S SK s th a t w ou ld follow SSK 4. By this
engines from MTU for which some trials had been held.

time, th ree o p tio n s h a d evolved for SSK s 5 and 6.-

There was also a change in the torpedoes - we wanted a
libreglass propeller for which the cost implications were

•

B u ild b o th in H D W (Fav ou red by H D W and those
very high That was dropped mainly because AEG told us
w h o w a n te d to u p g ra d e th e d esig n w ith t l e a e

"We have already acquired all the metal propellers. These
e q u ip m e n t).

are yours. We will have to charge you extra fo r thefibreglass

•

B u ild b o th in M D L (F av o u red by M D L to keep its
propellers'!

s u b m a rin e p ro d u c tio n lin e g o in g )■

Naturally we could not accept this kind o f escalation. So all
t h e proposals f o r upgrades were dropped.

•

B u i l d o n e in H D W a n d o n e in M D L (To g e t th e b e s t o f b o th o p tio n s ). T h e approval acco rd e d vv

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 4 7

Moreover, the construction schedule in Mazagon Dock had

A d m

I G N
a d k a r n i , w
h o w
a s V C N S a n d l a t e
not kept pace with the initial projections. Since construction
t h i s p e r i o d , r e c a l l s : -
e r
d u r j n g
had not gone as planned, warranties had expired foi m uch

"As f a r as the SSKs a re co n cern ed , I would like
o f the equipment which was to have been installed. MDL
record very straight. W hen the tim e ca m e fo r ta k ° ^
tlle
asked HDW to extend the warranties. HDW enquired, "If option of the 5th and the 6th SSKs, various clele ^
you have not yet installed the equipments a n d they have
been to the Soviet U nion f o r negotiating the a c q u r
out-lived their warranties, tell us when you expect to install
two m ore EK M subm arines. We fo u n d that two t h i ^
them. These are sub-systems, which we have acquired from
happened.

others. I f we have to extend all the warranties, it entails cost.

So part o f the problem lay in MDL not being able to keep to

Tlie first was that at the time when the initial contract
the construction schedule.

signed, one D eutsche M ark was abou t three Rupees and
the total cost o f the two packages that we acquired for

The price rise was caused not only by the escalation in
constructing SSKs 3 a n d 4 in Mazagon Dock was 80 crores

European cost. It was also our own way o f working, losing

W hen the time ca m e f o r the option fo r SSKs 5 and 6 to be
expertise and. thereby extending the duration o f construction
exercised, I think the D eutsche M ark was about 18 or 19
in Mazagon Docks'!

Rupees, a six-fold increase.

Negotiations to Reduce Costs

Tfte second thing was that the G erm ans had. increased

T h e r e a s o n s f o r t h e i n c r e a s e i n p r i c e w e r e a n a l y s e d ,
the basic price itself in D eutsche Marks. The result was
i t e m
b y i t e m . I t t r a n s p i r e d t h a t p a r t o f t h e i n c r e a s e i n c o s t
that we found, that the two packages alone were going to
w a s a r e s u l t o f t h e l o s s t h a t H D W
h a d i n c u r r e d o n S S K S 1
cost us som ew here in the region o f 5 0 0 crores and frankly
a n d 2 } S o m e p r o g r e s s w a s m a d e d u r i n g t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s
we were not b u d geted f o r su ch a n am ount. So, having in
b u t t h e g a p i n w h a t H D W
w a n t e d a n d w h a t t h e I n d i a n s i d e
the m eantim e contracted f o r the 7th a n d the 8th EKMs
f e l t w a s j u s t i f i e d w a s s t i l l t o o b i g .

fro m the Soviet Union, the total strength o f submarines
would have b een the sa m e even i f we h a d cancelled SSKs

T h e M
i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e
t h e n
r e q u e s t e d
t h e

I n d i a n

5 a n d 6.

A m
b a s s a d o r i n G e r m
a n y t o h o l d m
e e t i n g s a t G o v e r n m
e n t
t o

G o v e r n m
e n t
l e v e l 2 a n d i n d i c a t e d
t o
h i m

a
f i g u r e ,

K eeping all this in view, I as the C h ief o f Naval Staff
w h i c h , i f a g r e e d t o b y t h e G e r m
a n s i d e , w o u l d
e n a b l e
recom m ended that w e do not go in fo r these SSKy
t h e c o n t r a c t t o b e f i n a l i s e d . D u r i n g t h e s e d i s c u s s i o n s i n

Unfortunately, as is well know n, there was a conti ovefy

B o n n , i t w a s p o s s i b l e t o n a r r o w t h e g a p a l i t t l e . H o w e v e r , i t
about the H D W dea l a n d everybody got the impression t w
e m
e r g e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e d i s c r e p a n c i e s i n t h e c o n t r a c t u a l
we cancelled the 5th and. 6th SSKs beca use o f that.

p r o c e s s i n c l u d i n g p a y m
e n t o f c o m
m
i s s i o n s . T h e I n d i a n
nothing to do with that whatsoever. A s f a r as I a m concert

A m
b a s s a d o r i n G e r m
a n y s e n t a t e l e g r a m
t o t h e D e f e n c e
it was cancelled m ainly d u e to fin a n c ia l constraints.

M
i n i s t r y r e p o r t i n g t h i s f a c t w h i c h l e d t o a n i n q u i r y .

F r o m
t h e m
i d 1 9 9 0 s o n w
a r d s , N H Q f o r e s a w a ^
j
t e ( j

Dropping of SSKs 5 and 6 and the Discontinuance of
d e p l e t i o n
i n
s u b m
a r i n e
f o r c e
l e v e l s
t h a t
r t ji e

Indigenous Submarine Construction
c u m
u l a t i v e l y f r o m
t h e i m
m
i n e n t d e c o m m i s s i o n s ^ ^
o l d s u b m
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welderswentto Australia whose Navy had also commenced
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the HDW shipyard was located in Kiel.

1 4 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

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a s c o n s u l t a n t s t o t h e I n d i a n s i d e a n d a s i n t e r m e d i a r i e s H a r p o o n m i s s i l e s a n d F r e n c h E X O C E T m i s s i l e s f o r w i t h t h e F r e n c h G o v e r n m e n t a n d s u b m a r i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n i t s s h i p s a n d s u b m
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i n d i g e n o u s p r o d u c t i o n i n l i e u o f S S K s 5 & 6 . I t w a s

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t i l l 2 0 0 0 .

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c o n s u l t a n c y w h i l s t t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w o u l d b e d o n e b y M D L .

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t e n d e r . B a s e d o n T C S F ' s o f f e r , t e c h n i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s a n d s a m e h u l l f o r m a s t h e e a r l i e r f o u r b e c a u s e c h a n g i n g t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s w e r e h e l d b e t w e e n 1 9 9 7 a n d 1 9 9 9 . I t b e c a m e
h u l l f o r m w o u l d e n t a i l m
a j o r c h a n g e s i n d e s i g n w h i c h
a p p a r e n t i n t h e i n i t i a l s t a g e s i t s e l f , t h a t t h e i n v o l v e m e n t o f w o u l d r e s u l t i n f u r t h e r d e l a y s . T h e q u i c k e s t w a y t o r e s u m e a n d p a y m e n t s t o H D W w o u l d b e c o n s i d e r a b l y l a r g e r t h a n s u b m a r i n e c o n s t r u c t i o n w a s t o c o n t i n u e c o n s t r u c t i o n w i t h h a d b e e n o r i g i n a l l y p r o j e c t e d i n t h e n o t e t o t h e C C P A , t h e H D W d e s i g n b e c a u s e M D L ' s p r e s s u r e h u l l w e l d i n g a n d ( r o y a l t y h a d t o b e p a i d t o H D W f o r a c c e s s t o t h e o r i g i n a l h u l l X - r a y f a c i l i t i e s w e r e s p e c i f i c t o t h e d i m e n s i o n s o f t h e d e s i g n d r a w i n g s a n d f o r v a l i d a t i o n o f t h e i m p r o v e d f e a t u r e s o f n o i s e r e d u c t i o n w h i c h t h e S D G h a d r e c o m
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d e s i g n . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , t h e
o n t h e b o w s e c t i o n , w h i c h h o u s e d t h e t o r p e d o t u b e s a n d s t a f f r e q u i r e m
e n t s f o r P r o j e c t 7 5 h a d r e t a i n e d t h e s a m e
o n t h e c o n i c a l t a i l s e c t i o n .

h u l l f o r m a s t h e e a r l i e r s u b m a r i n e s .

I n J u n e 1 9 9 8 3 , C C S g a v e a p p r o v a l t o c o n t i n u e d i s c u s s i o n s A s r e g a r d s t h e ( T L M

) b e i n g a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r t h e P r o j e c t
w i t h T C S F i n d i c a t i n g f i r m c o s t s a f t e r c o m p l e t i n g p r i c e s u b m a r i n e s , t h e o n l y t w o c o u n t r i e s i n t h e W
e s t e r n
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s w e r e t h e U S A a n d F r a n c e ,
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^ e r e w a s n o l i k e l i h o o d o f t h e H a r p o o n b e i n g o b t a i n e p a c k a g e .

f r o m t h e U S A .

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approval w a s t h e r e f o r e
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f r o m t h e F r e n c h s i d e o n t h e r e l e a s e o f t h e E x o c e t S M 3 9

S t a i n e d t o e n g a g e t h e F r e n c h f i r m Thompson C S H ^

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itries that did not impose sanctions after these tests. During his visit
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French High Committee on Defence whose o jective

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 49

3 9 m
i s s i l e would b e available in both options
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a d e t o w a r d s c o n c l u s i o n o f a
was l e f t to the I n d i a n side. Following this 1? ^ Cloice
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o D o f f i c i a l s j o i n t l y e v a l u a t e d t h e S

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1 5 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

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C o m b a t C a p a b i l i t y o f S h e A i r A r m i n 1 9 9 1

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w e a p o n s , t h e t a c t i c s a n d m i s s i o n s o f n a v a l a i r c r a f t a n d T r a i n i n g s y l l a b i i w e r e u p d a t e d a n d t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s h e l i c o p t e r s b e g a n t o m
a t c h t h o s e o f t h e a d v a n c e d n a v i e s .

e x p a n d e d . A s i t e w a s i d e n t i f i e d a t B a n g a l o r e f o r a s p a c i o u s T h e n e w s e n s o r s f i t t e d w e r e : -
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h e l i c o p t e r s .

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a n d t h e T U s .

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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 53

Training of Sea Harrier Pilots

T h e f i r s t t h r e e S e a H a r r i e r s ( 6 0 3 , 6 0 4 a n d 6 0 5 ) t o o k o f f f r o m B r i t a i n o n 1 3 D e c e m b e r 1 9 8 3 a n d a f t e r o v e r n i g h t h a l t s U n t i l

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e n c e d i n I n d i a a f t e r
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e r e n ' t e n o u g h a i r c r a f t .

t r a i n e r ( 6 5 1 ) a r r i v e d i n 1 9 8 4 . W i t h a r r i v a l o f t h e s e c o n d t r a i n e r ( 6 5 2 ) i n 1 9 8 5 , t h e d e l i v e r y o f t h e f i r s t b a t c h o f e i g h t I n 1 9 9 0 , t h e S e a H
a r r i e r O
p e r a t i o n a l F l y i n g T r a i n i n g

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s q u a d r o n ( I N A S 3 0 0 ) , a n d w a s a l l o t t e d t h r e e f i g h t e r s a n d Overview of Sea Harrier Inductions
t w o t r a i n e r s , t o carry o u t b o t h ' b a s i c ' a n d ‘ o p e r a t i o n a l ’

Batch Contracted Fighters

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a l l y c o n s t i t u t e d a s a ' S e a

T h e s e c o n d b a t c h o f a i r c r a f t c o n s i s t e d o f 1 7 f l i g h t s ( 6 0 7 -

H a r r i e r T r a i n i n g S q u a d r o n ' w i t h a n i n d e p e n d e n t S q u a d r o n 6 2 3 a n d t w o t r a i n e r s 6 5 3 & 6 5 4 ) w e r e d e l i v e r e d b e t w e e n C o m m a n d e r . I n a d d i t i o n t o t r a i n i n g b u d d i n g S e a H a r r i e r 1 9 8 9 a n d 1 9 9 2 .

p i l o t s , t h e s q u a d r o n i m
p a r t e d t e c h n i c a l o n - j o b - t r a i n i n g
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e n o f f r o n t l i n e a n d s e c o n d l i n e s e r v i c i n g u n i t s .

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h e n r e q u i r e d , i t a u g m
e n t e d 3 0 0 S q u a d r o n w i t h a i r c r a f t

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a n d a i r c r e w , a f l o a t a n d a s h o r e . T h e S q u a d r o n w a s f i n a l l y

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T h e B r i t i s h S e a E a g l e a n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e
c o m
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i s s i o n e d a s I N A S 5 5 2 o n 0 7 J u l 2 0 0 5 .

•

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Upgradation of Sea Harrier Combat Capability
m i s s i l e .

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a r n i n g R e c e i v e r ( R W R ) .

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P h o t o - r e c o n n a i s s a n c e p o d .

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n i n e t i e s a n d b y 2 0 0 3 , n e g o t i a t i o n s w i t h H A L (B an g alo rej h a d c o m
m
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c o m m i s s i o n e d i n t h e
t h e p r i m e c o n t r a c t o r , w i t h I A F a n d E L T A o f I s r a e l b e i n g t h e N a v a lA ir S t a tio n a tH a n s a in l 9 8 4 .I t w a s a s ix - a x i s f u l l- m o t io n s u b - c o n t r a c t o r s . T h e L U S F I e n v i s a g e d a n e w m u l t i - m o e
s i m u l a t o r a n d p r o v i d e d a b - i n i t i o a n d r e - f a m i l i a r i s a t i o n r a d a r , d a t a l i n k a n d c o m
b a t m
a n o e u v r e m
o n i t o r a n d f u g ]

t r a i n i n g , p r a c t i c i n g o f e m e r g e n c y p r o c e d u r e s , t a c t i c a l a n d record er a l o n g w i t h a B e y o n d V i s u a l r a n g e ( B V R ) air-to-a^1
m i s s i o n t r a i n i n g , s i m u l a t e d i n s t r u m e n t f l y i n g a c c i d e n t m i s s i l e .

i n v e s t i g a t i o n a n d v a l i d a t i o n o f m i s s i o n p r o f i l e s .

Progressive Upgradation of Sea H arrier Capability

I n

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u P g r a d a t i o n

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a g i c M
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a i r m i s s i l e a n d a R a d a r W
a r n i n g R e c e i v e r t h a t g a v e I * 1* ! 1^

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M a g i c M
a t r a m i s s i l e d e l i v e r y c a p a b i l i t y .

t h e s t e r n s e c t o r . F o r t h e a n t i - s h i p / g r o u n d a t t a c k r o l e , t r e ^

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Day and night visuals.

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I m p r o v e m e n t s o f E l e c t r o n i c W a r f a r e , R e c o r d / R e p l a y 1 0 0 0 p o u n d ' i r o n ' b o m
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i n g c o m
p u t e r a n d H e a d - u p - d i s p l a y .

1 5 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2

D u e t o t h e R o y a l N a v y ' s f i n a n c i a l c o n s t r a i n t s , i t s c r i t i c a l s p a r e s . T h i s t o a n e x t e n t , i m p e l l e d t h e N a v a l A i r c r a f t c 2 S e a H a r r i e r s s t a r t e d e n t e r i n g s e r v i c e o n l y i n t h e e n d Y a r d 3 t o e x p e d i t e c o m p l e t i o n o f i t s f a c i l i t i e s f o r r e p a i r o f At t h a t t i m e , t h e r e p l a c e m e n t f o r t h e B l u e F o x r a d a r , c o m p o n e n t s . B u t t h e n t h e r e w e r e o t h e r i s s u e s l i k e t h e d e l a y s l 9 8 ° S 1 B l u e V i x e n , w a s s t i l l u n d e r d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e N a v y i n t h e r e c e i p t o f a i r c r a f t e n g i n e s a f t e r o v e r h a u l i n R u s s i a .

^ T t o d e c i d e w
h e t h e r t o d e l a y t h e i n d u c t i o n o f t h e b a t c h

T h i s w a s p a r t l y o v e r c o m e b y t h e i n d u c t i o n o f e n g i n e s e x 1 1 3

S e a H a r r i e r s u n t i l t h e b e t t e r r a d a r w a s a v a i l a b l e o r t o R u s s i a n A N - 1 2 s f r o m t h e A i r F o r c e . A t h i r d p r o b l e m w a s t h e n V °
t t h e s a m
e s t a n d a r d a s w a s f i t t e d i n t h e R o y a l N a v y ' s
c o m p u l s i o n o f s e n d i n g a i r c r a f t t o R u s s i a f o r o v e r h a u l , w h i c h t h e N a v y w a s f i n d i n g d i f f i c u l t t o c i r c u m v e n t . T h e r e f o r e , F R S 2 s , n a m e l y t h e B l u e F o x r a d a r b u t n o w w i t h t w o t y p e s u n t i l r e p l a c e m e n t s c o u l d b e i d e n t i f i e d a n d a c q u i r e d , i t w a s o f a i r - t o - a i r m i s s i l e s
p l a n n e d t o e x t e n d t h e l i f e o f b o t h t h e s e t y p e s o f a i r c r a f t ( I L

T h e B e y o n d V i s u a l R a n g e ( B V R ) m i s s i l e t h a t h a d a 3 8 s & T U 1 4 2 s ) a s l o n g a s p o s s i b l e .

r a n g e o f s e v e r a l k i l o m
e t r e s .

T w o d e v e l o p m e n t s a f t e r 1 9 7 1 h a d m a r k e d t h e r e b i r t h o f T h e ' A l l A s p e c t A i r t o A i r M
i s s i l e ' f o r c l o s e r a n g e
t h e s h o r e - b a s e d a r m o f n a v a l a v i a t i o n . ' 1
c o m b a t t h a t e n a b l e d a t t a c k f r o m a l l a s p e c t s , r a t h e r

•

A s a l e s s o n o f t h e 1 9 7 1 W a r , a p p r o v a l w a s a c c o r d e d t h a n o n l y f r o m b e h i n d t h e t a r g e t .

t o a c q u i r e t h r e e M a r i t i m e R e c o n n a i s s a n c e a n d A n t i s u b m a r i n e W a r f a r e ( M R A S W ) I l y u s h i n ( I L ) 3 8 s f r o m T h e I n d i a n N a v y e x e r c i s e d t h e s e c o n d o p t i o n o f t h e A l l t h e S o v i e t U n i o n i n 1 9 7 5 .

A s p e c t A A M . '

.

T h e t r a n s f e r o f t h e " m a r i t i m e r e c o n n a i s s a n c e ” r o l e B y 1 9 9 2 , t h e l a s t o f t h e S e a H a r r i e r s o r d e r e d i n t h e f r o m t h e A i r F o r c e t o t h e N a v y a n d t h e t a k i n g o v e r o f 1 9 8 0 s h a d a r r i v e d . T h e r e a f t e r , a l l t h e e a r l i e r B a t c h 1 S e a t h e S u p e r C o n s t e l l a t i o n a i r c r a f t ( S u p e r C o n n i e s ) i n H a r r i e r s w e r e u p g r a d e d , i n I n d i a , t o B a t c h 2 s t a n d a r d .

1 9 7 6 t h a t t h e A i r F o r c e h a d b e e n u s i n g f o r m a r i t i m e F u r t h e r i m
p r o v e m
e n t s w e r e i n c o r p o r a t e d . T h e s e i n c l u d e d
r e c o n n a i s s a n c e .

b e t t e r i n d i g e n o u s r a d a r w
a r n i n g r e c e i v e r s , s e l f - p r o t e c t i o n
j a m m e r s , G l o b a l P o s i t i o n i n g S y s t e m ( G P S ) , e t c .

I L 3 8 s f o r M R A S W ( I N A S 3 1 5 )

T h e f i r s t t h r e e I L 3 8 s a r r i v e d i n 1 9 7 7 . I t s o o n b e c a m e

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s u r v e i l l a n c e . T h e N a v y ' s r e q u e s t s t o t h e S o v i e t U n i o n f o r V i k r a n t . I n 1 9 7 4 , t h e N a v y d e c i d e d t o r e f u r b i s h d i e A l i z e s f i v e m o r e I L 3 8 s c o u l d n o t b e f u l f i l l e d b e c a u s e p r o d u c t i o n a n d e x t e n d t h e i r l i f e i n t o t h e 1 9 8 0 s .

o f t h e I L 3 8 s h a d c e a s e d .

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a n c e o f r e f u r b i s h e d A l i z e r a d a r s a n d E S M

S i n c e t h e t h r e e I L s i n s e r v i c e f e l l d u e f o r m a j o r o v e r h a u l i m p r o v e d , b u t t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e s o n o b u o y m o n i t o r i n g

•
o U S S R a t t h e s a m e t i m e , t h e S o v i e t s i d e w a s a g a i n r e m a i n e d s u b o p t i m
a l . A s a r e s u l t , t h e A l i z e ' s A S W r o l e d i e d
urged ,o rele.se
ů t . T h e l a s t l a u n c h o f A l i z e s f r o m

V i k r a n t t o o k p l a c e o n 2

A p r i l 1 9 8 7 . T h e r e a f t e r t h e y o p e r a t e d o n l y f r o m a s h o i e .

Z S 3 S S S ; ; —

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a n
o v e r h a u l s t 0 1 5 y e a r s
t h e s q u a d r o n ' s s e r v i c e , t h e A l i z e s h a d f l o w n 3 5 , 9 1 2 h o u r s a n d d ° n e 7 , 1 4 4 d e c k l a n d i n g s . M
e a n w h i l e , t h e s h i p - b o r n e

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a n t ! “ s u b m a r i n e r o l e h a d b e e n t a k e n o v e r b y t h e S e a k i n g o f d i e * t o t a ^ t e e h n i c a l i i f e b y a n a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 y e a r s , a s w e l l

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a r i n e h e l i c o p t e r s .

a r a w
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aritirne Reconnaissance Aircraft
tit 142s for LRMP(INAS312)

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i n t e r r u p t e d t h e s u p p y

4

NAR0 Was renamed Naval Aircraft Yard (NAY).

The amPhibious Sealands had been phased out in the 1960s.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 55

( L R M P ) T u p o l e v ( T U ) 1 4 2 s i n 1 9 8 4 . E i g h t o f t h e s e a i r c r a f t r e t r o f i t t e d w i t h t h i s r a d a r d u r i n g t h e i r m
a j o r i n s
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b y H A L ,

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A f t e r t h e a r r i v a l o f t h e f i r s t f i v e a i r c r a f t , t h e s q u a d r o n a c q u i r e d e a r l i e r . T h e s e D
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r o l e s .

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t h r e e a i r c r a f t a r r i v e d b e t w e e n A u g u s t a n d O c t o b e r 1 9 8 8 .

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I n M a y 1 9 9 2 , t h e s q u a d r o n r e - l o c a t e d t o t h e n e w n a v a l p r o v e d t o b e a n e x t r e m
e l y u s e f u l a n d r e l i a b l e p l a t f o r m
a i r s t a t i o n I N S R a j a l i a t A r a k k o n a m o n t h e E a s t c o a s t o f i n t h e c o a s t a l s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d t a r g e t i n g r o l e s . O v e r a l l I n d i a .

t h e N a v y h a d a c q u i r e d a f l e e t o f 1 5 D o r n i e r s . I n 2 0 0 4 , i t T h e n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s p a r e s f o r t h e t u r n r o u n d o f T U s w a s d e c i d e d t o a c q u i r e 1 1 m
o r e D
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a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t e d t h e i r s e r v i c e a b i l i t y . C r i t i c a l a n d u r g e n t l y I s l a n d e r s i n s e r v i c e . O n 2 9 M
a r 2 0 0 5 , t h e C C S s a n c ti o n e d
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a r i t i m
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m a n y l o n g t e r m o n e s w e r e p r o c u r e d . A n o v e r a l l r e v i e w w a s w i t h t h e i r s p a r e s a n d g r o u n d s u p p o r t .

c a r r i e d o u t j o i n t l y t o a r r i v e a t t h e e s s e n t i a l p a c k a g e t o b e p r o c u r e d b y t h e n e x t n a v a l L o g i s t i c D e l e g a t i o n ( L O G D E L ) R e - d e s i g n a t i o n o f D
o r n i e r S q u a d r o n . W
i t h t h e f i t m e n t
p r o c e e d i n g t o R u s s i a . E f f o r t s i n t e n s i f i e d t o i d e n t i t y t h e o f A E S 2 1 0 r a d a r , S A T C O M , D a t a L i n k t h e D o r n i e r s q u a d r o n r e p a i r a g e n c i e s i n R u s s i a t o o f f l o a d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f w a s r e - d e s i g n a t e d a s I W

S q u a d r o n i n 0 1 O c t 1 9 9 8 .

r o t a b l e s a w a i t i n g r e p a i r s .

I s l a n d e r s ( I N A S 5 5 0 )

T h e T U s a r e e x p e c t e d t o r e m a i n i n s e r v i c e t i l l 2 0 1 5 a n d I n 1 9 7 2 , t h e r e w a s a s h a r p i n c r e a s e i n t h e r e q u i r e m e n t f o r
n o u p g r a d e s a r e p l a n n e d . T h e y w i l l b e r e p l a c e d b y a n e w L R M P & A S W a i r c r a f t b y 2 0 1 2 .

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p u r e l y n a v i g a t i o n o r i e n t e d t r a i n i n g b e i n g i m
p a r t e d b y t h e

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f o r m
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s o r t i e s o v e r t h e s e a . A p r o p o s a l w a s i n i t i a t e d t o a c q u i r e a ( M P A ) t h a t t h e N a v y h a d e n v i s a g e d a s r e p l a c e m e n t s f o r s u i t a b l e a i r c r a f t f o r t r a i n i n g O b s e r v e r o f f i c e r s , f o r c o a s t a l

* e A l i z e s i n I N A S 3 1 0 . I n 1 9 8 6 , s a n c t i o n w a s a c c o r d e d r e c o n n a i s s a n c e a n d f o r F l e e t r e q u i r e m
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w i t h r a d a r a n d a i r t o s u r f a c e m i s s i l e s ) .

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a l s o a c c o r d e d f o r 4 D o r n i e r s , f u n d e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f ( B N 2 A ) w a s c h o s e n . T h e f i r s t t w o

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I n e n d 1 9 9 6 , s i x ( 2 T ) v a r i a n t I s l a n d e r s w e r e a c q u n ® | j o r I N A S 5 5 0 . T h e B N 2 A I s l a n d e r s w e r e r e - e n g i n e d A l l i s o n T u r b i n e E n g i n e s a n d r e c h r i s t e n e d B N 2 T .

I n M
a y 2 0 0 0 , a n I s l a n d e r F l i g h t w a s p o s i t i o n e d a t N a ^ a 5-The Fleet Requirement Unit (FRU) hari ™

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commissioned as INAS 550on 17 June 1959. At that time, it consisted of 10 Amphibian

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s t a t i o n D e g a i n V i s h a k h a p a t n a m

, a f t e r D o r n i e r s w e r e r e c t i f i c a t i o n i n 1 9 7 2 a n d 1 9 7 3 . B y 1 9 7 4 , w h e n s i x n e w i n d u c t e d i n I N A S 3 1 8 .

S e a k i n g s a r r i v e d , t h e r e p a i r a n d t e s t f a c i l i t i e s h a d b e e n s e t u p a n d e x p e r t i s e h a d b e g u n t o d e v e l o p , a l l o f w h i c h l e d t o a O v e r a l l , a t o t a l o f 1 7 I s l a n d e r s w e r e i n d u c t e d i n t o t h e m a r k e d i m p r o v e m e n t i n a v a i l a b i l i t y a n d r o l e w o r t h i n e s s .

N a v y .

O n 1 9 J u l 1 9 7 9 , t h e S e a k i n g F l i g h t a n d T a c t i c a l S i m u l a t o r T ra in e r A ircraft

( F A T S ) w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n N a v a l A i r S t a t i o n G a r u d a , C o c h i n .

K i r a n J e t T r a i n i n g A i r c r a f t

( I N A S 5 5 1 )

E i g h t K i r a n

M k I I ( t h e a r m
e d v e r s i o n ) e x - I T A L B a n g a l o r e j o i n e d t h e

T h e M k 4 2 A s . T h r e e a n t i - s u b m a r i n e S e a k i n g s , M k 4 2
s q u a d r o n b e t w e e n J u l y

1 9 8 7 a n d F e b r u a r y 1 9 8 8 . T h e s e

A , w e r e a c q u i r e d i n 1 9 8 0 . T h e s e h a d b e e n m o d i f i e d f o r a i r c r a f t w e r e
u s e d
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b e i n g h a u l e d d o w n o n t o t h e f l i g h t d e c k s o f t h e 5 th a n d 6 th s q u a d r o n s , f o r m e e t i n g f l e e t r e q u i r e m e n t s l i k e a n t i - a i r c r a f t L e a n d e r s , T a r a g i r i a n d V i n d h y a g i r i , u s i n g t h e C a n a d i a n t r a c k i n g p r a c t i c e s a n d f o r c o n s o l i d a t i o n f l y i n g o f s t a f f p i l o t s .

R e c o v e r y , A s s i s t , S e c u r e a n d T r a v e r s e ( R A S T ) s y s t e m .

O v e r a l l , a t o t a l o f 2 3 K i r a n s w e r e i n d u c t e d i n t o t h e N a v y .

B y 1 9 8 1 , t h e S e a k i n g s M k 4 2 w h i c h h a d b e e n i n s e r v i c e f o r t e n y e a r s , h a d b e g u n t o a g e a n d n e e d e d r e p l a c e m e n t .

T h e H
e l i c o p t e r F l e e t

H e l i c o p t e r s w e r e a l s o r e q u i r e d f o r V i k r a n t a n d f o r t h e t h r e e n e w G o d a v a r i c l a s s f r i g a t e s , e a c h o f w h i c h w a s d e s i g n e d t o H i e e m b a r k a t i o n o f h e l i c o p t e r s i n s h i p s s t a r t e d i n t h e e m b a r k t w o S e a k i n g - s i z e h e l i c o p t e r s .

1 9 6 0 s w i t h t h e F r e n c h A l o u e t t e I l l s f l y i n g f r o m V i k r a n t ( f o r t h e S A R r o l e ) , f r o m D a r s h a k ( f o r a s s i s t i n g s u r v e y w o r k ) a n d T h e M K 4 2 B . T h e N a v y ' s s t a f f r e q u i r e m e n t s s t i p u l a t e d a f r o m D e e p a k ( f o r a s s i s t i n g v e r t i c a l r e p l e n i s h m e n t ) . T h i s d u a l r o l e — a n t i - s u b m a r i n e ( A S W ) a n d a n t i - s u r f a c e v e s s e l w a s f o l l o w e d b y a p p o i n t i n g M A T C H A l o u e t t e f l i g h t s i n t h e ( A S V ) .

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f i r s t f o u r L e a n d e r f r i g a t e s i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s . S u b s e q u e n t l y : w e r e f o r b e t t e r d u n k i n g s o n a r , a n d a L O F A R s y s t e m t o m o n i t o r l o w f r e q u e n c y s o n o b u o y s . F o r t h e A S V r o l e , t h e

•

T a r a g i r i a n d V i n d h y a g i r i w e r e p r o v i d e d w i t h o n e r e q u i r e m e n t w a s f o r a n a n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e .

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R u s s i a h a d o n e K a m o v e a c h . T h e G o d a v a r i c l a s s
h e l i c o p t e r s 6 f o r t h e f r o n t - l i n e s q u a d r o n I N A S 3 3 0 , 2 f o r f r i g a t e s o f P r o j e c t 1 6 h a d t w o S e a k i n g s e a c h , a s d i d t h e T r a i n i n g S q u a d r o n I N A S 3 3 6 , 4 f o r a n e w s q u a d r o n t h e i r s u c c e s s o r s , t h e D e l h i c l a s s d e s t r o y e r s o f P r o j e c t I N A S 3 3 9 f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f t h e B o m b a y H i g h o f f s h o r e o i l 1 5 .

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T h e K a m o v 3 1 A E W

H e l i c o p t e r s w e r e i n d u c t e d w i t h
o f f i r i n g S e a E a g l e a i r - t o - s u r f a c e a n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e s .

t h e e n t r y o f t h e R u s s i a n ( P r o j e c t 1 1 3 5 . 6 ) T a l w a r C l a s s T W e n t v a n t i - s u b m a r i n e S e a k i n g s M
k 4 2 B w e r e i n d u c t e d
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b e t w e e n 1 9 8 8 a n d 1 9 9 2 f o r t h e G o d a v a r i c l a s s f r i g a t e s , t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s V i k r a n t a n d V i r a a t a n d f o r t h e d e f e n c e o f

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A l l o t h e r f r i g a t e s i z e d s h i p s h a v e l i g h t e r C h e t a k s .

o f f s h o r e o i l i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

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H i p M k 4 2 C . E a c h i n d i g e n o u s

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T h e M k 4 2 s . B y 1 9 7 4 , t h e N a v y h a d a c q u i r e d t w e l v e n

!

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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 1 5 7

a rotodome on an Avro aircraft was unsuccessful.

d e f e n d i n g t h e o f f s h o r e o i l p l a t f o r m s a t B o m b a y H i g h .

T h e s e a r r i v e d i n 1 9 8 7 a n d w e r e s t i l l i n s e r v i c e p r o v i d i n g The Navy pinned its hopes on acquiring A E W helicopters

S A R a n d c a s u a l t y e v a c u a t i o n .

that were then under development. The British SeakinS

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w e r e o r i g i n a l l y o f S i k o r s k y d e s i g n .

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S e v e n M k 4 2 B h e l i c o p t e r s h a d t o b e c a n n i b a l i s e d t o k e e p c a r r i e r V i k r a n t , n a v a l a i r s t a t i o n s H
a n s a a n d G a r u d a a n d
t h e r e s t o f t h e S e a k i n g s o p e r a t i o n a l .

t a n k e r D e e p a k . I n s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s ,
f l i g h t s e m b a r k e d ,
w h e n e v e r r e q u i r e d i n :

E v e n
t h o u g h
t h e
s a n c t i o n s
w e r e
l i f t e d
i n

2 0 0 1 ,
b u r e a u c r a t i c U S p r o c e d u r e s d e l a y e d t h e c l e a r a n c e o f s p a r e s

•

T h e o l d B r i t i s h f r i g a t e s , T r i s h u l a n d T a h v a r a f t e r t h e y u n t i l 2 0 0 3 a n d t h e s p a r e s e v e n t u a l l y a r r i v e d i n 2 0 0 5 .

h a d b e e n f i t t e d w i t h m i s s i l e s , a n d i n B r a h m a p u t r a , B e a s a n d B e t w a a f t e r t h e i r c o n v e r s i o n t o d i e t r a i n i n g The Russian Kamov Anti-submarine Helicopters Series
r o l e .

Kamov 25s. K a m o v 2 5 A S W h e l i c o p t e r s h a d e n t e r e d

•

N e w s h i p s l i k e t h e c a d e t t r a i n i n g s h i p T i r , t a n k e r s , s e r v i c e e m b a r k e d o n b o a r d t h e R u s s i a n m i s s i l e d e s t r o y e r s s u r v e y s h i p s , l a n d i n g s h i p s L S T ( M

) s , o f f s h o r e p a t r o l

R a j p u t , R a n a a n d R a n j i t w h e n t h e y w e r e c o m m i s s i o n e d v e s s e l s ( O P V s ) a n d K h u k r i c l a s s m
i s s i l e c o r v e t t e s .

b e t w e e n 1 9 8 0 a n d 1 9 8 3 . S t a r t i n g O c t 1 9 7 9 , a t o t a l o f s e v e n K A 2 5 s w e r e i n d u c t e d .

T h e f i r s t f o u r L e a n d e r c l a s s f r i g a t e s , N i l g i r i , I - I i m g i r i , Kamov 28s.

U d a y g i r i a n d D u n a g i r i h a d e a c h e m
b a r k e d a M u l t i - r o l e

F o l l o w i n g
t h e
c l o s u r e
o f
t h e

K a m o v

A n t i - s u b m a r i n e T o r p e d o C a r r y i n g H
e l i c o p t e r ( M A T C H ) -

2 5
p r o d u c t i o n
l i n e ,

K a m o v 2 8 A S W
h e l i c o p t e r s
w e r e

T h e M A T C H w a s a m o d i f i e d v a r i a n t o f t h e C h e t a k a n d e m b a r k e d i n t h e n e x t t w o m i s s i l e d e s t r o y e r s R a n v i r a n d w a s a d d i t i o n a l l y e q u i p p e d w i t h R a d i o a l t i m
e t e r , a l t i t u d e

R a n v i j a y w h e n t h e y w e r e c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 8 6 a n d 1 9 8 7 .

T h e K a m o v 2 8 w a s h e a v i e r t h a n t h e K a m o v 2 5 a n d t o o b i g i n d i c a t o r a n d a f l i g h t s t a b i l i s a t i o n s y s t e m

. I n t h e l a s t t w o
t o f i t i n t o t h e K a m o v 2 5 h a n g e r s o f t h e f i r s t 3 d e s t r o y e r s .

L e a n d e r f r i g a t e s , T a r a g i r i a n d V i n d h y a g i r i , t h e M A T C H
w a s
r e p l a c e d
b y
t h e
l a r g e r ,
h e a v i e r

S e a k i n g

M k 4 2 A

Airborne Early Warning Helicopters
h e l i c o p t e r s .

W i t h t h e p r o l i f e r a t i o n o f a n t i - s h i p m i s s i l e s i n t h e 1 9 7 0 s , S i n c e
m
o s t
h e l i c o p t e r - c a p a b l e
s h i p s
w e r e
b a s e d
m
a c l e a r o p e r a t i o n a l n e e d e m e r g e d f o r t h e N a v y t o h a v e B o m b a y a n d e m
b a r k a t i o n s w e r e u s u a l l y o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n ,

A i r b o r n e E a r l y W
a r n i n g

( A E W )

c a p a b i l i t y . T h i s w o u l d

I N A S 3 2 1 w a s r e l o c a t e d t o I N S K u n j a l i i n B o m
b a y i n A u g u s
i n c r e a s e t h e r e a c t i o n t i m e e s s e n t i a l f o r d e a l i n g w i t h t h e 1 9 8 0 .

h o s t i l e p l a t f o r m s b e f o r e t h e y c a m
e c l o s e e n o u g h t o f i r e
t h e i r m i s s i l e s .

Chetak SAR Squadron INAS 321. I n t h e e a r l y 1980s ,

H A L i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e y w e r e c o n s i d e r i n g d i s c o n t i n u e L a r g e
r o t o d o m e f i t t e d a i r c r a f t ,
o f t h e t y p e t h a t t h e
t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f C h e t a k h e l i c o p t e r s . S i n c e t h e p r o d u c t i o A m e r i c a n
a n d
t h e

R u s s i a n
n a v i e s
h a d ,
w e r e
n e i t h e r
a n d
d e l i v e r y
o f
t h e
r e p l a c e m
e n t

A L I T s
w o u l d
ta
a v a i l a b l e n o r a f f o r d a b l e . A n i n d i g e n o u s R & D p r o j e c t t o f i t c o n s i d e r a b l e t i m e , H A L c o n t i n u e d p r o d u c t i o n .

commence by the year end ^ K o c h ^ a n d ^ m p f a e d ln ^ Ils g 3^ ^

“ d

‘° resurlecl Ule seven Sea

Mk 42B helicopterS
undertake the repair a n | p ! S
team to assist state owned H industan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) 1 * “ ^
years ago HAL and Agusta Westland had signed a cn n tra r t

V e lransm ission a n d helicop ter rotor h e a d s in s u p p o rt of th is co ntrac ■
join y repair and overhaul the Navy's Sea King helicopter fleet.

158 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

A t o t a l o f 8 5 C h e t a k s h a d b e e n i n d u c t e d i n t o t h e N a v y

Whilst the contract was signed in 1984, designing a helicopter
was not easy, so we should give credit to HAL for going
t i l l 2 0 0 2 .

ahead with it and finally flying the first prototype in 1992.

T h e In d ig e n o u s Advanced L i g h t H e l i c o p t e r ( A L H )

They went ahead with four prototypes — two for the skid

T h e N a v y ’s s t a f f r e q u i r e m
e n t s h a d e n v i s a g e d a m e d i u m
version; a third for a wheel variant which was the prototype

•
d h e l i c o p t e r t h a t , w i t h i n a n a l l u p w e ig h t o f a b o u t 5 0 0 0 f o r the Navy and a fourth one as a civil version. The first

T s

Army version flew in 1992 and Naval version in 1995. Series

( l i g h t e r t h a n th e 1 0 , 0 0 0 k g S e a k i n g , b u t h e a v ie r th an
production started in 1996. Today the ALHs with the Army
t h e A lou ette), w o u ld p e r m i t i t s r o le to b e c h a n g e d to c a r r y out
and the Air Force have proven to be very good machines. The
a n t i - s u b m a r i n e ( A S W

) , a n t i - s h i p ( A S V ) , c o m m a n d o

Army operated the ALHs in the deserts in Rajasthan, they
c a r r y i n g ( U t i l i t y ) o r S e a r c h a n d R e s c u e ( S A R ) m i s s i o n s .

have twice operated in high altitudes from Leh and what I

T h e A L H e m
e r g e d a s a m u l t i r o l e h e l i c o p t e r i n t h e 4 . 5 t o
hear from them is that ALH has proved itself."

5 . 5 t o n w e i g h t c l a s s , d e s i g n e d a n d d e v e l o p e d b y H i n d u s t a n Aeronautics

T h e n a v a l v e r s i o n o f t h e A L H w a s s u c c e s s f u l l y l a u n c h e d L t d
t o
m
e e t t h e
s p e c i f i c
n e e d s o f d i v e r s e
f r o m t h e a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r I N S V i r a a t a n d I N S G a n g a o f f t h e c u s t o m e r s l i k e t h e A r m y , t h e N a v y , t h e A i r F o r c e , t h e C o a s t W e s t e r n S e a b o a r d i n M a r c h 1 9 9 8 .

G u a r d a n d c i v i l i a n o r g a n i s a t i o n s l i k e O N G C , P a w a n H a n s e t c . I t s
a d v a n c e d
t e c h n o l o g i e s
i n c l u d e
t h e

I n t e g r a t e d

T h e n a v a l u t i l i t y v e r s i o n A L H
l a n d e d a t G a r u d a
i n

D y n a m i c

S y s t e m ,

H i n g e - l e s s

M
a i n

R o t o r ,

B e a r i n g l e s s

F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 3 . T h e U t i l i t y v e r s i o n h a s a r e s c u e h o i s t a n d T a i l R o t o r , 4 - a x i s A u t o m
a t i c F l i g h t C o n t r o l S y s t e m , F u l l
t h e a b i l i t y f o r m e d i c a l e v a c u a t i o n b y s t r e t c h e r ; i t c a n f e r r y A u t h o r i t y D i g i t a l

E l e c t r o n i c C o n t r o l S y s t e m
a n d 6 - a x i s
u p t o 1 4 p e r s o n n e l a n d s l i t h e r c o m m a n d o s .

A n t i R e s o n a n t I s o l a t i o n S y s t e m .

R e - b a s i n g o f A i r S q u a d r o n s

T h e N a v y h a d s o m
e t e e t h i n g p r o b l e m
s b e c a u s e o f i t s

F o r c o n s t a n t o p e r a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , t h e l o c a t i o n o f I N A S
p a r t i c u l a r r e q u i r e m
e n t
o f o p e r a t i n g t h e h e l i c o p t e r o n 3 3 0 a t G o a w a s c o n s i d e r e d u n s u i t a b l e . T h e s q u a d r o n w a s b o a r d s h i p s a t s e a . T h e N a v y n e e d e d a w h e e l e d v e r s i o n r e b a s e d a t M u m b a i w h e r e f a c i l i t i e s , b o t h A T E a n d C a r r i e r -
r a t h e r t h a n t h e s k i d . T h e r e q u i r e m
e n t w a s t o h a v e r o t o r
b o r n e , a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e . T h e I N A S 3 3 9 s q u a d r o n w h i c h b l a d e s f o l d e d t o a c e r t a i n w i d t h a n d t h e p o s s e s s i o n o f h a s a l l i t s f a c i l i t i e s a t G o a w a s m o v e d f r o m M
u m b a i t o
a d e q u a t e p o w e r f o r o p e r a t i n g , h o v e r i n g a n d l a n d i n g . H A L

G o a .

g r a p p l e d w i t h t h e p r o b l e m
s i n i t i a l l y , b u t b y 2 0 0 0 , w a s w e l l
o n i t s w a y t o d e v e l o p i n g a n a v a l p r o t o t y p e .

A
d e t a c h m e n t
o f

M R A S W

D o r n i e r s
w a s
d e p l o y e d
f o r
o p e r a t i o n s
e x

P o r t

B l a i r / C a m p b e l l

B a y
a s
a n d

C m d e R S h a r m
a w a s i n c h a r g e o f t h e A L H P r o j e c t i n
w h e n r e q u i r e d . I t w a s p r o p o s e d t o b a s e f o u r D O 2 2 8

2 0 0 2 . H e r e c a l l s :

o n a c q u i s i t i o n f r o m H A L ( K ) i n 1 9 9 8 . A c c o r d i n g l y , t w o

Vie ALH Project really started way back in the early 70s D o r n i e r s a r e b a s e d i n P o r t B l a i r o n a p e r m a n e n t b a s i s .

when the Government a n d MOD wanted to have indigenous
design and development o f helicopters. It initially started as

Personnel and Training
a ^placement o f the Cheetah and Chetak as a single engine

C o m m an d
elicopter. However, after the Vietnam and Arab-Isiaeli
a n d C o n t r o l o f A v i a t i o n U n i t s

Wars il was felt at Naval, Air a n d Army Headquarters that it

D - n r t n 1 9 8 6
a v i a t i o n u n i t s l i k e S F N A , N I A T , N A Y a n d

'A .

would be prudent to go fo r a twin-engine helicopter instead

p n C - i n - C

S o u t h .

B e t w e e n

1 9 8 6 - 9 2 ,

N A I S w e r e :

u n _ e
u n d e [ . F O N a b u t a d m i n i s t e r e d b y

° a sin8le engine helo. A round 1970-71, it was decided to
o mfor a twin engined helicopter. It was around 1977-7

S

?

T n C S o u t h . W i t h F O N A / F O G A b e i n g b r o u g h t u n d e r F O C - i n - C s o t
r e c o m m e n d e d t o r e v e r t t o t h e
started, discussion with foreign companies an
t h
e , u n i t s u n d e r t h e C - i n - C
a y in 19 8 4 that G o v ern m en t sanction was accordec an
rp°nllactlucls signed with Germany's “MBB” which is toe ay S o u t h .

ena-1116^ Eurocopter” fo r designing and developing a ^win

, .

,
t u p f o l l o w i n g a v i a t i o n b a s i c t r a i n i n g u n i t s
anT\ helicoPter- At that stage MBB was just a consultan

ACCplaced u n d e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a n d f u n c t i o n a l
t h e J ley conti™ed as consultants till about 1995 ana c o n t r o l o f H Q S N C in S e p 1 9 9 9 :-
held ti
t^ei) contracl was not extended because

Project

Were competent enough to continue unt i

.

N a v a l In stitu te of A e ro n a u tica l T e c h n o l o g y ( N I A T ) TR A N SIT IO N t o GUARDIANSHIP

159

a h e l i p a d a r e a f r o m w
h e r e
h e l i c o p t e r s
c o u l d
c o n f

.

S c h o o l f o r N a v a l A i r m e n ( S F N A )

f l y i n g w h e n s h i p s w e r e a l o n g s i d e . I n v i e w o f i t s p r o x ^

•

O b s e r v e r S c h o o l ( ' O ' S c h o o l )

l o c a t i o n , I N S K u n j a l i I I b e c a m
e t h e N a v y ' s h e l i c o p t e r

.

S c h o o l
o f

N a v a l

O c e a n o l o g y

&

M
e t e o r o l o g y
i n B o m b a y .

s e

( S N O M )

S i m i l a r l y ,
a
n a v a l
a i r
s t a t i o n
w
a s
c o m m i s s i o n e d a t

T h e

F l a g

O f f i c e r

N a v a l

A v i a t i o n
c o n t i n u e d
t o
b e

V i s a k h a p a t n a m a s I N S D e g a i n 2 1 O
c t o b e r 1 9 9 1 .

r e s p o n s i b l e f o n -

T h e f i f t h n a v a l a i r s t a t i o n , o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f I n d i a

•

A d v i c e o n a l l a s p e c t s o f f l i g h t s a f e t y .

w a s c o m
m
i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 9 2 a s I N S R a j a l i a t A r a k k o n a m i n T a m i l n a d u .

•

P r o v i s i o n o f a i r e f f o r t p e r t a i n i n g t o a v i a t i o n t r a i n i n g c o n d u c t e d a t ' O ’ S c h o o l .

A ir A rm L o g istics

•

A d v i c e t o F O C - i n - C S o u t h o n t r a i n i n g i s s u e s r e l a t e d Spares Procurement
t o S c h o o l s e x c e p t S N O M .

I n t h e l a t e 9 0 s ,
a n a n a l y s i s
o f t h e p a t t e r n o f s p a r e s

•

P r o v i d e p r o f e s s i o n a l a s s i s t a n c e t o F O C - i n - C S o u t h p r o c u r e m
e n t d u r i n g t h e d e c a d e , r e v e a l e d a c o m p l i a n c e
i n t h e c o n d u c t o f i n s p e c t i o n o f N I A T , S F N A a n d ‘ O '

S c h o o l .

r a t e o f a b o u t 5 8 % f o r S e a H a r r i e r s . I n c o n t r a s t f o r R u s s i a n b i r d s i t w a s 2 5 % f o r I L s a n d 4 5 %
f o r T U s a n d f o r r o t a r y w i n g

Navy-AirForce-Army Pilot Exchange Programme
a i r c r a f t b e t w e e n 2 6 - 3 8 %

.

T h r o u g h o u t t h e

1 9 9 0 s , t h e i n t e r - s e r v i c e p i l o t e x c h a n g e
p r o g r a m m e r e m a i n e d a s f o l l o w s : -

T h e l o w c o m
p l i a n c e r a t e o n t h e s p a r e s f r o n t f o r R u s s i a n
a i r c r a f t w a s a t t r i b u t a b l e t o f a c t o r s l i k e l i m i t e d i n v e n t o r } '

F i x e d W i n g A i r c r a f t / H e l i c o p t e r s
o n o f f e r f r o m R V Z , e r r o r s i n d u c e d i n d e m
a n d s d u r i n g

I N p i l o t s w i t h t h e A F f l y i n g

—

M I G s a n d A j e e t s M I 8 s
t r a n s l i t e r a t i o n o f p a r t n u m
b e r s f i r s t a t t h e u n i t l e v e l a n d

I N p i l o t s w i t h t h e A r m y f l y i n g

—

A i r O P C h e t a k s
l a t e r a t N H Q w h e n i n d e n t i n g f o r t h e
i t e m
s a n d l a s t l y
d i f f i c u l t i e s f a c e d b y R V Z i n e x p a n d i n g v e n d o r b a s e .

A F p i l o t s w i t h t h e I N f l y i n g

— S e a H a r r i e r s

S e a k i n g s & C h e t a k s

Air Stores Management

A r m y p i l o t s w i t h t h e I N f l y i n g

—

C h e t a k s

I n 1 9 9 6 , t h e C o l l e g e o f D
e f e n c e M a n a g e m e n t ( C D M )

w a s t a s k e d b y F O N A t o c a r r y o u t a p r o j e c t s t u d y o n t h e Development of Aircraft Operating
m
a n a g e m
e n t o f a i r s t o r e s a n d i t s p o s s i b l e m
e r g e r w i t h t h e

Facilities Ashore

I L M S . C D M r e c o m
m
e n d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : -

Modernisation of Naval Airfields

•

S e g r e g a t i o n o f a i r s t o r e s .

I n t h e e a r l y 9 0 s , m o s t o f t h e a i r f i e l d s w e r e e q u i p p e d

•

C o m
p u t e r i s a t i o n o f a i r l o g i s t i c s w i t h i n t h r e e yeais.

w i t h v i n t a g e c o m m u n i c a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s , a g e i n g n a v i g a t i o n a l a i d s ,
n o n I C A O s t a n d a r d a i r f i e l d l i g h t i n g s y s t e m s a n d T h e p r o p o s a l w a s a i m
e d
a t p r o v i d i n g a
t e r m i n a l to
r e l a t i v e l y p r i m i t i v e m e a n s t o t a c k l e e m e r g e n c i e s . H i e n o n a l l u s e r s o f a i r c r a f t s p a r e s ,
r e p a i r o f c o m p o n e n t s a n
a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a i r r o u t e s u r v e i J l a n c e , t e r m i n a l a p p r o a c h m
a n a g e m
e n t
o f
i n f o r m
a t i o n
i n v o l v e d
w i t h
t e c ^i n ^ c ^
a n d
p r e c i s i o n
a p p r o a c h
r a d a r s ,
a d e q u a t e
l i n k / p a r a l l e l
s u p p o r t t o a v i a t i o n . S e v e n s o f t w a r e f i r m
s w e r e i d e n t i
e
t e x i w a y s a n d
s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e
e n o u g h
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w a s r e g u l a r l y t r a n s f e r r e d f r o m o n e f l i g h t t o a n o t h e r

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1 6 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

21

Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)

preamble

V / S T O L S e a H a r r i e r s a l r e a d y i n s e r v i c e .

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s o f t h e I n d o - F r e n c h M O U o f 1 9 8 8 ,
s e r v i c e .

a n a g r e e m e n t w a s s i g n e d w i t h D C N o f F r a n c e f o r a s s i s t a n c e

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b y i t s d e s i g n g r o u p , S T C A N , i n t h e c o n c e p t d e s i g n o f t h e w i t h t h e G o r s h k o v ) .

S e a C o n t r o l S h i p ( S C S ) a n d f o r t r a n s f e r o f t e c h n o l o g y .

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•

T h e i n d i g e n o u s A d v a n c e d L i g h t H e l i c o p t e r ( A L H ) .

d e s i g n w o r k t o b e e n t r u s t e d t o s e l e c t e d c o n s u l t a n t s d u r i n g T h e s t a f f r e q u i r e m e n t s w e r e f i n a l i s e d f o r a g a s t u r b i n e s u b s e q u e n t s t a g e s o f d e s i g n w o r k , a n d t o a u d i t C o c h i n p r o p e l l e d , 2 8 - k n o t , 3 7 , 0 0 0 - t o n c a r r i e r w i t h a n a n g l e d d e c k S h i p y a r d f o r i t s c a p a b i l i t y t o b u i l d t h e c a r r i e r .

a n d a s k i j u m p , t o o p e r a t e a n a i r g r o u p o f 3 0 c o m b a t a i r c r a f t B y 1 9 9 0 , t h e c o n c e p t s t u d y b y F r a n c e ' s D C N , a s s i s t e d b y a n d h e l i c o p t e r s a n d m a n n e d b y 1 4 0 0 p e r s o n n e l .

t h e I N D L T , h a d e v o l v e d d e s i g n s f o r a 2 5 , 0 0 0 t o n c a t a p u l t C C S a p p r o v a l f o r I A C w a s a c c o r d e d i n 2 0 0 3 a n d C o c h i n v e r s i o n a n d a s k i j u m
p v e r s i o n a n d c o n f i r m e d t h a t t h e

S h i p y a r d c o m m e n c e d c o n s t r u c t i o n i n 2 0 0 5 . M e a n w h i l e , c a r r i e r c o u l d b e b u i l t i n t h e C o c h i n S h i p y a r d . T h e f i n a n c i a l t h e n o m e n c l a t u r e o f t h e c a r r i e r p r o j e c t h a d c h a n g e d f r o m c r i s i s o f 1 9 9 1 p r e c l u d e d s a n c t i o n f o r a c a r r i e r o f t h a t s i z e S e a C o n t r o l S h i p ( S C S ) t o A i r D e f e n c e S h i p ( A D S ) a n d a n d t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s w e r e s p e n t i n j u g g l i n g d e s i g n s f o r a f i n a l l y t o I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r ( I A C ) . T h e I A C i s s m a l l e r c a r r i e r . T h e g r e y a r e a w a s t h e t y p e a n d n u m b e r o f e x p e c t e d t o e n t e r s e r v i c e b y 2 0 1 5 . 1
a i r c r a f t t h a t t h e c a r r i e r w o u l d o p e r a t e .

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a l o n g w i t h t h e c a r r i e r - b o r n e v e r s i o n M i g 2 9 K . M e a n w h i l e , A i r c r a f t c a r r i e r s a r e d e s i g n e d f o r t h e t y p e a n d n u m b e r s o f d e v e l o p m e n t h a d a l s o c o m
m
e n c e d o f t h e c a r r i e r - b o r n e
a i r c r a f t t o b e o p e r a t e d . A N a v a l c a r r i e r b o r n e a i r c r a f t h a v e V e r s i o n o f t h e i n d i g e n o u s l a n d - b a s e d L i g h t C o m b a t A i r c r a f t a n e x p e c t e d l i f e o f 2 5 y e a r s . H o w e v e r , t h e y a r e d e s i g n e d f o r ( L C A ) b y t h e A e r o n a u t i c a l D e v e l o p m
e n t A g e n c y ( A D A ) .

a l i f e o f a t l e a s t 5 0 y e a r s . A i r c r a f t c a r r i e r d e s i g n t h e r e f o r e c a t e r s f o r o p e r a t i n g a t l e a s t t w o g e n e r a t i o n s o f c a r r i e r -

I h e s e d e v e l o p m
e n t s
h e l p e d
t o
f i n a l i s e
t h e t y p e s o f
c o m b a t a i r c r a f t t h a t w o u l d f l y f r o m t h e A D S . T h e c a r r i e r b o r n e a i r c r a f t .

w ů l d e m b a r k : -

~~-------------------------------------- —

-------- :-------on 1116 progress of

Admiral Arun Prakash (the then CNS) in an interview that appear
the IAC:'

„ chanses the most recent being the need for the ADS to be compatible

‘

He said that the design, size and configuration had underg01^
lca’s Kaveri engine was tinder development.

with the Naval variant of the indigenous LCA. The marine ve
tmnes tQ operate

Miq 29 K and LCA

•
a „ .

AoA hv the CCS in Jan 2003 tor aud u

,
operate the Sea Harriers and the

A revised sanction of Rs 3261 Crores was accorded by

In
interim period, the ADS

(Navy) f e d wing aircraft as well as the ALH and KA 31 helicopters.

Seakings.

leted Design of internal systems was at an advanced stage.

Basic design and hydrodynamic model tests had by then, b

Infrastructure of Cochin Shipyard had been augmented.

General Features of IAC2

A n a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r i s a f l o a t i n g a i r f i e l d . A i r c r a f t a r e l a u n c h e d f r o m t h e f r o n t e n d
o f t h e f l i g h t d e c k b y a

T h e s h i p h a s a l e n g t h o f 2 5 2 m

, m
a x b r e a d t h o f 58
c a t a p u l t ; t h e y l a n d b y e n g a g i n g t h e i r t a i l h o o k s i n o n e o f d r a f t o f 8 m , d e p t h o f 2 5 . 6 m
a n d a d e e p d i s p l a c e m e n t 111
t h e a r r e s t o r w i r e s s p r e a d a c r o s s t h e r e a r e n d o f t h e f l i g h t 3 7 , 5 0 0 t o n n e s . T h e s h i p w i l l b e p r o p e l l e d b y f o u r L M 2 5 0 n d e c k .

G a s T u r b i n e s g e n e r a t i n g a t o t a l p o w e r o f 8 0 M

W

( i , 20 000

H P a p p r o x ) e n a b l i n g t h e s h i p t o d o a m
a x i m
u m
s p e e d o f

N a v a l
c a r r i e r - b o r n e
a i r c r a f t
a r e
u s u a l l y
v a r i a n t s
o f

2 8 k n o t s . T l i e s h i p h a s a n e n d u r a n c e o f 7 , 5 0 0 n a u t i c a l m i l e s A i r F o r c e s h o r e - b a s e d a i r c r a f t . T h e y c o s t l e s s b e c a u s e a t 1 8 k n o t s a n d l o g i s t i c e n d u r a n c e o f 4 5 d a y s . T h e s h i p w i l l o f t h e e c o n o m i e s o f s c a l e i n d e s i g n , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d h a v e a c o m
p l e m
e n t o f 1 6 0 0 . I t c a n c a r r y a m a x i m u m o f
p r o d u c t i o n . F o r s p e c i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s l i k e A i r b o r n e E a r l y 3 0 a i r c r a f t a n d 1 7 o f t h e s e c a n b e a c c o m
m
o d a t e d i n t h e

W a r n i n g ( A E W ) a i r c r a f t , a N a v a l v a r i a n t h a s t o b e d e v e l o p e d h a n g a r . A i r o p e r a t i o n s c a n t a k e p l a c e u p t o s e a s t a t e 5 . T h e s e p a r a t e l y .

s h i p w i l l h a v e t w o t r a m
l i n e s f o r t a k e o f f a n d a l a n d i n g s t r i p

T o o p e r a t e S h o r t T a k e O f f / V e r t i c a l L a n d i n g ( S T O V L ) w i t h 3 a r r e s t e r w i r e s .

c o m b a t a i r c r a f t l i k e t h e S e a H a r r i e r s , i t i s u s e f u l f o r t h e c a r r i e r t o h a v e a s k i j u m p a t t h e f r o n t e n d o f t h e f l i g h t D e s i g n
d e c k t o a s s i s t s h o r t t a k e - o f f , w h i c h o b v i a t e s t h e n e e d f o r a T h e
d e s i g n i s
b e i n g
u n d e r t a k e n
b y
t h e

N a v y ' s o w n
v e r t i c a l t a k e - o f f . V e r t i c a l l a n d i n g ( t h a t u s e s u p m o r e f u e l D e s i g n B u r e a u . T h e p r e l i m
i n a r y d e s i g n h a s a l r e a d y b e e n
a n d r e d u c e s e n d u r a n c e ) d i s p e n s e s t h e n e e d f o r a r r e s t o r c o m
p l e t e d a n d d e t a i l e d d e s i g n i s i n h a n d . T l i e s h i p w i l l w i r e s . D i s p e n s i n g w i t h t h e c a t a p u l t a n d t h e a r r e s t o r s b e b u i l t u s i n g I H O P ( I n t e g r a t e d H u l l O u t f i t a n d P a i n t i n g ) r e d u c e s t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c a r r i e r a n d t h e r e f o r e i t s t o n n a g e m
e t h o d u s i n g h i g h s t r e n g t h A B A g r a d e s t e e l d e v e l o p e d a n d c o s t . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e A i r b o r n e E a r l y W
a r n i n g t a s k h a s
i n h o u s e b e t w e e n D R D O a n d S A I L . T l i e A D S w i l l r e q u i r e t o b e p e r f o r m e d b y d e d i c a t e d A E W h e l i c o p t e r s l i k e t h e a b o u t 2 0 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s o f s t e e l .

R u s s i a n K a m o v 3 1 .

Contracts

T o o p e r a t e l o n g e r r a n g e , h e a v i e r a r m e d , c o m
b a t a n d

A E W a i r c r a f t , t h e c a r r i e r n e e d s t o h a v e b o t h c a t a p u l t a n d I t a l i a n s h i p d e s i g n & c o n s t r u c t i o n y a r d M

/ s F i n c a n t i e r i
a r r e s t o r g e a r - t h e l e n g t h o f t h e c a r r i e r i n c r e a s e s s o d o e s i t s h a s b e e n s e l e c t e d b y C o c h i n S h i p y a r d L t d t o a s s i s t i n : -
t o n n a g e a n d c o s t .

•

I n t e g r a t i n g t h e m
a i n p r o p u l s i o n s y s t e m

.

G i v e n t h e u n c e r t a i n t y a s t o w h i c h t y p e o f a i r c r a f t w o u l d b e o p e r a t i n g 2 5 y e a r s i n t h e f u t u r e , c a r r i e r d e s i g n h a s

•

M
a k i n g t h e m
a i n e n g i n e r o o m
l a y o u t s .

e m e r g e d i n t h r e e v a r i a n t s : -

•

P r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e B u i l d S p e c i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e s h i p -

S T O B A R — S h o r t T a k e o f f b u t A r r e s t e d R e c o v e r y . I n T h e
i n p u t s
i n
r e s p e c t
o f M

I G - 2 9

K
a i r c r a f t w i l l b e
t h i s v a r i a n t , t h e t o n n a g e o f t h e c a r r i e r c a n b e k e p t l o w p r o v i d e d b y t h e R u s s i a n s i d e w h o w i l l a l s o a s s i s t i n t h e b y f o r e g o i n g t h e c a t a p u l t a n d r e t a i n i n g a r r e s t o r w i r e s a s s o c i a t e d d e s i g n w o r k f o r a v i a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s F l i g *
f o r t h e a i r c r a f t t o h o o k o n t o f o r l a n d i n g . H o w e v e r , i t D e c k , H a n g a r , A i r c r a f t L i f t s ,

A m
m
u n i t i o n

L i f t s , Aircra
w o u l d n e v e r b e p o s s i b l e t o r e t r o f i t a c a t a p u l t .

L a u n c h & R e c o v e r y s y s t e m s , e t c .

C A T O B A R

—

C a t a p u l t

A s s i s t e d

T a k e - O f f
b u t

T h e A D S , h o w e v e r , i n i t s c o n c e p t i o n a n d f i n a l e x e c u t i o n A r r e s t e d R e c o v e r y . I n t h i s c a s e , t h e c a r r i e r i n i t i a l l y o f p l a n s ,
h a s
h a d
a n
i n t e r e s t i n g
j o u r n e y .

C

° n c e *v e
c o u l d h a v e s k i - j u m p a n d a r r e s t o r s t o o p e r a t e t h e i n i t i a l l y o n t h e l i n e s o f a l a r g e c a r r i e r , p l a n s f o r i t s b u i l c u r r e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f a i r c r a f t i n t h e S T O B A R m o d e
w e r e s c a l e d d o w n c o n s i d e r a b l y ( i n t h e e a r l y 9 0 s ) w ^ e n a S
a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y r e t r o f i t a l o n g e r c a t a p u l t f o r t h e w a s r e - e n v i s i o n e d a s a ' S m a l l H a r r i e r s C a r r i e r ' ! T h i s w n e x t g e n e r a t i o n o f h e a v i e r l o n g e r - r a n g e , b e t t e r o n l y t o c h a n g e a g a i n i n t h e e a r l y y e a r s o f t h e n e x t d e c a a r m
e d a i r c r a f t i n t h e C A T O B A R m o d e .

C o m
m
o d o r e J i t e n d r a n ( p r e s e n t l y C h a i r m
a n &
a n a ^
a f t

•

T h e t h i r d h y b r i d v a r i a n t i s a c a r r i e r h a v i n g a S T O V L

D i r e c t o r o f C o c h i n S h i p y a r d w h e r e t h e I n d i g e n o u s s k i j u m p w i t h a n a n g l e d f l i g h t d e c k , c a t a p u l t s a n d C a r r i e r i s b e i n g b u i l t ) w a s
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e
c a r
s
p r o j e c t s i n c e t h e 1 9 8 0 s . H e r e c a l l s : -

5> I O V o

L r
f
f i
i r
g h t e
e s
r -
aircra ft a n d C A p

T e

O r
m

B A i
tRs AE W a ircra ft°. f

T h i s .

d e s i g n

7
jo in e d the Directorate o f N aval D esign as D eputy
eC

Extracts Iron, the

1 6 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

of the Aircraft carrier project in mid 1988. The Navy was

The delivery cost ofRs 2500 Crores was considered frightfully
then working fo r a big carrier to operate heavy fixed, wing expensive. Adm Ramdas, took over as CNS and the slogan
aircraft, above 20 tons All Up Weight (AUW). Being a put out was to achieve
new dimension, some assistance in the initial design was

"Much more with Much less'! This
actually applied to the carrier project to a large extent,
c o n s i d e r e d prudent as we h a d no database. Finally, in Sep

1989, a delegation o f fo u r Naval Officers was deputed to
with the displacement of the ship coming down from

France to work along with Ms DCN on a concept design of 40,000 tonnes to less than 14,000 tonnes o f a small Harrier
what was then known as a “Sea Control Ship'! This concept Cairier. The CNS had gone to Italy and when he came back
design envisaged fixed, wing aircraft to be operated from a the 14,000 tonne GARIBALDI size appeared appropriate
large carrier with French collaboration.

because of the crisis of money. So the design process actually
took a U turn and we started to design a ship smaller than

The concept design was similar to "i Charles-de-Gaulle"

the existing INS Viraat.

the French Carrier which was under construction at that
point in time in a Naval Yard in the South o f France. The Later on, the Soviet Union broke up and the carrier project
main difference was that the French Carrier was nuclear fell into the ' backburner' status. There were a lot o f officers
powered, whereas our Indian Carrier envisaged gas turbine who did not support the size coming down so much. There
propulsion.

were intense debates about the requirement of fixed wing
aircraft. So the project virtually died for a period o f about

We returned from France in M ar 1990. We had a complete 8 years in the early and mid 90s. In 1998, we started again
concept design which essentially described how the ship on designing a much larger ship. There was a focus and
would look like, its m ain features, approximate cost and resurgence in the thinking that we need to really have a blue
timeframe to build it in India. A report was also rendered on
water navy with heavier types of aircraft.

the augmentation required in Cochin Shipyard to build the
ship of that type. This concept design documentation was There was also a strong feeling that the Harriers would not
presented in the Navy a n d the MoD. The high level visiting be the future for "Sea Control" and even though we went

French Delegation then gave a veiy informal indicative ahead with the subdued nomenclature 'Air Defence Ship"

price of about Rs 2500 Crores fo r delivery o f the ship in 2002,
the ship which we were designing was almost similar in
complete in all respects except fo r aircraft.

size to the one which we had earlier abandoned but it had
added features like ski jump, options to operate aircraft

We were told later on that there was a serious financial crisis
and that there would be no money fo r the Sea Control Ship.

upto 22 tons AUW.3

Th

■ :------ — --------------------------------------------------------

• nf roughly 24,000 tons was replaced with a revised proposal and CCS
sanc«ri8if a lC C S p a p e r^ e n u n d e r Processfor 3 ^ ^ ^ o n n ^ L e t t e r o f l n t e n t C L O l ) was placed on Cochin Siip>ar .

n for the ADS of 37,500 tons was obtained in March 2003.

cSL After completion of construction and trials, the
commenced onllA prO S and the keel of the ship la>dmO
scheduled to be delivered in 2015.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 6 5

22

Maintenance, Repair and Refit Facilities

O v e r v i e w

U S S R w h i c h u s h e r e d i n a n e w d i m
e n s i o n t o v a r i o u s r e p a i r s

T h e
m a i n t e n a n c e ,
r e p a i r
a n d
r e f i t
c a p a c i t y
s t a r t e d
t e c h n o l o g i e s . E v e r y c l a s s o f s h i p a n d s u b m
a r i n e i n d u c t e d
c o m i n g o f a g e d u r i n g t h e l a s t d e c a d e o f t h e p r e v i o u s i n t o t h e N a v y , e x c e p t L S T ( L ) i n e n d 9 0 s a n d J a l a s h w a i n m i l l e n n i u m . T h e r a p i d p a c e o f t h e e x p a n s i o n o f t h e N a v y 2 0 0 6 w a s i n i t i a l l y b a s e d a t M
u m
b a i n e c e s s i t a t i n g t h e Y a r d
p l a c e d a d d i t i o n a l d e m a n d s o n t h e e x i s t i n g c a p a c i t y t h a t t o a u g m
e n t , a t l e a s t t e m
p o r a r i l y , s o m
e f a c i l i t i e s f o r t h e
n e e d e d p r i o r i t y u p g r a d a d o n t o c a t e r t o f u t u r e d e m a n d s a s t e c h n o l o g y a n d e q u i p m
e n t o f t h a t c l a s s .

t h e n e w u n i t s a g e d a n d r e q u i r e d p e r i o d i c a l r e f i t s .

T h e Y a r d , d e s p i t e a d e v e l o p m
e n t p r o g r a m
m
e g u i d e d

B o t h t h e p r e m i e r y a r d s , N a v a l D o c k y a r d ( M
u m b a i ) a n d
b y A d m i r a l G r a c e C o m
m
i t t e e r e p o r t ( l a t e r b y A l e x a n d e r

N a v a l D o c k y a r d ( V i s a k h a p a t n a m ) w e n t t h r o u g h a p h a s e G i b b s r e p o r t , J a s p e r r e p o r t , N I D C r e p o r t , e t c . ) c o u l d o n l y o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n . T h e N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d s ( N S R Y s ) g r o w i n c r e m
e n t a l l y . H o w e v e r , t h i s g r o w t h w a s u p s e t b y a
u n d e r w e n t a n e x p a n s i o n p h a s e . T h e p l a n s f o r a N S R Y
d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e i n c r e a s e i n t h e w o r k l o a d w i t h t h e N a v y a t

K a r w a r w e r e
f i n e t u n e d
a n d
t h e

N a v y
c o m m e n c e d
b a s i n g i t s m
o s t p o t e n t p l a t f o r m
s i n s i z e a b l e n u m b e r s a t
p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r c r e a t i o n o f s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t f a c i l i t i e s a t M
u m b a i , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e a f t e r m
a t h o f t h e 1 9 7 1 W a r .

w h a t w o u l d b e c o m e t h e l a r g e s t n a v a l b a s e i n A s i a .

I n t h e

8 0 s
a n d

9 0 s ,
m
o s t
o f t h e

N a v a l
a s s e t s w e r e

T h e r e f i t s o f s h i p s a n d s u b m a r i n e s a c q u i r e d i n t h e 8 0 s p r o g r e s s i v e l y t r a n s f e r r e d
f r o m

M
u m
b a i
t o

E a s t e r n S e a
w e r e s u c c e s s f u l l y u n d e r t a k e n i n t h i s d e c a d e . T h e n a v a l b o a r d . M
a n y o f t h e r e q u i r e d f a c i l i t i e s c r e a t e d w e r e s e e n m a i n t e n a n c e
c a p a c i t y
f a c e d
s e r i o u s
c h a l l e n g e s
d u e
a s a s t o p g a p a r r a n g e m
e n t , a s a n e w

N a v a l b a s e w a s t o
t o n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t y o f s p a r e s o c c a s i o n e d l a r g e l y d u e t o b e o p e r a t i o n a l i s e d a t K a r w a r . T h i s r e s u l t e d i n p a r t i a l d e f a c t o r s b e y o n d t h e c o n t r o l o f N a v y . T h e f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s a n d c o n g e s t i o n o f M
u m
b a i D o c k y a r d w h i c h w a s o t h e r w i s e
s a n c t i o n s p o s t ' n u c l e a r t e s t s ' c o m b i n e d t o p o s e s e e m i n g l y s t r u g g l i n g t o m
e e t t h e i n c r e a s i n g r e p a i r r e q u i r e m e n t s o f
i n s u r m o u n t a b l e
o b s t a c l e s
t o
t h e
n a v a l
m a i n t e n a n c e
n o t o n l y N a v a l a s s e t s b u t a l s o t h e c o - l o c a t e d C o a s t Guard a d m i r a b l y
c a P a c i t y ' w h i c h t h e d o c k y a r d s o v e r c a m e
a s s e t s .

T i l l m i d 9 0 s ,
t h e

D o c k y a r d w a s m
o s t l y u n d e r t a k i n g

T h e n a v a l m a i n t e n a n c e f r a t e r n i t y , s l o w l y b u t s u r e l y t h e r e p a i r s a n d r e f i t s o f N a v a l a n d C G a s s e t s u s i n g i n -
u n d e r t o o k c o m p l e t e r e f i t s a n d r e p a i r s i n t h e f a c e o f g r e S
h o u s e r e s o u r c e s . W
i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f N M

S i n t h e m i
n w

6
r e p a i r c a p a c i t V b e c a m e q u i t e e f f i d e n t

9 0 s , t h e y a r d i n c r e a s i n g l y o f f l o a d e d w o r k t o p r i v a t e a n w e l l b e f o r e t h e K a r g i l c o n f l i c t a n d t h e m o n u m e n t a l b u t p u b l i c s e c t o r i n d u s t r i e s . T h e t r e n d p i c k e d u p m o m e n t u m s i l e n t a c h i e v e m e n t d u r i n g t h e K a r g i l c o n f l i c t o f s e n d i n g t h e i n l a t e 9 0 s s i n c e C o a s t G u a r d s h i p s a n d t h e i r r e f i t s w e r e t h ^ b i l i t y . n U

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■“ > » ' “ “ ” S PCB

Tpair facilities was upgraded in 1899.

1 9 r r 6
d e p a r t m
e n t c r e a t e d i n 1 9 8 0 w a s e n h a n c e d i n
shi J a U n d e r t a k e ^ p a i r o f R G a n d G T G o f R a j p u t c l a s s o f

.

„ R a v w a s s e t u p i n 1 9 8 9 . I t h a d a c a p a b i l i t y
f o r t ! ^ ' A G a s T u r b i n e T e s t f a c i l i t y s e t u p i n 1 9 8 2 w a s c o n v e r t e d A D 8 t S s h i p s o f 6 0 0 0 t o n s d i s p l a c e m e n t . T h e f a c i l i t i e s S t l n 8
g a s t u r b i n e s f i t t e d o n S N F s i n 1 9 9 2 .

p u m p i n g D C c u r r e n t o f 3 5 0 0 A m p s .

f o r
a n c * S h a f t i n g D
e p a r t m
e n t w a s c r e a t e d i n 1 9 9 0
f r n g , m
a i n g e a r b o x e s , C P P s y s t e m
s a n d b e a r i n g s
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

169

N D T a n d N o i s e & V i b r a t i o n L a b . T h e C D L w a s u N D ( V ) p r e s e n t l y , h a s t w o D r y D o c k C o m p l e x e s . T l i e S o u t h D r y D o c k c o n s i s t i n g o f V a r u n a D o c k a n d p u m p b y s e t t i n g u p v a r i o u s l a t e s t s t a t e o f a r t t e c h n o l o g f j ^ f h o u s e w a s c o m m i s s i o n e d i n 1 9 7 8 . H i e N o r t h D r y D o c k X - r a y d i f f e c t o m e t e r , s p e c t r o m
e t i c o i l a n a l y z e r , v a r i o u p
c o n s i s t s
o f

S u r y a
a n d

M a t s y a

D o c k

( c o v e r e d
d o c k )

a n a l y s i s e q u i p m
e n t e t c s u b s e q u e n t l y .

a n d p u m p h o u s e . T h e D r y D o c k s a r e i n t e g r a t e d w i t h A Q u a l i t y C o n t r o l D
e p a r t m
e n t w a s f o r m
e d d u r i n g t h
i n d e p e n d e n t s y s t e m s f o r L P a i r , H P a i r , f r e s h w a t e r , s e a f i r s t M R o f I N S I C h a n d e r i i n 1 9 7 4 w i t h a v i e w t o g i v e Q c w a t e r a n d p o w e r s u p p l y . W i t h t h e i n c r e a s e i n n u m b e r c o v e r a g e f o r F o x t r o t c l a s s o f s u b m
a r i n e . T o s y n e r g i s e e f f o r t s
o f s h i p s , S l i p w a y c o n s t r u c t i o n c o m
m
e n c e d ( t o f a c i l i t a t e
t o w a r d s d e v e l o p m
e n t o f t h e c o r e s t r e n g t h o f t h e d o c k y a r d
d o c k i n g o f v e s s e l s u p t o 6 0 0 t o n s a n d a c c o m
m
o d a t e s e v e n
a n d t o a c h i e v e " T r a i n i n g f o r a l l , ' a f u l l - f l e d g e d H u m a n s h i p s , t w o u n d e r c o v e r a n d f i v e i n t h e o p e n ) w i t h a t a r g e t R e s o u r c e ( H R ) D i v i s i o n w a s f o r m
e d i n 2 0 0 3 .

o f c o m m i s s i o n i n g t h e f a c i l i t y b y 2 0 0 1 .

A

D o c k y a r d

A p p r e n t i c e s

S c h o o l

( D A S )

h a s
b e e n i n

T h e r u b b e r m o u l d i n g s h o p s e t u p i n 1 9 8 4 w a s e n h a n c e d c o m
m
i s s i o n s i n c e 1 9 6 6 t o m
e e t t h e s t a t u t o r y r e q u i r e m e n t
w i t h h e a v y d u t y m o u l d i n g s u p t o 6 0 0 t o n s a n d m i x i n g m i l l o f
t r a i n i n g
d e s i g n a t e d

T r a d e

A p p r e n t i c e s
a n d

N o n -
u p t o 4 0 k g . A f o u n d r y w a s s e t u p i n 1 9 8 3 t o c a t e r f o r c o p p e r a l l o y s a n d a l u m i n i u m a l l o y s o f m a x i m u m l o a d u p t o 3 4 0 a n d D e s i g n a t e d T r a d e A p p r e n t i c e s t o m
e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t

2 5 T r e s p e c t i v e l y p e r a n n u m . T h e i n f r a s t r u c t u r e p r o v i d e d o f N D

( V )

a n d
o t h e r
t e c h n i c a l
e s t a b l i s h m
e n t s
o f t h e

C o m
m
a n d .

t h e c a p a c i t y f o r n o n - f e r r o u s t y p e c a s t i n g o f m a x i m u m s i z e o f 5 0 k g . T h e s a m e w a s e n h a n c e d i n 2 0 0 2 b y p r o v i s i o n i n g A M
a t e r i a l D i v i s i o n w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 8 6 f o r e n s u r i n g o f T r a n s f e r M o u l d i n g M a c h i n e , R o l l C a l e n d a r i n g m a c h i n e , a v a i l a b i l i t y o f m
a c h i n e r y s p a r e s f o r r e f i t s o f s h i p s a n d

B u f f i n g M a c h i n e a n d 5 0 T H y d r a u l i c p r e s s .

m a t e r i a l r e q u i r e m
e n t s o f d o c k y a r d m
a c h i n e r i e s .

A p a i n t m a n u f a c t u r i n g f a c i l i t y f o r v i n y l
a n d

H B C R
p a i n t s w a s s e t u p i n 1 9 9 0 . S i n c e t h e n , v a r i o u s t y p e s o f Naval Ship R ep air Y ard (NSRY), Kochi
h e a v y - d u t y m a r i n e p a i n t s f o r a p p l i c a t i o n o n u n d e r w a t e r T h e N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d , K o c h i i s t h e m e t a m o r p h o s i s h u l l o f S N F c l a s s o f s h i p s a n d E K M s u b m a r i n e s h a v e b e e n o f B a s e E n g i n e e r i n g a n d E l e c t r i c a l W
o r k s h o p s e t u p f o r
m a n u f a c t u r e d i n - h o u s e . T h e ' F o r g e S h o p ' s e t u p i n 1 9 9 0
s u p p o r t i n g t h e R o y a l I n d i a n N a v a l s h i p s d u r i n g t h e c l o s i n g c a t e r e d f o r a n o u t p u t o f 6 5 0 T o f f o r g e d p i e c e s a n d 2 0 0 t o n s d a y s o f d i e S e c o n d W
o r l d W
a r . T l i e k e e l f o r t h e s h i p r e p a i r
o f s t a n d a r d p r o d u c t s w i t h t h e i r m
a x i m
u m
s i z e s b e i n g
f a c i l i t i e s a t K o c h i w a s l a i d w h e n t h e B a s e E n g i n e e r i n g a n d 5 0 0 k g a n d 0 5 k g . A f a c i l i t y t o t e s t t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h u p t o a E l e c t r i c a l W
o r k s h o p w a s s e t u p i n M
a r 1 9 4 5 w i t h a s t r e n g t h
l o a d o f 1 5 0 T w a s a l s o p r o v i d e d .

o f 3 2 m
e n . T h e f a c i l i t i e s w e r e m
e a g r e a n d c o m
p r i s e d o n e

T h e F a b r i c a t i o n S h o p w a s o r i g i n a l l y s e t u p t o c a t e r f o r 1 7 8 m
e t r e l o n g a n d 9 m
e t r e w i d e j e t t y , n o w k n o w n a s N o r t h

6 5 s h i p s / s u b m a r i n e s , w i t h f a c i l i t i e s f o r b e n d i n g , s h e a r i n g , J e t t y .

p r e s s i n g , s h e e t a n d m e t a l s h o p s , m o u l d l o f t a n d p l a t e s T h e
p o s t - i n d e p e n d e n c e
s c e n a r i o
a n d
t h e
n e e d
f o i
p r e s e r v a t i o n b a y .

a t t a i n i n g s e l f - s u f f i c i e n c y i n s h i p s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s p a v e S u b s e q u e n t l y a ' H u l l R e p a i r S h o p ’ w a s s e t u p i n 1 9 9 9
t h e w a y f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m
e n t o f B a s e R e p a i r O r g a n i s a t i o n
t o c a t e r f o r a d d i t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s r e q u i r e d f o r r e f i t o f S N F s a t C o c h i n o n 2 1 I a n 1 9 4 8 w i t h L t ( E ) W

T R o d r i g u e s a s t h e

1 2 4 1 R E S a n d E K M s u b m a r i n e s , T h e s h o p i s d e s i g n e d t o f i r s t O f f i c e r - i n - C h a r g e .

m a n u f a c t u r e s t r u c t u r e s o f A l - M g a l l o y a n d T i a n d S t e e l Growth. O n a t t a i n i n g t h e s t a t u s o f a B R O , f a c i l i t i e s s u c ^

2
f

’ "

I

"

7 ' 3 C N C p r o f f l e c u t t i n S m
a c h ^
e w a s
a s a S l i p w a y , B o a t R e p a i r S h o p a n d Y a r d U t i l i t y S e r v i c e ^
s t a l l e d ,
w h i c h
e n a b l e d
p r e - f a b r i c a t i o n
o f
s t e e l
a n d
w e r e a d d e d . Y a r d c r a f t o r g a n i s a t i o n
o f t h e

B R O
c a r n ^
u m i m u m s t r u c t u r e s o f v a r i o u s t h i c k n e s s a n d s h a p e s . I n i n t o e x i s t e n c e i n

1 9 7 3 , b y m
e r g i n g t h e w
a t e r t r a n S P ° s e
i i o n , a B o a t R e p a i r S h o p w a s a l s o s e t u p i n 1 9 9 9 .

o r g a n i s a t i o n c o n t r o l l e d b y I N S V e n d u r u t h y w i t h t h e B a A

Y a r d

U t i l i t y

C o m p l e x
w a s
b u i l t
i n

1 9 9 3 .

T h e

R e p a i r O r g a n i s a t i o n .

m e e t ' r h t a t l ° n ° f S h ° r e S u p p l y w a s c a r r i e d o u t i n 2 0 0 0 t o In the same year, an Apprentices Training Sch ool'

i Z l r i ' ? T , ' ; m T ' 0 1 U , n d « L S T “ I D S V c l a s s o f also established to train and develop technical competeI
sef»Z S r

D,eS"

,rtols to meet ship repair requirements.

Inshore Minesweepers Spur Growth. T h e ^ e c ^S ^ ,^ e r t )

» I 5 i
a c q u i r e 1 2 5 8 E c l a s s I n s h o r e M
i n e s w e e p e r s a n d b a s e

S rd

„,hr

J o

' L

U

, L 2

L a , b n

, ,S

G a s D
o o
m c
e k
t y
r y,r
d
a
n ?

d
b

M oe rt ' a , lo
l r
u y
r
g (
y C

L D
a
i
b >

,
a t C o c h i n , i n m i d 1 9 8 0 , t r i g g e r e d t h e a u g m
e n t a t i o n p 1 0

1 7 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

BRO once again and included modifications to the

1973

°rimitive slipway into a m odern 150 ton slipway.

Water

Transport

Organisation
of

INS Venduruthy merged with BRO

Additional facilities like a full fledged FRP moulding and

Cochin, and re-named as Yard Craft
ir shop, Minesweeping Gear Repair Facility, Weapon

Organisation.

18^Electronics Repair Complex, Auxiliary Machinery and

15 Oct 1973

Apprentices Training School set up at

Shafting Repair Shop, Electrical shop with electroplating

BRO Cochin.

facility, Machine shop, IC Engine shop, Test House

1987

Complex were added.

BRO augmentation project commenced. |

Transition to Naval Ship R ep air Yard (K och i). While

16 Aug 1988

BRO Cochin re-christened as Naval Ship
the augmentation was in progress, on 16 Aug 1988, the

Repair Yard with Cmde BR Menon as the

Base Repair Organisation, Cochin was re-christened
first Commodore Superintendent.

Naval Ship Repair Yard, (NSRY) Kochi. An Officer of the

1991

NSRY augmentation project completed.

rank of Commodore, designated as the Commodore

Superintendent,

1996

Modification to slipway completed and
was placed at the helm. The Yard's
slipway re-commissioned.

production facilities encom pass all the departments that
are required for a Naval Dockyard except for the dry dock.

Naval Ship Repair Yard, Port Blair

Weapon Equipm ent D epot (K och i)

In 1973, a Base Maintenance Unit (BMU) was sanctioned

WeaponEquipment Depot (WED), Kochiwas established with eleven staff to undertake maintenance of three patrol on 24 Apr 1987 and was located within the premises of Naval boats. In 1979, the unit was rechristened as a Base Repair Stores Depot (Kochi). The WED warehouse was re-located

Organisation (BRO). Induction of Floating Dock Navy
to Alwaye in 1994. The WED was placed under Naval Ship

(FDN) in 1987 added a major fillip to the Yard's capabilities.

Repair Yard (Kochi) for administrative control and was It is the only floating dock of Indian Navy and is capable of directly under HQSNC for functional control. Mother depot docking ships upto 11600 tons. It has all the basic facilities for armament spares of 20 MCMS the WED today, also of a drv dock for undertaking refits. The same year also functions as the satellite depot of WED(MB) and WED(V)

saw the creation of Commander of Yard (COY). With the
enhanced role in the refits and repairs of IN Ships based at
for providing support to the ship and establishment based Port Blair, the Base Repair Organisation was upgraded to a at Kochi.

Naval Ship Repair Yard after 12 Nov 1993.

Milestones in th e E volution o f NSRY (K ochi)

Unlike the Naval Dockyards on the mainland, the Yard
possesses limited infrastructure and facilities to undertake

Mar 1945

Base

Engineering
and

Electrical
major repairs. All work beyond the capacity of the yard is
workshop set up.

____
offloaded to local vendors and to OEMs on the mainland

21 Jan 1948

Base

Engineering
and

Electrical

The Yard has 10 bays with installed machinery', each
workshop upgraded to Base Repair
catering to different requirements such as hull, engineering

Organisation (BRO), Cochin.

and electrical.

t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

1 7 1

23

Third Naval Base at Karwar

Background

National Highway 17 was being widened and

D u rin g t h e 1970s, t h e c o n c e p t u a l r e q u i r e m e n t f o r a
strengthened to take 20-ton cargo trucks. The West Coast

'T h ird N av al B a s e ' o n t h e W e s t C o a s t, in a d d i t i o n to B o m b a y north-south Konkan Railway was to pass through Karwar.

a n d C o c h in , c r y s ta llis e d . T h e r e q u i r e m e n ts w e re :

The Third Naval Base was included in the 1980-85 Defence

Plan.

— L arg e w a te r f r o n t w ith s u f f ic ie n t d e p t h o f w a te r fo r
a n c h o r a g e .

A cquisition o f Land

— S u ffic ie n t c o n ti g u o u s b a c k u p a r e a i n l a n d fo r

The initial projection was to acquire 20,400 acres of land,
o p e r a tio n a l, te c h n ic a l, a d m i n is tr a tiv e a n d lo g is tic
with an additional 5,000 acres for future development. The
fa c ilitie s.

bulk was forest land followed by private and revenue land.

The Karnataka Governm ent agreed to give the forest and

E x c lu s iv e n e s s fo r in t e g r a t e d d e v e l o p m e n t a n d
revenue land free of cost but stipulated that private land
s e c u r ity c o n s id e r a tio n s .

owners should be fully com pensated, including bearing

— R ail, r o a d a n d s e a c o m m u n ic a t io n s .

the cost of constructing rehabilitation centres with all
essential am enities for villagers dwelling in the areas.

The Choice of Karwar

By 1983, the total land requirem ent was brought down

T h e lo c a tio n s c o n s id e r e d w e r e R a tn a g iri, P a w a s Bay,
by a re-survey, eliminating in accuracies in mapping and

G o a , K arw ar, T a d ri, M a n g a lo r e a n d T u tic o r in . T h e s h o r t-omitting the forest areas that had earlier been included

Listed options emerged as Mangalore, Tuticorin, and
for security considerations. During the initial period, land

Karwar. Karwar emerged as the preferred location.

acquisition was restricted to 12,354 acres, of which 8,220
acres were to be acquired im m ediately and the balance

Karwar was located 80 kms south of Goa and 320 kms later.

north of Mangalore. Its location gave it the benefit of
being free from cyclonic devastation. Many small islands

Of these 8,220 acres, 5,765 acres were forest land, 2,445
including Anjadip, offered protection against natural acres were private land and the balance revenue land. The elements from the north, west and southwest. It had deeD

13 villages located in the private land had to b e rehabilitate
before the land was acquired.

t o * e S^
e fT l athT
line (24 feet) ran extreme’y cl° ^
to the shore aU along the coast. The range of tide was 2 5
metres (7 feet) during spring tides and 1.2 metres (4 5 feet)

Laying o f Foundation Ston e
during neap tides.

;

In 1985, sanction was accorded for Phase I o f the project-

Two perennial rivers, the Kalinadi River to the north of Due to the enormity of the project and the fact that no Karwar Head and the Gangavalli River to the south, would

Indian firm had undertaken planning and con stru ction
of such a m ajor naval base, the G o v e r n m e n t a p p r ° ^ e

P 7 h e, P0table water’ uninterrupted water supply and
had hydel potential. The Kalinadi Hydel Power Profect was
inviting global tenders for consultancy. It was decided a s
z x r ™ a totaI of
to select a suitable Indian firm to be associated with t 11

1316 ™
work.

For the m anagem ent o f the project, the Govern men

The Karnataka State Government was developine

Karwar commercial port in three stages to create an all
approved the constitution of an Apex Body headed by

RRM, a Project M anagem ent Board headed by the Defen, y
a n d o th f P ° r t t 0

ShipS U p t 0 6 0 ' 0 0 0 t o n D W T f o r o re
a n d o t h e r g e n e r a l c a rg o traffic.

Secretary and a Project M anagem ent Authority headed
a Director General, (DG) who would be a Rear Admira •

24 October 1986, Prim e Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Revised Phase 1

1 -d the foundation stone for the Third Naval Base and

Due to the 1991 financial crisis and the shortage of
c h r i s t e n e d i t a s ' P r o j e c t S e a b i r d !

resources the project could not progress further between

From 1986 onwards, DG Seabird started liaising with

1990 and 1994. This pause was utilised to prune down

M in is tr y of Railways for connecting Karwar to their rail Phase I of the project. In 1995, Government approved the 1

Revised Phase I.

n v o r k a n d with th e M inistry o f Surface Transport to divert

National Highway 17 for m eeting security requirements.

Selection of the Construction Consortium

Selection of C onsultants

Since the expertise for constructing breakwaters was not
available within the country, global tenders were invited

Hie first step was to select a suitable Indian consultant to
for constructing the marine works, which comprised both
prepare the broad requirem ents for inviting global tenders
dredging and construction of breakwaters. The remaining
and draw up the Detailed Project Definition.

facilities were to be constructed by a suitable Indian

A Committee of Secretaries was constituted to select an agency, with the exception of the ship lift. The latter was to Indian firm as consultant. From amongst the various firms be undertaken by a foreign firm, as the technology for its that were pre-qualified, the Comm ittee recommended construction was not available within the country.

Engineers India Ltd as the prime consultant for the Project.

Approval was accorded for the engagement of

This was approved by the Government.

M/s Redecon and Nedeco as the consultants/engineers for
supervising the construction of marine works.

Along with Engineers India Ltd, a global tender
was floated for inviting consultants for planning and

A total of 37 potential builders responded to the global
designing Phase I of the base. A total of forty-two firms and tender. After pre-qualification, seven foreign and seven consortiums responded from all over the world, of which Indian firms were short listed for breakwater construction five were short-listed. In consultation with Engineers India and quarrying. One Indian and three foreign firms were Ltd, M/s Regional Engineering Development Consultants short listed for dredging and reclamation work. The Indian of Australia (Redecon) and M/s Netherlands Engineering firms were pre-qualified only for quarrying activities and Consultants of Netherlands (N edeco) were selected as the
the foreign firms for construction of breakwaters. In order
to have a single point of contact, the foreign firms were
foreign consultants.

advised to form a consortium with the Indian firms and

The main tasks o f the foreign consultants were to prepare bid for the marine works.

a Master Plan along with a Detailed Project Report (DPR)

Redecon and Nedeco prepared tender documents for
for the marine works. The Indian consultants were to
the execution of the marine works. The consortium of

Prepare a Detailed P roject Report for the on-shore works.

Hochtief of Germany, Ballast Nadam of Netherlands and
the Larsen & Toubro of India was selected on the basis of

Studies, Investigations and M odel Tests
lowest tender.

Prior to finalisingtheM aster Plan and the Detailed Project

RePort, all the necessary geo-technical investigations,

The Project Management Board approved this tender
i qqa subject to the condition that the core area
fltarine environment investigations, model testing o

111AP

!ne the three villages of Chendia, Arga and Binaga
reak

—- waters, etc were carried
u ou
u t
ui. The C

- e-n

-- t

- r

- a

-- l Water
comprising the ™
acceptance of tender. The tenders
and Power Research Station Pune conducted the wave
hadl d " a c c e p t e d immediately because the Karnataka
motion studies o f the harbour and its configuration,

Government had not been able to vacate the core area.

helped to evolve the design and configuration o

. e breakwaters to obtain optimal tranquility con(^jtl^n^

Rehabilitation of Project-Affected Families

|nside the harbour. The studies for model testing inc u e
n n f th e P r o ie c t-a ffe c te d families turned
rrvestigations of prevailing wave, tide and wind conditions,

Hie rehabilitate

^

Karnataka Government had
inient flow, soil testing, etc.

out to be a m ajo

^

^

Qf cos{ ^

C e n tr a l

M a s te r Plan was p r e p a r e d b y March 1990. The
g iv e n
t 0 p r o v i d e t h e f u n d s for t h e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

^e'ail
eta ed
de
ij Pro
pr i
ojp
e rct r th

R e o
p r
o nn
f «
o tr
r ti i
h r.

e t io
con
n os ft bre
m c a
tik
ow
n a
o tfe rs
br ,
eak Go
w ^
at e
e ™
rs u
provide compensation for private land ar
anc* rec^am ation was com pleted in JuneL
f0r t!* eers India Ltd subm itted the Detailed Project
e °n-shore facilities in August 1990.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 7 3

authorities. The initial estimate was vacation of 13 villages rehabilitation centres were located along the c with about 2900 families. While sanctioning the project benefit of fisherm en and the rem aining four w ereV ^ ^
in 1985, a sum of Rs 9 crores had been earmarked for this inland for agriculturists and other categories. The °}\^
purpose. Due to the delay in execution of the project, only started being vacated in 1999.

6
a§es
part of the money was paid as compensation to some
project-affected families.

Commencement of Works

In early 1997, when the Karnataka Government was

On com m encem ent o f the vacation of the core ar
requested to vacate all the project-affected families tenders for m arine works were accepted ; c o n tr a c ts Jer^
from the villages, there was serious resistance regarding signed in O ctober 1999. Tem porary works s t a r t e d T f inadequacy of the rehabilitation package. The Karnataka
quarrying and construction o f roads. All three v illa g e s were

Government discussed the rehabilitation package de-
finally vacated by Sep tem ber 2000 and works c o m m e n c e d
novo with the project-affected families and in June 1997,
in October 2000 with the com m en cem en t o f dredging for
suggested an additional requirement of Rs 16 crores. This
the breakwaters. 49 hectares of land were reclaimed and
revised amount was not acceptable to the project-affected

5.14 kms of breakwaters were constructed.

families and their agitation continued.

Completion of Phase I

In June 1998, the Karnataka Government was again
requested to arrange vacation of the villages in a time

The com m issioning o f Karwar's naval base, INS
bound manner. At this juncture, the Karnataka Government Kadamba, on 31 M ay2005 m arked a m ilestone achievement projected an additional requirement of Rs 90 crores. After in the com pletion of Phase I. The shiplift's commissioning high-level meetings, the rehabilitation package was revised
and construction of civilian dwelling units got delayed due
to Rs. 90 crores in August 1998. This included Rs 2 crores to reasons beyond control. These would be ready by 2006
towards a stipend of Rs 1000/- per month per eligible
and 2008 respectively. The first naval ship entered harbour
student for pursuing Industrial Technical Institute (ITI)

on 14 November 2004 and berthed alongside the 420 metre
vocational training for a period of two years. It was hoped jetty on Navy Day, 04 D ecem ber 2005.

mat ITI training would make these young men employable
in the new Dockyard’s workshops.

The base has a sea front of 26 kms and a total area of

11,200 acres. With its capability for lifting vessels of 10,000

The vacation of the villages and the rehabilitation
tons displacement, the Ship Lift and Transfer System can
ot villagers commenced in March 1999. At this stage
lift all the ships and subm arines of the Navy except for
die project-affected families moved the High Court of aircraft carriers and tankers.

Karnataka and also petitioned the National Human

Rights Commission. These institutions carried out field

Relocation of Men, Material and Ships from B o m b a y to
investigations and directed certain additional facilities

Karwar
and provisions to be made at the rehabilitation centres

Since it would take tim e to establish special to type

In the interim period, the total number of project-affected
m aintenance and repair facilities, the presen t intention is
families had risen to over 5500. This included about 1000
to base only non-fleet ships like OPVs, m i n e s w e e p e r s and
farmhes who were found dwelling in the villages at the t o e survey ships at Karwar. The workshops would be 'generic of rehabilitation. The final rehabilitation package of Rs S rather than 'specific for classes of ship!

crores was agreed upon in April 2000. The 13 villages were

A s f a c il it i es
develop, Karwar would start bein g used by other
resettled in seven rehabilitation centres. Of these, three
c la s s e s
of ships.

1 7 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

P ictu resq u e L ocatio n o f Karwar
of

Construction

Naval Facilities

24

Logistics

''Bitter experience in war has taught the maxim that the art o f war is the art o f the lo g istic a l ly feasible ”

— Admiral Hyman Rickover, US Navy

Overview
of financial powers under the New M anagem ent Strategy

In every Navy, timely logistic support is imperative for

(NMS) and the Integrated Logistic M anagem ent System
operational readiness. It is also, for every hi-tech modern

(ILMS) were able to reduce these problem s to manageable

Navy, an extremely complex and expensive task. In the case levels.

of the Indian Navy, logistic problems had started becoming
complex from 1960 onwards, soon after the arrival of the

Introduction of the Logistics Cadre
eight new technologically advanced frigates from Britain.

Prior to 1978, the C hief of Logistics (COL) at NHQ, was
directly responsible to the CNS for all Logistics and Supply

Replenishment of Western origin spares posed
matters. In addition, the D irector o f the Supply Branch was
difficulties,owing to the fact that all financial powers were
statutorily responsible for all accou nting matters of cash
centralised in Naval Headquarters and the Ministry of and material to the Financial Adviser Defence Services and Defence (NHQ & MoD). This problem was exacerbated
to the CNS for personnel adm inistration and discipline of
owing to the perpetual paucity of foreign exchange, high
personnel of the Supply Branch. The Naval Store Depots,
costs and long lead times in procurement. Indigenisation
the Naval Pay Office, the Base Victualling Yards were
becameabuzzword,butproceduresandtestmethodologies
functionally accountable and responsible to the COL.

for stringent Military Specifications (MilSpecs), posed
hurdles and resultantly constrained progress.

The revamping o f the Supply functions culminated
in 1978 with the abolition o f the Supply and Secretariat

In the 1970s, the coincidence of three developments

Branch. Unfortunately, this only served to accentuate the
strained the pre-1970 logistic system to its limits. These
supply branch's problem s as it took away the expertise to
were:-
undertake the supply and logistics functions. It was soon
realised that there was a need to bring the specialist officers

• The indigenous production of the British Leander in logistics functions. As a part of the larger en d eav o u r to class frigates having British and Dutch equipment.

restore a degree of specialisation am ongst junior officers

The arrival of technologically advanced Russian in supply and logistics functions, the Long LogistiCS
snips and submarines.

Management Course (LLMC) was introduced in 1981.

The diversity of equipment being fitted on

A few years later, problem s o f adequate/effect^
in d ig e n o u s ly c o n s t r u c t e d sh ip s .

Material Logistic and Financial M anagem ent being ace^.

by the Navy led to an
tn ^ el0gisticintf cacies ofthe new Russian inductions had
o v e r a l l r e v i e w and e x a m i n a ti o n

Naval Logistics by the Indian Institute o f Managed® ^

2
r
i

.

r
eh7 '

the logistic procedures

Bangalore. In its com prehensive report to the De eI^
h a n d Bi
l

Bntai" Md were sustaining the second-

Ministry, the com m ittee recorded that the Material S u p P ^
n m l l
u
gm Sh‘ps of ^O s-vintage. The logistics
and Financial Administration in the Navy were in a

^

Russian
mess. This then resulted in the Navy proposing the
a 'n d ^ u r p e T n s e m o K a n d P l6 X ^

1 9 ? 6 ' W h 6 n
in t e r f a c e d w ith r ®
s e n s o r s a n d w e a p o n s s t a r t e d b e in g
of a specialised group of o ff ic e rs to undertake M a te ria s <
c t e S "

8en0U•

1“ Godavari

Financial Management, Transportation and Civil Wor

It w a s n o t u n t i l th p

NHQ subsequently proposed the form ation ° V IJ!gfter

- *» - - r s . s r j s j s ; a Logistics Cadre within the Executive Branch, whic
stabilising in two to three years, could convert to a

ed Logistics Branch. rriie Navy would thus 'recover
spares for any length of time.

110 8 the enormous dam age done by the overnight winding
frOIof the erstwhile Supply and Secretariat Branch several

The dissolution of the Soviet Union also coincided
lears ago! Tire proposal was approved in July 1989 and the with a phase when India's Foreign Exchange Reserves fogistics Cadre cam e into being.

were at their lowest-ever levels, a mere $1 billion. India
therefore, was not in a position to immediately acclimatise
p r o f e s s io n a li s i n g L ogistics
to the changed circumstances, by switching over from

At die time of its inception, there was a crying need to Rupee-Rouble agreements to hard currency purchases, professionalise the cadre. One of the issues that the Navy as demanded by the Russian Federation. There was thus, a virtual holiday in procurement of spares for the next 3
grappled with was the vexed question of whether the years, except for critical spares that trickled in through the logistics functions were to be controlled by the Chief of ship chandler route.

Material (single point accountability) or if the Logistics
function was better controlled by an independent Chief

To chart a 'Way Ahead) Naval Headquarters constituted
of Logistics (divided responsibility). There were pros and a Naval Logistic Expert Committee(NCEL). Its Report cons for both points of view, but after much debate and
presented a comprehensive analysis of what had b ediscussion, the Navy opted for the former.

devilled Naval Logistics in the preceding decades and
suggested remedial measures. The NECL identified the

So when the Logistics Cadre was created in 1989, a following shortcomings

Controller of Logistic Services (CLS) was created in NHQ,
to function under the C hief of M aterial. The Cadre was to

•

A perceptive decline in central purchase both for
have four sub-specialisations:-
initial B&D spares and subsequent replenishment
procurement for a variety of reasons leading to

• "Material

M anagem ent"

and

"Financial
greater local purchase.

Management" w hich were fairly close to what the

•

Steady decline and long lead time for procurement
erstwhile Supply Branch had been doing earlier.

of imported spares.

• The 'M anagem ent Inform ation System/Electronic

•

Lack of experience, requisite training and shortage

Data

Processing

(MIS/EDP)'

and

'Works
of officers, both service and civilian naval store

M a n a g e m e n t f u n c t i o n s ' w h i c h w e r e n e w .

officers.

The r e v a m p s a w t w o m a j o r d u t i e s o f t h e o ld S u p p ly

.

Primitive
and
inadequate
resources
and

Branch — S e c r e t a r i a t D u t i e s a n d N a v a l L a w — b e in g s h e d .

infrastructure
provided
to
the

Material

After d r o p p i n g t h e 'e x c e s s b a g g a g e ' a n d w it h a le a n e r , f itte r Organisations.

and m o r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s e t u p t h e b r a n c h w a s r e a d y to ta k e

.

Cumbersome procedures and delays in obtaining
or* long s t a n d i n g l o g i s t i c a l i s s u e s o f s u p p l y , in f r a s t r u c t u r e sanctions from MoD.

aftd m a n a g e m e n t .

.

The attitudinal hiatus between the various agencies

Developments ( 1 9 9 1 -2 0 0 0 )

responsible for logistics issues at all levels.

1991. T h e C o m m i t t e e o n D e f e n c e E x p e n d it u r e (C D E ) The committee attributed the shortcomings to-.

Jj^ d e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r i m p r o v i n g N a v a l L o g is tic s .

l a c k
o f r e s p o n s iv e n e s s ,
in v o lv e m e n t
in
th e

,he C o m m e n d a t i o n s w e r e m a d e i n t h e b a c k d r o p o f
s u p e r v is o r y a n d th e d ir e c tio n le v e l g u i d a n c e

8
d iss o l u t i o n o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n a n d its c e n t r a l i s e d

? m m a n d e c o n o m y t h a t h a d r e s u l t e d in a d i s r u p t i o n provided by NHQ.

su p p ly o f s p a r e s , a g g r a v a t i n g t h e c u t b a c k i n s p a r e s T h e
d e g e n e r a tio n
o f R P P
p r o c e d u r e
in to
a

P 0cu r e r n e n t t h a t r e s o u r c e c o n s t r a i n t s h a d a lr e a d y m e a n in g le s s e x e r c is e d u e to th e w id e g a p b e tw e e n
s p a r e s p r o je c te d a n d a c tu a lly u tiliz e d .

m P e lle d f r o m 1988 o n w a r d s .

t
v n f s c r u tin y a n d b u ilt-in a c c o u n t a b i l it y m th e
enl " 3'

restructuring of the Soviet economy in the
s y s t e m t h a t le a d to r e d u c e d m o n it o r i n g o f d e m a n d s

Wao f n 0s anc* the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1
o rig in a tin g fro m s h ip s a n d o th e r u n its.

Up °te° y ed by Russia dem anding payment in US o ars.

uSed° £ial ^ c h a n g e rate in the erstwhile Soviet nion

Restrictive governing « £ tegt—

^ d
dollar

° n e U S d o l l a r t0 a r o u b l e - B y e n d 1 9 9 3 ; ° n t a
p r o c u r e m e n t , " i n s p e c t i o n s p e c if ic a tio n s , p a y m e n t e*cha WaS
ecluivalent o f4500 roubles. This plumnie in
n§e rate made it difficult to hold the quoted price o

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

177

p r o c e d u r e s , w a r e h o u s in g , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , e tc .

1 9 9 5 .

T h e r e w a s a b r e a k t h r o u g h in t h e p r o c u r e m
s p a r e s f r o m R u s s i a a n d U k r a i n e . F o l l o w i n g in t h e ^ ^

•

T h e c o n tr o l e x e r c is e d b y M o D a n d D e f ( F i n a n c e ) d id
o f a n A ir F o r c e e m p o w e r e d d e l e g a t i o n , tw o e m p o w ^ H
n o t e n a b l e r e g u l a r a n d p r o p e r r e p l e n i s h m e n t d u e to

N a v a l L o g is tic s D e l e g a t i o n s ( L O G D E L s ) o f M a y / J u n
its u n r e s p o n s i v e n a tu r e . D e la y in d e c is io n m a k i n g

1 9 0 4
a n d J u l/A u g 1 9 9 5 w e r e a b l e t o c o n c l u d e c o n t r a c t s w ith th r e s u l t e d in p r i c e e s c a l a ti o n a n d w e r e c o u n t e r

R u s s i a n O r i g i n a l E q u i p m e n t M a n u f a c t u r e r s (O E M s) f o r 6
p r o d u c t iv e .

s u b s t a n t i a l q u a n t u m o f s p a r e s . E a c h d e l e g a t i o n c o m p r is e d

•

T h e i n s p e c t i o n p r o c e d u r e a n d m o d a l it ie s f o llo w e d
t h e J o i n t S e c r e t a r y ( N a v y ) o f t h e M i n i s t r y o f D e fe n c e , the b y t h e D G Q A i n s p e c ti o n a g e n c i e s c r e a t e d h o l d u p s

A d d it i o n a l F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r a n d th e A s s i s t a n t C h ie f of a n d i n c r e a s e d t h e l e a d t i m e fo r p r o c u r e m e n t t h a t L o g is tic s , a s a l s o s p e c i a l i s t o f f i c e r s o f th e te c h n i c a l an d i n h i b it e d r e p u t e d m a n u f a c t u r e s t o d e a l w ith t h e

L o g is tic s c a d r e s . T h e L O G D E L 's d e m o n s t r a t e d a p ro a c tiv e N avy.

in i t i a t i v e t o e s t a b l i s h d i r e c t o n e to o n e c o n t a c t w ith

•

L a c k o f c o o p e r a t i o n a n d p o s itiv e s u p p o r t f r o m t h e t h e O E M 's , l i m i t e d o n l y b y d i e p r e s e n c e o f t h e R u ssian I n d i a n I n d u s t r y in p r o v id in g a r e a s o n a b l e le v e l o f i n t e r f a c e a g e n c y . T h e i n i t i a t i v e c o u l d n e i t h e r b e d e v e lo p e d p r o d u c t s u p p o r t o n c e th e y h a v e s e c u r e d o r d e r s fo r f u r t h e r n o r e x p l o i t e d f u lly , o w i n g to d i e r u d i m e n t a r y t h e m a i n e q u i p m e n t .

f i n a n c i a l c a p a b i l i t i e s o f t h e O E M 's i n a c e n t r a l l y c o n tr o lle d B a n k in g S y s te m . A s s u c h , p a y m e n t s c o u l d o n l y b e effe c te d T h e C o m m i t t e e s u b m i t t e d r e c o m m e n d a t io n s t h a t w e r e t h r o u g h t h e R o s v o r o o z h e n i e , w h o r e t a i n e d a c o m m is s io n o f s h o r t a n d m e d i u m t e r m n a t u r e a n d r e c o m m e n d e d a n d p a i d t h e O E M i n r o u b l e s , a t t h e s t i p u l a t e d G o v t r a te of f e w c h a n g e s in r e s p o n s ib i liti e s a n d p r o c e d u r e s . T h e y e x c h a n g e .

r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t C o m m a n d s b e m a d e m o r e r e s p o n s ib l e
f o r m o n i t o r i n g t h e c o n v e r s io n o f p r o v is io n i n g re v ie w s P r o c u r e m e n t t h r o u g h l o c a l s h i p c h a n d l e r s w a s r e s tr ic te d to u r g e n t n e e d s f o r o p e r a t i o n a l s h i p s a n d , b y e x c e p tio n , i n t o i n d e n t s a n d t h e i r s u b s e q u e n t m a te r i a li s a tio n . FO SM
to t h o s e r e f it r e q u i r e m e n t s w h e r e n o n - a v a i l a b i l i t y w o u ld w a s t o b e in v o lv e d in in iti a l p r o v i s io n in g a n d s u b s e q u e n t d e la y c o m p l e t i o n o f a r e f it.

m o n i t o r i n g o f s u b m a r i n e s p a r e s . It w a s r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t r e f it o f s h i p s o f f lo a d e d to r e p a i r a g e n c i e s b e c lo s e ly 1 9 9 7 . B a s e d o n t h e e x p e r i e n c e o f t h e e a r l ie r tw o m o n i t o r e d a n d s t a f f a t C o m m a n d H e a d q u a r t e r s a u g m e n t e d L O G D E L s, a t h i r d L o g is t ic D e l e g a t i o n (L O G D E L III)

f o r t h e p u r p o s e .

w e n t to R u s s i a i n l a n - F e b 1 9 9 7 . I n d u e c o u r s e , d e liv e rie s c o m m e n c e d i n 1 9 9 7 o f t h e s p a r e s c o n t r a c t e d fo r by T h e c o m m i t t e e a ls o r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t M O s u n d e r t a k e

L O G D E L s I a n d II.

p r o c u r e m e n t o f s h o r t t e r m r e q u i r e m e n t s t h r o u g h p r o j e c t t e a m s c r e a t e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e a n d t h a t a c c o u n t a b ili ty o f R e m i n i s c e n c e s

D Q A N (D ) a n d D A Q (W P ) t h r o u g h o n e o f t h e P S O s a t N H Q
t o b e i n s t i t u t i o n a l i s e d .

D u r in g t h e A n n u a l L o g is t ic s C o n f e r e n c e 2 0 0 0 (ALC),
t h e C o n tr o l le r o f L o g is tic S u p p o r t , V ic e A d m i r a l V e rg h e s e O n t h e is s u e o f p r o c u r e m e n t p r o c e d u r e s w a r r a n t in g K o ith a r a r e c a l le d
c h a n g e s , t h e c o m m i t t e e w a s o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t d e le g a tio n o f p o w e r s to C O L f o r s a n c t i o n o f F E c o u ld b e i n c r e a s e d

"A f e w y e a r s a g o , I r e c a ll t h a t w e w e 1 ■e f a c e d w it h v er y sev ere u p t o 15 l a k h s p e r it e m f o r i m p o r t e d s p a r e s . P r o c e d u r e p r o b le m s , In v e n to r y M a n a g e m e n t b e i n g o n e o f th e m . r$ te f o r ''s h i p a l o n g s i d e s p a r e s " o n t h e li n e s o f A O G w a s to b e tu r m o il o f th e b r e a k u p o f t h e S o v ie t U n io n a d d e d to ou r i n t r o d u c e d f o r u r g e n t o p e r a t i o n a l a n d r e f it r e q u i r e m e n t a n g u ish . B u t th e n c a m e in t h e N a v y 's o w n r e fo r m s a n d the w a y w e f a c e d it. 1LM S t o d a y , I d o b e l ie v e , is a n im p o r ta n t s t o r e s . N M S , i t w a s r e c o m m e n d e d , b e m a d e a p p li c a b le to M O s . P r o c u r e m e n t o n PA C b a s i s w a s t o b e s t r e a m l in e d .

b r e a k th r o u g h a n d I c o n g r a t u la t e t h e L o g is t ic s b r a n c h a m t e te a m o f d e d i c a t e d o ffic e r s a n d s a i l o r s w h o h a v e p u t 1

1 9 9 4 .

B y 19 9 4 , t h e O r ig in a l E q u i p m e n t M a n u f a c tu r e r s
together.

( O E M s ) in t h e 15 R e p u b l i c s o f t h e f o r m e r S o v ie t U n io n T he NM S, w hich c a m e a lo n g sid e t h e IL M S , g a v e t h e N avy
h a d b e c o m e lo o s e ly i n d e p e n d e n t f r o m t h e c e n tr a li s e d ne adm inistrative strength to m a n a g e o u r resources,
c o n t r o l t h a t u s e d to b e e x e r c i s e d b y t h e e r s t w h i l e G e n e r a l 0 m a n a g e ou r affairs w ithin th e budget. A nybody ca

E n g i n e e r i n g D e p a r t m e n t (G E D ) a n d G e n e r a l T e c h n ic a l a n o r g a n is a tio n i f y o u h a v e u n li m i t e d resou rces,

D e p a r t m e n t (G T D ) o f t h e M i n is t r y f o r F o r e ig n E c o n o m i c u t i f t h e re so u rces a r e lim ite d , t h a t is w h e r e t h e p r o b l e m R e l a t i o n s (M F E R ). T h e G E D a n d G T D h a d t r a n s f o r m e d t a n E c o n o m ie s o f sc a le , e ffic ie n c y , a n d c o s t effe c tiv e n e s s i n t o a n e w e n t i t y c a ll e d 'R o s v o r o o z h e n i e ' (R V Z ) — lo o s e ly Un
lm P ° r t a n t f a l l o u t s o f t h e r e fo r m s t h a t h a v e
t r a n s l a t e d a s R u s s i a n A r m a m e n ts .

n -
ie r e h a v e b e e n m a n y i m p o r t a n t in n o v a t io n s i

1 7 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

m y a n d C o m p u t e r A u d it ; t h e s e a r e im p o r t a n t c h a n g e s a n d ev ery b od y , w h eth er it relates to P erso n n el S u p p o rt o r

{t a t h a v e t r a n s fo r m e d t h e f a c e o f P e r s o n n e l a n d R eso u rce M a te r ia l S u p p o rt fu n ction s.

M a n a g e m e n t

T he erstw h ile S u p p ly offic ers h o w e v e r p ic k e d u p th e

He added, "We h a v e p r o g r e s s e d in a lm o s t a ll a r e a s — P ay g au n tlet a n d in itiated fa r-rea ch in g changes. The ILM S is the and A llow an ces, C lo th in g , V ictu a llin g , S to r e s a n d S p a re s
tren d -setter f o r fu tu ristic M a te ria l M a n a g e m e n t System s,

M a n a g e m e n t . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e IL M S h a s r e a c h e d a n d e v e lo p e d a n d im p le m e n te d so lely b y L og istic officers. The
fftcient a n d r e s p o n s iv e s y s te m o f s p a r e s m a n a g e m e n t , a n d lim ite d n u m b e r o f p e r s o n n e l to su p p o r t th e system h o w e v e r we a re still in t h e p r o c e s s o f e x p l o it i n g its f u l l c a p a b ilitie s .

d ep r iv es th e serv ice f r o m fu lly u tilizin g th e fe a t u r e s o f th e It is n ot n e c e s s a r y to r e c o u n t a l l t h e a c c o m p lis h m e n t s in In teg ra te d L ogistic M a n a g em en t System (ILM S) a n d S h ip s

Logistics, s u ffic e to s a y t h a t it h a s b e e n p o s s i b l e to a c h ie v e L o g istic M a n a g em en t System (SLM S).

this p r o g r e s s o n ly b y t h e d e d i c a t i o n a n d p r o fe s s io n a lis m o f Steps h av e been taken fo r m odernising w arehou ses a n d on e a n d a ll, a s s o c i a t e d w it h t h e s e a ctiv ities '!

in tro d u cin g M a te ria l H a n d lin g E q u ip m en t. This h a s

He further stated,
c h a n g e d n o t o n ly th e f a c e o f th e d ep ots, b u t th e w o r k cu ltu re

“In e a r ly F e b th is y e a r , w h e n th e A n n u a l

Refit C o n fe r e n c e w a s b e i n g p l a n n e d , t h e D ir e c to r o f L og istic o f th e sto re h o u s e s t a f f

Support a n d I h a d t a k e n u p t h e is s u e a s to w h e t h e r th e T he N ew M a n a g em en t Strategy (N M S) in itially in tr o d u c e d
form at o f th e A n n u a l R eJit C o n fe r e n c e w ith th e A n n u a l fo r L ogistics M a n a g em en t in 1994 a n d th en e x t e n d e d to

Logistic C o n fe r e n c e b e i n g a n a d d - o n w a s c o r r e c t o r not.

o t h e r fa c e t s o f n a v a l a d m in istra tio n , le d to th e d e v o lu tio n o f After c o n v in c in g t h e C h i e f o f M a t e r ia l, w h o a ls o h a p p e n s au thority> a n d fi n a n c i a l a c c o u n ta b ility to v a rio u s e c h e lo n s to b e th e C h i e f o f L o g is tic s , t h a t t h e r e w a s a n e e d f o r a n in th e N avy. O nce a g a in , th e N M S r e v o lu tio n iz e d th e
in d ep en d en t L o g is tic s C o n fe r e n c e , t h e is su e w a s ta k e n u p u tilisa tio n a n d a u th o r ity o v er th e R ev en u e B u d g et o f th e and it w a s a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e A n n u a l L o g is tic s C o n fer en c e N avy.

would b e d e - lin k e d f r o m t h e A n n u a l R e fit C o n fe r e n c e '!

On th e P erso n n el S u p p o rt System s, tw o su ccessiv e P a y

In an article for INS Hamla's Logistics Journal of January C om m ission s, esp ecially th e 3" P ay C om m ission , b ro u g h t 2003, Vice Admiral Barin Ghose, Controller of Logistics
a b o u t fa r - r e a c h in g c h a n g es . O n ce a g a in , th e r e w a s a l a c k o f a d e q u a t e a n d q u a lifie d p e r s o n n e l to im p le m e n t m a n y o f th e recalled:-
b en e fits The recen tly la u n c h e d In teg ra ted P ay A ccou n tin g

“Regrettably, th is in t e r im a p p r o v a l f o r tw o y e a r s f o r th e a n d D is b u r s e m e n t S ystem (IPA D S) w o u ld c o m p le t e ly
logistics C a d r e to b e r e p l a c e d b y a n in d e p e n d e n t L o g istics c h a n g e p a y a cco u n tin g a n d d is b u rse m en t in th e s a m e

Branch h a s b e e n g l o s s e d o v e r f o r t h e p a s t 1 5 y e a r s . S u p p ly m a n n e r a s ILM S d id f o r M a te ria l M a n a g em en t. It w o u ld
fu n ction s h a v e t h u s r e t a i n e d t h e a d - h o c i s m in t r o d u c e d in ta k e th e N avy fr o m th e c a s h m o d e o f tra n sa ctin g to to ta lly 1978. The L o g is tic s C a d r e r e l e g a t e d t h e f u n c t io n to s e c o n d p la s tic a n d o n lin e h a n d lin g o f s a la r ie s a n d en titlem en ts grade. T he L o g is tic s O ffic e r o f a s h i p lo s t h is H e a d o f a n d d o a w a y w ith g e n fo r m s !

d e p a r tm e n t s ta tu s . C e n t r a lis a t io n o f a c t iv it ie s h a s n eith er been e n fo r c e d n o r w e lc o m e d .

Retrospect

The Naval Logistics branch has indeed come a long
to the C o m m a n d H e a d q u a r t e r s , t h e C h i e f S t a f f O fficer w a v since its inception in the 70s. Procuring spares in
way since

^
f
confronting the cadre

(P ersonnel a n d A d m in i s t r a t io n ) h a s b e e n r e le g a t e d a s a fu n ction ary o f t h e C h i e f o f S t a f f A t N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s a lso , t u t it rose to the challenge rather admirably. The decade
t ie COL h a s n o d ir e c t a c c e s s to t h e C N S a n d in f a c t S u p p y in essence was marked by a drive of innovation and

Unctions h a v e b e e n b ifu r c a te d b e tw e e n th e P erson n el a n d

T " inn The ILMS and SLMS, implemented m the
morderisat

.

developments that have radically

S e r ia l B ran ch es. This h a s le d to p r im a c y o f m a teria
ogistics b ein g p la c e d o n R efit Logistics. S h ip -b o rn e logistics

9dthe6manner in which the logistics organisation of
altered the m
avebrought about an element of
n° t g i v e n im p o r t a n c e .

S S S S p- — 1 “

~ th“
a d v isory r o l e o n f i n a n c i a l m a t te r s , e s p e c ia lly r e la tin g has greatly eased functioning.

acců n tin g , h a s b e e n t r a n s fe r r e d to t h e I n d ia n ^ eJ e n c

,

NMS the Navy has a system that effectively

C0Unts S e r v ic e (ID A S ). T h e r e h a s a l s o b e e n a to t a l r e h a n c In the NMS, t

Y

^ allocateci
budget.

^ K o u n tin g t0 th e ID A S a n ( i io s s 0f in te r e s t in Pay a n manages r®sour

Autopay, and Computer Audit
ům in g m a tte r s .

S

S
r

I S S . 6 —
m the face of Nava! Logistics
e Z lr a c o m m ° n b e l ie f th a t log istics is n o t a really un^

and Resource M a n a g e m e n t.

lse o r s p e c i a l i s a t i o n a n d c a n b e p e r f o r m e

)

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

179

25

Integrated Logistics Management System [ILMS1

Logistics Management

Dockyards and other repair organisations. After the ILMS

The three major Material Organisations (MOs) are was fully developed, the objective sought to be achieved located at Mumbai, MO(MB), Visakhapatnam, MO(V) and was qualitative im provem ents in inventory management Kochi, MO(K). In addition, there are Naval Store Depots
and optimum utilisation o f funds for spares.

(NSDs) at Port Blair and Karwar.

In 1997, the Ship Logistics M anagem ent System (SLMS)

The Material Organisations cater to the requirements of was conceptualised as an inventory m anagement tool their respective Naval Commands. Each MO is headed by a
for onboard accounting in ships and establishments. It

Material Superintendent(MS) and assisted by a Controller covered the entire gamut o f prevailing logistic procedures, of Material Planning(CMP) who looks after the provisioning
including taking item s on charge, preparing demands,
a n d p la n n in g a c tiv itie s , a C o n t r o l l e r o f P r o c u r e m e n t ( C P R O ) issue to departm ents and local purchase. Over the years,
who carries out procurement activities, a Controller of
the SLMS system underw ent iterative improvement to

Warehousing(CWH) and a Controller of Technical Services remedy inadequacies that cam e to light. The remaining (CTS).

drawback awaiting resolution is to m ake it LAN compliant
and interfaceable with ILMS. Efforts continue to enhance

Navy-wide procurement, beyond the financial powers the utility of SLMS.

of the Commands, as well as foreign procurement from the
erstwhile Soviet Union countries are dealt with at NHQ by Development of ILMS
the Directorate of Logistic Support (DLS) and procurement

!“ nnC' “
s are dealt ™ th by * e Directorate of Procurement

The ILMS, pioneered by th e Navy, was the first on-line

(DPROj carrying out centralised material planning The
inventory m anagem ent tool in th e D efence Services.

nS

^ v y ’s general purpose inventory includes stores The changes required to m igrate from m anual mode to (Naval Stores), specific equipment, sub-assemblies and
electronic m ode were substantial and unprecedented,
spares for ships, submarines and shore establishments
as it affected prevailing w ork-practices, ethos and

•Hie Navy maintains sufficient stock of these items at conventional m indsets o f the officers and staff who ha the MOs/NSDs. Stocks are periodically reviewed and
over the years worked in a m anual logistic management
procurement action is initiated with Indian and foreign
environment.

vendors registered with these organisations.

The Navy initiated the ILMS project on 17 May 1993 with

ILMS is
an
on-line,
all-station-linked project
a core team of 16 service and civilian officers. The p ro je ct
interconnecting all the Navy's sections and sto re houses
aimed to introduce transparency in Naval systems f°r
for speedy processing, easy accessibility to past purchase materials m anagement functions covering provisioning price, vendor data, linking up vendor to item vendor procurement, warehousing, bill processing and au analysis/rating/classification, reduction of clerical
to strengthen aggregate control while reducing, if n° t
and greater transparency in procurement.

eliminating, the delays caused by t r a n s a c t i o n - s p e c i c
controls in logistics procedures.

n, T° rr ° , Ve procedural bottlenecks and to iron out
he difficulties that were being experienced in the

The development o f the project involved:-
idennficanon of electrical and engineering equipment
spares by the Navy, a dedicated team of officers develoned

•

Production of an integrated system design.

the integrated Logistic Management System (ILMS) *

•

Identification of hardware and software.

house Its software integrated the Store/Weapon/Sr

Store depots of the Navy with Naval Headquarters N a t

•

Development of data processing systems to f a c ilit y
on-line transactions.

P ro cessin g s y s te m s (O L T P ), d ata links, netw ork

Inventory Management after ILMS

*
design> d a ta c a p tu re , s y ste m s d ev elo p m en t and

Transparency, availability of information and speed
creation o f d a ta b a s e s .

has been the hallmark of ILMS. The erstwhile Material

Planning exercise of the magnitude of a Review Schedule

The implementation of ILMS required massive data
used to take months in manual mode with innumerable

1

• efforts at all the Controllerates at the Material inaccuracies and non-actionable indents. With ILMS, each

^ an isation s. The bulk of data capture efforts were made

MO is able to carry out its Review Schedule, in a matter of
towards capture of bin cards. The systems software was a few hours with the help of defined formulae, parameters common for all Naval stations.

and classification of the inventory on the system.

The complete system study, analysis, design, and

For example, an Assistant Controller of Material
software development were done in-house and ILMS was Planning at Kochi could see run-time parameters of all formally launched 111 D ecem ber 1997.

items at Mumbai, Vizag and Delhi and accordingly take/
recommend planning/indenting decisions most suited to

C om m and er Jo h n E d is o n re c a lls th e form ative days o f
benefit the Navy through a seamless process. Similarly, an

ILMS:-

Assistant Controller of Procurement at NHQ could study

7 remember the days we used to spend huddled on-line, prices, vendor-ratings at the MOs and any other
as a team till
vital parameter required to take a procurement decision.

2 a m and reach the tennis court at

0630 am to hit the ball hard. We also took up walks

Over the years ILMS has accrued the following benefits
and run within MO (MB) campus to probably cool for the Navy:-
down. During the design and development phase,
our normal working hours were .18 hows a day. We

.

Yielded substantial benefits for material and logistics
had to leave our families behind in different stations
management.

and the important aspect of this project was limey

.

Brought the m ajority o f stakeholders o f m aterial
attainment of the desired objectives. When the countty
logistics
onto
a
com m on
platform
b e
it
celebrated 50 years of its independence in 1997, Nava

C ontrollerates in depots or the con n ectivity b etw ee n

Logistics celebrated on-line demand processing in all

MOs and NHQ.

centers, and ILMS was born”}

.

Core functions o f Planning and W arehou sing have

ILMS Network. To carry out integrated functions, a LAN
b e e n f u l l y c o m p u te rise d .

was laid in offices and storehouses at all stations by 19

.

Im proved asset visibility in depots.

and connected over the ILMS WAN later. The ILMS

1

Area Network (WAN) connects Mumbai, Delhi, ^ iza^'

Identification and disposal o f SSS inventory.

Kochi and NSD(PB) using 2M BPS leased lines and a

Im proved speed o f com m u n ication through e-m ail

KBPS VSAT standby connectivity. The system is manage
and faxes from w ithin the system .

by a dedicated team , controlled by the Chief System

Administrator of ILMS based at Naval Headquarters, sers

A ccelerated t h e process o f review -based forecasting/
can connect to ILMS databases of other stations and access
provisioning.

each other's data.

the System Administrator and he led the
initial days. Later on he became
c * John Edison (Retd) was a core m em ber o f * e^
lS Pr°^

Project as the Chief System Administrator (CSAIL

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 8 1

26

The Contribution of Research and Development
to Self-Reliance

Self-reliance in ‘core’ naval defence requirements like warships, submarines, helicopters, missiles, radars and sonars
entails not just long gestation projects but investment in Research & Development.

Historical Background

Scientific Progress 1975 to 1990

The report by Dr JE Keyston of the British Royal Naval

The progress on scientific research was immense that

Scientific Service in 1949 laid the foundation for scientific in the mid 1990s, the Scientific Adviser to the Defence research for the Indian Navy. He recommended the setting Minister whilst addressing the Naval Staff commented of an Underwater Science Establishment and a Dockyard that though the Indian Navy was the smallest of the three Laboratory and appointment of a Chief Scientific Officer Services, a large number of projects being developed by at Naval Headquarters. The Government accepted these

DRDO were for the Navy and nearly 50% o f the scientists
recommendations and the services of Dr GE Gale, a of the DRDO were working on naval projects. The notable Principal Chief Scientific Officer of the Royal Naval achievements during 1975 to 1990 were: Scientific Service were obtained on loan for a period of two
years. He took over as Scientific Adviser (Navy) in March

•

An indigenous Transducer Assem bly Facility for

1951. An Indian scientist was appointed to work alongside
fabrication o f all transducer elements/arrays of
r kale and take over from him when he left.

various types required for naval system s went into
com mercial production.

fTNPT ^arch

1952- an Indian Naval Physical Laboratory

INPIO was established in INS Venduruthy, Cochin. In end

•

Construction of underw ater acoustic research
fN C M T 1

' T 3' 3nd MetalIurgical Laboratory
facilities
for
underw ater
propagation
and

(NCML) was created in Bombay Dockyard. These
reverberation studies for designing sonar sets and
functioned as m-house laboratories for the Navy, solving
calibration o f transducers at very low frequencies.

day to day technical problems and undertaking studied
and investigations as required by the Navy.

A n i n s t r u m e n t a t i o n u n i t t o p r o v i d e i n d e p e n d e n t s t r o l li n g a n d r a n g e d i s p l a y f o r N a v a l R a d a r U n i t w as In 1958, the Defence Research and Development
d e v e l o p e d a n d a c c e p t e d f o r b u l k p r o d u c t i o n a fte r Organisation (DRDO) was formed by a m a lg a m a t io n
u s e r tr ia ls .

laboratories and scientific establishments working in the

Defence Science Organisation. The two Naval Laboratories

Two types of underwater training targets to facilitate
were brought under DRDO.

training of naval personnel on board naval ships

In 1968, it was realised that NPOI an ri M r
were developed.

ju t
i
meet the Navy's entire

•

Studies were undertaken in the areas of marine
need to create a third major laboratory at V i s a k h . n l ?

corrosion and m arine bio-deterioration in tropica

(N ST L M t NaVa’ . SdenCe and Technology Laboratory
waters and developm ent o f technologies f°r

( STL). It came into existence on 20 Aug 1969 These
protection of Naval ships and underw ater s t r u c t u r e s
laboratories earned out various projects for the Navy
against corrosion and fouling.

1.

For details refer to chapter titled “Naval Scientific R e s e a rc h A ^ — ,-----------------------------------------------------
arch And Development" in Transition To Triumph.

A variety of paints and impressed current cathodic

A low frequency transducer array, developed by

*
otection system for protection of ships hulls and

DRDO, was productionised by Bharat Electronics
other underwater structures were developed. Spin

Ltd and installed on a naval ship.

off from these technologies were utilised by ONGC

A DRDO second generation anti-fouling (SGAF)

and Shipping Corporation of India.

paint with self-polishing properties for naval ships

C e r a m i c t r a n s d u c e r m a t e r i a l s s i m i l a r in properties was commercialised.

to those i m p o r t e d PZT-4 were d e v e lo p e d for the first

Reusable polymeric dry blocks were developed
time in the country.

based on blends of elastomers and plastic, as an

A number of Aircraft com ponents not readily
alternative material for dry-dock block soft wood.

available and those with a long leadtime, were
locally fabricated at Naval Aviation Yard, Cochin,

1994
leading to considerable savings in foreign exchange

►

WESEE in consultation with 1IT, New Delhi,
and reduction in the period for which aircrafts were
developed an Advanced Data Link System for HF,

VHF and UHF communication networking. The
out of operation.

military version of this system for ship and airborne

Scientific P rogress 1991 to 2Q0Q2
applications was to be produced at HAL. The system
was to enable secure voice and data networking of

1990-91. The W eapons and Electronics System
the Navy's C31 nodes.

Engineering Establishm ent (WESEE) integrated the combat
system components procured from indigenous and external

.

DRDO and BEL were engaged in joint development
sources. WESEE linked the Naval Communication Centre
of a modern hull-mounted sonar (HUMSA), whose
at Delhi, Bombay, Vishakliapatnam, Cochin and Goa in
ship installation was planned for early 1996.

the first phase as part of the naval signals communication

.

The indigenous Marine Acoustic Research Ship,
automation and network programme. It proposed to exten

(MARS) was christened INS Sagaradhwani on her
the programme to sm aller stations in the next phase, t a so
commissioning in July 1994.

developed an in-house software based cyphei system to

.

The Navy approved use of DRDO’s second
ensure the security o f the network.

generation Anti-Fouling (SGAF) paint, with

The NSTL Project for converting torpedo 53-56 into a
self-polishing characteristics, on all ships.

passive homer (NST 58) and the CET 53 into an active/

.

DRDO's indigenously developed hydraulic fluid was
passive torpedo (NST 59) made significant progress,
accepted for use in submarines.

record number of 46 firings, which included
fleet work up, were carried out on the East Coast.

e *

.

Limited series P—

« i . »

Aircraft, i . * * - » . commenced to meet
collected from these firings enabled the clearance o i
requirements of two Services.

NST 58 Project. NSTL was also entrusted with the tas
converting the CET 53 torpedo into a deep mobile toipe

-
first few test firings of the DMT were completed

1996
successfully.

.

As , p ,„ of the

'

O
c e S S teams

M EI0C S r O c ? » w S t e » , o t S ™

« . s

1993

S

T

S o c k e t . , . Of National

• A versatile acoustic target for use by the Navy

I n s titu te o f O c e a n o g ra p h y .

developed.

*

A subm arine battery monitoring systeru

1997

^

• ,„ ru design review of integrated
developed and after extensive test was accep

.

Hie Prehmin ]

programme 'Samyukta’ was
electronic: warfe

P
n/May 1997. The

The Composite Sonar and Tactical Weapon C

^
completed tor
revlew of the Naval EW

System, ‘PACHENDRIYA' and the con^trU^ h ship
p r o g r a m m e ‘S a n g r a h a ’ was a ls o c o m p l e te d -
fitment work on the M arine A c o u s tic Rese

(MAKS) was progressed.

Annual Reports.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1 8 3

A project for setting up under-water ranges for

.

Dem onstration lau nch o f surface-to-su rf
measurement of magnetic and noise signatures

Dhanush (naval version o f Prithvil

^ ? issi,e
of Naval platforms was being executed off Goa, to
from a moving ship.

c
onducted
enhance operational effectiveness of Naval ships
and submarines.

Naval R e se a rch B o a rd (N R B ). To provide thru t
basic research, DRDO con stitu ted four Research Bo t0

1 9 9 8

These boards prom ote research in collaborative mode wm

•

Launcher and surveillance radar for Naval Trishul
academ ic institutions and oth er national R&D laborato
was installed at Cochin and its evaluation was
through funding o f grants-in-aid projects. Under the Navnl
completed.

Research Board (NRB), 28 p ro jects were pursued by'the
academ ic institutions in five technology areas in 2000

•

Composite Sonar System and Tactical Weapon

Control System 'Panchendriya' comprising active

R etrosp ect. Despite
the
m uch-heard complaint
and passive sonars was developed and installed on
regarding the tim e and cost over-runs o f the DRDO, the
board a submarine for user's trials.

Navy has much to be grateful for DRDO's achievements

•

Heavy duty coatings were developed for oily and particularly in the realm s o f so nar and o f electronic warfare.

rusty surfaces of bilge of Naval Ships. These paint There were, and there will always be, constraints on access compositions of polysulphide modified epoxy resin to the latest technology in both these sensitive areas. It and non-leafing aluminium were found to have has taken decades to build up indigenous expertise and good dry and wet adhesion.

the infrastructure to research, develop and productionise
the Navy's needs. To expect perfect synchronising of diis

•

A ready-to-eat, processed ration suiting Indian
process with the installation schedu le in the latest ships
cuisine and providing 3300 calories was developed
under construction would be illusory. Tire Navy reconciled
for Naval Commandos.

to this dilemma and fitted the b est available imported

Two major projects undertaken during this period systems until an indigenous system was ready.3 By doing which were very significant for the Navy in the decade were so, DRDO's expertise has been updated and long term self-Underwater Ranges and Anti-Missile Defence Systems.

reliance strengthened as illustrated in the developments

1999
post 2000, a few o f which are:

The technical trial of Mihir, the dunking sonar developed

•

C om bat M an agem en t Sy stem (C M S) is being
for fitment in the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) was
manufactured by BEL with the active participation
completed and flight trials progressed.

of the Navy and the C entre for Development of

Telematics. CMS will form an im portant part of the

2000
entire C4I2SR (Com m and Control Communications

Computers Intelligence Interoperability Surveillance

The intelligent sea mine processor based ground
and Reconnaissance) on board frontline combatants
mine and processor based moored mine were
cleared for productionisation.

of the Navy.

•

The DRDO's ERDE (erstwhile LRDE) is undertaking

’

(TCCPKvIf^ *™mersed Curre<it Cathodic Protection

(ICCP) system for protection of hull of surface shins
design and assem bly o f the prototype, Revathi
with an extended life of 10 years was tried out and

3-dim ensional radar with a n om in al range of
cleared for production.

over 150 km. M anufacture o f the radar was to be
undertaken through a collaborative effort with L&T.

3.

Excerpt from the Kargil Review Committee Report, Page 262^

------------------------- -----------
new

P r o c u r e m e n t P o l i c y i n 1 9 9 5 . T h i s l i b e r a l i s e d t h e p r o c e d u r e s f o r t i l l f

™
w i n s ^
l e l i n e b e t w e e n “m a k e " o r “b u y ” r e s u l t e d i n t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a O n e p
r o b l e m t h e D

R D O f
f o
a r
c s
e *
s i s t h a t t h e A
d r

J
l e i m P ° r t o f e q u i p m e n t a s
a
s a g
a a
g aii nr s

, t i t s i n d i g e n o u s d e v e l o p m e n t .

a d v a n c e d n i i l i M O '

o f f e r f r o m
t h i s a s s e r t , o n b u t n o n e c a n b e f a u l t e d f o r d e s i r i n g t h e b e s t .

f f R e q m r e » ' ™ t s " t o m a k e “i m p o s s i b l e ' d e m a n d s . T h e r e i s a n e l e m e n t o f t r u t h m T h e d e s i g n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f s p e c i a l m a t e r i a l s a

//

— ^ a m i ° n n t p 0 s s i i } l e ^ n d d e s i r a b l e t o h a r n e s s n a t i o n a l t a l e n t w h
e
r
e

, e q u i p m e n t o f t e n e n t a i l s w o r k i n g a t t h e f r o n t i e r s o f t e c h n o l o g y •
d e g r e e o f c o m n e Z

D f D
ů
d e s i 8 n a t e d d e f e n c e u n d e r t a k i n g s r l 7

~ I ” " W U n i v e r s i t i e s a n d " T s , a n d i n t h e p r i v a t e a n d p u b l i c s e c t o P
i o n a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l s p i n - o f f i n t o t h e c i v i l s e c t o r !'

& ^ ^
w i d e r w o u l d b e a d v a n t a g e o u s a n d w o u l d e n s u r e a g r e a 1 8 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Ellora E W su ite designed by DLRL, Hyderabad

Spiral Development. Traditionally, a staff requirement

*
j30t[1 active and passive EVV applications was
defines, as precisely as possible, the weapon/system that
being m a n u fa c tu re d b y B E L .

is required and the time frame. Spiral development, a
method borrowed from the software industry, underlies

The Defence M etallurgical Research Laboratory
the need for rapid adaptability to change. If during

* fDMRL) in collaboration with SAIL developed and development, the technological risk of rigidly adhering to produced warship grade DMR249A steel plates and a staff requirement is likely to negate its timely fulfilment, bulb structural sections for ship and submarine
the development organisation should have the flexibility to
applications.

redesign what the staff requirement seeks to accomplish.

In short, it is a method that accepts the possibility that the

Hie HUMSA sonar, Anti-ship missile Brahmos and
eventual weapon may be quite different from what the
indigenously m anufactured (under license) Italian
staff requirement envisaged, but will still accomplish the

7 6 mm OTO M elara and Russian 30m m AI< 630 guns
capability that was sought.

are other notable examples.

This reform requires a mindset different from the

Nevertheless, it would be useful to examine the relevance
traditional one. However, there is evidence that Indian
to India, of a reform initiated in 2002 of the Pentagon's
ingenuity can achieve remarkable things when there is
weapon acquisition process. Under their old procedure,
synergy. One outstanding example is the Navy’s APSOH

“a weapon did not enter production until 100 percent of Sonar,'1 which achieved as early as the 1980s, exactly what the requirement was met". The reform aimed to field new the Pentagon reform now seeks to achieve. The time taken systems in as little as five to seven years which was to be
to develop APSOH from concept to Sea Acceptance Trials
achieved through two interlinked concepts of Evolutionary was six and a half years.

Acquisition and Spiral Development.

The genesis of the pro ject lay in the sinking o f the frigate

Khukri during the D ecem b er 1971 Ind o-P ak istan W ar and

Evolutionary A cq uisition. The new idea is for the
the inability of the subsequent H unter-M ller op eratic
services to consciously accept into service a new weapon
to destroy the Pakistan Navy subm arine. The urgency of
that is known to be short of the staff requiiements by,
finding a rem edy led the Navy to w h ole-hearted ly support,
say, 30% to 40%. The weapon would gradually evolve as
w hat is now term ed Evolutionary A cquisition and Spir<
it is updated. In short, it is an incremental approach to

D e v e lo p m e n t.

delivering new weapon technology.

—— ------------------------ ---------- 7 " —

> Chapter ‘The Indigenous Panoram ic Sonar

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

185

27

Underwater Ranges

Pream ble

•

Minimise the range at w hich their machinery noise

The simplest and economical way to incapacitate ships
can be heard by the passive sonars of adversary
and submarines is to damage their underwater hull by use
submarines.

of explosives so that the hull gets flooded with seawater and
it sinks. Two types of weapons can damage the undem ater DG Ranging
hull of a ship — torpedoes and mines. Torpedoes can be

The Navy's first DG Range was set up in Bombay harbour
fired from ships and submarines or dropped from aircraft.

during the 1939-1945 World War. It ceased to function

Mines can either be moored at varying depths or laid
after the war ended. After indep endence, replacement
on the seabed. To ensure that the explosion occurs as equipment for this DG Range was acquired from Britain close to the hull as possible, torpedoes and mines have
in 1951. However, a suitable site for this range could not be
mechanisms that avail of the natural characteristics of found in Bombay Harbour.

ships and submarines. For example, ship and submarine
hulls are made of steel and steel has a magnetic field. In

In 1964, Goa was ch osen as the alternative site and NHQ
addition, ships' propellers make noise.

directed the setting up D eep and Shallow DG Ranges off

Goa.

Mines are basically of two types. Their explosion can
be initiated by a ship's magnetism or by a ship's acoustic The Deep DG Range
noise or a combination of both. Countermeasures against

The setting up o f the D eep DG Range was finally
such serious damage comprise electric cables in the ship
completed in 1965. The 'seabed sensors' were laid off
that carry exactly the right amount of electric current to

Grandi Island with its associated 'instrum entation set
minimise its unique magnetic signature. Similarly, if the up on top of the island itself. However, this DG Range source of ship noise can be accurately pin-pointed, action repeatedly became non-operational due to wave-damage can be taken to mitigate that source. When at sea during during the monsoons and inability to maintain it.

war, acoustic noisemakers can be used to trigger mines
from a distance and avoid damage to the ship.

The Shallow DG Range

Underwater ranges
therefore
meet two
basic

The Shallow DG Range at Goa was successfully laid in
requirements:-

1977.

De-Caussing Ranges (DG Ranges). These are required
or degaussing ships, i.e. demagnetising their hulls to

N oise R an g in g
reduce their magnetic signature and thereby minimise

Before this range could b e laid, prelim inary d is cu ssio ^
chances of activating magnetic mines. Since magnetic indicated tiiat DRDO also had com m enced a ProjeCl\°at fieW varies w,th distance, DG Ranges are of two types " f o
noise ranging and on n oise m itigation. It becam e clear i
shallow draught ships and for deep draught sh ip ?

greater consciousness needed to be inculcated ar^ ° njng
dockyard personnel to achieve noise mitigation u* g
ships refits in the Naval Dockyards rather than depen

4

“
n

* S
t a

J *

'S ’

"

I S e
signature and thereby”

^ ^

U^ Ue noi**
solely on noise ranging.

Meanwhile, the technology o f torpedo hom ing

^
and m agnetic and acoustic m ine initiating mechani^ ^

•

, o —

—

-
had improved vastly necessitating a very s o p h i s t i c

. r range for ranging our ships and SSK

•

A steel ship DG (Magnetic) Range for ships and
underwater tang
submarines at a depth of 15 metres and at a distance
submarines.

of 4.5 km from the shore.

A project team was appointed to:-

•

An Acoustic Range for ships and submarines at a

Analyse all aspects of noise reduction in ships and
depth of 30 metres at a distance of 18 kms from the
submarines.

shore.

Inculcate in the Naval Dockyards the importance of Infrastructure
special attention to noise generation aspects during

For the execution of the project, a computerised
refits of ships.

Underwater Ranges Facility was set up in a shore office to

• Collect as much data as possible.

function as the administrative and technical block and as

Assess the overall requirem ent and sources of the field unit of NSTL (Vizag) with a mixed complement of sophisticated equipm ent for the noise range and naval, DRDO and civilian personnel.

indent for those item s that had the longest lead
times.

Execution

. Initiate urgent action on all aspects of noise

In 1997, the execution of the Project was contracted to
measurement and noise reduction.

a consortium of ER & DC, Thiruvananthapuram as the

■prim e c o n t r a c t o r ' a n d M / s T h o rn o f UK a s th e P r m c i p a Until 1975, only portable noise ranging equipment was

P a r t n e r a n d S y s te m D e s ig n e r; to b e c o m p l e t e d b> p
available for carrying out noise ranging.

2000. T h e T e c h n ic a l a n d A d m in istra tiv e c o m p le x o f th e
project was completed on June 30,1998.

The U n d e r w a te r R a n g e s P r o je c t

T h e o ffsh o re e q u ip m e n t o f th e D G ra n g e s , in c lu d in g

The Leander Frigate Project of the 1970s and the SSK th e ran g e ca b le s an d se n so rs w ere laid a t s e a b y Ian Submarine Project of the 1980s shaipene t e ur£

2000. S ystem in sta lla tio n a n d o n -s ite a c c e p ta n c e t n a l s
to set up modern DG and Acoustic ranges on w
progressed till Mar 2000.

indigenously constructed ships and submarines
minesweepers could b e ranged.

In 1983, the Navy decided to set up the UnderJ ' ‘i®

R a n g e s o f f G o a c o m p r i s i n g a n a c o u s t i c r a n g e a n
shore.

d e g a u s s i n g r a n g e s .

, tn thp loss of DG Range sensors and

C o n s e q u e n t t o . t o
n e c e S J a l y f o r . d d i t i o n . l

In May 1985, DRDO formed the Underwater Hanges

Project to carry out a feasibility study. The feasi 1 tty

^
report submitted in 1988 recom m ended setting
ranges at Bimbade Point in Goa.

rocir'c monsoons to validate that the

Scope of the Project

Based on the feasibility report and n™ 1®r° as fo»]ingby»»'h» SO,“ ”'1“ _he
amendments after a series of studies, Govt san
r w

TEchnoiogy
accorded in 1995 for setting up:-

On satisfactory c0® p

' w Atre (SA to RM) on

• A Mine Counter Measures Vessel DG

R a n g e f o r m i n e s w e e p e r s a t a d e p t l
a t a d i s t a n c e o f 1.5 k m f r o m t h e s h o r e .

t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

187

28

Anti Missile Defence (AMD) Systems

Preamble

.

To detect and destroy a ship, aircraft or submarine

In the 1971 lndo-Pakistan War, small 200 ton missile
before it could fire its m issiles.

boats acquired from Russia attacked ships patrolling

•

If not successful, then to d etect the incoming missile
outside Karachi harbour. Hie radar homing heads of these
and the radar transm ission o f its homing head and
liquid fuelled missiles successfully homed on, and, with
prevent a m issile that had already been fired from
two missiles, in two minutes devastated and sank a much
hitting by electronically seducing its radar homing.

larger and powerful 3000-ton Pakistan Navy destroyer
from a range well outside the range of the destroyer's guns.

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, a spiralling contest

From the point of view of naval tactics, the advent of such took place between new technologies of the homing heads missiles heralded a revolution in the centuries-old-tactics
of anti-ship m issiles and the counterm easures to cope
o f battle between naval ships by transforming gun battles
with every new advance in h om in g head technology while
within visual range to missile encounters much beyond homing heads showed ever improving circuitry that would visual range. This development also transformed the natu re
overwhelm/defeat d ie latest counterm easures.

o f the threat because, without any warning, missiles could,
by day or by night, regardless of weather, approach their

Gradually, hom ing heads started com bining multiple
targets at near sonic speed and inflict fatal damage.

technologies from radar h om ing onto the largest echo
with infra red hom ing, along with hom ing onto the target s

Between the 1970s and 1980s, the Pakistan N a v y acquired
radar/jammer transm issions. The desirability of denying

H a r p o o n missiles from America and Exocet sea skimming
a radar hom ing m issile o f a large radar echo led to the
missiles from France. B o t h missiles were t e c h n o l o g i c a l l y
incorporation of “Stealth" tech nology1 in the design of
better than those used in the 1971 war because:-
all future warships. The technological challenges were

•

T h e y c o u l d s k i m t h e s e a f l y i n g j u s t a f e w m e t r e s enormous.

a b o v e
h e s e a , w h i c h m a d e t h e i r a p p r o a c h v e r j
difficult to detect and track.

Technological Challenges

To start with, it was essential to detect, at as long

B e i n g s o l i d f u e l l e d t h e y c o u l d b e f i r e d f r o m s h i n s submarines and aircraft.

'

range as possible, a slim m issile approaching at the sPees
of sound ju st a few m eters above th e sea. Then, it wa

During the 1982 war between Britain anH \
necessary to have a track and guidance system th a tcoU^
t h e F a l k l a n d I s l a n d s , t h e s i n k i n g o f s ^
a

™
accurately guide the anti-m issile m issile also flying at
by French Exocet sea skimming missilesfired u .Warshlps at the speed of sound to hit or arrive widiin aircraft reiterated the urgent nePH f

.

d by Argentine
exploding distance o f the in com ing missile. The corn

(AMD).

88nt need for ^

Missile Defence
crossing rate was twice th e speed o f sound. The s ig
error or delay in com putation m ean t that the incorn ^

Need for AMD
missile would escape interception and fatally damag

In all navies, research in te n sify
target ship.

p o s e d b y s e a - s k i m m i n g m i s s i l e s

* * t h r e a t
a n t i m i s s i l e d e f e n c e b e g a n t o c r v s t a l k
c o n c e p t s o f

To cater for this contingency, ships were fitted ^

These were:-
tystallise as tiered options.

small calibre ( 30 m m ) guns having very high rate

(thousands of rounds per m inute).

I.

Refer to chapter M ed T r o je a

ships a c q u ire d fro m th e S o v iet U n io n were
a n d la te r in je c tio n in to a n e v e n s h a r p e r 0.43 d e g r e e Initially,
d o u b le b a rre lle d 3 0 m m m ountings
g u id a n c e b e a m .

gtted wtth^
s d e t e c tio n a n d fire c o n tro l system s,

1 9 9 2 T h e a ltim e te r -c o n tr o lle d M a c h 2 flight o f a T ris h u l having aul°
m issile w a s s u c c e s s f u l a g a in s t a p r e - d e t e r m in e d
c o u r s e th e d o u b le b a r r e lle d g u n m o u n tin g s w ere
t r a j e c to r y (p r o g r a m m e d a n d s to re d in th e m is s ile )

ri d bv AK 6 3 0 s ix -b a rre lle d 3 0 m m m o u n tin gs
su persed e

^

^

{ype Qf te rm in al point
fire d a t a s im u la te d s e a -s k im m in g ta r g e t m o u n t e d

7 m e t e r s a b o v e th e s e a . H o w e v e r v a r ia tio n in

!t° fpnce A g reem en ts w e re n e g o tia te d w ith th e Soviet
a ltim e te r c o n tr o l w a s fo u n d to b e u n a c c e p ta b l e .

Union for tran sfer o f te c h n o lo g y to in d ig e n o u sly p rod u ce
these m ountings u n d e r lic e n c e .

1 9 9 7 RAWS 03 (th e s e a r c h ra d a r fo r d e te c tin g th e in c o m in g s e a - s k i m m e r ) s y s te m s w a s in s ta lle d in D r o n a c h a r y a

To increase kill p ro b a b ility a g a in s t in c o m in g m issiles by
a n d b e c a m e fully o p e r a tio n a l.

„unfjre it w as d e c id e d to u s e 7 6 m m ca lib re proxim ity fuzed
shells fired fro m h ig h ra te o f fire 7 6 m m gun s. A greem ents

M a y 9 8 T h e
m is s ile
tr a c k in g /g u id a n c e
s y s te m
w a s
in s ta lle d a t D ro n a c h a r y a , s e t to w o rk , te s te d a n d
w e r e
negotiated w ith th e Ita lia n firm O to M elara for
transfer of te c h n o lo g y a n d in d ig e n o u s p ro d u ctio n o f these
tu n e d , in te g ra te d w ith th e l a u n c h e r a n d r e n d e r e d
r e a d y fo r firin g th e first m issile , w h ic h w a s a lso b y
mountings under licence.

t h e n c o m p l e te d b y BDL, H y d e ra b a d .

TheTrishul P ro je ct
iun 98 Hie first missile was fired from D ron ach ary a ag ain st

The Navy p ro je c te d its c ritic a l re q u ire m e n t o f an anti sea-

' Un

, T rn u l.t.d

Thereafter, .4 rel.me,r»=
skimmer m issile to th e D e fe n c e R e se a rc h and D ev elo p m en t
naval missiles were fired on a varietyofs.m ukted

Organisation (D R D O ). T h e r e q u ir e m e n t for_an _ a n W
targets Chukar Pilotless Target Aircraft (PTAs) tor a
missile w as in c lu d e d in th e In te g ra te d G uided M issi e
higher flying missile and a static model on a pontoon

Development P la n (IG M D P ) as P ro je c t T n sh u l, who
fo r th e s e a s k im m e r v e rs io n .

objective w as th e d e v e lo p m e n t o f an in te r set , ,
range (9 km ), q u ic k r e a c tio n (6 s e c ) T a ctica
ur

Air M issile (SA M ). Tire N aval v e rs io n w as requ ire
anti-skim m er m is sile c a p a b ility . T h e Arm y v e isio n \
be on tracked v e h ic le s a n d th e A ir F o rce version wa

^ j P r f V 'n ^ H a f iy 'd e te c tin g th e i n c o m in g m is s ile ,
r a d a r fo r i

Y
o u tg o in g m is s ile , th e
on wheeled vehicles.

r s s t t r r S

S

^

° J fo r”e , - n S . h.

The DRDO assured that Trishul was e n v is a g e d ^
fitment in the latest ships, i.e Project 16A Bra i
la u n c h e r .

class frigates, then under indigenous construction.

i , 1 qqOs NHQ concluded that the Trishul
p r ^ t ^ - = - ^ r ^

Sequence of Events

, ^ w S r S r ^ e m e n t of anti-missile defence, NHQ

As part of the IGMDP, the Trishul P rojectwas acc012 ^
sanction in 1983, scheduled for completion 1
started looking for an alternative.

dovetail with the com pletion of the BrahmapU

\ prame
ship of Project 16A. After a timely start, progres

^

The Baralc System
ickly became clear
sporadic for a variety of reasons. The sequenc

As * e Nav>-scoutt or

^

Qne w asthe
was:

that o n ly w o effective P ^

be ^

-n the three

R u s s ia n K a s h ta n y

^

( l a t e r d e s ig n a te d a s tire T a lw a r

1983 The Government approved the ^evei ^ Dp
these missiles and the structure o t e
c l a S a t e s ) . the c o n tr a c t fo r w h ic h h a d b e e n s .g n e d , 1985 First flig h t of u n g u id e d T rish u l fiom Sii

1997
the Israeli Barak system. In view of the

Range (SHAR).

The
irureency for installing an anti-missile missile

1989 F u ll 9 km guided flig h t o f T r i s h u l - 0 f operational u g both options were rigorously
concept of gathering the missile in.

.

itin to
evaluated The Barak emerged as the better system. The
view using TV proved u n s u ita b le o i 1

.

beam
th e in itia l n a rro w 0 .6 d eg ree w id e gathering

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

189

details of the Barak SAM that were published in the national

Israeli Barak as an Option. By 1 9 9 4 , it b
media are:

DRDO's Trishul project had failed a n d the Navvi ^
that
stranded after waiting for 12 years for an indite
nll%

"Vie Israeli Barak SAM is an integrated system intended to system. Placed in a serious operational dilem m^ ^ 10
destroy incoming anti-ship missiles. The system comprises Navy Chief Admiral Shekhawat urged the Cover
of the 10 km-range interceptor missile, an eight-tube Israel

^

Aircraft Industries (IAI)/Rafael-developed vertical-launch provide an alternative AMD system. The hunt

for

'°
system, an EL/M-2221 STGR [Search, Track & Guidance import option took two years of extensive IvahtT*

Radar] and an Elbit fire-control system capable of analyses and field trials and involved the particioaf
automatic operation, with the ability to engage two targets the DRDO. The Government finally approved the indmil
simultaneously"

of the Israeli Barak AMD system and formalised this polin,
through an MoU signed in early 1997 with the Israeli

This missile system was short listed by the Indian Navy in

Government.

1994 and the first batch of seven systems, approved by the

CCS in 1996, was followed by another approval in 2000 to

Role of Kargil Conflict in t h e Induction of Barak. In
install all seven systems onboard their respective platforms,

1999, I had just taken over as the Navy Chief By end
initially announced as frigates of the Project 16 Godavari

June, the situation we faced was brutally stark. War with
class/Project 16A Brahmaputra class and the aircraft ^a^ tan had become imminent and we found ourselves in
carrier, INS Viraat. INS Brahmaputra was being built to
a se™ us operational dilemma: our warships were without
accommodate the Trishul system, but even as the ship was AMD of any sort to counter the dangerous Pakistan Navy's
being readied for launch, the latter had still not completed

^drpoon-Exocet threat. At a crucial meeting of the Cabinet
development. The ship was eventually commissioned

Committee on Security (CCS), the three Service Chiefs
wit
w ho
ith u
o t
u a
a SA

S M

A

M system,
sy
until finall
fina y
ll
eq
e u
q ip
i ped
e wit
i h
th the
b- riefe

-- d

--

--- t

-- h

--- e

-- * P

rime Minister o
yjfj t K he

H . cr

W i

M t

.t i
a c

. a

UV l

. war-f

Ji-gh

C.. t

... i

.. n

... g

O

Barak system a while later. At least 10 new Barak systems
deficiencies of the armed forces. Anti Missile Defence being
were to be purchased in follow-on batches.2
the Navy's most critical need, the advice from the Naval

Headquarters to the Ministiy of Defence was specific: While

^ e Government’s approval to import Barak virtually
we continue to await DRDO's Trishul project to shape up,
endorsed the Navy’s assessment that Trishul would not
the Navy urgently requires six Barak AMD systems as a wai-
h° me6t * e NaVy’S timeline for installation in the fighting necessity.... The Navy strongly supports research
frigates despite years of challenging R&D effort.3
and development and self reliance, but it cannot be at the
cost of the nation's security.

Svstpm^f b8 Kai vr

6rUpted in 1999' * e lack of Barak
in harms way became a causp fn S
r JI h

KG ,

1^ p
t0 S
b ”

e d b
e '

P

^ d

0 <

Y >
e P
d '°ved

DRDO's T rish u l. For all practical purposes, Trishul did not
his silence on the Barak contrnvprc^f00^ 601 ^ r e a

§
exist. And fo r this very reason, the Government took a po ic)

Admiral Sushil Kumar spoke to Fn ^ ° rmer Navy Chief decision in the nineties for Barak to replace Trishul. Even
anti-missile systems’ aDŮt the need for
today Barak-II remains the Government's policy °P^on^ Q
the Navy's AMD requirement for the future. To me, it seem
that the DRDO was being optimistic....

generation anti-shiomhdi r

^ secretly acquired anew

Reaction to th e CBI's S ta te m e n t th a t the DB® ° *

* »

Z r Z n S ” Z P ‘

'Learned Advice' About Trishul had been Ign ore ^

M l / ) ! urn akolum, * *
ůr only shows that the charade played out for 25 yea^.S
suitable Anti-Missile Defence (AMn I ™efreclu} rem™tfor a fooled a lot of people, though mercifully not the

Navy thus became the mnTr W ? } SyStemfor lh° Indian Many things have remained unsaid, including

To fill this operational void t h e S m o *'

Barak was approved by the Government for the ^aV^ e sllln

’ me D R D 0 commenced project.

requirements. Firstly, Navy's recommendation was z

1

Class fhga'e, three Type 16A l 5 , a p u ^ a C t e S ™
tW0 Type 15 Delhi Class destroyers, one (probably more)

_
fngales’ at least one Ra

R jp
a ut (Kashin
i
n II) Class
s destrov
yer
r and the solitary air
aii craft earn

3.

i here is a view that the

C e T u o n n v d e s r d e r 1P ^

^
l
l
r
e d ,b ! r ! 0 m e ° R D 0 S d e n , j S , S 1 0 s u c h a n e x t e n t t h a t t e d 1 0 !

oflnvest,gau0n (CBI) which is still i n p ^ r

PPhT '° self-relian“ - The allegations led to the institution

Extract ofCNS Sushil Kumar,

,

.

Pt° greSS and ther^ r e sub-judice.

S 2006 ,nlerv>ewin Force magazine.

1 9 0 T R A N S m O N T O GUARD,ANSH,p

, c0Uective wisdom and professional experience years. It took a man of Dr. Aatre’s courage and conviction,
total o f ^ ,a t jo n a i commanders and based o n the strategic as DRDO's chief, to roll back this project and reconfigure it
ofou^°Pe'

rtheservicethathad been projected for several as a joint venture with Israel to develop Barak II for future
reqUirhy successive Navy chiefs, long before I came on the Indian Naval ships. All this hue and cry seems senseless,
years jn shorti it was no off-the-cuff recommendation. especially when Trishul was a self-accepted failure of the
scene' ,, this recommendation was elaborately processed DRDO and the Government has now approved a DRDO

Scrutinised for several months by the highly structured partnership with the very same Israeli firm for Barak II.

r archy of all the key ministries of the Government of What Message Do Such Controversies Send to the Armed

India including the Defence and Finance before it received Forces? To point a finger at the Navyfor someone else'sfolly
he final seal of approval at the highest government level by is inexcusable. Sure, this sort of a thing could demoralise the
the CCS chaired by the Prime Minister. There was nothing armed forces. All said and done, the first duty of any service
adhoc about it.

chief is to ensure that his force remains combat-worthy. It is
a duty performed through faith and trust. That indeed, is the

Is There a M ism atch B e tw e e n th e A rm ed F orces and the

DRDO in term s o f E xp ectatio n s and Deliveries? I would bottom line."

call it a mixed experience of highs and lows. DRDO's Sonar

However, in March 2003, the Defence Minister stated in
project was a stunning success in the 1980’s that gave the Parliament that “Trishul was being progressed by DRDO

Indian Navy a world class submarine detection capability. as a technology demonstrator, de-linking it from the user

Trishul, on the other hand, was a disaster that left the Navy services."

stranded without its most vital armament for almost 20
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

1 9 1

Reference Notes

Background of Warship Building Yards

In the 17th, 18th and 19th Centuries, Indian-built wooden

In the second h alf o f the 19th Century, several
hulled sailing ships, built of Malabar teak, were renowned
developm ents took place. Two m ajor English shipping
for their sea-worthiness and survivability in the East India
com panies, P eninsular and O rient (P&O) and British

Company's (and later England's) contests for empire.1

India Steam Navigation Com pany (BISN ) established a
monopoly o f all sea-b o rn e passen ger traffic and sea-mail

The English East India Company set up its first trading
delivery 'East o f Suez! In 1860, the P&O acquired Mazagon
post at Surat in 1613. In 1661, the Company moved its

Docks to build, m aintain and repair its ships operating
headquarters from Surat to Bombay.2
in the Arabian Sea and westward and southward. BISN

In 1735, at the invitation of the Company, a talented
acquired the Garden R each W orkshops in Calcutta to
young shipbuilder, Lovji Nusserwanji Wadia, moved
repair and m aintain its ships operating in the Bay of Bengal
from Surat to Bombay to start building ships in a new
and eastward and southward.

shipyard.3

The Suez Canal opened in 1869 and traffic increased

The dock at Mazagon was completed in 1774. It was built
manifold. Steel hulls gradually replaced wooden hulls.

primarily to cater to ships of the East India Company, all

Steam -driven ships gradually replaced sail driven ships.

of which could not be taken into the Naval Dockyard due

In Mazagon Docks, ship repair skills overtook shipbuilding
to overcrowding. Ships started being built there in 1801.

skills. In every British w ar east o f Suez, ships of both these

Mazagon s first dry dock was built in 1839 and the second
com panies were converted in the dockyards at B o m b a y
in iob5.

and Calcutta to ferry thousands o f Indian troops to an
from the battle zones.

QhB^tW10,en 1735 and 18H a succession of master

On the eve o f the First W orld War, P&O merged with the
and hi t
h
e

^

^
b° th in Maza§on

BISN and b ecam e the British Em pire's largest sh ip p ^
and in the Bombay Dockyard, a total of 300 ships for the

Company, for the British Navy and for private owners. One
cartel — the VP & 0 Group! It also b ecam e the ma^
operator for India's coastal passen ger traffic. Its se*VgaSt
r

M: ; : shlpS: f

■ ? * . is the Trincomalee launched
linked India with the P ersian Gulf, the Far East an ^ ^
and South Africa. The M azagon D ock Compan}

formed in 1915.

^ ^ 6 5000 yccir“y03r" old Ivl I h

------------ --------—

— --------- ------------ — -------------------

The Portuguese h A h
a

** ^

b e a m S f o u n c l i n t h e r u j n s o f Ur in Babylon testify to the an tiqu ity o f In d ian sh ip s built o f teak.

This shipyard w J t h e T ^ ^

“ 'h0 EngliSh

^

‘n 1658' the EaSt India C om Pany had assum ed responsibility for Bonlb^ ' firs[
contemporary dry dock. Its D r e d p r ^ i^ 3^ ^ ! 3* P 0 ®®” * at Bombay that celebrated its 250'" A nniversary in 1985. in 1750, it ha d ^ ^

'Trincomalee1 was constru

Hh

■*
ckatL othal- located al*he n o rthern tip of th e Gulf of Cam bay - w a s built circa -
in England in 1819, the NaDolenn^'wJ1
uf inS ,n d ' an materials u n d er the direction of Jam setjeeB om anjee W a d i a . si,e was converted into a corvette - 24 larep r ”

e" ded- sh e sPent die next 25 years in reserve and becam e obsolescent. In the

' jn an,j-
slavery patrols, fishery protection

,her 44 Smaller ca"™ "s- For the next 12 years, she sailed the oceans of the wo obso|cte

|n 1857, she was converted into an ifl„ „ t , ' I

’ COaStal surveys and Arctic exploration. By the late 1850s, s a i l i n g w arships had bee converted
mto an alloat training ship for servine mil

" w 8 Si " P
r6SerVe SailorS' (Her Bombay built sister, the 84-gun battleship Ganges, ‘
droyaii<-
n the 1990s, she underwent an e x ^ n l !

mid I89° S' She was ac(luired by a philanthropic ship Preserver and renam ed, W

^
frigate of the sailing era. (Sour "e

7

2° ° 2’ S‘’e W3S renam ed ™ n co m alee and was ip e n e d to the public: as
ce. T r i n c o m a l e e : T h e L a s t o f N e l s o n ' s F r i g a t e s by Andrew Lam bert, Chatham P ublish in g House, 2002)

•

U P im p ro v e d th e fa c ilitie s in M a z a g o n D oc

W k
ars. It evinced interest in importing iron and manganese

T'16
n R e a ch W o rk sh o p s to su sta in th e ir ships. The
ore from Goa, which at that time was still a Portuguese
aIld GaIf : h eld a c o n tro llin g in te re s t in th e M ogul Line in
enclave. Development commenced of the mines in the

Gr° T v Until th e first h a lf o f th e 2 0 '" C entu ry, th e group
hills upstream of the rivers Zuari and Mandovi. The ore

80
fully ed ged o u t e v e ry In d ia n -o w n e d co m p an y that
was to be transported in barges down these rivers to bulk-

^’e d t t
ore — carrying merchant ships at anchor off Marmogoa.

p e n e t r a t e t h e ir m o n o p o ly , e x c e p t fo r th e S cin d ia

Steam N a v i g a t i o n Company.

In 1957, the Portuguese established, at the mouth of the

, uisition o f H industan Shipyard Limited (HSL).

River Zuari, a small shipyard named 'Estaleiro Navais de

Goa' to construct and repair ore carrying barges, provide

„ ring the S e c o n d W orld W ar, a n u rg en t n e e d arose to
assistance to maintain and refit merchant ships and assist
build m e rch an t s h ip s in In d ia to re p la c e B rita in 's w artim e
visiting Portuguese warships. By 1961, the yard had set up
losses. In 1941, th e S c in d ia S te a m N avig ation C o m p an y was
rudimentary facilities to repair and construct barges.

given a site at V is a k h a p a tn a m o n th e E a st c o a s t o f Ind ia. It
launched its first m e r c h a n t sh ip in 1948. In due cou rse, this

Operation Vijay (17 to 20 December 1961) liberated
shipyard w as ta k e n o v e r b y th e G o v e rn m e n t and ren am ed

Goa from 450 years of Portuguese rule and marked the

Hindustan Sh ip yard L im ite d (H S L ).

formation of Goa as a Union Territory. The Naval Officer-
in-Charge, Goa was appointed as the custodian of the

Acquisition o f MDL and GRWJ
shipyard. A few months later, the yard was entrusted to

By the m id 1950s, th e re w a s a slu m p in w orld shipping.

MDL Bombay on lease and renamed as Mazagon Dock,

In 1956, the P&O G ro u p o ffe red to sell M D L to the

Goa Branch.

Government o f In d ia . T lie r e a c tio n to th is offer w as that

From 1964 onwards, the yard started constructing

“the d em and for s h ip s o f 4 0 0 0 G R T an d below , esp ecially
barges In 1967, on completion of the lease agreemen
for new ships, an d th e d e m a n d fo r od d h a rb o u r era t ate so
with MDL, the yard became an autonomous subsidiary
small that it w o u ld n o t b e a d v a n ta g e o u s for G ov ernm ent
of MDL and renamed itself as Goa Shipyar
to consider ta k in g o v er M a z a g o n D o ck s m erely oi t i e

Under this subsidiary arrangement, MDL provided GS
construction of sm aller v essels”6
with technical know-how for shipbuilding and ship repair,

In 1957, Mr VK Krishna M enon becam e India s Defence

Minister. He was an ardent pioneer of self-reliance in
defence particularly for core requirements of w a r s LPS' yard at Bombay.

tanks, and aircraft. HSL was fully occupied
ui
r i ci7n GSL started taking naval orders. Between 1975
merchant ships. The choice for building w a i s ips wa

!n Q77 the building berths were extended, new slipways
between MDL and GRW. He appointed a committee to oo
and 1977, the d u u i g
overhead cranes were
into MDL's capabilities for building frigate-size wars ip .

After protracted negotiations, the G o v e r n m e n t pureia

MDL and GRW in a package deal for 12.1 million Pou

(approx Rs 3.85 crores) on 19 April 1960. Tlie deal P10V1
for part of the payment to b e adjusted towaids repai

Boats.

P&O Group ships after takeover.

FI„ ,990
i S

“

= « r . . « » . e d p r» d u c « .n .f» u Ss1, n 4 0 . , o n

Acquisition of G oa Shipyard Lim ited (GSL)

In the 1950s, Japan started rebuilding its industries
missile boats.

the devastation it had suffered during the Secon

_________________ ____ ________

Garden Reach Workshops (GRW) was later rename <

H i s t o r y o f M a z a g o n D o c k s L t d by R ear Admiral K S

193

TRANSITION t o GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Notes

Commissionings and Decommissionings

Ships Com m issioned 19 9 1 to 2 0 0 0

(N o te: D e s tro y e r: 5 0 0 0 t o n s a n d la r g e r ; F r i g a te 2 0 0 0 — 5 0 0 0 t o n s ; C o r v e t t e , B e l o w 2 0 0 0 t o n s ) NAME

D A T E

S H I P T Y P E

1991

K irpan (ex M D L )

12 J a n 1991

M i s s i l e C o r v e t t e ( P r o j e c t 2 5 )

A gray

31 J a n 1991

A n t i - s u b m a r i n e P a tr o l V e s s e l

V ibhuti

03 J u n 1991

F a s t M i s s i l e A t ta c k C r a f t

Jam una (ex G R S E )

31 A u g 1991

S u r v e y S h ip

Saryu (ex H S L )

08 O c t 1991

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l

K hanjar (ex M D L )

22 O c t 1991

M i s s i l e C o r v e t t e ( P r o j e c t 2 5 )

1992

Vipul

16 M a r 1992

F a s t M i s s i le A t t a c k C r a f t

Sharda (ex H S L )

2 0 D e c 1992

O f f s h o r e P a tr o l V e s s e l

1993

Sutlej (ex G R S E )

19 F e b 1993

Sujata (ex H S L )

S u r v e y S h ip

03 N o v 1993

V inash

O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l

2 0 N o v 1993

F a s t M i s s i le A t t a c k C r a f t

1994

S a g a r d h w a n i

3 0 J u l 1994

N ashak

O c e a n o g r a p h ic R e s e a r c h S h ip

15 D e c 1994

F a s t M i s s i l e A t ta c k C r a f t

1995

V idyut

16 Ja n 1995

K r i s h n a ( e x U K )

F a s t M i s s i l e A t t a c k C r a f t

2 2 A u g 1995

C a d e t T r a in i n g S h ip ( 2 n d h a n d L e a n d e r )

N i r e e k s h a k ( e x M D L )

15 S e p 1995

1996

D iv in g S u p p o r t V e s s e l

Jy ° ti (ex R ussia)

2 0 J u l 1996

1997

F le e t T a n k e r ( C o n v e r t e d )

G harial

P rah ar

14 F e b 1997

L a n d in g S h ip T a n k ( L a r g e )

Tarangini

01 M a r 1997

F a s t M i s s i le A tt a c k C r a f t

D elh i (ex M D L )

11 N o v 1997

S a il T r a in i n g S h ip

.

15 N o v 1997

1998

G u id e d M i s s i le D e s t r o y e r ( P r o j e c t 1 3 ;

T 80

K o ra (ex G R S E )

2 4 J u n 1998

E x tr a F a s t A t t a c k C r a f t

10 A u g 1998

M i s s i le C o r v e tt e ( P r o j e c t 2 5 A )

1999

Mysore (ex MDL)

02 Jun 1999

Guided Missile Destroyer (Project 15)

05 Jun 1999

Extra Fast Attack Craft

T 81

2000

Aditya (ex G RSE)

03 Apr 2000

Fleet Tanker

B r a h m a p u t r a (ex G RSE)

14 Apr 2000

Guided missile frigate (Project 16 A)

28 Sep 2000

Fast Attack Craft

Trinkat (ex G RSE)

Ships Commissioned After 2000

DATE

SHIP TYPE

NAME

2001

Guided Missile Destroyer (Project 15)

Mumbai (ex MDL)

22 Jan 2001

Missile Corvette (Project 25A)

22 Jan 2001

Kirch (ex G RSE)

Fast Attack Craft

17 Mar 2001

Tillanchang (ex GRSE)

Survey Ship

28 Apr 2001

Darshak (ex G RSE)

Missile Corvette (Project 25A)

20 Aug 2001

Kulish (ex G RSE)

Fast Attack Craft

24 Aug 2001

Tarasa (ex G RSE)

2002

Survey Ship

14 Jan 2002

Sarvekshak

Fast Attack Craft

09 Mar 2002

Tarmugli (ex GRSE)

Fast Missile Attack Craft

11 Apr 2002

Prabal

Ocean Going Tug

10 Oct 2002

Gaj

Fast Missile Attack Craft

18 Dec 2002

Pralaya

2 0 0 3

Guided M issile Frigate (Project 1135.6)

18 Jun 2003

Guided M issile Frigate (Project 1135.6)

Talwar (ex Russia)

25 Jun 2003

Extra Fast Attack Craft

Trishul (ex Russia)

09 Oct 2003

T 82

2 0 0 4

Extia Fast Attack Craft

14 Jan 2004

Missile Corvette (Project 25A)

T 83

04 Feb 2004

Guided Missile Frigate (Project 1135.6)

Karmuk (ex GRSE)

19 Apr 2004

E x tr a F a st A tta ck C ra ft

Tabar (ex Russia)

19 Apr 2004

G uided M issile F rig a te (P r o je c t 16 A)

T 84

07 Jul 2004

Betwa (ex GRSE)

Guided M issile F rigate (P ro ject 16 A)

2 0 0 5

11 J u l2005

Beas (ex GRSE)

Fast Attack Craft

2 0 0 6

10 Feb 2006

Fast Attack Craft

Bangaram (ex GRSE)

28 Mar 2006

Fast Attack Craft

Bitra (ex GRSE)

31 Jul 2006

Fast Attack Craft

Batti Malv (ex GRSE)

12 Sep 2006

Baratang (ex GRSE)

T andins Ship Tank (Large)

2 0 0 7

04 Jan 2007

Landing Platform D ock (2"“ hand)

Shardul (ex GRSE)

22 Jun 2007

Jalashwa (ex US Navy)

Landing Ship Tank (Laige)

2 0 0 8

05 Apr 2008

Kesari
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

Ships Awaiting Com m issioning at the Tim e of W ritin g

MDL

Three Project 15 A improved Delhi class Destroyers

MDL

Three Project 17 Shivalik class Stealth Frigates

GRSE

Four ASW Corvettes

GRSE

Two LSTLs

GSL

Advanced OPVs

Russia

Three Project 1136.6 improved Tahvar class

Russia

Vikramaditya (ex Russian Gorshkov)

CSL

Air Defence Ship (Indigenous)

Submarines Com m issioned 1991 to 2 0 0 0

NAME

DATE

TYPE

Shalki (ex MDL)

07 Feb 1992

SSK

Shankul (ex MDL)

28 May 1994

SSK

Sindhurakshak (ex Russia)

24 Dec 1997

EKM

Sindhushastra (ex Russia)

19 Jul 2000

EKM

Naval Air Squadrons Com m issioned 1991 to 2 0 0 0

INAS 552

07 Jul 2005

Sea Hamer Operational Training Flying Unit

INAS 339

23 Nov 1990

Kamov 28 and 31

Naval Air Squadrons Com m issioned After 2 0 0 0

INAS 342

06

Jan 2006

UAV Squadron

A ircraft Inducted After 2 0 0 0

TYPE

SOURCE

Sea Harriers (in 300 Squadron)

Britain

Domiers (in 310 Squadron)

Germany and Hindustan Aeronautics

Advanced Light Helicopters (ALH) in the process of

Hindustan Aeronautics
induction in Utility/Commando/ASW versions

UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)

Israel

Shore Establishm ents Com m issioned 1991 to 2 0 0 0

ESTABLISHMENT

DATE

LOCATION

ROLE

INS Dega

21 Oct 1991

Visakhapatnam

Naval Air Station

INS Rajali

11 May 1992 Arakkonam

Naval Air Station

INS Vajrabahu

01 Feb 1996

Mumbai

Submarine Headquarters

Naval Air Station

1999

Mumbai (Kunjali)

Helicopter Operating Base

(not formally commissioned)

INS Eksila

28 Aug 2000 Visakhapatnam

Gas Turbine Overhaul

Shore Establishm ents Com m issioned a fter 2000

INS Zamorin

06 Apr 2005

Ezhimala

Base Depot o f Naval Academy

INS Kadamba

31 May 2005 Karwar

INHS Patanjali

Base Depot at Karwar

28 Dec 2006

Karwar

Base Hospital at Karwar

TRA NSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Ships Decommissioned 1991 to 2 0 0 0

SHIP

DATE

SHIP TYPE

YEARS OF SERVICE IN

INDIAN NAVY

1991

Vidyiit

31 Mar 1991 Missile Boat

20

Kamorta

31 Oct 1991

Anti-submarine Vessel

23

T 51

30 Nov 1991 Seaward Defence Boat Mk II

13

Betwa

31 Dec 1991 Anti-aircraft Frigate

31

1 992

Vijeta

30 Jun 1992

Missile Boat

21

Trishul

31 Aug 1992 Anti-submarine Frigate

32

Kadmatt

30 Nov 1992 Anti-submarine Vessel

24

Beas

22 Dec 1992 Anti-aircraft Frigate

32

1993

31 Mar 1993

Seaward Defence Boat Mk III

15

T 61

31 Aug 1993

Seaward Defence Boat Mk II

15

T 53

1994

31 May 1994 Seaward Defence Boat Mk II

17

T 52

1996

29

30 Apr 1996

Fleet Tanker

^

Deepak

17 May 1996 Missile Boat

^

Pratap

1 7 May 1996

Missile Boat

C h a ra g

24

31 May 1996 Leander Class Frigate

Nilgiri

23

14 Au° 1996 Ocean Going Tug

Gaj

1 9 9 7

36

31 Jan 1997

Aircraft Carrier

V ik ra n t

02

3 0 Jun 1997

Landing Ship Tank

S h a rd u l

1999

...

20

0 1 Feb 1999

Landing Craft Utility

^^

L 31

0 1 F e b 1999

S u r v e y C r a ft

2 ?

Mesh

0 9 Apr 1999

Anti-submarine Vesse

^

A m a la

0 9 A pr 1999 A nti-subm arine Vessel

24

A n d ro th

10 Mav 1999 L a n d i n g Ship Tank

K e sa ri

H o s d u rg

29

Dec 1999

Missile Boat

^

P ra b a l

29

D e c 1999

M issile Boat

P ra c h a n d

S h ip s D e co m m issio n ed After 2 000

Y EARS OF SERVIC E IN

DATE

S H I P T Y P E

THE INDIAN NAVY

SHIP

25

2001
n i onni

Missile Boat

17

P ra la y a

^ 2 0 0 1
inshore M inesweeper

M a g d a la

28

2002

A m in i

30

Sep 2002

S : r S n g R o S t B o a t

V ija y d u r g

TRANSITION T O GUARDIANSHIP

197

03 Jan 2003

Inshore Minesweeper

19

Malvan

05 May 2003 Missile Boat

26

Chatak

16 May 2003 Inshore Minesweeper

19

Mulki

13 Dec 2003 Anti-submarine Vessel

31

Anjadip

Mangrol

07 Apr 2004

Inshore Minesweeper

20

Sindhudurg

24 Sep 2004 Ocean-going Rocket Boat

28

TRV71

25 Mar 2005 Torpedo Recovery Vessel

22

Makar

04 Apr 2005

Inshore Minesweeper

20

Meen

25 Apr 2005

Survey Craft

14

Chapal

05 May 2005 Missile Boat

28

Chamak

05 May 2005 Missile Boat

28

Himgiri

06 May 2005 Leander Class Frigate

31

Amba

15 Jul 2006

Submarine Depot Ship

38

S D B T 57

24 Aug 2006 Seaward Defence Boat

21

Mithun

30 Mar 2007 Inshore Minesweeper

22

Porbandar

25 May 2007 Coastal Minesweeper

30

Shakti

21 July 2007 Fleet Tanker

31

SD B T 56

31 Jan 2008

Seaward Defence Boat

22

Submarines D ecom m issioned 19 9 1 to 2 0 0 0

Kalvari

31 May 1996 Foxtrot Class

28

Vaghsheer

30 Apr 1997 Foxtrot Class

23

Submarines D ecom m issioned A fter 2 0 0 0

Vagir

07 Jun 2001

Foxtrot Class

28

Kursura

27 Sep 2001

Foxtrot Class

32

Karanj

01 Aug 2003 Foxtrot Class

34

1 9 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Notes

Commissioning Commanding Officers of

Major Inductions

M a jo r W a rsh ip s

Delhi Class M issile D estroyers

Captain (later Vice Admiral) Anup Singh, NM (01424 K)

Delhi

Captain R Dhamdhere (01397 Z ) _________________

Mysore

Captain (later Vice Admiral) Sanjeev Bhasin (01248 K)

Mumbai

Brahmaputra C lass M issile Frigates

C
a p t a i n ( l a t e r R e a r A d m i r a l ) P r a d e e p C h a u h a n (01610 H) Brahmaputra

C a p t a i n ( l a t e r R e a r A d m i r a l ) R a k e s h P a n d i t , N M (01700N^

Betwa

Khukri Class Guided M issile Corvettes

C o m m a n d e r ( la t e r C a p ta i n ) HS B a w a ( 0 1 3 8 5 Y)^

Kirpan

C o m m a n d e r ( l a t e r C a p t a i n ) N S R a w a t

Khanjar

Commander ( l a t e r C a p ta in ^ H C S B isl^ ^

Kora

Kirch

Kulish

Karmukh

Submarines

Shishumar (G erm an HDW 1500) Class______ --------------- — —
rT^J^iishirC01369 K)

Shankul

^ d h u g h o s h (R u ssian 877 E K M / K ilo ) ^ ^ ----------- — ---

^ R a m a n a ju m

,mmander ( l a t e r C a p ^ _ C X T /tv

^ ^ h u ra k sh a k

Co

Commander (later

^^dhushastra

C o m m issio n in g C o m m a n d in g O ffic e rs

Captain GN Sashidharan (01104 H)

Jyoti (Fleet Tanker)

Captain Vimal Narayan (01536 R)

~~~~~~

-

Aditya (Fleet Tanker)

Gharial (Landing Ship)

Commander P Murugesan (01958 Z)

Krishna (Cadet Training Ship)

Commander Rajiv Kapoor (01794 A)

Darshak

Captain SS Karnik, NM (01865 N)

Talwar

Captain (later Rear Admiral) S Soni, NM (01683 Z)

Trishul

Captain (later Rear Admiral) SPS Cheem a, NM (01704 Y)

Tabar

Captain (later Rear Admiral) AG Thapliyal (01773 B)

S u rv e y S h ip s

Investigator

Commander Ajay Chadha (01283 R)

Jamuna

Commander (Later Rear Admiral) BR Rao (01248 N)

Sutlej

Commander RV Jayaraman (02372 R)

Sarveshak

Captain MK Nair (02068 Z)

O ffsh o re P a tr o l V e s s e ls

Saryu

Commander (later Commodore) SPR Reddy (01358 K)

Sharda

Commander B Bandhopadhyay (01452 Z)

Sujata

Commander VK Bakshi (01581T)

A ir S q u a d ro n s

INAS 339

Commander SV Purohit

2 0 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

SECTION IV

Introspection, Perspective & Personnel Planning

Structural Dilemmas and Challenges

Preamble

. ■
anarchy is outwardly chaotic and appears ungovernable. But it knows how to contain its furies; it does not

Export its miseries and has an inner calm that permits it to grow'! — John Kenneth Galbraith c rthpNhw theDeriod 1 9 9 1 to 2 0 0 0 was one of profound

The decade was also significant for the effort put.into the
careful introspection.

The decade was noteworthy for the discussions that

The
took place on structural dilemm as and challenges, in (NMS) was a so a

^ dL ad e was the
the realm of perspective planning, budget and resource confrontted theArmed Forces d ^

^ ^
allocations, changes in com m and and control struc uie , issue o
n evolving a framework of
and personnel related issues against the backdrop of

N M S w a s a bona-fide effort at evolving
unusual domestic, regional and global geopolitical events, financia
contro .

Several Committees were constituted which delved deep
drew from itg experiences of 1988, when, three
into issues related to India's D efence Policy, Security and
the 1985_i990 Defence Five Year Plan, tun s

Higher Management, etc. Significant amongst these were.

released for plan projects due to ai ure o

. The Com mittee on D efence Expend,tute (CUE,, set m
o

^

™

^

^

£

£

S

S

1»

up in June 1990, chaired by Mr Arun Singh, epu y compel e

.n s
tue defence budget being curtailed

Defence Minister, betw een 1984 and 1987. Its repot
the capita seg

, sociai development (education,
laid the foundation of delegation of financia powers
jn faVour o a oc
infrastructure),
and the New M anagem ent Strategy of the Armed
hea)th, d n n k i n g water, roads a

F° rCeS-

^ e national
r e a lis t that

* The 1990-91 Ministry of Defence Estimates in resource ma" ag™ to faciUtate the sustenance of the Committee w hich was chaired by Mr Jaswant Singh
reforms were nee

^

^

^ defence budget
which focussed on D efence Force Levels, Man.P°^
acquiS1

° nUe expenditure, without compromising

Management and Policy. The report dealt with A e by s a v i n g s m reven
xp?

needed taking some
inadequacies that existed in these areas and the o p e r a t i o n a l readiness. U. g r.anco,,u----- *
drastic measures.-

„r wvnnr
causes thereof.

The Kargil C om m ittee Report that reviewed
replacing civilian retirees.

events leading up to the Pakistani aggress )1

Kargil in 1999 and recom m endation of me

Reducing mainte"ra" sCs0etsT re c S m a b l e (tanks,
necessary to safeguard national secur!? r^ itfee
such armed intrusions. The Report or the o

^

CS e ^ aft' SUbm
arineS) t0 6Xtend Me " Ůr
hot andhumid tropical climate.

recommended the constitution ot a ras*.

g
review the M anagem ent of Defence. This a
submitted its Report in SePteml^ ^ ^ ^

Minister.

Jaswant Singh, ten years later, became India s Defe

•

Changing the way the sendee trained for war.

H ie decade also saw significant steps b eta * , ,
address the Navy’s person n el problem s as ne
to

•

Becoming
more
cost-efficient (readjusting
were drafted to attract and retain talent Tlie"1035111^
traditional arms/services/branch roles, outsourcing
em phasis on training m ean t that th e right m ovesl-e611,6"'8'1
refits, closing bases, retiring old assets to cut rising
made to introduce system ic correction s and organi^

8
maintenance costs rather than prolonging their in-
changes in ensuring an im proved operational readinesT^
service life to make up numbers and so on).

Despite its best efforts at upholding morale

In effect, substantive reforms were needed to be
m aintaining discipline in service life, the Navy strugp] i
implemented and accepted with the specifically focused
with issues that were to eventually affect the co u rse of
objective of becoming a leaner, more efficient organisation
its policy. Prim e am ong them was the inability to attract
and re-investing the savings in modernisation/upgrades.

high quality source m aterial for its officer cadre and the

The NMS was an effort in this very direction.

alarming reports from the Services Selection Boards that

The Navy's efforts in

Harnessing

Information
they had ‘no option but to lower their m inim um acceptable

Technology were also quite remarkable. In tapping the
standards) if the num bers required by the Navy were to
potential of blossoming Information Technology, the Navy
be met. The answer perhaps, lay in making a career in
showed great ingenuity. It also realised that whilst there
the Navy an attractive proposition. This led to a series of
had been a rapid growth of computer systems, there was
measures to enhance the Service's brand value. There were
no centralised plan to guide further system acquisition
improvements in pay scales and allow ances; introduction of
for meeting overall naval objectives. It thus, formulated a
free rations; longer tenures in service; improved schooling
policy for computerisation in a systematic and time bound
facilities for children; a rise in accom m odation in family
manner for the period 1995 -2000. An IT vision of the Navy
stations, etc. The efforts eventually m et with mixed success
was also promulgated.

but in hindsight, the exertions undertaken by the Service
were well worth it.

2 0 2

TRA N SITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

29

Committees on Higher Defence Management —

E x %

Aspects Affecting the Navy
security documents to emerge in the public domain. The

Preamble
terseness of the questions put to the Ministry of Defence

The decade 1990-2000 was noteworthy for the
and the candour of the Ministry's replies were a tribute to

C o m m ittees that were form ed to lookinto National Security
the transparency of India's Parliamentary system, more
affairs against a backdrop of com pelling domestic, regional
so as the issues discussed were, and remain, extremely
and global geopolitical events.

complex. The Report of the 1990-1991 Committee was

• The balance of paym ents and acute shortage of presented to the Lok Sabha by the Estimates Committee foreign exchange crisis of the end 1980s led to

1992-93. Some of the Committee's recommendations were
the constitution of the ‘Committee on Defence
implemented. Some await full implementation.

Expenditure' in June 1990.

The Kargil Review Committee. In 1999, Pakistani

• The 1991-92 and 1992-93 Reports of the Ministry
military intrusions from Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir led to
of Defence Estim ates Committee on Defence
the Kargil War. This war was fought against the backdrop of

Force Levels, M anpower Management and Po ic>
threats by Pakistan to use its nuclear weapons Pakistan s
discussed the inadequacies that existed in
ese
troops were evicted. America gave Pakistan a face savi g
troops wei
withdraw behind the Line of
areas and the causes thereof.

• The Kargil War from May to July 1999 led to the
institution of the 'Kargil Review Committee,
recommended the constitution of a Task Force o
review the M anagem ent of Defence.

Each of these C om m ittees went in depth int

India's Defence Policy, Security and Higher
e en
and Kashmir.

Management:-
pnd such measures as were considered

*
necessary to safeguard national security against

Committee on D efence Expenditure (CDE)

such armed intrusions.

1 r Arun Singh, who, betw een 1984 and 1987, ha
deputy Defence M inister under Prime Minister/De

>■ ■ tore C P n M l was constituted to follow

A Group of Ml"

J nfthe Kargil Review Committee,

^ i s t e r Mr Rajiv Gandhi, chaired the Committee. Thoug
up the recommendanon

Forces Their reports, not

1 s Report rem ains classified, parts of it were quo

GoM
domain, dealt with many of the
he S p o rts of the other Com m ittees and have als

Mention in the public dom ain.

The Ministry of D efence Estim ates Committee 1990 91-

Committee.

3

*
n * n f D e f e n c e . In 2 0 0 0 , a
suh
ant SinSh' India's D efence Minister in -

^
m Sk “ S

S . s « X ” ie r Mr Arun Singh » ■ « « »

Sequently Foreign Minister, chaired the Comm

•

Task Force was coiw

ReP°« ranked am ong the m ore sharply focussed national

Delhi' 200°'

e e R e p o r t > b 8

F,0'» Surprise to Reckoning - The Kargil Review Committee

tlie "Management of Defence’! It rendered its Report in
three Services and the desirability o f a red

September 2000. Many of its recommendations were
service was also highlighted.

colour
implemented. Some are still under consideration.

Tlie Com m ittee m ade som e m arginal recommend r

Almost all of the problems reflected in these reports
on the issue of redressal o f grievances w h e r e i n 8
were endemic and indeed, many persist to this day.

acknowledged
that
notw ithstanding
establ h

Excerpts from these reports providing an overview of the
procedures, certain individuals were bound "to
d
deliberations of these Committees and ones that affect, or
remedies through the Courts o f Law. It noted a par^n
pertain to, the Navy, directly or indirectly, comprise this
in respect o f civil services w here the recourse to Centr 1
chapter.

Administrative Tribunal (CAT) and higher Courts was also
on the rise. However, in the case o f the defence services the

The Estim a te s C o m m itte e R e p o rt
matter got m ore publicity, at a great cost to their reputation
and tended to reflect badly on the Ministry, as well. Tlie

The Committee on Defence Expenditure had a mandate

Comm ittee com m ented on a wide range of issue.

to look into the fiscal requirements of tlie defence services
and suggest a figure of expenditure that was reasonable

Combat Levels — Institutional A spects
and justified. Convened against the backdrop of professed
uncertainties about the availability of funds/foreign

Force Levels. The term 'force level' is quite distinct
exchange, which had led to a review of certain pipefrom the total m anpow er o f a d efence force and has a line proposals made by the Services and the Ministry
different connotation for the Army, as opposed to what
of Defence, the Committee undertook a very careful
it implies for die Navy and the Airforce. In the Army,
assessment of VIII Defence Plan requirements and looked
since the Corps/Division/Brigade/Battalion/Company,
into the need for a higher outlay for the VIII Defence
etc. generally refers to sp ecific laid down numbers in

Plan.

terms of manpower, the term 'fo rce level' is often used
synonymously with the m anpow er o f the Army. However,

Before it had actually been set up, there was a general
in the Navy and the Air Force, the term specifically relates
consensus among political class that an outlay of 80,000
to the num ber o f ships, su bm arines, aircraft, etc. The
crores would be enough to meet the requirements of manpower required to m aintain ships/aircraft is primarily defence. The Committee analysed the issue and found
dependent on the num ber and the types o f ships/aircraft
that contrary to the popular perception, restricting the being operated. So, while an increase in the force level of outlay to only Rs 80,000 crores was not only inadequate the Army is to invariably mean an increase in the number for regular planned expenditure but grossly insufficient to
of its personnel, this is not necessarily so for the Navy and
even meet the contractual and committed maintenance the Air Force. This distinction was borne in mind by the liabilities. Consequently, it inferred that with such a limited

Committee while exam ining the policies with regard to the
budget, it would be well nigh impossible to take up any
force level and m anpow er m anagem ent.

S ^ e t“
ePd n S S ^

^

^

The Com m ittee was quite shocked to find that there was
a lack of clarity on the question o f force levels. It had been

The Committee also considered concrete proposals
apprised that 'force levels' under the M oD were determine^
on manpower planning and recommended a reduction
by 'the dynamic perspectives o f th e security scenar^
coupled with the overall availability o f resources with11^
t t s
z
z
s
s
s
s
x
s
g

:

plan period, com peting dem ands from other priority^
sectors, the technological developm ents and 0
systemic inputs! Tlie C om m ittee thought that there \
great ambiguity in the prem ise. For a con cept *n ^erjg ajt
linked with perspectives on national security, it was ^

Pension Bill by 64% Anart frn
k reduce the Defence with in remarkably lacklustre fashion with m ajor decisi^
the need for m o r l ' c T Z e h Z t V ' ‘^
b e in g ta k e n o n v a g u e a n d u n p r e d ic ta b le c o n s id e ra tio n
manpower to enable them i ^ ^ train‘nS
civilian

On the question o f Force Levels being defined in re!aurlC|
technology

° b“

*

^
to the Gross National Product (GNP), the Com m ittee to
and promotion prospects for them.

management
the idea to be lacking clarity and coheren ce. The

1
of Defence had m aintained that it was not practica to

^

The need for reviewing the terms of engagement in the
force levels on any fixed percentage of the GNP foi111

2 0 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

11
military potency is to be related with the threat
three Services, to be performed in a particular situation.

R e n c o u n te r e d , as perceived from time to time. The Members could however, not see how such a document t0 be 0'ttee felt that while there were arguments in favour could be equated with a policy on National Security. In c°mml defence investm ent as a percentage of the GNP in fact, they felt directions and tasks must necessarily flow rest of long term planning, the actual determination from a well-defined policy or else tasks to be performed by

* 8force levels were not necessarily to relate to the overall the Armed Forces can tend to be guided by adhocism.

allocation for defence.

Higher Direction of Defence Services. The Committee

Naval Plans. There w as, however, an acknowledgement noted that even though the apparatus for higher direction f the fact that with th e rise in population and depletion in the Ministry of Defence, viz. periodic ministerial

°f land resources, th e co u n try 's maritime interests was meetings with the Chiefs of the three Services and senior likely to grow very sig n ifica n tly . Besides this, the growing civil servants, consultations held at the level of Chiefs of strength of the Naval F o rc e s o f India's potential adversaries the Staff, etc, was in place, in the absence of a clear political was also a factor to b e ta k e n into account.

direction, such meetings tended to be more routine
in nature serving neither as a viable national security

While appreciating th a t current force levels of the apparatus nor providing inputs necessary for appropriate Navy were com m ensurate with India's current maritime direction of defence management.

interests, the Com m ittee expressed its concern that owing

The Committee conceded that any degree of political
to the resource crunch, the Naval Plan 1985-2000 cateied
for only a modest m odernisation programme, which instability in the Government robbed the existing system includes replacement of obsolete units by suitable new o f all effectiveness. In this context, m e m b e rs noted th at th o u g h it w a s h e a rte n in g th a t th e N a tio n a l S e c u r ity
inductions. For sim ilar reasons, several of the planned

C o u n c il w a s s e t u p in 1 9 9 0 , it w a s h ard ly su rp ris in g th a t it inductions had to be either deferred or slowed down.

h a d n o t re a lly ta k e n off. T h e re w a s th e re fo re , a n e e d fo r th e Strategic Forces C o m m an d . When informed that the

Government to evolve a fo rm al m a n n e r o f h ig h er d irectio n

Air Headquarters was exam ining the need and possibility
o f n a tio n a l se cu rity , ta k in g a h o lis tic v ie w o f n a tio n a l of establishing a Strategic Air Command with control over secu rity in b o th its in tern al an d exte rn a l d im e n sio n s.

all strategic forces including strategic reconnaissance, an

Defence Policy. There was an appreciation that excessive
lift, long range strike and surface-to-surface engagement,

D e fe n c e s y
em

Defence and uncertainties
the Committee m em bers averred that they weie only too
oTannual budgetary support had rendered the task of
conscious of the fact that in future our country was like y
to face a far greater threat from the sea and the air.

members were convinced that the time had come to pay
for greater attention to strengthening the country s ava
had been aone iu
c(srrprv of information and
of ^ regulationSogovern _g

^ ^

Qf
and Air Power.

the budgetary P

0f excessive secrecy had

Indian D efence P olicy. The C o m m i t t e e °P*n

^at the articulation of Indian Defence Po icy

•b'“ * "

instrument merely in defence of territory was a nee
is s u e s c o n c e r n in g n a tio n a l s e c u rity .

0Ver'Simplification. It expressed its dismay ov®r e e

,

D e c is io n

^
n

"

Panning being thrown into disarray by su en
a p p ris e d t
h
a
t
a ggr e s s i on a n d re ia t e d m a t t e r s
unexpected events such as the Gulf War.

c o u n tr y againsit

_n ± e G o v e r n m e i i t a n d th e

^ was n o t e d w i t h c o n c e r n t h a t t h o u g h t h e coul^

^
were taken 3 f e the highest such level being * e

Ministry of Defen: ,
w M e arriving

, Ůg h t four wars ( 1 9 4 7 , 1 9 6 2 , 1 9 6 5 a n d 1 9 7 1 ) a i
i n c h e d a r m e d o p e r a t i o n s in s u p p o r t of neig
t

Cabinet Commi

Defence Ministry assessed the
ůntries (Sri Lanka
a t t h e s e d e c is io n ^

^
o f th e a d v e r s a r i e s a n d

1 9 8 7 - 1 9 9 0 a n d M a l d i v e s
h

* * * * * *
th r e a t s c e n a rio , th e
p

^ ^
t h e t h r e a t. In d o in g
h a d b e e n u n d e r t a k e n w i t h o u t a c l e a t a
a j
d e te r m in e d s te p s
e d vvith M in is trie s o f E x te r n a l

Ad integrated defence policy. It stressed.

inderlving
so , th e M in is try -a ta j
in te lU g e n c e a g e n c ie s ,
thp10nal SecuritY D octrine was an imperative

A ffairs, H o m e A ffe u s
ive w a s i s s u e d f r o m

J j question of 'Force Levels' and could no longer be p
etc. Ultimately a c r y s ^ c l e a ^ communicated t0 the

S e i^ c e ^ C h ie f e w h o th e n w e r e to tr a n s la te t h e s e d ir e c ti v e s th^?erat*0n al D irectiv e. The C om m it
o t
f e
t e
a swa
ks s
g b
i r'

ven to the
neec* for an op directive — a set

205
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

into concrete action. The three Chiefs were to determine
powers accom p an ied by in tegratio n o f financial adviceat
the financial and manpower implications of the directive
different levels o f com m an d .

given to them. The resultant proposals for additional

D efen ce P lan n in g . The C om m ittee
manpower, equipment and weapons were projected back
concurred with
the D efence M inistry's view point that decision
to the Ministry of Defence.

making
could becom e m ore effective if realistic Defence pians

The Committee found the entire process of decision
were formulated on the basis o f clear national security
making too 'cumbersome' — almost assuming the form of objectives and m ilitary aim s. In the absen ce ofthesetwo a hurdle race. Since the proposals were reviewed at various
pre-requisites, m ost o f the proposals com ing before the
desks in die Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Finance and

Ministry were exam ined on a general basis. The Ministry
the Prime Minister's Secretariat before being presented to was also forced to review the priorities set in the Defence the CCPA, the process obviously got too prolonged. It noted

Plan.

that underlying the malady were the economic constraints

The C om m ittee felt that beyond a point, this tendency
facing the country and the competing demands from other weakens the very rationale of planning. In this context, it segments of the Government.

was observed th at the w eakn esses in h eren t in the existing

Under these circumstances, the Committee was of the
practice o f tasking the D efen ce Services could be traced
opinion that the directives issued by the political authority
back to the w eaknesses in the D efen ce planning process.

carried no concomitant assurance about the availability The D efence Planning Staff (D PS) under Ministry of of resources necessary to transform them into reality.

D efence initiated th e planning process by carrying out an

The resultant situation that the Services ended up in, was
assessm ent of strategic and technological environment
one of great anxiety and irony, and not justifiable by any of the country. However, in financial terms, only Annual means.

Plans provided a firm b asis for decision-making. It
therefore, agreed w ith the view point that both the 1 5 -year

The Committee also found that in their projections the

Perspective D efence Plan and th e 5-year Defence Plan

MoD had articulated a somewhat contradictory viewpoint
served only a lim ited purpose. It was however noted that
on the effectiveness of the decision making process in the
the D efence M inistry had m ore 01* less reconciled to this

Ministry. While on the one hand, the periodic observations
situation.

made by Comptroller and Auditor General of India
and Public Accounts Committee (pointing out delayed

M em bers were apprised that in order to make Defence
decisions, cost overruns and missed opportunities) were
planning effort worthwhile, the suggestion to let Defence
dismissed by the Ministry as procedural irregularities, on
plans carry concom itant assuran ce about budgetary
the other, it was stated that the Ministry was continuing
allocations at least over a period o f 5 years, has not been
to make improvements to optimally utilise the various
found favourable for various legal and technical ieasons^
resource, viz. manpower, money and time at all operational They, however, observed that the fluctuations in the ann^
levels.

revenue o f G overnm ent o f India w ere relatively niaI^ cut

By its own admission, matters at the MoD did tend
and rarely had the d efence expenditure ever been
to drag on without a decision for some time, because of back.

the enormous financial implications involved. At the

The Com m ittee concluded th at n o tw ith s ta n d in g ^
same time, it was argued that mere delegation of more
legal and technical difficulties, on practical consideia^
powers would not lead to expeditious decision-making
a 5-year budget allocation w as feasible. M oreover,
because resource constraints would compel the Service with competing demands in an economy, an un Headquarters also to procrastinate over proposals
availability o f funds could perhaps, never b e expecte
submitted to them in the lower formations.

under th e m ost favourable eco n o m ic conditions.

^

The Committee was however, convinced that hv

It was clear to the m em bers that the ^ ° vernI^ cts and
to firmly com m it funds, at least for those P10^ Qver a
procurements, w hich were high on the priority 1
eCjup
period of five years. This, they felt, would not on y

^
decisions, but also obviate prohibitive cost over 1

Ittee

O p eration al A vailability o f E q u ip m e n t. T liec ^ g n [he
was concerned at t h e gaps bein g e x p e r i e n c e d e

2 0 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

lion of the need for equipment and its operational

Defence needed to be reformed to avoid time and
iclentl ° L , due to delay in setting up support/maintenance
cost over-runs. For this purpose, far greater powers
ava . 1 r^iey feit that in this manner the country couldn't
needed to be delegated to the three Chiefs of Staff.

faCllltfuU benefit of the investment being made in the

•

It was recommended that financial Advisers could

131(6 U Sector and any complacency in the matter could
be appointed in respective Service Headquarters,
wllupon the d e fe n c e p r e p a r e d n e s s o f th e cou ntry .

and at various Command/Formation levels, to
id t0 c iv il A u th ority . D e p lo y m e n t in aid o f civil
ensure proper decentralisation coupled with rapid
thority is o n e o f th e le g itim a te fu n c tio n s o f th e arm ed
decision making and corresponding accountability.

T es U sually, u s e o f a r m e d fo rc e s w as d o n e sparingly

«> Immediate attention to be paid to imparting greater
idonly w h en ’ c i r c u m s t a n c e s re n d e r e d all o th e r o p tio n s
specialisation to the civilian officers of the Ministry
unviable.The C o m m itte e fe lt s u c h in s ta n c e s w ere to o m any
of Defence Secretariat.

and expressed its d is q u ie t o v er th e in c r e a s e d in v o lv em en t
o

The question of maintaining the combat effectiveness
of the Army in th e m a in t e n a n c e o f in te rn a l secu rity . This
of the Armed Forces was to be examined afresh in
has a d e le te rio u s a ffe c t o n th e c o m b a t e ffe ctiv e n e ss of
the light of the current budgetary constraints. Fleet
the Armed F o r c e s b e s id e s te llin g u p o n th e ir im age and
modernisation, force multipliers for the Air Force
morale. S in ce m o s t o f th e in te r n a l s e c u rity p ro b le m s arise
and specialised troops for the Army had to be seen
from p o litical is s u e s a n d a d m in is tr a tiv e m ism a n a g e m e n t
in that light.

the C o m m ittee c o n s id e r e d in a p p r o p r ia te th e attitu d e o
transferring to th e A rm y m o r e a n d m o re re sp o n sib ility in
o

Serious efforts were to be made to plan infrastructure
handling the consequent problems.

for maintenance and support sendees for weapon
systems and equipments to minimize the gap being

R eco m m e n d a tio n s.T h e C o m m itte e m ad e the following
experienced presently between the identification
recommendations:

of the need and actual induction into service of
weapons system/equipments etc.

. The Government was advised to articulate a cleai
and com prehensive defence policy based on a via

.

Government was to take both long term and shortnational security doctrine.

term measures in order to minimise the involvement
of Armed Forces, particularly the Army, in

• For a m o r e e f f e c tiv e h ig h e r d ir e c tio n o f n a tio n a
maintenance of internal secuiity.

s e c u r i t y , t h e d o r m a n t N a t i o n a l S e c u r i t y C o u n c i w a s to b e r e v i v e d .

• The Official Secrets Act was to be reviewed a
rationalised to facilitate a m ore meaningful aeD

P“ r ; " ,d r s - r r s c«

»

on national security affairs.

• With a view to stabilising defence plan expends^
served die objectiv
sought to ensure optim um
th e D efen ce se cto r and th erefo re so g
p e rso n n e l
the feasibility of making the defence s
allocations for the entire plan period as una
u
s e t f f o ^

J T

S S i n
g
program m e and
was to be exam ined.

policies, besides a
th at was well tu n ed with

• The D efence Policy had to take a 8reat^

,
of emerging threat to the country from a
com ponents of tii P ^
apprised that w ith the
sea and m ust be reshaped to safeguai
economic and m aritim e interests 0
warcjs

The Committee wc
f personnel and the

For this purpose, future defence P a1^
greater growth in the
a large part of
modernisation o f Air Force and Navy needed gie
fact that Personn
he share of resources available
the Services budg ’

t affected. As budgetary
focus.

for modernisation schem^d ^
of resources
o f

Tlie process of Defence Planning and all
support was a rc
ds frQm other sectors, the size
resources was also to be correlate
sufficient
and the competing
was causing anxiety
given to the Defence Services were backe y

°a;

‘eveis as well as in the Services. The
assurance a b o u t the availability of 1 eso u i

• tv
c in the Ministry ot

Tlie decision making process
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

207

natural fallout of this situation was a difficulty experienced
declined and reflected an im provem ent in th
by the Services in keeping the manpower well provided in
efficiency/productivity in the utilisation of m

°f
terms of infrastructure, equipments, stores or welfare and
in these Services. However, th ese ratios did n o T ^ ^
in its inability to attract human resource of desired quality the true picture since the size o f the ship or the°
at existing package of incentives.

high-tech equipm ent deployed on it had not been T l!

into account. On die oth er hand, in the Air Force the3

The Committee noted that, despite the stated
of com bat to support elem en t had been established o T
circumstances and the assertion of the Ministry that
after 1980. H ence, no conclusive trend was available

" V
there was a manpower management policy, the Ministry
had not been able to place before them any articulated

The Com m ittee noted that the ratios were m isleading
statement outlining die basic parameters of such a
and had been rendered m eaningless. They were dismayed

Policy. Various statements proffered by the Ministry
to find that the M inistry had not developed meaningful
on composition of manpower in the three Services, its
indicators for m easuring m anpow er efficiency in the
functional classification, its structural features in different
three Services. It also took exception to the statement

Services reflected a diffused thinking on policy issues and
of the Ministry that the Service H eadquarters had been
could not be purported to be a statement of policy. On the
continually asked to closely m on itor the teeth to tail
contrary, the multifarious problems being faced currently ratios.

in the management of manpower itself underline the very
absence of a well-thought and long term policy in the

The C om m ittee was deeply perturbed to note that
matter.

there were significant sh ortages o f m anpower in the
three Services. These inclu de a shortage o f 9,000 officers

ManpowerRequirements.TheCommittee was informed
in the rank o f C aptains in th e Army, 900 officers in the
by the MoD that within the Army, economy in expenditure
rank structure o f Squadron L eader and below and 6000
remained the uppermost consideration, whereas in
airm en in th e IAF and 700 to 800 officers and about 1000
the Air Force emphasis was on providing the minimum
sailors in the Navy. The M inistry had contended that the
necessary manpower for operational requirement and
three Services w ere ab le to live w idi these deficiencies
the necessary support element. Moreover, there was a
and m aintain their op eration al readiness. However, since

Standing Establishment Committee in respect of the three
the shortage related to th o se ranks, w hich constituted

Services which reviewed periodically the manpower in
the cutting edge o f the Arm ed Forces, it was indeed, an
each Service, taking into account the relevant manpower alarming situation.

norms, the latest weapon profiles of the Service and the
questions relating to absorption of new technology.

C adre Review s. The C om m ittee w as informed by the

MoD that one o f the factors, w hich had

Members were also apprised that there was an overall
c o n t r i b u t e d to
shortages in the ranks o f Squadron
ceiling on manpower in the Army and Air Force. There was

L e a d e r s / C a p t a i n s , etc.,
no such ceding for the Navy, which was still considered to
was the Cadre Review, carried out first in 1 9 8 0 and later
in 1984. Since a large n u m b er o f posts were c r e a t e d in
t S I S " " ? ^ese cei]in
gs'however'did not imp‘y the higher ranks, vacancies in die lower ranks co u ld no

I f f “ ^°rCe levels' In fact- ^ and when new weapon
be m atched by the norm al intake o f officers, particu ar
through the Short Service C om m ission.

The C om m ittee observed that the Cadre ^ eV^ t
n
o t w
k h s t a U
t a g f t T
c e m
n g ? 1 ^

3 1 0 5 6

^

S a n c t i o n e d
enhanced the rank held by an officer w l .

corresponding en h an cem en t o f authority, thus caj^S1an

» t a ' l i l e , ” ” S
r
r ”

e re™ wed
an im balance in his position b esid es giving rise
ceiling served a useM ni!

“

^ d i n g , such a
unfavourable age profile in th e Services. This Jf.S^ jng
w a s d e t e r m i n e d t a k i n g i m o T m

” s t i c P I a n ™ n g a n d
in units being com m anded by older m en thus a ® .^g
s e c u r i t y e n v i r o n m e n t P P n
ic c o u in t d e f e n c e o b je c t i v e s ,
the operational effectiveness o f troops as notice

L ^
growth and m odernisation^’* ?

besides the

IPKF involvem ent in Sri Lanka. M e m b e r s weI^ ji a ( j
adversaries.

Armed Forces of our
impressed by the M inistry's view that Cadre Reviev^ ^
helped in retention o f officers o f m aturity, exP er^en^.eS of

^ - i t t e e w e r e i n f o r m e d
expertise. They noted that th e baneful consequen ^ ^

Cadre Review could prove to b e irreversible un f ^ tary
situation was eased by introducing an attractive vo

2 0 8 t r a n s it io n t o g u a r d ia n sh ip

• em ent schem e or a schem e for lateral transfer of

The Committee also, in principle, welcomed the
r6*dclle rank service officers to appropriate civilian jobs induction of women in the Armed Forces, which had mlthe Government. That levels of stagnation were allowed
traditionally been the preserve of men. However, they

111 reach a pressure point where Cadre Review became expected the Government to make gradual progress unavoidable itself spoke volumes about the myopic in this direction without, upsetting the discipline and management of m anpower in the Defence Services.

fighting capabilities of the Services. They considered it
highly important that the initiatives taken recently were

Q u a lity o f P e rso n n e l. Presenting its case, the MoD
thoroughly reviewed in the light of experience on the
stated that the Armed Forces no longer attracted the
ground.

required quality of personnel in adequate number as
a result of which training establishments like National

The Committee noted that the Ministry of Defence

D efen ce Academy (NDA), Indian Military Academy (IMA)

were in the process of evolving an alternative model of
and Officers Training Academy (OTA) had lately remained manpower policy under which, various new initiatives were being contemplated. These included voluntary
u n d e ru tilise d . Besides, there were considerable wastages
in the selection process itself due to sub-standard quality national service, reduced terms of engagement in the Army and lateral transfer of servicemen to various civil
of human resource that drifted towards the Defence sectors. If implemented, these measures could reduce the Services. This trend had further accentuated the deficiency Defence pension bill by 64%. Apart from this, members of o ffic e rs in the Services. Although concerted efforts had
also deliberated over the need for comprehensive training
been made by the Services to attract better quality of of civilian manpower to enable them to deal with higher human resource and in adequate numbers, the results had
levels of technology besides effecting better career
not been uniformly encouraging.

management and promotion prospects for them.

In this context, the Com m ittee found that there was

Recom m endations. The Committee made the following
near unanimity am ongst the services in holding the view recommendations:-
that Government must do something positive in helping
the Services to overcom e this problem. Members felt that

.

Adoption of a long term and cogent manpower
an improvement in the existing terms of Short Service
management policy.

Commission by incorporating in it some of the attiactive

.

A comprehensive review of the overall number of
features of the Em ergency Commission Scheme (ECS)

personnel in uniform as well as civilian staff to judge
introduced in wake o f 1962 hostilities with China could go
the extent to which it could to be pruned.

along way in obviating the middle level shortage of officeis
in the three Services. They also averred that for attracting

.

The manpower ceilings feed in the Services be
officers of high quality, recruitm ent efforts of the thiee
determined on a futuristic basis and enforced

Services had to focus on a wider social base, particular y,
meaningfully to ensure that these are not exceeded
under any circumstances.

the rural population.

.

The data relevant for determining the ceiling on

Colour Service. The Com mittee was informed that the
manpower at different levels be maintained in a
existing terms of engagem ent in the three Services ensure
systematic manner and updated at appropriate fixed
a service profile, which stretched from 18 years to 35 years.

Consequently, the periods of colour service had become
intervals.

longer. This put the available infrastructure such as housing,
w-oinina that manpower is being optimally
medical and educational facilities, etc. to great stiain

• “, 3 3 “ L ■sa ,e",b" “ r

Asides burgeoning the pension bill of the Defence eryic
be developed, applied and monitored at the higher

Moreover, prospect of comparatively earlier retiiemen wi
echelons of the three Semces.

n° assurance of re-em ploym ent also dissuade po ei

,

Hpv to overcome the shortage of Commissioned

Candidates from joining the Services. The M inistry \

•

In orde1
three Services, particularly the
reviewing the existing term s of engagement to re uc

Officeis 11
ge be.ng offered t0 officers

Period of colour service for servicemen.

A r m y , the exis
gp
commission
r e c r u i t e d u n d e r th®

^

„ p a ,

Welcoming the step, the Committee felt that a final
decision in the m atter needed to be accompanied Y

* T “
s ’b e i n g u t t e r e d » o f f ic e r s r e c r u i r e d u n d e ,

E m e r g e n c y C o m m i s s i o n S c h e m e in 1 9 6 2 ,
letter resettlement strategy so as to ensure that e

1 e of servicemen was not cut short.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

209

.

More Sainik Schools be opened in the rural areas to
statutory com plaints as well as referen ces to c
target recruitment efforts at a wider social base and
had, however, gone up considerably during the” C3SeS
to catch appropriate human resource at a young and
years. This was attributed to an increase in the numb06™
impressionable age.

Defence personnel, their im proved educational stan d ” f
and rising expectations. Even so, statutory compla

.

Serious efforts be made to bring down the age
in each Service and the total n u m b er of court cases mtS
profile of the unit commanders. For this purpose,
percentage of the cadre strength o f officers' class, w ere not
an attractive voluntary retirement scheme for the very significant.

officers at appropriate level should be introduced.

The C om m ittee was con strain ed to observe that it

•

Steps be taken to reduce the top heaviness of the would have been more appropriate to indicate percentage Services in order to streamline the command
o f aggrieved officers ultim ately approaching civil courts
structure.

for redressal of their grievances and the num ber of cases

•

In the normal course, a Cadre Review be used
in which, the courts had upheld their pleas. Members were
merely for fine tuning promotional policies and the
of the view that percentage o f su ch officers will not be
rank structure and should not result in upgradation
insignificant. This was therefore, not a cause for optimism
of most ranks over a wide canvas. Appropriate
on this account.

manpower policy models should therefore be

However, low percentage o f such cases notwithstanding,
developed to meet enhanced requirement of officers
and men.

often such m atters got highly publicised and reflected
disproportionately on the reputation o f the Armed Forces,

• The terms of engagement in the three Services be
which was m ore injurious to the m orale o f the Forces
reviewed and desirability of a reduced colour sendee
and their faith in the leadership. It also sullied the public
considered.

perception about our arm ed forces. The Com mittee could
not but express their con cern over such a trend, which

• Appropriate schemes for lateral absorption of was likely to accentuate further as society changed and retiring Defence personnel in civilian departments
individual citizens b ecam e m ore assertive about their
be drawn up by offering appropriate relaxations of rights. The Committee was convinced that there was recruitment rules and procedures. The Government
som ething inherently wrong in the system of grievance
should urgently prepare an appropriate schem e for redressal in the Services, which needed fine-tuning.

gainful re-employment of ex-servicemen.

In this context, the C om m ittee noted that the M in is t r y

•

The question of induction of women in the
was willing to review, in consultation with the S ervice
operational arms of the Defence Services be
examined.

Headquarters, an alternative structure for providing
satisfaction to aggrieved officers so that they do not ieso rt

Greater attention be paid to appropriately training to the Courts of Law for redressal o f their grievances. They civilian manpower in the Defence Services.

were further apprised that for this purpose the M in is t r y
o f D efence was contem plating revival o f an earlier idea o

•

Promotion prospects of the civilian manpower in
setting a statutory board consisting o f a sitting 01 ietll^g
the Defence Services be reviewed and improved
upon.

r
judge of High Court, besides representatives from t ^

Services, preferably retired, and a civilian of e q u iv a e

The question of Voluntary National Service be
status.

ubject to a comprehensive national debate and all
necessary steps taken for the purpose.

Residential

Accom m odation.

The

Co m

. ch
acknowledged diat housing was a basic necessity, w ^

Discipline and Welfare
contributed to a large extent in m aintaining the 111
the personnel. They were also con scious o f the fact t ia^ ^
satisfaction on this accou nt was not possible and cou ^ ^
be planned for, under the present circumstances, un e ^
num ber of beneficiaries was kept r e a s o n a b le an d con ^

For a large organisation like the M inistry ° ^ e^enC6;1jttjng
impossible to provide 100% satisfaction without comn
disproportionately large resources, w hich co u ld

2 1 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

ded in other areas. The Com m ittee was satisfied to note

The R ep ort o f the 2000 K argil Review C om m ittee
nee the Ministry of D efence were seized of this problem.

In the aftermath of the Kargil conflict in 1999, the

71% were of the view that deep thought needs to given

Government of India instituted an investigation Committee

Evolve long term and short term strategies to optimise to go into the reasons for the conflict. The Kargil Review itisfaction on account of housing in the defence services. Committee was mandated to review the events that lead to The Committee took note of the proposals to review the Pakistani aggression in Kargil and recommend measures scale o f accom m odation and to optimise the utilisation of necessary to safeguard national security against armed the existing assets.

intrusion.

Medical F acilities. While the Committee was satisfied

Setup in Jul 1999, the Kargil Review Committee Report
with the medical facilities provided to service personnel was tabled in Parliament on February 23,2000. The report and their families, they were nevertheless concerned about carried out an exhaustive analysis of the conflict, stating the existing gap between the sanctioned and availability reasons, rationale and circumstances that led to the of beds in Military Hospitals which has been attributed conflict. It evaluated the raison-de-etre of the Pakistani to lack of accom m odation and supporting services. The establishment for going ahead with an audacious plan Committee hope that the Government will soon take steps and deconstructed the Pak Army's daring strategy, as it to set-right the im balance.

recreated events leading up to the war.

R eco m m e n d atio n s. The Committee lecommended

A threadbare analysis of the conflict brought out many
that in order to identify the existing and potential causes grave deficiencies in India's security management system.

of dissatisfaction with the existing system of grievance

Failure of Intelligence. In its very essence, the Kargil
redressal, it needed a thorough review.

incursion was a failure of Intelligence. The Review

• Im parting O bjectivity to Existing Institutions.

Committee had before it overwhelming evidence that the

There was a need for steps to be taken to impart Pakistani armed intrusion in the Kargil sector came as a utmost ob jectivity to the existing institutions for complete and total surprise to the Indian Government, redressal of grievances internally. For this purpose, Army and intelligence agencies as well as to the J&K State the Com mittee desired that no further time be

G o v e r n m e n t a n d its a g e n c ie s . T h e C o m m itte e d id n o t
c o m e a c r o s s a n y a g e n c y o r in d iv id u a l w h o w a s a b le to lost in setting up statutory boards or tribunals
c le a rly a s s e s s b e fo re th e e v e n t th e p o s sib ility o f a la rg e s c a l e exclusively for Service personnel; such bodies
should be represented by

P a k ista n i m ilita ry in tru s io n a c r o s s th e K argil h e ig h ts . W h a t retired Service officers,
w a s c o n c e iv e d o f w a s th e lim ite d p o ssib ility o f inffl—

eminent civilian persons from the fields of judiciary and enhanced artillery exchanges in this S ector and higher civil services. As a corollary to this, it was

C o m m itte e c o n c lu d e d th a t th e r e w a s c r y in g n e e d fo r th e recomm ended that service personnel be barie
in te llig e n c e s e tu p in th e c o u n tr y to b e r e o r g a n i z e d s o from approaching civil courts except for the pui pose
th e r e w a s b e tte r c o lle c tio n , a s s im ila tio n a n d s h a r in g of review by the Supreme Court of the decision given
information.

by the proposed statutory board.

„

.

, nf ^ 3 National Security Management

• Review Existing scales o f Accommodation,
re

_

The C o m m it t e e found that the s y s t e m of security
existing scales o f residential accommodation nee

System. The C

^
was outdated. U e framework,
to be reviewed with a view to optimise satis actl°
man3f ’ j hv Lord Ismay and recommended by Lord
from the existing housing facilities and ensJ_u
formulated by Lold iS

^ tedbya national leadership
greater availability of hired accommodation wi i

MountbattenJia

^ intdcacies of national security
that was unfiun

^

^

^
change over
the authorized scales of rent. To begin wit , su
ment m ere uao

^

-
e x e r c i s e c o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n u r g e n t l y in r e s p e c t o f m
m aa n
n aa g
g e
e m
m e
e n
n tt .. n

T
h

^

^
d
dee b
b a
a d
c e
le _ , th
the
e 19 6

1965

5 ssttaaie
le m
maate
te
m e t r o p o l i t a n c i t i e s a n d o t h e r areas w h e r e re s id e n tia l p a s t 5 2 y e a r s
p
d o f t h
a n d the 1971

° war in Kashmir for over
a c c o m m o d a t i o n w a s s c a r c e .

a n d * e 1 9 7 1

—

—

* K a s h m ir fo r o v e r

Cf

T a n d T e revolution in military affairs. Moreover,

M anpow er S tru c tu re and Age Pro 1 e.

a d e c a d e and tne
military and intelligence
depth study o f the m anpower structure ai

^ the P°[Jtica' appeared to have developed a vested

Profiles need to b e carried out in oidei to n
f
burgeoning requ irem ent for housing an
facilities.

t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

2 1 1

receded into the background in time of peace and was
to India by Lord Ismay, m erited re-examinati
considered too delicate to be tampered with in time of war
effective and appropriate nation al security planni " An
and proxy war. The Committee strongly feels that the Kargil
decision-m aking structure for India in the nuclear08 ^
experience, the continuing proxy war and the prevailing
overdue, taking accou nt o f th e revolution in militant afT-“
nuclearised security environment justified a thorough
and threats of proxy war and terrorism and the imper ^
review of the national security system in its entirety. It
of m odernising the Armed Forces.

a IVe
recommended that the system, be revamped at the earliest,
preferably by an independent body of credible experts.

The Com m ittee surm ised that the country was luck
to have scraped through various national security threats

Structural Reform of the Services. The Committee without too much damage, except in 1962. But it could also had some insightful comments to offer on the role of no longer afford such ad hoc functioning. It, therefore Chiefs of Staff and structural reforms in service. It noted
recom m ended a com prehensive reorganisation of the
that India was perhaps the only major democracy where
entire gamut of national security m anagem ent and apex
the Armed Forces Headquarters were outside the apex
decision-m aking and the structure and interface between
governmental structure. The Chiefs of Staff had assumed
the Ministry of D efence and the Armed Forces Headthe role of operational commanders of their respective quarters.

forces rather than that of Chiefs of Staff to the Prime

Minister and Defence Minister. They simultaneously dis

A Comprehensive Manpower P o licy . The Committee
charged the roles of operational commanders and national
found that a com prehensive m anpow er policy was the
security planners/managers, especially in relation to future
need of the hour. In the existing international security
equipment and force postures.

environment, proxy w ar and terrorism had become
preferred m eans of hurting a neighbour's social, political

Most of their time was however, devoted to the operand econom ic w ell-being. Given Pakistan's unrelenting ational role. This had led to a number of negative results,
hostility towards this country, it was necessary to evolve a
not the least of which was the inadequacy of future-oriented long-term strategy to reduce the involvement of the Army long term planning. Army Headquarters had developed a
in counter insurgency and devise m ore cost-effective
command rather than a staff culture. Higher decisions on
m eans o f dealing with the problem . The heavy in v o lv e m e n t
equipment, force levels and strategy were not collegiate
of the Army in counter insurgency operations was clearly
but command-oriented. The Prime Minister and Defence
affecting its preparedness for its prim ary role, of defending

Minister did not have the benefit of the views and expertise
the country against external aggression.

of the Army Commanders and their equivalents in the Navv
and Air Force so that higher level defence management

Need for Critical Equipment. The Com m ittee focused
decisions were more consensual and broad based.

on the need for maldng critical equ ipm ent available in time
for com bat, w hich is the suprem e consideration that must

The Committee added that the present obsolete
govern acquisition policy. However, as things stood, it di

T Z hRadt PurP,etUated 1116 continuation
the culture
not appear to be the case and tiiere was no mechanism to
of the British Imperial theatre system of an India
m onitor that the process o f equ ipm ent acquisition serves

Command, whereas what is required is a National
the best interests o f the country.

Defence Headquarters. Most opposition to change came
from inadequate knowledge of the national security

The D efence Research and D evelopm ent Organisation
decision-making process elsewhere in the world and
and the chain o f defence laboratories under its jurisdiction
were responsible for indigenising and c o n s t a n t ^
ro™

" Ch' T

' he

1 ” “ d

~ ” y
from considerations of parochial interest. The status q u o
upgrading the country's w eapons and eclu^ rn6L
inventory and related supplies. The dilem m a had alway^
been to determ ine the correct balan ce betw een ma e
buy.' There were obvious constraints such as of ^oielQ^
exchange and the non-availability o f state-of-
enhance c W a ’n ” Z

*

» « h e .

technology from advanced nations, w hich w e r e at

On the issue of 'structural reforms’ tho
only prepared to share these with their m ilitary allies.

non-aligned power, India also did n ot have access to s ^
of the Western technologies that have flowed to Pa

Dual-use technology-denial regim es have also oper
against India.

2 1 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

These c o n s id e r a t i o n s demanded that the country

Committee found that is some cases media personnel

.

a degree of self-reliance in defence-related lacked training in military affairs and war reporting te ch n o lo g y a n d m i l i t a r y h a r d w a r e .

and that the Armed Services lacked training and
preparedness to facilitate the task of the media and counter

Need for a N ational Secu rity Advisor. The Committee disinformation.

felt that having a National Security Adviser, who also
happens to be Principal Secretary to the Prime Minister,
could at best only be an interim arrangement. There was Review of the Management of Defence by the Arun Dressing need for a full time National Security Adviser.

Singh Task Force

It also recommended the induction of a second line of

Chaired by Mr Arun Singh, Deputy Defence Minister in
personnel into the system as early as possible and groomed the Rajiv Gandhi Government, the Committee rendered for higher responsibility.

a report that remains classified. However, some parts of it
have been quoted in the Reports of the other Committees

Increased Roie for th e N ational Security Council. The
and have also found mention in the public domain. The

National Security Council, formally constituted in April report, details of which are placed at reference notes, 1999, was still evolving and its procedures were taking traced the origins of the Defence Services and chronicled tinie to mature. There was a need for the council to play their growth through the years. It is noteworthy for its a greater and proactive role in security affairs. Members perceptive observation that most ills plaguing the services, of the National Security Council, the senior bureaucracy invariable are rooted in history.

servicing it and the Service Chiefs needed to be continually
sensitised to assessed intelligence pertaining to national

Conclusion. F o r lon g, th e issue of Fligh er D e fe n ce
regional and international issues. This could be done

M a n a g e m e n t h a s b e e n c o n te n tio u s a n d v e x e d . D u rin g through periodic intelligence briefings of the Cabinet

B ritish Rule, for th e first tim e a n a tte m p t w a s m a d e to e v o lv e
a H ig h e r D e fe n c e O rg a n isa tio n . A fter In d e p e n d e n c e , Ism a y , Committee on Security with all supporting staff in a recognised world expert on Defence m anagem ent, worked attendance.

o n a C o m m itte e s y s te m th a t m a d e re c o m m e n d a t i o n s fo r d ie Border

M anagem ent

Policy.

The

Committee
s e ttin g u p o f s u c h a n o rg a n is a tio n . A fter m u c h c o n s u lta tio n highlighted a pressing need to fashion an effective boidei
a n d e ffo rt a sy ste m w a s finally e v o lv e d th a t c o n s is te d o f management policy, which covered not just terrorist
u n iq u e fe a tu re s o f a c o m b in e d d e fe n c e o rg a n is a tio n a n d a infiltration, but illegal migration, smuggling and the ow co m b in e d p ro fessio n al h e a d . E ven so, a lm o st fo u r d e c a d e s of narcotics. These were matters of national concern bejn8 a T r in d e p e n d e n ce , th e M inistry o f D efen ce co n tin u e d to looked at com partm entally. The inevitable result had lack p rofession al co -o rd in a tio n m a re a s d e m a n d in g h igh been sub-optimal border m anagem ent at a time when e
p ro fe ss io n a l c o m p e t e n c e . It w a s, p rin cip a lly , a p r o b le m co n tr o a n d a n u n e q u a l d istrib u tio n o f a u th o rity v is -a -v is narcotics trade had been playing a crucial role in Pakistan s
c o n tr o l
r e m i t t e e s s e t u p in th e 9 0 s d e c a d e trie d
promotion of cross-border terrorism.

^ a d d r e s s th e p ro b le m a n d re s to r e th e b a la n c e w ith th e Media Relations a n d In fo rm a tio n . Kaigil was India

” r f . i m
o f fin e -tu n in g * e o rg —

,„ < ! m K t a m m
first television war. Even though, coverage by the P11*1
for Defence Management.

and electronic m edia was by and large satisfactory,
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p 2 1 3

30

Perspective Naval Plannin:

Background
of a National M aritim e Strategy and a Naval Security

The idea of a perspective plan apparently germinated

Doctrine and derived a 30 Year Perspective Plan for the
in the early 80s. In October 1981, whilst addressing Senior Navy's development.

Naval Officers, the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi,
perhaps for the first time, stressed on the need for the

The plan took over two years to take shape and was one

Navy's development to be cast in the framework of a
of the m ost detailed and h olistic studies undertaken after
perspective plan that would cover both short term and
independence in 1947. The then CNS, Admiral Dawson,
long term requirements. The Navy forwarded its plan in
forwarded this plan to th e G overnm ent in October 1984

February 1982.

before he dem itted office.

A year later, a related development only underlined

The

Plan
was
based
on
the

Government's
the need for long term naval perspective planning. On
pronouncem ents o f our N ational Aims nam ely:-

3 0 A p r i l 1 9 8 2 , t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s C o n v e n t i o n o n t h e L a w

•

To ensure rapid eco n o m ic growth with guaranteed
o f t h e S e a w a s a d o p t e d a f t e r n i n e y e a r s o f d e l i b e r a t i o n .

social ju stice w ithin the present constitutional

T h e 2 0 0 - m i l e E x c l u s i v e E c o n o m i c Z o n e a n d t h e e x t e n s i o n structure.

o f t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f m a d e i t n e c e s s a r y t o f o r e s t a l l j u r i s d i c t i o n c l a i m s b y l i t t o r a l n e i g h b o u r s . A l r e a d y , t h e r e

•

To ensure the territorial integrity and sovereignty of
r
r
e r

° 0 r 8 I S la n d P r o b l e m ^ t h B a n g l a d e s h a n d

India.

s o u th e r

™ , I S l ? n d P r ° b l e m

M y a n m a r . I n d i a ’s

•

To pursue a foreign policy seeking peace, stability
i n r t -

, n m o f
a n d ' G r e a t N i c o b a r , w a s 1 0 0 0 m i l e s f r o m
n d iE i b u t o n l y 9 0 m i l e s f r o m B a n d a r A c e h , a t t h e n o r t h e r n and cooperation appropriate to the c h a n g in g
u p o f I n d o n e s i a n S u m a t r a . I n d o n e s i a , f o r s o m e y e a r s h a d regional and international environm ent.

a n e y e o n t h e N i c o b a r s . N e i t h e r t h e A n d a m a n N i c o b a r s T h e p l a n s u m m a r i s e d I n d i a 's M a r i t i m e S tr a te g y as n o r t h e L a c c a d i v e I s l a n d s o f I n d i a h a d been a c e p t e d a f o l l o w s :

“
couid b e

By virtue of her economic development, India must prepay
to assume the role of the predominant regional powet in t16

Indian Ocean. Politically, India has u n e q u i v o c a l l y declci^e
b a s e f a c L e s f a b o ? h m

7 ° f B e n g a 1 ' P ° s s i b l y s e e k i n 8
that it has no intention to dominate any littoral neighbour

P a k i s t a n N a v y h a d r e a r m

^ T "

B a n S l a d e s h - T h e

Equally, India must resist coercive diplomacy of non-litt°rCl

W a r . A c o m b T n a t i l o

7 Z
f l

V tS * * * * * i n t h e 1 9 7 1
slates in Indian Ocean affairs.

th e r e s h o u ld b e s u f f i c i e n t e f / a c t o r s n e c e s s i t a t e d t h a t t h e n a ti o n 's i n t e S ^ A n d
leW lS t 0 S afeS u a r d

In the above stated background, th e N a v y s 1 5
o f th e p o litic a l s p e c t r u m h a d "

a r l a ™ e n t ’ a 1 1 s e c t io n s

Perspective Plan was prepared. Based on this P la n ,
s t r e n g th e n t h e Navy.

U

G o v e r n m e n t to

Year Plans were drawn up w hich w ere m ade co-teirm 11
with the National Five Year Plans.

p r o b l e m w u l d ^ e t o o b t a f a ^ c ^

^
f ° a p p r o a c h t h e

Defence Planning Staff Function & O bjectives
a f o r c e t o e x i s t , a f t e r X c h T w

u

° n 1116 r e a s o n
s c o p e , t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d t h

J 3 e e a s i e r t 0 “ s e s s t h e

In 1986, the Governm ent created the D efence ^ arlgtaff
t h i s f o r c e s h o u l d m a t e r i a l i z e
t f p h y S i c a I s h a p e i n w h i c h

Staff. The functions assigned to the D e f e n c e Planning
m a t e r i a l i z e . I t f o r m u l a t e d t h e f r a m e w o r k

(DPS) are:-

2 1 4 t r a n s it io n t o g u a r DIANS„ , p

To carry out threat analysis and formulate threat operational preparedness, both to deter war as well as

' Jse ssm e n t for various time frames.

to achieve satisfactory conclusion in a war that might
be thrust on the country. These requirements were

E v o lv e m ilitary aims.

worked out jointly by the Defence Planning Staff and

Formulate concepts of com bined operations.

the Planning Staffs of the three Services in consultation

Conceive and recom m end balanced force levels to
with other involved agencies like Department of Defence
a c h i e v e military aims.

Production and the Defence Research and Development

Carry out joint training and joint logistic

Organisation. The requirements were also to be further
m a n a g e m e n t .

reviewed by the Committee on Defence Planning before

C o o r d i n a t e perspective planning for about 15 to 20
being finally approved by CCPA. The newly formed

National Security Council was expected to play a role in
years.

this process in the future.

Interact closely with R&D, Defence Production,

Industry and Finance.

N a v a l P l a n s a n d P r o j e c t s

The process of D efence Planning1 was to be initiated

Naval Projects have long gestation periods and are
by the DPS by carrying out an assessment of Strategic and
capital intensive. A new ship design takes 5 years and

Technological Environment of the country. Guidelines shipbuilding another 5-7 years. Replacement and funding were communicated by the MoD to the services HQs decisions therefore have to be taken at least 15 years for formulation of the draft plan. Based on the Service ahead if force levels are to be maintained. Regrettably, projections, DPS prepared a draft integrated Plan. This in the early 80s, there was no system that enabled such was considered by Govemment/CCPA for approval, m
funding. In its absence, it was appreciated that the force
consultation with all the concerned agencies.

level of 135 ships of assorted types would decline to 95

In each of the three Services, the Annual Plan was bv vear 2000, which would be grossly insufficient for the based on the 5 year D efence Plan which, in tuin, too v into
task of ensuring maritime security of our vast coastline
account the 15 year D efence Perspective Plan.

at a time when the Indian merchant fleet and overseas
role would be enlarging greatly as a consequence of new

D e fe n c e P l a n n i n g P r i o r i t i e s & R e q u ire m e n ts fo r
economic opportunities. To maintain a force level of at

O p e r a ti o n a l P r e p a r e d n e s s 2
least 120 ships with average life of 20 years, the Navy a

In the area of defence, the priorities were seen as to induct at least 6 ships per year.

quantifiable in term s o f the m inim um r e q u i r e m e n t s o
was followed by the Plan for the period 1969-74. The concept o

^ ^ ^
ig75_?9 Thls w s followed by
drawn up for the period 1970-75. T h e 1971 ^ r * ^ ronment in the region.

Programme; a review of major
revised in 1981-82 in v ie w o fth e changed secunty

^

^

^ ^
o r i e m e d F w e Y e^ Defe ^ ^
of
and

Five Year P la n s. T h e salient aspect of the Defence

.

artic;pation by the three sen.

,
programme reasonably current,
e preparation of the Annual Budget, ‘ ^

^

£

Justmen, procedure to keep the five yet P g_______ ____
issues prior to the

,
r! ( ^ c a l t^oj^amrne adjustment procedure to Keep
the shifts in emphasis, newer concepts
n the Plan review a
and a
a periodic
al

< p
rpv;PWs ^
reflect tth
h e
e c
c h
h a
a n
n g
g e
e s
s in
in p
p r
ri io
o n

Defence Finance in
t j ,
five year commitment but

The Five Year Plan is updated through a n n u a l r e s o w c e s . This ensure jj!®*
and^actical concepts, technology and availability
and enable to reorient th e plan within the avadab^ty

.nternational relationship,
d aptable to change in the pat

,

,

, Defence Secretary acts as a
remains flexible and adapt*
the pattern

■ , , headed by tire Defence Secretary acts as a
of resources.

----------

,
roordination and Ir a P '® entati0" fS
e

At the middle level, the Joint Secretaries head
t - " ' " " ^ n e f e n c e W a n C o ^ ^ ^ ^ ......

Im p lem en tatio n o f D e fe n ce P lan . A ‘Defence Plan
artinents in the Ministry
forum for coordinated actio n am ong the Services an

.

. . . . . . . ............. D 0._ _ r - -
contribute towards the i n t e g r a t i O T D H h ^ ^ ^ ^ g ^ g s s to 200°
the plan monitoring groups for the three Services.

.

c fh

D efence P la n n in g S ta ff (D P S ). DPSOTS f
o
r
m
e

4
j
n

*
e

7*. 8 * and 9 * plans together
a s s e l s
evn
his Persp s
ectiv e
e Pla s
n con *
tained u«= - - , funds amm.»- - - -

* - <C*
pA in»

, he ■
foll »

owin *
g ™ ■

» - *■
is directly related to the support o f national m eiL

°fou r Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)."

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 215

The 30 Year Perspective Plan — Oct 1984

.

A Coastal force (two groups) to be deplov

The dramatic changes and force level imbalances in the
coastal waters as the seco n d line of defe
m tlle
neighbouring countries in the early 80s stressed the need
such group to con sist o f on e GP Frigate and SM- Ea°h
for the Navy's development to be cast in the framework of

ASW Corvettes supported by M R / A S W a i r c n ^ 6'

a perspective plan that would cover both short term and

.

Capability to lift a brigade group including h ,
long term requirements. The Navy formulated a '30 year
lifting of a battalion with associated vehicles

Perspective Plan' in February 1982. It took the following
equipm ents.

anc*
aspects into consideration:-

°

To deploy in offensive m issio ns in enemy's coastal

•

The indigenous shipbuilding capability and capacity
waters, im portant trade route to enem y ports and
that had been built up in the frigate and submarine
in defensive patrols in own coastal areas and off
projects.

harbours.

•

The confidence that had built up in integrating

Russian and indigenous equipment.

•

As an integral p art o f sea con trol operations, aircrafts
were to b e used in various ro les:-

•

The recommendations of the Naval Expert

Committee on Maintenance and Logistics.

MR/ASW/AEW. Requ irem ent of 24 operational

•

The revitalisation of naval training.

MR/ASW/AEW aircraft for supporting the ocean
going/coastal forces.

•

The build up of naval bases and forward operating
bases.

•

VTOL Aircraft. A squadron o f VTOL aircraft for
air strike/air d efen ce for each Sea Control Ship.

•

The plans for increasing the depths of India's ports
and harbours, of the future home-port of ships.

®

Multi-role H elicopters. Each SCS (ASW/ASV/

AEW) to b e provided with 8 helos, each GP

It was submitted to the Government in October 1984.

Frigate (ASW/ASW) with 2 helos, each

Naval Perspective Plan 1985-2000

LPH (C om m ando) with 12 helos, each LST

(C om m ando) with 2 helos.

The external security environment of the country and

•

MCM ships and M issile Boats supported by a
its growing economic interests at sea dictated the need for
num ber o f sm all aircraft for reconnaissance in the
an effective and credible maritime strategy to safeguard its
interests. For this, the Navy had to develop capacities to:-
approaches to our harbours.

•

Tankers, Training Ships, Diving Tenders, A float

Inflict decisive punishment on any regional Navy in
war and to raise the threshold against intervention

Support Ships, Survey Vessels, Subm arine Rescue
by foreign powers.

Vessels, O cean G oing Tugs etc.

Ensure the safe movement of trade to and from

•

A strategic option at sea w ith two nuclear submarine

Ind an ports and the unhindered exploration and
to provide this capability.

exploitation of offshore resources.

placed great e m p h ^

Indigenous Capability. The plan
on indigenous ship con stru ction and envisaged

^
com plete self-reliance in design and construC|l0a fLiil
surface warships to b e achieved by 2000. To this en >

(o “ s b

„ fr ^ m
seh;r Lym
chle,sd b* ™*»"8 fledged Warship Design Bureau including the ^s^°j0ped
weapons/sensors integration group was to be eve^ ^e
and the ability to m anufacture w eapon systems
augmented.

During the 1980-85 Plan, d efen ce sh ip y ard ^ ^

“ “ ' S t i r v ' " ' 1' °f

21 ships, with the Navy's outlay on indlge^°tlie plan

(GP) Destroyer/Frigates "

ral PurPose
construction totalling Rs 318 crores. In l9 8 5 " 9 ^ orde&d’

reconnaissance ( M R / A S W j^ S by J,°ng ran&e
outlay was Rs 950 crores and 38 ships were
l e d to
expeC
early warning (AEWJ aircraft.

airborne

In the 15 year period 198 5 -2 0 0 0 , 94 ships were
be delivered by D efence Shipyards.

2 1 6 TRANSITION TO g u a r d ia k s h ip

The period 1985-2000 was characterised by large funding outgo on Pay and Allowances,
f 11s along with a virtual freeze on the Navy's new

These factors resulted in a total shortfall of Rs. 600 crores.

Sll°[tal schemes for replacem ent and modernisation. The A number of schemes, which should have been initiated caP CCPA sanction for a m ajor frontline warship was given
during the VIIth plan, could not be taken up owing to the

•aSll986 Furthermore, the collapse of the former Soviet non-availability of funds leading to a decline in Force U1 ’

affected the availability of both spare parts and new Levels.

equiPment which had resultant effects on the subsequent
pive Year Plans.

VIH,h Naval Plan(l990-1997)

According to the Perspective Plan 1985-2000, the share

The perspective of the VIII‘h plan was based on the
of the Navy was to progressively increase from 13% during changes in the Indian Ocean region:-
the 7* Plan to 16.5% during the 8 "’ Plan and peaking at

•

Though the IPKF had returned home, the threats

20% during the 9lh Plan. The Committee for Defence
from Palk Bay continued to be alive and fraught

Expenditure agreed that the increase from 13% to 16.5%
with continuous developments. The Navy was
was inescapable. However, none of these increments
charged with the dual responsibility of preventing
actually took place.

clandestine operations as well as protecting
fishermen. Naval ships, aircraft and submarines

P e rsp e c tiv e P la n s fo r t h e P e r io d 1 9 9 2 -2 0 0 7
were deployed throughout the year to maintain

The terms of reference with which the 1985-2000
peace in the region.

Perspective Plan of the Indian Navy was formulated,

.

Further East, apart from warding off poachers in
altered significantly in the early 90s, due to changed
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Navy had a
strategic and fiscal environm ent. The Indian Navy
major task of preventing intrusions on uninhabited
therefore formulated the Perspective Plan for the period
islands and other marine fauna in the area.

1992-2007, spanning the period of VHIlh, IXth and Xth Plan
periods. While the previous Perspective Plan (1985-2000)

.

Political developments in Pakistan and the Middle
had projected developm ent of the Naval Force Level to

East brought fresh threats to the western seaboard.

178 ships and subm arines by 2000, the Perspective Plan

The Vlirh Naval Plan took shape in 1988 based on die

1992-2007, taking in to accou nt the long term impact of objectives contained in the Perspective Plan with an initial the serious financial shortfall in allocation of funds from
outlay of Rs 23,632 crores. The aim of the plan was to speed
the VIIth Plan onwards, further compounded by the two
n thp nrocess of indigenisation. Maximum thrust was
up the pro

, . ________ „nn(-ont nfall tvnesof
year plan holiday during 1992-94, envisaged a force level

°f 145 ships and subm arine by 2007.

aand sen s-ors —
hke rad g

Qn ships. i h e

VII Naval Plan ( 1 9 8 5 -9 0 )

InfoT T a X S M a c h i n e r y for various types of

'The aim of the 7th Naval Plan was to obtain a decisive

E

“r < S ' S S » s o , p —
u „d ,,n cen ,e.

superiority over traditional adversaries and force leve
inductions were planned accordingly. It was planne

. rnmmittee on Defence Expenditure (CDE) was
t0 improve Blue water capability that saw plans being

T b v he Government in June 1990 to examine
appointed by the

(o Defence expenditure with

Rafted for accretion of force levels and an increase in me various issues

, ynnh pian. CDE in discussions
recruitment of manpower.

particular emphasis
g ^

Defence and the Service
with the M in istries o f

^

Rg 1 (0 3 (0 0 0 c r o r e s

The progress of the 7,h Plan was fast in the ftrs^ three

Chiefs recommende

P ^ ^

^ lg% amoUntingto

^ears, however, the m om entum slowed down in t e
for Defence with die

^ ^
figures for
vo years for want o f funds. It resulted in time an

Rs 16,500 crores. After
with the Navy's share

^ eri*uns and placed a heavy strain on the Naval Bu ge • Defence

^
a sh o rtfall of Rs 4884 crores in

^ Plan had envisaged an outgo of Rs 7,40° crores [at being R s 11,61b cruic
f 5 Prices and based on the prevailing e x c h a n g e rate),
the N aval Budget.

owever, this plan period witnessed a ,alS® ‘ effect

, yrrrth p^n was characterised by a plan
lation in both FFE and NCR exchange rates,

The start of the , ‘frwovears, 1991-92, marking it as the
to r t f 86 excl:lange rate variations was exacer a e

A”

> ! 7° "

°wth« >arge num ber of FFE oriented projects. Furihe
of the IV Pay Com m ission resulted in a substantia

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 217

crores was lost due to devaluation and an equal amount Aircraft
due to double digit inflation, hike in POL prices and railway

.

Create 3 rd, 4'" line m ain ten an ce of Sea Harriers
freight rates. In 1992-93, the situation was aggravated due
to pressure from World Bank, IMF and aid consortium

«

One ship each o f the P roject 15 and 16A r
countries to reduce defence expenditure.

delivered in 1 9 94-95) were to be equipped ? bf
suitable m ultipurpose ASW/ASV single n T

The salient proposals of the Plan were:-
helicopters.

Package

Construction/Import o f Ships

.

Procure 24 D om iers in addition to the first

Dorniers.

• Acquisition of a second hand tanker from trade to
reduce the lead time for induction of third fleet tanker

«

Refurbish Seaking 42 H elicopters.

under consmiction at GRSE prior decommissioning
of INS Deepak.

Infrastructure

•

Import of six LST(M)s or commence construction

°

C om m ence Phase II o f NAS Arkonam on completion
of a suitable design in an Indian yard prior
o f Phase I.

decommissioning of the first of the 8 LST (M)s in

•

M odernisation o f Naval A rm am ent Depots.

1994.

°

Augmentation o f existing dockyard facilities at

•

Construction of a small vessel fitted with the state-

Bombay, Vizag, C ochin and Port Blair.

of-the-art communication and electronic warfare
systems.

®

Construction o f b ase facilities at Porbandar to cater
for replenishm ent o f ships and craft operating off the

•

Requirement of Hovercraft Patrol Vessels to operate

Saurashtra coast and also to give support to aircraft.

in shallow waters.

® Creation
o f
a
full-fledged

Central

Design

•

Acquisition of two new cadet training ships to

Organisation.

support INS Tir.

Refurbishment of Ships

The IXth Plan (1 9 9 7 -2 0 0 2 )

•

The first three ships of the Rajput Class due for

The IXth Plan viewed the Navy's rapidly declining combat
long refits were to be updated with systems to
capability in the context o f its d eterrence and war fighting
contemporary standards.

goals and aim ed:-

•

Refurbishment of Godavari class ships was to

•

To m aintain a m inim um deterrent capability vis-a-
commence during the 8th Plan and continue through
vis any other Naval force operating/likely to operate
the 9th plan.

in the Indian O cean.

•

Add modest weapon capabilities to OPVs acquired

• The Navy should have the ability to raise the
recently from ex-Korea/HSL which did not possess
threshold o f confrontation or the factoi o
any weapon capability.

uncertainty that would deter even a major extra

•

Refurbishment of Viraat with inescapable updates
regional power.

in sensors and addition of CIWS.

based

•

Evolve as a national instru m ent o f sea
deterrence.

systemsShiPS
t0 indUCt contemPorary EW

It also aim ed to acquire the force levels necess^!gnai

Submarines
raise the threshold against intervention by extra-ieoIct;jVe

Acquire missile capability for SSKs as a retrofit.

powers in the Indian O cean. However, the ^elS? 6J t]1e

Plan (1985-2000) long sin ce b een derailed had eio ® .^g
receive VLFr amennaS l° 6nable subma™ e s to
margin o f com bat superiority due to inadequate 11

LF communications while submerged.

support in the VTI"1 & VHI,h Plans.3
evi
ev de
id nt
en to
t to the
th m
em fr
f o
r m
o
m the f
the act that
fact th i
at n
in a
a n p

De r i^

Sd? °

Tfn
f ,u ^ 1! ! nm

... i.U

....e..0

. w

Wals
i
aco
u n
ai s

“tr
e ai ne
ro d
o t
b o
s o
er b
v s
e e
r
d v
i e
e t
a h
d e
h a
o d
ci h
s o
mc i
i s
n m
i

D n
ef D
en e
c fee n
n c
a e
n P
i l
ma*n
e n

- in

- *g

• .

-- T
h|s w ,

, fnr
f r O

0 Ije
ne
reason
reason oor the
r t
o
he t
o h
theer an
r a d ha
n
d
d had to
to be
be either

* * Defence Five Year Plans were prepared but none could be c o m p le te ^ ^

Plan for the period 1985-90 could
f o w ? , 7 !,ri0d 1985- 90 “ “Id be finalised only n Z ?

Y' The Com™ » e e was also deeply concerned to find that the J ^
ader

StlU n0' been finalised even after four ve
of tlle Plan and ‘he 8m Five Year Plan for the period I 990-95,
take
be cqnm n t ? T d^ T ™

* 10
tfie drawbacks nrS|° ^

Ped° d being over. The Committee also expects the

^ v^ou^
be completed well ahead of its commencement.

'm lh e earlier Pla™ and to ensure the finalisation of IX * Defence Plan

2 1 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

reduction of Navy's Plan projection by 33% was not
the inadequacies in the funding support in the 8th Plan. By
cceptable situation. In this context the eighth report judicious use of remaining resources, it was established 3f the Parliamentary Standing Committee for Defence
that the entire loan with interest incurred during the 8,h

Plan could be repaid by the Navy in the 9,h Plan period. It
stated:-
also established that the funds released from indigenous
jie Committee felt that the Navy has been ignored for
ongoing ship construction programmes could be diverted
vonr<i This has resulted in considerable slackness
many yew* '•
to start new schemes of ships, submarines, aircraft and

■ the 'd ev elop m en t, of the Indian Navy, both the terms of infrastructure.

"fleet strength and technological advancement. To improve
the situation the Committee recommended that adequate The significant proposals of the 9,h Naval plan were:-

L i d s s h o u l d be allocated in the coming years to the Navy to
o

Ships. The Navy had eight frigates (Leander and
improve the fleet st length.

Godavari) and five Destroyers (Rajput class)

The force mix during the Plan period was characterised
acquired from the former Soviet Union. With the
scheduled decommissioning of ships, the force level
by tliree major drawbacks:-
would decline to 17. It was planned to maintain a

. The IN did not have adequate submarine force level
flow of warship deliveries through series production

(declined from 19 to less than 12), and was dependent
during the IXth, X1'1 and the XIth Plans. Three
on foreign sources for supply of submarine systems.

P-16A frigates and three P-15 frigates were under
construction at M/s GRSE, Calcutta and M/s MDL,

. With the Vikrant phased out and Viraat left with only

Bombay respectively. Induction of three frigates of

8-10 years of life, the Navy would be devoid of an

Project 1135.6 with KA -31 Helicopters for AEW from

Aircraft Carrier unless urgent replacement action is

Russia was planned.

taken.

o

Subm arines. Of the 18 submarines in the inventory,

. The ratio of large ships to small ships in the fleet was
all the 6 Foxtrot Class submarines were scheduled
heavily slanted towards the latter, thereby detracting
for decommission by year 2000. Out of remaining
from the Navy's 'Blue-w ater' capability. As against a

12 submarines, 6 submarines were overdue for
force level of 30 destroyers and frigates sanctioned
extended three year major refits. It was planned
by the ECC in 1964, there were only 13, most of
to recommence indigenous series construction of
which were ageing and in need of modernisation.

submarines under Project 75, in batches during
the IXlh and Xth Plan, commencing with two in

"The IXth plan aimed to arrest the force level decline,

1 9 9 7 -9 8 The submarine force levels were also to
attain the correct ‘force mix' and architecture, piovi e
be augmented with import of two EKM submarines
impetus to the indigenous production of weapon system
from Russia.

sensors, National and D efence R&D, support nationa eve

.

Air Defence ShiP; V ^ a^ was
w
objectives/missions in developing strategic systems an
structure and 'invest in the force structure of the future.

I X

T
e i S
l n
o f a n A i r c r a f t-C a r r ie r fro m

Financial Outlay. The Capital outlay for the IX Plan c

"brand to b rid g e th e tim e g a p b e tw e e n th e V tk ra n t s
d e c o m m is s io n in g a n d in d u c tio n o f a n in d ig e n o u s ly
a sharp increase on accou nt of the delay and defeimen
numerous capital schem e of the VII and VIII plans..

built ADS.

0nly had schem es got bunched together, but theii cos

ArnuisitionoffourKA-31 A E Y V H e lic o p te rs

^creased substantially in relation to the initially pi°)e

*
fr ^ m R u s s ia to r e d u c e th e r e a c tio n tim e a v a ila b le to

°?Bo on the same. Added to this was the lack of sane
counter airborne missile threat.

ships at sea to

0 capital ships during the last 10 years.

a u c t i o n o f tw o S e a Harrier tra in e rs to m e e t th e

In view of the reasonably healthy Revenue to Cap '

tra in in g re q u ire m e n ts .

*Uo ar*d the fact that all schem es depended on
r
o ^ r m r p d M R A S W a ir c r a f t c a p a b l e

JPyards and aircraft m anufacturing segmei ' ion

•

° “ s‘urface missiles as m pl.eem en, tor
ernpt was m ade to fund the ongoing ship*:onS . ged

^ g ram m es through a "Roll on Credit Plan . This

IL 3 8 a ircra ft.

PVards borrowing on com m ercial terms to m<
t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p 219

The Indigenisation Plan
environm ent underw ent m any changes, no sn r

Indigenisation across the entire range of naval platforms

Level plans were approved by the G o vernm ent^

F°rCe
and weapon systems had become the cornerstone of Therefore, in M arch 1998, the Indian Navy then'

Naval planning. It resulted in the wherewithal to design

Force Level Structure (FLS) for the next 30 years

3
and build warships, ranging from aircraft carriers to small
envisaged a force level o f 127 blue water units

*S P'an
gunboats. By the mid-90s, 43% of ships in service had

Strategic Defence Review
been constructed in Indian shipyards and imports were
undertaken only to address the imminent sharp decline

Subsequent to the Force Level Structure beine
in force levels. Considerable progress was being made by
formulated, the Indian Navy prepared a Strategic Defence

DRDO in developing weapon systems and equipment,

Review in 1998, to highlight the factors unique to the
which was receiving the Navy's enhanced support in terms
m aritim e world and articu late the opportunities, threats
of'seed money' to give further impetus to various projects
weaknesses and strength of our m aritim e capabilities and
under development. However, funding continued to be a
environment, so as to align them to our strategic thoughts.

problem.

30 Years Submarine C onstruc!ion Plan

Effects of Inadequate Funding

In 1999, the G overnm ent approved the 30 Year

The Committee on Defence Expenditure, 1993 had

Subm arine C onstruction Plan. The plan envisaged series
envisaged 18% share of the Defence Budget for the Navy.

constructions o f su bm arin e and acquisition of national

However, die funding was not commensurate with the
com petence in su bm arin e building.

percentages recommended by CDE. The average remained
at 13.2% in the period 1991-2000. The Navy's satisfaction

Retrospect
level of funding was around 66% percent compared to 82%

The m ost rapid growth seen by th e Navy was during the
for the Army and 91 % for the Air Force in terms of projected

1950s when its share o f th e d efen ce budget went up from
requirements.

3.9% to 12.4% in ten years. In early 60s, the Navy embarked

Shortage of funds had some long term effects for the
upon a growth plan for a b alan ced o cean going fleet. The

Navy:-

Indo-C hina War in 1962 however put this Naval growth in
suspension and very little developm ent took place in the

Decline in Force Levels. As against a force level of 178
seventies. During the eighties th e planned growth of the
sups and submarines envisaged by the year 2000 the

Navy m ade som e headway and in 1985, the perspective

Navy, it was envisaged, would have only 109 ships and
plan paper had projected a force level o f 136 ships by 1990,
submarines m commission by the turn of the century.

170 ships by 1995 and 178 ships by 2000. The naval budget

Ageing Fleet. On account of lack of induction, the Navy
gradually rose to about 9% in the 80s, and thereafter crept
with painful slow ness to 13% in 1991 and 12.5% in 199-

S o i H
d 10 ,k6eP shiPs/sub™ n n e s in service
beyond their normal service life, thereby raising the

However, in absolute term s, there was a c o n t i n u o u s an
average age of its front line combatants and making them
substantial erosion in allocation s due to the combine
maintenance intensive. On the other hand a severe cut had
effects of inflation and devaluation.

The 90s decade, saw synergy in defence P*anIi*ag
restored by the creatio n o f the D efence P lann ing Sto ^
an umbrella organisation for the Services. The ^eI^ naj
in turn, prepared Perspective Plans based on the na 1 ^
security perspective. However, the changes in ^
geopolitical scenario and in the Indian O cean regie11 ^

« 8 o h ,e

P , ™ 3

.p m r ' r q , i i , ',,J " j ’ “
r
littorals during this decade w ere swift and dynamic ^ ^
suffered inordinate delav T l J

.

consequently
could not be contained by th e various plans resu tin
imposed

, dditlon„ ^
sharp decline in force levels. This forced the Navy
f.0llt
in lor indigenous capabilities in design and conSll*e a]so

Force Level Structure

To cater for the shortages, m inim al im ports xvel
planned.

formal Force Tevel^anD °

° f 1964 W3S the only
level

An increased allocation o f funds for ^°r^ ITl the
development was required to b e m ade availab e

2 2 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

di Plan onwards. This however did not materialize as the small and medium ships to a 60% - 40% ratio in favour 7|' ned outgo of Rs 7592 crores fell short by Rs 1100 crores. of major war vessels and submarines. This was to be f i Vhad an adverse effect resulting in a force level of 102 achieved by inducting ocean going ships and nuclear i ! bv Year 2000‘ ^ iere was a f e l i n e in Naval force levels submarines, to provide fire power and deterrence. To fill
s
e a critical period when extra regional threats were
the immediate gap in force levels, imports from the Soviets
on the increase.

were considered. The Navy endeavoured to stretch every

The only way to tilt the balance was to review the force rupee to the maximum thereby achieving “Much More mix which had reached 30% ocean going ships and 70%
with Much Less".

t r a n s i t i o n t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

2 2 1

31

Hie New Management Strate

Budgetary Reforms in

Preamble
how m uch 'd efen ce' that m on ey will buy'!

The system of Budgetary Management is closely related

— "The security o f the state does not depend on
to the system of essential governance1 — for the 'controlling
audiority' decides the scope and scale of the budget and the
military “hard pow er" alone, lt must be inter-laced
methodology of its utilisation. Consequently, the system
into a larger perspective o f "diplom atic, commercial
of governance assumes a pivotal position in the eventual
and econ om ic "soft pow er” inter-relationships'!

management of the allotted budget.

The list is endless. Each clich e reflects a facet of the truth.

Many reflect serious dilem m as.

One of the facets in the evolution of systems of
governance, whether imperial, colonial, totalitarian or

This chapter discusses the early role o f financial control
parliamentary, has been the method and degree of control
in the system o f checks and b alan ces that Britain had
to be exercised over the 'Armed Forces' by the 'civil side'

established in controlling the Armed Forces of colonial

— civil being interpreted sometimes as 'the political

India (which India inherited at the tim e o f independence)

component of Government' and sometimes as 'the civil
and traces its way to present day with the implementation
service-bureaucrat component of Government:

of the new, progressive and path-breaking 'Naval

The^ Armed Forces have always been the 'ultimate

M anagem ent System!

power of the state. During war, the state expects the Armed

Forces to win. During peace, the state expects the 'power'

The British Legacy of Financial Control

It is not widely known that this constricting role of

HnH ^ m?dJ 0rCCS t0 b8 CrediWe enou§h t0 deter war.

nderstandably, there has always been apprehension in

Finance was not m eant to b e m alevolent. Its genesis goes
the civilian mind that if the Armed Forces are permitted
back to the British system o f controls on the spending o
public money.

lected c j r

6"'

" mi§ht be tempted t0 deP ° se * e
elected civilian government in a coup, as indeed has

The British C om m ander-in-C hief India was, after the
happened in the countries neighbouring India.

Viceroy, the second senior m ost official in India, an
even though his m andate cam e from the War Office ^
c h e l Sandmhai°f g° Vemance' therefore- have devised

London, defence expenditure in India cam e under ^
between the m ilita ^ and S
n
a m Y o ^ ^ U r ^

C-in-C s lVTilitnrv m o m K a v Tn i onfi (4ip ivniitarv A c c o u

C-in-C's Military m em ber. In 1906, the Military Acc®un

Department, w hich used to function under the M ilta^

M em ber of the Governor G eneral's Council, was iep a

-nrieni
by a Military Finance D epartm ent. The G o v e r n ^

~
resolution announcing this change stated, "With the o

3 matter 10 be Ieft t0 the generals
of making financial control over military expending e ‘?

- The resources of the state must be judiciouslv constant and efficacious, the Military Finance Secic ^
apportioned between 'development' and defen ce'"

and his establishment will be located in the same 0
building as the Army Department and the said ^eC1. 0 $

~ S ye^a
will be in constant personal communication wi 2 ^er
g l

« °
an S
d s
thP
es
h
y o

,nu
ld b
turn e
t
wio
l
ll d
t
eh
llo
tw
h
em

Gu
oc
h
ve m
rn o
n
m e
e y
nt

Excellency the C-in-C, who will thus be able, wne

Refer to Chapter titled 'Committees on Higher Defence Management:

that is thought- desirable, to take his advice on the financial

Hie expenditure was in pursuance of a

1 pect of any military question, before making a formal
recognised policy or custom.

“referen ce to the Department through the Military Finance

These canons continued to guide the Government of

B ran ch. He will also be a member of any Consultative Indian after independence with the significant addition of C om m ittee, which may be formed to consider matters a few others.

relatin g to Army administration. At the same time, he will
in no way be subordinate to the Military authorities but will

•

An over-arching canon laid down in the Financial
be responsible only to the Honourable Finance Member and

Regulations Defence Services 1983 (which derive
to His Excellency, the Governor General:

from the Government of India's General Financial

Regulations — GFR) stated that the "The expenditure

Thereafter defence expenditure cam e firmly under the
should not be more than the occasion demands'!

control of the Ministry of Finance. In the British view,
this provided a check on the authority of the C-in-C who

•

In 1989, a sixth canon was added which brought in
had become all powerful in military administration after
die concept of accountability by the person who
the 1906 reorganisation. This check was exercised by the
spends the approved grant.

Ministry of Finance's (D efence Division), which came into
being in 1906, becam e part of the Finance Ministry and The Naval Budget
was known as the (D efence) Division of the Ministiy of

Procedurally, the Naval Budget comprises two sub

Finance.

divisions, Revenue Budget and Capital Budget. The

Revenue Budget encompasses expenditure on the

The British Canons of Financial Propriety. The British, day-to-day running of the Navy and included Pay & in essence, sought to lay great stress on propriety in Allowances of personnel, cost of feeding, clothing, dealing with finances. There were rules, both written and transportation and the cost of keeping them trained for unwritten, that gave high im portance to the due process war. It also accounted for the cost of fuel for operating of rigour and diligence in clearing financial proposals. But military platforms like armoured vehicles, aircraft, ships, more importantly, there was an equal emphasis given to submarines and the cost of maintaining them in readiness the appropriateness o f talcing certain monetary measures for war. The Capital Budget on the other hand, included that could appear to be seen as dubious. Canons of the planned expenditure on capital projects, such as propriety were m anifest in the manner they approached indigenous construction and acquisition from abroad fiscal jurisprudence.

of armoured vehicles, aircraft, ships and submarines;
expenditure on land and buildings; and expenditure on

• Every p u b lic o ffic e r s h o u ld e x e rcise th e sam e
major long-gestation projects like construction of new
v ig ila n ce in r e s p e c t o f e x p e n d itu re in cu rred from
bases, repair depots, etc.

G o v e rn m e n t re v e n u e , as a p e rs o n o f oid inary
p ru d e n ce w o u ld
e x e r c is e
in re sp e ct o f the

The Old System. Even though the allocation of budgets
was a fairly streamlined and straightforward project,
e x p e n d itu re o f h is ow n m o n ey .

I t ting the allotted funds in hand was not quite such a

• No a u th o rity s h o u ld e x e r c is e its p o w er o f san ction in g
qffair In fact, prior to 1990, getting a proposal
e x p e n d itu re to p a s s a n ord er, w h ich w ill b e, in d ir e c t )

81

H was considered to be a 'challenge' of formidable
approved was con

^

^
pitfallSj in the
o r d irectly , to its o w n a d v an tag e .

• The a m o u n t o f a llo w a n ce s , s u ch as travelling
a llo w a n ce s, g ra n te d to m e e t exp en d itu re o
a

P a rticu la r ty p e, s h o u ld b e so regu lated t t a l ®
a llo w a n ce is n o t, o n th e w h o le , a so u rce o f pro
o
at least once.

•,pn bv a Joint Controller General ot
d ie re c ip ie n t.

A presentation g

Qf h(jw pQnder0US and

G o v e rn m e n t re v e n u e s c o u ld n o t b e utilised fo

Defence Acc01 nts ,
m was before the introduction
th e b e n e fit o f a p a r tic u la r p e rs o n o r se ctio n o
long windmgtheo
y
that the new system
co m m u n ity u n le s s :-
of W S

” make a POM .b o x . f t .

sought to re o
gd jn getting proposals through,

T h e a m o u n t o f e x p e n d itu re involved
rarious stages ot evaluating a matertal
in s ig n ific a n t.

A c la im fo r th e a m o u n t co u ld b e en fo rced
cons“" red
c o u rt o f law .

TRANSITION t o g u a r d i a n s h i p 2 2 3

.

'Felt N e e d 'a t u n it level.

Budget was centrally controlled by Naval Head

(NHQ) and the M inistry o f D efence (M oD ). V e r y ^ n ^

.

Evaluation a t A d m in /O p eratio n al a u th o rity level.

financial powers had b een delegated to lower f o r m a t ^

. Appraisal at Command Headquarters level.

like the Com m ands and C om m anding Officers of units°11S

.

Assessment at Naval Headquarters level.

It was widely lam ented that the interm inable querie
of Finance (D efence) on Naval H eadquarters' proposals

• Valuation at MoD.

resulted in a 'slow death' o f m ost proposals. In most

•

Cost Estimation Valuation and Assessment at MoD/
cases, delays translated into cost over-runs, which were

Def (Finance).

particularly deleterious — b ecau se naval budgets were
slender and naval developm ent is inherently of long

•

Final analysis at DOD for approval of CFA.

gestation.

• Issue of sanction authority.

The Navy therefore, gradually arrived at the conclusion

Most proposals would peter out by the third or fourth
that it had no oth er option but to go ahead with a New
stage even before the authorities had been convinced

M anagem ent Strategy (N M S) that would rationalise and
about the need. But the real minefield lay further afield
simplify the procurem ent process.

in the real procurement, which was, put plainly, a ‘mind-
numbing exercise! The procedure in place made sure there

The New M anagem ent Strategy (NMS)

were a sufficient number of 'snipers' en-route that could

'take out' the proposal before it could ever hope to com e

The decades prior to 1990 had w itnessed substantial
through. It took weeks, months — sometimes even years,
naval expansion. At the m acro level, the new Leander
for a case to be properly approved and payment executed.

project and the new Russian acquisitions requiring
new production, m aintenance, repair, refit and logistic

In effect, from the time the procurement procedure
infrastructure involving huge expenditure over several
was initiated, it practically, took years before the item
years were overseen by financially em powered Steering
physically arrived for exploitation. The process was slow,

Com m ittees chaired at Secretary level and assisted by the
long-winding, time consuming and mind-numbingly Additional Finance Adviser.

tedious.

The report o f the Estim ates C om m ittee of Parliament

Not surprisingly, by 1990 the ground reality was that

— 1992, had first recom m ended the need for a change

90% of the Revenue Budget and the complete Capital
is the system o f financial control, following which a more

2.

I h L E* r r n COnT L tee 0f Parliament ReP °rt - 1992 traces back the roots of the present decentralised system of financial control to 1906

Ministtv o fn lf "

1the" pp0inlmem of Military Member led to a change in the pattern of Finance M anagement. On being asked whether the evjde^e as rnder■!

recon™ end any amendment to the Transaction of Business Rules, the Secretary, Ministry of Defence stated dunr g alreadyg0° d■ Recen,‘y' w ehave
suggesting certain delegations lo the Department o f Finance a n d Expenditure. They

Under S e l Z n t t , "

t

* ,h e n ^
m iSedlhe Um“ ° f ‘h e 1
o f fin an cial sanctions
at all levels o f f u n c t i o n i n g

Unde, Secretary level upward. But the problem really is not o f M s kind; the problem perhaps L som ew here else.

have in the Ministry-this m on H aul *** ° r®S° mg ,0 8we' across the board, larger delegations to the Service H eadquarters the autlwntJa ^ ar,ce.

There is an agreement We n

I ^

B aJ :onsl^em ^ e headway. Our Financial Adviser has discussed this m ove with the Ministry o f ders a n Z T s e Z c X Z a Z r " 8

“

°f " °W “
l°

M

10 ^

M

^ 7 S e ^ e ? o r i r ;,alST
anted t0 kn° r Whe,her “ WOuld not be P™dent » have the Financial Advisor becom e integral to tf*

■The 7 T ,
concurrence along with financial delays can be minimised. The Secretary, Ministry of Defence reacted co m m en ta te to l e Z L Z b Z f r f o r m e d w “ ‘l l ^
tminedf lnancial officers ofCGDA organisation right from the bottom level'"P»“din work in each o f the Service H eadaulrte
it

* 6 ^

Sm'°r °fl[cers a llh e ,evet o f Army Com m ander an d naturally m ore exj.’ , ation-That is what

* "* * " ”»

^ ,he scaIe o f expenditure. That is built in fin an cial d e W

Defence Secretary^mted:'0 ' ° f DefenCe WOuld s™ ul»neously be considering tlie revision of the financial authorisation of expend' ^ 1 -

S : r e Z t r Z w l Z r c o T o f

^

T

* “

“ nOW Rs ’ ■5 ^ r e s , what was Rs 1 crore is now Rs 2.5

Defence. These delegations a r e L f h rG ou

^ T

^

°fS p e tiding we do. Our FA has been exam ining expenditufeS
rnmen as such, but relating to us and we will tiy to get. further dispensations..."

224

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

d e c e n t r a l i s e d s y s t e m w a s p u t i n p l a c e . I t d i d n o t , h o w e v e r , a r r a n g e m e n t h a d i t s g e n e s i s a t i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d h a d d0 m u c h t o s o l v e i s s u e s a t t h e m i c r o l e v e l , w h e r e p r o b l e m s c o n t i n u e d t o e x i s t i n t h e s a m e f o r m s i n c e t h e m . E v e n c o n t i n u e d t o p e r s i s t . S a n c t i o n s s o u g h t f o r p e r s o n n e l t o m a n t h o u g h s o m e r e f o r m s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d t o w a r d s I n t e g r a t e d c r i t i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t s m a l l n e w u n i t s l i k e T e s t i n g a n d T u n i n g F i n a n c e , n o t m u c h h e a d w a y c o u l d b e m a d e .

Teams, A c c e p t a n c e T r i a l s T e a m s , W o r k U p T e a m s , W e a p o n T h e

C o m m i t t e e
o n

D e f e n c e

E x p e n d i t u r e .

T h e

A n a l y s i s T e a m s , B a s e M
a i n t e n a n c e U n i t s , S h i p M
a i n t e n a n c e

C o m m i t t e e o n D e f e n c e E x p e n d i t u r e w a s s e t - u p a g a i n s t t h e A u t h o r i t y , e t c i n v a r i a b l y g o t s o e n t a n g l e d i n p r o t r a c t e d discussions
b a c k d r o p o f a b l e a k f i s c a l s c e n a r i o . B y t h e e a r l y 9 0 s , s e v e r a l w i t h F i n a n c e ( D e f e n c e ) t h a t t h e a d v e r s e e f f e c t s i n t e r n a t i o n a l
a n d
d o m e s t i c
d e v e l o p m e n t s
c o i n c i d e d
o f t h e d e l a y s i n s a n c t i o n s b e g a n t o s n o w b a l l .

t o r e s u l t i n a p e r i l o u s s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e e c o n o m y . T h e T h e G o v e r n m e n t ' s c o n s i s t e n t v i e w ' w a s t h a t t h e N a v y p r o l o n g e d r e s o u r c e c r u n c h a f t e r t h e w i d e s p r e a d d r o u g h t s h o u l d h a v e a ‘ m
a n p o w
e r c e i l i n g ' a n d u n t i l t h i s w a s a r r i v e d
o f t h e m i d 1 9 8 0 s , a s e r i o u s b a l a n c e o f p a y m e n t s c r i s i s a n d t h e e c o n o m i c r e s t r u c t u r i n g o f t h e S o v i e t U n i o n c u l m i n a t e d a t , p r o p o s a l s f o r a d d i t i o n a l m
a n p o w e r s h o u l d e i t h e r ' b e
i n s t r i n g e n t f i n a n c i a l c o n t r o l . T h i s s i t u a t i o n l e d t o t h e m e t f r o m w i t h i n s a n c t i o n e d m
a n p o w e r ' o r ‘ b y m a t c h i n g
c o n s t i t u t i o n o f t h e C o m m i t t e e o n D e f e n c e E x p e n d i t u r e s a v i n g s e l s e w h e r e ! T h e N a v y ' s c o n s i s t e n t v i e w w a s t h a t a n ( C D E ) t o s u g g e s t w a y s a n d m e a n s o f m a k i n g e v e r y d e f e n c e e x p a n d i n g s e r v i c e c o u l d n e i t h e r h a v e a m a n p o w e r c e i l i n g r u p e e t r a v e l t h e f a r t h e s t .

n o r f i n d ' m
a t c h i n g s a v i n g s e l s e w h e r e . ' T h i s c o n t r e t e m p s
w a s c o m p o u n d e d b y t h e f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s c a u s e d b y t h e O n e o f t h e C D E ' s s e m i n a l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s 3 c o n c e r n e d s h a r p r i s e i n o i l p r i c e s i n 9 0 s .

d e l e g a t i o n a n d d e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n o f f i n a n c i a l p o w e r s s o b e c a m e
t h e

G
o v e r n m
e n t
p o l i c y
t o
h a v e
p o w e r
t h a t
a ^
s s
l o
n
o f h o l i e s ,

I t
b e c a m
e
o v e r
s p i r a l l i n g
m
a n p o w
e r
c o s t s
b y
s t r i n g e n t
c o n t r o l

^

C o m m i t t e e o p i n e d t h a t i t w a s n o t l o g i c a l t h a t t h e o n e v e r y s i n g l e p r o p o s a l f o r a d d i t i o n a l m a n p o w e r , m
e
o u n t a b j U t ^

r o c u r e m e n t 0 f e q u i p m e n t f o r e x e c u t i o n
i m p a c t o f a b s o r b i n g t h e c o s t s o f t h e P a y C o m m i s s i o n o f t a s k s s j l o u l d r e s t w i t h o n e p e r s o n w h i l s t f i n a n c i a l c o n t r o l r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s a n d t h e c o s t s o f r e c u r r i n g i n s t a l m e n t s r e s t e c j w £ t h S 0 m e b 0 d y e l s e . I t r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e C h i e f s o f “ a d d i t i o n a l d e a r n e s s a l l o w a n c e " f r o m “ w i t h i n e x i s t i n g e e s e r v i c e s s h o u l d b e e m p o w e r e d t o p r o c u r e d i e b u d g e t ’! t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e G o v e r n m
e n t ' s s t r i c t c o n t i o
e C ] U } p m e n t r e q u i r e d f o r t h e e x e c u t i o n o f t h e i r t a s k s , w h i l s t a n d t h e m
u s h r o o m
i n g r e q u i r e m
e n t s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e
r e m a i n i
w i t h i n
t h e i r
o v e r a l l
b u d g e t a r y
a l l o c a t i o n s ,
n e w a c q u i s i t i o n s p l a c e d N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s i n a c l e f t c o m m i t t e e r e c o m m e n d e d s u b s t a n t i a l d e l e g a t i o n o s t i c k .

J J L
d a i p o w e r s t o t h e t h r e e S e r v i c e s i n a n u m b e r o f a r e a s o f f u n c t i o n i n g a n d l e d t o t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f a T a s k F o r c e , E v o l u t i o n o f N M

S . U n t i l a f e w ' y e a r s b a c k , t h e F i n a n c i a l

»

i nn w hose report the G overnm ent approved^the

A d v i s e r D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s ( F A D S ) w a s o n e o f t h e first6 phase o f the “ N e w M anagem ent S t r a t e g y " N M S 3 for T h i s
i m p o r t a n t
f u n c t i o n a r i e s
o f t h e

F i n a n c e

M i n i s t r y .

------- T----- 7~~-
considerably improve the situation And I have a

" 1 t h i n k a n s w e r a b i l i t y , a c c o u n t a b i l i t y a l o n g w i t h D e f e n c e , w h e n t h e
o r g a n i s a t i o n s i n n o t a g r e e i n g
f e e l i n g t h a t t h e d e l a y w h i c h n o w t a k e s p l a c e
t h e y w i l l b e e q u a l l y ^ ' ^ ^ ^ ' i r l i ^ ^ u a r t e r s b ^ a i ^ e w h e n t h e r e is c o n s t r a i n t

Staff and,hose below, similar delays will remain ^ ^ ^ ^ t h e M in is ^ t o lh e S e m c e H e a d q u a r
t o c e r t a i n c a s e s w h e n t h e d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e x p e n /

■
accompanied by integration of financial advice at
o f resources, decisions do get dragged. It is as simp e a s ia ■

^ greater financial powers

..........

Estimates Committee and the CDE recommendations u
of resources and includi g
jriere delegation of financial powers but on 0Pt,^llulj1^ tpDS were taken:-
ut also down the line. Towards this end, the follow g

, . , appropriate phasing.

6

Posting o f IFAs in the Service HQs.

th0 field with need based formulau™aileading l0 beUer inventory management an

1

Greater delegation o f powers to Service HQs a^
i g and evolving a plan < *

Adviser Defence Services and participated

*

Evolving methods to lin k procurement w ith provision!, g

^ ^

Fmanciai Aci

Navy had inherited and

J h e Task Force was headed by Shri AK Ghosh as ^ * 5 ?

V itself had reformed the procedures that our
m the structuring of the New M anagem ent Strategy (

^ British Navy

!n ^eePing w ith the 'M anag em ent Revolution of t h
e
curement.

ad form ulated its "N ew M anagem ent Strategy- 4

. down the line.

t in the field.

!

®stat>lishing a concept of BudgetCe"

^ce re p to vid in g
factorised budget allocation, et

Controllers o f D efen ce A ccounts and the

^ better financial

E x p an sio n in th e fin a n c ia l in fo rm a tio n sysien «
tr a N SITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 2 5

t h e N a v a l D o c k y a r d s t o b e i m p l e m e n t e d w i t h e f f e c t f r o m T h e C o n t r o l l i n g O f f i c e r . A s p e r t h e N M S , t h e c o m 1st D e c e m b e r 1 9 9 3 . I t w a s i n t e n d e d t h a t N M S f o r t h e o f f i c e r
i s
m
a d e
t h e
e s s e n t i a l
c u s t o d i a n
o f
n

8

M a t e r i a l

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

O r g a n i s a t i o n
a n d
t h e
e n t i r e

H i e O f f i c e r i s n o t o n l y c h a r g e d w i t h e n s u r i n g t h a t ? ' 1','

N a v y w o u l d b e i m p l e m e n t e d i n s u b s e q u e n t p h a s e s a f t e r e x p e n d i t u r e w a s k e p t w i t h i n t h e l i m i t s o f t h e a u t h a s e t t l i n g d o w n p e r i o d o f t w o y e a r s . T h e N a v y i n t r o d u c e d g r a n t s o f a p p r o p r i a t i o n , b u t a l s o t h a t t h e f u n d s a n o t f d N M S i n t h e f i e l d o f ' m
a i n t e n a n c e ' o n 0 4 O c t o b e r 1 9 9 3 a n d
t o s p e n d i n g u n i t s a r e e x p e n d e d i n t h e p u b l i c i n t e r e s t a n d i n t h e f i e l d o f L o g i s t i c s o n 2 3 N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 4 . I t s a i m w a s u p o n o b j e c t s f o r w h i c h , t h e m
o n e y w a s p r o v i d e d .

t o : -

T h e F i n a n c e D i v i s i o n o f M

O D . T h e F i n a n c e D i v i s i o n o f

•

T o e n h a n c e ' v a l u e f o r m o n e y ' i n r e v e n u e e x p e n d i t u r e t h e M

O D i s m
a d e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r : -
b y e s t a b l i s h i n g a c l e a r l i n k a g e b e t w e e n r e s o u r c e s u t i l i s e d a n d o u t p u t s a c h i e v e d .

.

C a r e f u l
a n d
i n t e l l i g e n t
s c r u t i n y
o f a l l
p r o p o s a l s
i n v o l v i n g
e x p e n d i t u r e
f r o m

p u b l i c
f u n d s ,
t h e

•

T o
e s t a b l i s h
t h e
c o n c e p t
o f

A u t h o r i t y
a n d
o b j e c t i v e b e i n g s a f e g u a r d i n g o f e c o n o m
y , e f f i c i e n c y

R e s p o n s i b i l i t y C e n t r e s w i t h
c l e a r
c u t
b u d g e t a r y
a n d p r o p r i e t y i n p u b l i c f i n a n c e .

a l l o c a t i o n s t o B u d g e t C e n t r e s f o r a c h i e v i n g l a i d -
d o w n t a r g e t s .

•

S e e k j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e p r o p o s a l , w h i c h m a y e n t a i l e v e n c h a l l e n g i n g t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r s p e n d i n g s o m u c h I t t o o k s o m e y e a r s o f d e l i b e r a t i o n s t o r e s t r u c t u r e h o w m
o n e y o r o n s u c h a s c a l e t o s e c u r e a g i v e n o b j e c t .

f i n a n c i a l p o w e r s s h o u l d b e d e l e g a t e d w i t h o u t v i o l a t i n g t h e s a n c t i t y o f t h e e a r l i e r c a n o n s o f p r o p r i e t y . I n 1 9 9 0 , t h e

•

T o m
a k e s u r e t h a t t h e e x p e n d i t u r e i n v o l v e d i s j u s t i f i e d E s t i m a t e s C o m m i t t e e o f P a r l i a m e n t c h a i r e d b y M
r J a s w a n t
i n t h e c i r c u m
s t a n c e s a n d p r e c l u d e t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f

S i n g h , ( l a t e r D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r a n d F o r e i g n M
i n i s t e r o f
t h e s a m
e r e s u l t b e i n g o b t a i n e d b y o t h e r m e a n s w i t h

I n d i a ) i n t e r a c t e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h e M
o D a n d t h e D e f e n c e
g r e a t e r e c o n o m
y .

S e c r e t a r y , d u r i n g a n e x t e n s i v e r e v i e w o f t h e w o r k i n g o f t h e

M i n i s t r y
o f D e f e n c e
a n d
a l s o
r e c o m
m
e n d e d

•

T o m
a k e s u r e i n d i v i d u a l i t e m
s a r e i n f u r t h e r a n c e o f
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e M
a n a g e m e n t S t r a t e g y .

g e n e r a l G o v t p o l i c y i n l i n e w i t h f i n a n c i a l c a n o n s .

I m
p l e m
e n t a t i o n
o f
t h e

N M S .

T h e
f u n d a m
e n t a l

I n a n u t s h e l l , t h e D
e p a r t m
e n t o f F i n a n c e i s c h a r g e d
o b j e c t i v e o f t h e N M S w a s t h e a c h i e v e m
e n t o f v a l u e f o r
w i t h a s k i n g a l l q u e s t i o n s t h a t m
i g h t b e e x p e c t e d f r o m a n
m o n e y t h r o u g h e c o n o m y . I n p r a c t i c e , i t m
e a n t d o i n g
i n t e l l i g e n t t a x p a y e r b e n t o n g e t t i n g t h e b e s t v a l u e f o r h i s t i l i n g s a t t h e l o w e s t c o s t , d o i n g t h e m w i t h e f f i c i e n c y a n d m
o n e y .

i n t h e r i g h t w a y . I n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n , i t e n t a i l e d a f e w m e a s u r e s : -

T h e F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r . N M

S w a s m
e a n t t o decentralise
a u t h o r i t y b u t w i t h o u t d i l u t i n g a n y o f t h e f i n a n c i a l canons C h a n g e i n f i n a n c i a l m
a n a g e m
e n t a n d b u d g e t a r y
c o n t r o l p r o c e d u r e s .

o r p r o c e d u r e s . A l l t h a t h a s r e a l l y h a p p e n e d u n d e r N M S
w a s t h a t t h e r o l e o f C F A h a d s h i f t e d f r o m

M
o D t o Service

D e l e g a t i o n o f s u b s t a n t i a l f i n a n c i a l p o w e r s 6 t o N H Q .

H Q s a n d D e f / F i n i s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e I F A , w h o s e i o l e i s D e c e n t r a l i s a t i o n o f M
a n a g e m e n t a n d m o n i t o r i n g
e n v i s a g e d a s t h e f o l l o w i n g : -

B
u

J ™

™

“

6 "

l n , r ° d “

' 1 “

» f “

" « * •

» f

•

R e n d e r a d v i c e o n a l l f i n a n c i a l m
a t t e r s , w h i c h ^

w i t h i n
t h e
c o m
p e t e n c e
o f v a r i o u s
a u t h o r i t i e s

I n t r o d u c t i o n o f n e w r e p o r t s a n d r e t u r n s .

N H Q w i t h i n d e l e g a t e d p o w e r s .

P o s i t i o n i n g o f I n t e g r a t e d F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r s ( I F A s ) .

•

P a r t i c i p a t e i n v a r i o u s T P C s / P N

C s h e l d a t N H Q -
revenue budget of the Navy will be allocate hv vrw c
r ?

l° be the Top LeveI Bud8el Holder (TLBH) of the Navy under
lderS

HLBHs), at NHQ who are VCNS, DCNS COP COM m i
amon8 Authority-cum-Accountability centres (High Level Buidge
sWell
as management of the budget during the year.

'

CWP&A. Allocations to HLBHs will be used as means of allocati ng resource
s t e r n s
for accounting and monitoring expenditure eet ripvP^^T ?^.stem
the management responsibility h a s been d e c e n tr a lis e d . A s '

e whole range of expenditure and receipts that fall with’ ’ m Is.assumed that budget centres w o u ld acquire the management respon beeii
g.ven the freedom to manage Ul ei
r
f

7 " ^ WUhin ,hC limitS »f * * d e le c te d “ ‘ W
budSe‘
gets
that objecuves and targets are achieved in the most economic, efficient and e f f e c t s man»

2 2 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

. Assist N H Q i n f o r m u l a t i o n o f b u d g e t a t d i f f e r e n t L o g i s t i c s M a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m s ( I L M S ) . I t a l s o a c h i e v e d s t a g e s .

c o m p u t e r i s a t i o n o f t h e f i n a n c i a l m a n a g e m e n t r e q u i r e m e n t , i m p l e m
e n t a t i o n
o f

A u t h o r i t y - c u m - R e s p o n s i b i l i t y

S
i m
l S
n

T

S

?

t0 ^

V V i t h ^

M a n a g e m e n t

C e n tr e c o n c e p t .

f

. .

T h e w o r k i n g l e v e l d i f f i c u l t i e s t h a t c a m e t o n o t i c e d u r i n g

. M onitor im p le m en tatio n o f m easures t o achieve the implementation o f N M S were resolved. N H Q proposed e c o n o m y .

t o e x t e n d N M S f o r : -

A s s i s t

N H Q
i n
r a t i o n a l i s a t i o n
o f
m a i n t e n a n c e

•

E n h a n c e d d e l e g a t e d p o w e r s u n d e r r e v e n u e .

e x p e n d i t u r e
a n d
i n v e n t o r y
m a n a g e m e n t

•

E x t e n s i o n o f N M S f o r e x p e n d i t u r e u n d e r t h e c a p i t a l p r o c e d u r e s .

b u d g e t .

•

E n s u r e
e f f e c t i v e
f i n a n c i a l
m
a n a g e m
e n t
i n

N a v y

•

A l l o w i n g o f r e c y c l i n g o f r e c e i p t s a n d r e c o v e r i e s .

k e e p i n g l i a i s o n w i t h a l l a g e n c i e s .

•

T o t a l d e l e g a t i o n o f f o r e i g n t r a v e l s c h e d u l i n g .

P r o g r e s s B e t w e e n 1 9 9 3 a n d 2 0 0 0

•

M a n p o w e r r e l o c a t i o n a n d a d d i t i o n a l f u n d i n g a g a i n s t E x t e n s i o n t o C o m
m
a n d L e v e l . I n t h e f i r s t f e w y e a r s
m a n p o w e r s h o r t a g e s .

o f i t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n ,
t h e r e w a s a n
i n i t i a t i v e t o w a r d s

•

F a s t t r a c k p r o c u r e m e n t p r o c e d u r e s f o r s t r e a m l i n i n g s i m p l i f y i n g
a n d
s y s t e m
a t i s i n g
p r o c e d u r e s
i n v o l v e d
i n
d e c i s i o n m a k i n g .

p r o c u r e m e n t
a n d
l o g i s t i c s
m
a n a g e m
e n t .

E x t e n d e d
t o
t h e C o m m a n d l e v e l , t h e e n t i r e R e v e n u e B u d g e t w a s s u b

T h e I F A ( N a v y ) h a s b e e n m a d e a c c o u n t a b l e t o M o D ( F i n ) a l l o t t e d f o r c o n t r o l b y r e s p e c t i v e c o n t r o l l i n g a u t h o r i t i e s .

f o r t h e i n t e g r i t y o f t h e f i n a n c i a l s y s t e m . T h i s a c c o u n t a b i l i t y R e v e n u e
e x p e n d i t u r e
w a s
i n c u r r e d
u n d e r
d e l e g a t e d
s h o u l d n o t b e c o n f u s e d w i t h t h e I F A ' s a d v i c e g i v e n o n p o w e r s t o t h e N a v y w i t h t h e c o n c u r r e n c e o f F i n a n c i a l expenditure proposals or budget management that is

A d v i s e r s . F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r s w e r e p o s t e d t o d o c k y a r d s a n d needed to achieve the performance required by an HLBH
m a t e r i a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h e y f o r m e d a n i n t e g r a l p a i t o f t o m e e t h i s o b j e c t i v e s .

t h e N a v y .

R etro sp e ct. The greatest positive outcome of the
implementation of the Naval Management Strategy has

D e l e g a t i o n
o f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y
t o

N a v a l

Dockyards.

Z e n that t h e Navy today is more finance conscious

I t s a w t h e
e x t e n s i v e
d e l e g a t i o n
o f a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
a n
and budget aware and expenditure is b e in g prioritised
f i n a n c i a l p o w e r s t o t h e n a v a l d o c k y a r d s a l o n g w i t h t h e f u l o acWeve the 'best value for money. It has been to * e
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o c o m
p l e t e t a s k s o n s c h e d u l e a t s a n c t i o n e ^
greatest good of the service. Budgets are now allocated
c o s t s .

T h e
p r o d u c t i o n ,
m
a i n t e n a n c e
a n d
t r a i n i n 0
rith c l e a r i v defined objectives/targets, with resources
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a t t h e s a m
e t i m
e u p d a t e d t h e i i c o m p u t e r

■a H in a time-bound manner to budget centres,
h a r d w a r e a n d s o f t w a r e i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e a f i r m b a s i s t o r Perform ance in terms o f objectives/targets achieved
q u i c k e r d e c i s i o n - m
a k i n g .

w
h o s e perform

ADDropriate financial accounting
is regularly
been established and

E f f i c i e n c y i n S p a r e s P r o c u r e m e n t . B y 1995, g r e a t e r systems and P

^

^ accounting procedures
e f f i c i e n c y i n p r o c u r e m
e n t o f s p a r e s w a s p l a i n l y v i s i
e
function m acco
nment t e e is an increased level
j h e d o c k y a r d s a n d p r o c u r e m
e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s . I t r e s u
laid down by
issues. Budgetary exercises are
t o t i m e l y c o m
p l e t i o n o f r e f i t s o f ships/submarines.

» f c l “

' l " i i £

„

U
y
an d s c n . p u l o u . l y . 1» f a c t . l o w e .

S e t t i n g u p o f W

A N / I L M

S . I n i ts q u e s t t o b “ ' l d U P ? "

a d v a n t a g e s , w h i c h h a d a c c r u e d t h r o u g h N M S , m e
avY a u t o m a t e d its e n t i r e procurement p r o c e s s
r o r , h ' *

*

N a t i o n o f a W i d e A r e a N e t w o r k (W A N ) In te g ra te d

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 2 7

32

Harnessing Information Technology

Overview

• Bureau of Sailors. A l l s e c t i o n s o f t h e B u r e a u o f

O n e o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t a c h i e v e m e n t s i n t h i s d e c a d e w a s S a i l o r s

( C A B S )

w
e r e
c o m
p u t e r i s e d .

S h i p s
a n d
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a n i n - h o u s e d e v e l o p e d p a c k a g e c a l l e d ' G E N F O R M

M
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e n t S y s t e m

' ( G E N M

A S ) .

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• Naval Pay Office. P a y a c c o u n t s , P r o v i d e n t F u n d s

C o m p u t e r i s a t i o n P l a n w h i c h w a s a p p r o v e d b y t h e C h i e f o f o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s a n d L e a v e R e c o r d s o f o f f i c e r s o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f , A d m i r a l P e r e i r a , i n J u l ' 8 1 . M
o m e n t u m
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e n t s
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p u t e r s .

n a t i o n w i d e c o m p u t e r i s a t i o n .

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a c a d r e t o s p e c i a l i s e i n E l e c t r o n i c D a t a P r o c e s s i n g ( E D P ) e v o l v i n g t r a i n i n g s y l l a b i
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IT Policy for the Navy
h a r d w a r e m a i n t e n a n c e .

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f u r t h e r s y s t e m

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a d v e n t o f P e r s o n a l C o m p u t e r s ( P C s ) . W i t h t h e i n c r e a s e d m
e e t i n g o v e r a l l N a v a l o b j e c t i v e s . I n f o r m
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= = S - = = S - : ; tim e ly in fo rm a tio n a v a ila b le N a v y -w id e to s u p p o r t m a n a g e d M
a j o r I T p r o j e c t s w e r e i n t h e h a n d s o f a f e w e n t h u s i a s n a v a l p e r s o n n e l . A p p l i c a t i o n s a n d s y s t e m
s w e r e g e n e i a
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t h e s p o n s o r i n g a g e n c y h a d t o c l e a r l y d e f i n e ^

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a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y ( p *
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p r o j e c t s b y t h e e a r l y l 9 9 o s . S o m e o f t
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X o a v o i d d u p l i c a t i o n o f e f f o r t i n c r e a t i n g s o f t w a r e
all its units at sea, establishments and offices ashore
a n d d a t a b a s e s f o r s i m
i l a r f u n c t i o n a l i t i e s a t d i v e r s e
and headquarters for operational and support role
l o c a t i o n s , a c e n t r a l i z e d r e c o r d o f a l l I T a s s e t s w a s t o
within the service and for interoperability with
b e m
a i n t a i n e d a t N H Q b y D I T .

Army, Airforce and other civil agencies progressively
by 2003. Every officer and sailor of the Indian Navy

T h e g r o w t h o f d a t a b a s e s , t h e i n c r e a s e d r e q u i r e m e n t s
would become computer proficient by 2002."

o f
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p r o d u c t s e n t a i l e d p e r i o d i c u p g r a d a t i o n a n d c o s t s I t w a s a i m e d t o c o m p u t e r i s e a n d n e t w o r k a p p r o x i m a t e l y o f r e - t r a i n i n g p e r s o n n e l . T h e A n n u a l M
a i n t e n a n c e

3 5 0 u n i t s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s s p r e a d a c r o s s s e a s h o r e s , C h a r g e s ( A M

C )

a n d
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e , c o s t o f c o n s u m a b l e s , e t c w e r e

N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s a n d o t h e r m i s c e l l a n e o u s a g e n c i e s .

T h e n e t w o r k i n g v i s u a l i s e d L o c a l A r e a N e t w o r k s ( L A N s ) c a t e r e d f o r i n t h e N a v y ' s I T b u d g e t .

w i t h i n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , M e t r o p o l i t a n A r e a N e t w o r k s Five

( M A N s ) w i t h i n m e t r o p o l i s e s a n d W i d e A r e a N e t w o r k s Y e a r C o m
p u t e r i s a t i o n P l a n o f N a v y 1 9 9 5 - 2 0 0 0

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u l a t e d a p o l i c y f o r c o m p u t e r i s a t i o n i n t h e
m a s s i n c l u d i n g t h e i s l a n d t e r r i t o r i e s . T h e r e s u l t i n g n e t w o r k N a v y i n a s y s t e m
a t i c a n d t i m
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p u t e r i s a t i o n p l a n w a s a r r i v e d a t b y
l e a d i n g t o a v a i l a b i l i t y o f i n f o r m a t i o n a c r o s s t h e b o a r d a t a l l s t u d y i n g t w o i m
p o r t a n t f a c t o r s , n a m e l y , t o t a l r e q u i i e m e n t
l e v e l s r e s u l t i n g i n p e r f o r m a n c e i m p r o v e m e n t a n d q u a l i t y o f c o m p u t e r s a n d t h e t y p e s o f j o b s t h a t r e q u i r e d t o b e m a n a g e m e n t .

a u t o m a t e d .

T h e I T v i s i o n w a s t o b e r e a l i s e d i n a p h a s e d m a n n e r T h e r e q u i r e m
e n t o f P C s f o r t h e N a v y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d
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n e e d e d f o r t y p e s o f s h i p s / e s t a b l i s h m e n t s b a s e d o n t h e i r w a s m s k e d f o r f o r m u l a t i o n o f t i m e b o u n d p l a n s f o r f u n c t i o n s . T h e s p e c i f i c f u n c t i o n s t h a t n e e d t o b e a u t o m a t e

^
p r o j e c t s a n d s u b s e q u e n t u p d a t i n g o f I T i n f r a s t r u c t u r e , i n a s h i p - b o r n e e n v i r o n m
e n t w e r e c l u s t e r e d i n t o g e n e r a
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n ,
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p l i c a t i o n f o r h a r d w a r e m a i n t e n a n c e a n
e f f o r t t o d e v e l o p a n e l a b o r a t e n a v a l i n f o r m a t i o n so ftw are fo r t h e f i v e y e a r s w a s a r r i v e d a t R s 1 5 c r o r e s .

in f ra s tru c tu re a n d
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y
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IT P o l i c y o f 1 9 9 8

" a i E ' n e e d s w e re re v ie w e d . T h e tra in in g f o c u s e d o n

The Navy formulated its Information Tech" ol° g p r o v i d i n g personnel in adequate n u m ^ s an

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l a b s ™
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n e t w o r k c o m p o n e n t s .

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deCar

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the pay accounting fu n ctio n s at th e N aval

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maintaining pay a c c o u n ts o f

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u n d u e s t r a i n o n a v a i l a b l e r e s o u r c e s a n s

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t h e N a v y a n d w i t h t h e A r m y , A ir F o r c e ,

O D O C

( O f f s h o r e

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The Navy shall endeavor to computerised

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 2 9

c i r c u i t l i n e s h i r e d f r o m D O T . T h e p r i m a r y f u n c t i o n r e c o n s t i t u t e d a s D
i r e c t o r o f I n f o r
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o f t h i s p r o j e c t w a s t o c o l l e c t , c o l l a t e , p r o c e s s a n d ( D I T ) .

gy
d i s s e m i n a t e d a t a r e l e v a n t t o n a v a l e n v i r o n m e n t a n d

.

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u n d e r t h e c h a i r m
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.

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r o l e o f I T , a n d t o p r o v o k e r e f l e c t i o n a n d d e b a t e .

N H Q .

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i n a r w
a s h e l d i n A u g u s t ' 9 7 . A j o i n t
o f n a v a l h o s p i t a l s . I N H S A s v i n i w a s t a k e n u p a s a N a v y - C I I r e s o l u t i o n w
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A n ' E n t e r p r i s e -

W i d e R e s o u r c e P l a n n i n g ' s y s t e m
a s a f a c i l i t a t o r . T h e f i r s t m
e e t i n g o f t h e c o m m i t t e e
w a s u n d e r t a k e n f o r t h e n a v a l d o c k y a r d s .

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a i n t e n a n c e M
a n a g e m e n t S y s t e m w a s
l o c u s o n c o n n e c t i v i t y a n d t e c h n o l o g y i n d u c t i o n b y p r o g r e s s e d , f o r t h e l i n k i n g u p o f s h i p s m a i n t e n a n c e D O T a n d i n d u s t r y p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n I T t r a i n i n g i n t h e r e c o r d s w i t h a d a t a b a s e a t t h e I N S M A a i m i n g a t N a v y .

r e l i a b i l i t y c o n t r o l l e d m a i n t e n a n c e c o n c e p t .

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o n

I T ,
f e w
m a j o r
p o l i c y

T e c h n o l o g y t o t h e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e N a v y . P r o c u r e m e n t o f
i n i t i a t i v e s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n a t N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s : -
c o m
p u t e r s , p r o m
u l g a t i o n o f t h e I T v i s i o n a n d t r a i n i n g o f

T h e C h a r t e r o f D u t i e s o f A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f M
a t e r i a l
p e r s o n n e l t o a n a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d h e l p e d t h e N a v y t o ( S y s t e m s ) w a s e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e I T . A C O M (Svs)

e n t e r i n t o n e t w o r k i n g o f i t s s y s t e m
s i n a h o l i s t i c m a n n e r
w a s r e d e s i g n a t e d a s A C O M ( I T & S y s ) .

p o s t 2 0 0 0 .

T h e C h a r t e r o f D u t i e s o f A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f N a v a l S t a f f B a s e d o n t h e I T A c t 2 0 0 0 e n a c t e d b y t h e Parliam ent i n ( O p e r a t i o n ) w a S e x p a n d e d t o i n c l u d e I n f o r m a t i o n J u n e 2 0 0 0 , a H i g h P o w e r e d C o m
m
i t t e e l a i d d o w n a ' 12 p o i n t

& O P S )6

W 3 S r e d e s i S n a t e d a s A C N S ( I W

M
i n i m u m A g e n d a o n E - g o v e r n a n c e ' t o b e implemented
b y

M
i n i s t r i e s / D
e p a r t m
e n t s
a n d

G
o v e r n m
e n t
a g e n c i e s .

T h e N a v y h a d b y t h e n i m
p l e m
e n t e d m
o s t o f t h e m
based

T h e D i r e c t o r o f M
a n a g e m e n t S e r v i c e s ( D M

S ) w a s
o n i t s I T P o l i c y o f 1 9 9 8 .

2 3 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 3

Changes in Command and Control Structure

Background

•

T o c o n s t i t u t e F l a g O f f i c e r M a h a r a s h t r a A r e a ( F O M A ) t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e t o F O C - i n - C W e s t f o r t h e : -

T h e R e o r g a n is a tio n o f 1 9 8 6

—

O p e r a t i o n a l
c o n t r o l
o f
f o r c e s
a s s i g n e d
f o r

I n

1 9 8 5 ,

N H Q
s o u g h t
a p p r o v a l
t o
s t r e a m l i n e
t h e
t h e L o c a l N a v a l D e f e n c e o f a l l p o r t s i n t h e

N a v y ' s

C o m
m
a n d
a n d

C o n t r o l
s t r u c t u r e .

T h e
m a i n

M a h a r a s h t r a a r e a .

f e a t u r e s w e r e : -

—

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n
o f
t h e
e s t a b l i s h m e n t s / u n i t s

•

T o r e d u c e t h e O p e r a t i o n a l C o n t r o l A u t h o r i t i e s f r o m l o c a t e d a t B o m b a y .

t h r e e t o t w o a n d m
a k e t h e m
a c c o u n t a b l e f o r a l l
o p e r a t i o n a l a c t i v i t y i n t h e i r a r e a s

___

I n t e r a c t i o n w i t h
t h e

S t a t e

G o v e r n m e n t
a n d
o t h e r a g e n c i e s .

—

F O C - i n - C W
e s t f o r t h e W
e s t e r n s e a b o a r d a n d
t h e A r a b i a n S e a .

N H Q ' s
p r o p o s a l s
w e r e
a p p r o v e d
a n d
t h e
r e v i s e d

C o m m a n d S tru ctu re w a s im p le m e n te d fro m 1 July 1 9 8 6 .

—

F O C - i n - C E a s t f o r t h e E a s t e r n s e a b o a r d a n d t h e B a y o f B e n g a l .

T h e N a v y ' s C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l S t r u c t u r e i n 1 9 9 0

•

T o p l a c e t h e c o n t r o l o f a l l T r a i n i n g E s ta b lis h m e n ts h i t h e r t o
u n d e r

F O C s - i n - C

W
e s t
a n d E a s t u n d e r

C N S ( C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f )

F O C - i n - C

S o u t h
a n d
p l a c e
a c c o u n t a b i l i t y f o r a l l
t r a i n i n g
p o l i c y
f o r m
u l a t i o n
a n d
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n

FOC-in-C W E S T ( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g - i n - C h i e f ,
u n d e r o n e a u t h o r i t y , l e a v i n g t h e D i r e c t o i o f T r a i n i n g W
e s t e r n N a v a l C o m m a n d )

i n N H Q t o i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e M
i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e a n d

F O C W F ( F l a g o f f i c e r Commanding W e s t e r n F l e e t )

the o t h e r s e r v i c e s .

W estern Fleet

•

T o r a t i o n a l i s e

C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l o f t h e A i i

Warship Workup Organisation

A r m b y d e s i g n a t i n g F O G A a l s o a s F l a g O f f i c e i
a v a

F O M A ( F l a g O f f i c e r Maharashtra A r e a )

A v i a t i o n

( F O N A )

a n d
m a k e

F O N A
r e s p o n s i

N O I C ( B )

d i r e c t l y
t o

N H Q
f o r
a l l
a v i a t i o n
t r a i n i n g
a n

I Local Flotilla
m
a i n t e n a n c e a c t i v i t y a n d a c t a s t h e c l a s s a u t
o i

I

Harbour D efence
f o r a l l
a v i a t i o n
m
a t t e r s .

O p e r a t i o n a l

,

ASD (B ) (A d m ira l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t N a v a l D o c k y a rd )

o f a l l a v i a t i o n u n i t s t o c o n t i n u e t o b e c o n t i o N aval D o ck y a rd , B o m b a y

F O C s - i n - C W
e s t a n d E a s t .

P O D A G ( F l a g O f f i c e , O f f s h o r e D e f e n c e A

M

T o
r a t i o n a l i s e

C o m
m
a n d
a n d

C o n t i o l

G r o u p )

S u b m a r i n e A r m
b y c r e a t i n g F l a g O f f i c e r S u b m a r i n e

( F O S M )

a s
t h e
s i n g l e
p o i n t
c l a s s
a u t 1 0 1 *

0 f

J E S S r - " 0™1
r e s p o n s i b l e
f o r
a l l
t r a i n i n g
a n d
n i a i n t e n

.

s u b m a r i n e s , a n a l o g o u s t o F O N A f o r n a v a a

N aval A ir f a d lin e s
jn te n d e n t, B o m b a y )

M S (B) (M a te “ aaterial 0 r ga n isatio n /S to re D e p o t

I n n H Q ,
t o r e s t o r e
t h e L o g i s t i c s
l o g i s t i c s

M
a t e r i a l B r a n c h , r e d e s i g n a t e t h e C h i e

^
n , « H n r t i o n & A rm am e n t D e p o t

^ h i i s h m e n t s / A u t h o r m e s / U n i t s

( C O L ) a s C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s t i c S u p p o i

^
m a k e t h e C h i e f o f M
a t e r i a l ( C O M

) t h e s i
g
o f a c c o u n t a b i l i t y f o r m
a i n t e n a n c e a n d l o g i

FOC-IN-C EAST (Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief,

.

T h e
a d m
i n i s t r a t i v e
i n c o n g r u i t i e s

0 f
s

Eastern Naval Command)

N a v a l C o m
m
a n d c o n t r o l l i n g m
a j o r n a v a l

I

F O C E F

( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g E a s t e r n F l e e t )

e s t a b l i s h m
e n t s i n o t h e r c o a s t a l s t a t e s w i t h w h

08

E a s t e r n F l e e t
o t h e r C o m
m
a n d H
e a d q u a r t e r s w e r e i n t e r a c t i n g
j—

F O S M ( F l a g O f f i c e r S u b m a r i n e s )

.

T h e c l a s s a u t h o r i t i e s , F O N A a n d F O S M

b e i n
j

S u b m a r i n e B a s e
r e m
o v e d
f r o m

t h e
m
a j o r
d e c i s i o n
m
a k i n e M

00

!

S u b m a r i n e T r a i n i n g S c h o o l
t o o k
p l a c e
i n

N H Q
p e r t a i n i n g
t o
a
c
q
u
i t

m
a i n t e n a n c e , p l a n s , e t c .

'

|—

F O R T A N ( F o r t r e s s C o m m a n d e r A & N I s l a n d )

!

S h i p s

•

W
e s t e r n

N a v a l

C o m
m
a n d
w
a n t i n g

F O G A
t o b
i

I

N a v a l A i r F a c i l i t i e s
p l a c e d u n d e r i t f o r m
o r e e f f e c t i v e u t i l i s a t i o n o f a i r

|

B a s e R e p a i r O r g a n i s a t i o n , P o r t B l a i r
a s s e t s .

j

S h o r e E s t a b l i s h m e n t s / A u t h o r i t i e s /

T h e c h a n g e s p r o p o s e d w
e r e : -
i

U n i t s

•

C r e a t i o n
o f

F O

C - i n - C

S o u t h
a s
a n
o p e r a t i o n a l

A S D ( V ) ( A d m i r a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t N a v a l D o c k y a r d ) a u t h o r i t y w i t h a m
a r i t i m
e a r e a o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

N a v a l D o c k y a r d , V i s a k h a p a t n a m

N O I C s C a l c u t t a , V i s a k h a p a t n a m , M
a d r a s , P a r a d i p ,

•

R e v e r s i o n o f t h e c o n t r o l o f t r a i n i n g t o N H Q .

T u t i c o r i n

•

S h i f t i n g
o f
t h e
t w o

C l a s s

A u t h o r i t i e s ,

F O N A

;

S h i p s u n d e r d i r e c t c o n t r o l
a n d

F O S M

,
t o

N H Q
a s

A C N S

( A i r )

a n d

A C N S

N a v a l A i r f a c i l i t i e s

( S u b m
a r i n e s )

f o r
b e t t e r
i n t e r a c t i o n
w i t h
o t h e r

M S ( V ) ( M
a t e r i a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , V i s a k h a p a t n a m )

b r a n c h e s i n m
a j o r p o l i c y d e c i s i o n s .

M a t e r i a l O r g a n i s a t i o n / S t o r e D e p o t

•

P l a c i n g o f F O G A u n d e r F O C - I N - C W
e s t .

F O C - I N - C S O U T H ( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g - i n - C h i e f .

S o u t h e r n N a v a l C o m
m
a n d )

The VAdm KASZ Raju Committee Report of 1991

F O G A ( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g G o a A r e a l

I n 1 9 9 0 , V i c e A d m

K A S Z R a j u , F O

C - i n - C S o u t h w a s t a s k e d

N O I C G o a
f o r a n “ i n d e p t h s t u d y t o r e v i e w t h e C o m
m
a n d S t r u c t u r e o f

(

S h i p s , A i r c r a f t f o r L o c a l d e f e n c e
t h e N a v y , w i t h s p e c i a l e m
p h a s i s o n t h e h i g h e r c o m m a n d

- -

S h o r e E s t a b l i s h m e n t s / A u t h o r i t i e s / U n i t s
o r g a n i s a t i o n i n t h e N a v y u p t o t h e l e v e l o f F O R T A N , F O N A , T r a i n i n g s q u a d r o n a n d L o c a l N a v a l D e f e n c e f o r c e s F O M

A a n d F O S M

' ! T h e s u m
m
a r y o f recom m end atio ns o f

T r a i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d S c h o o l s

V i c e A d m K A S Z R a j u C o m
m
i t t e e R e p o r t o f 1 9 9 1 o n t h e

|

B a s e R e p a i r O r g a n i s a t i o n , C o c h i n

H i g h e r L e v e l R e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f t h e I n d i a n Navy w e r e : -
j—

N a v a l S t o r e D e p o t , C o c h i n

•

T h e c o n c e p t o f T r a i n i n g C o m
m
a n d b e d o n e a w a }

r - -

W e a p o n P r o d u c t i o n & A r m a m e n t D e p o t
w i t h a n d S o u t h e r n N a v a l C o m
m
a n d ( S N C ) b e i n a e

|

-

N O I C s C ochin, Lakshadw eep, New M a n g a l o r e
a n o p e r a t i o n a l c o m
m
a n d .

-

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S u p p o r t o f N a v a l A i r E s t a b l i s h m e n t /

•

G o a b e
t r a n s f e r r e d
t o

W
e s t e r n

N a v a l

C o m m a n d
f r o m S N C a n d T a m i l N a d u t o S N C f r o m

E N C .

. 1

5

=
r

™

"

d v

°

”

* r d e d a

•

T h e n u m
b e r o f a u t h o r i t i e s r e p o r t i n g d i r e c t l y t0
structure namely having th *
and Control

C - i n - C b e r e d u c e d t o F l e e t C o m m and er, O f f s h ° r^

A u t h o r i t i e s

-

W e s t

E a s f a n H ^ Q
f e r a t l o n a l

C o n t r o l

L o c a l N a v a l D
e f e n c e ( L N D ) C o m
m
a n d e r , S u b m a r ! Ie I .f

Training Command anrt
i

' disestat>Ush the

F o r c e

C o m
m
a n d e r ,

A r e a / S t a t i o n

C o i n n i a n

^
p
r
o
p
o

^
a
n
d

FOSM. h ,|»

A d m i r a l

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t

D o c k y a r d

( A S D )

M
a t e r i a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ( M

S ) .

1
f 6”

•

F l a g

O f f i c e r

M
a h a r a s h t r a

A r e a

( F O M

A )

®
g
for Soudiern NavaU-n
j

®hted “* ” ed
d e s i g n a t e d
a s

F l a g

O f f i c e r

O f f s h o r e

V e '

( F O C O D )

w i t h
a l l
a f l o a t
o f f s h o r e
a n

^
c o n t r o l a n d l o g i s t i c s .

e f f e c t i v e c o m
m
a n d ,
r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a n d a l s o f u n c t i o n c o n c u r r e n F O D A G .

2 3 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

All sh o re e s ta b lis h m e n ts a t B o m b a y b e u n d er the

S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
t h e
a p p o i n t m e n t s
o f F O M A
a n d

#

Area C o m m a n d e r d e s ig n a te d a s F lag O fficer Bom bay

F O R T A N w e r e o p e r a t i o n a l i s e d i n 1 9 9 3 w h i c h l e d t o Naval A rea (F O B N A ).

F O M A p r o c e e d i n g t o s e a o n a v a r i e t y o f m i n o r s h i p s The c o n c e p t o f FO N A b e d o n e aw ay w ith and all field
o f t h e F l o t i l l a . F O M A a n d h i s s t a f f w e r e a p p o i n t e d a d d i t i o n a l t o a s h i p .

fu n ctio n s o f FO N A b e tra n sfe rre d to th e respective

C s-in -C a n d all N avy-w id e av iatio n fu nctions to

I t w a s d e c i d e d t h a t F O M A a n d F O R T A N w o u l d

ACNS (A ir). FO G A b e m a d e A rea C o m m an d er as
c o n t i n u e t o b e a n o p e r a t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y , b u t w o u l d Flag O ffice r G o a N aval A rea (FO G N A ).

b e a s h o r e a u t h o r i t y .

FO SM b e s h ifte d
to N aval H ead q u arters as

I t
w a s
p r o p o s e d
t h a t
m i s s i l e
v e s s e l s
c o u l d

ACNS (U W ).

f u n c t i o n u n d e r K - 2 2 a s w a s t h e c a s e f r o m 1 9 7 1 , t h e

M i n e s w e e p e r s
a n d

1 2 4 1 P E s
u n d e r

N O I C

.

In Naval H e a d q u a rte rs , V C N S b e m ad e responsible

( M a h a r a s h t r a ) a n d t h e O P V s e i t h e r u n d e r H Q W N C
for o p e ra tio n s w ith A C N S (O p s), ACNS (Air) and
o r F O C W F .

ACNS (U W ) u n d e r h im a n d D C N S for plans. C hief
o f M aterial b e re d e s ig n a te d a t C h ie f o f M ain ten an ce.

•

F O N A / F O G A .

T h e

F l a g

O f f i c e r

C o m m a n d i n g

CWP&A b e re d e s ig n a te d as C h ie f o f A cquisitions

G o a A r e a
a n d

N O I C

( G o a )

w e r e
p l a c e d
u n d e r
t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c o n t r o l o f C - i n - C ( S o u t h ) . T h e (COA) an d b e m a d e a P SO a lo n g w ith C h ief o f
p r o p o s a l t o s h i f t F O G A a n d F O N A u n d e r C - i n - C

L ogistics (C O L ).

( W ) w a s c o n s i d e r e d . I t w a s d e c i d e d t h a t F O G A w i t h However, n o n e o f th e s e re c o m m e n d a tio n s were
h i s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f G o a A r e a i s t o f u n c t i o n u n d e r F O C - i n - C ( W e s t ) , w h i l s t F O N A w o u l d b e r e s p o n s i b l e im plem ented.

t o N H Q o n a l l m a t t e r s r e l a t e d t o t h e m a i n t e n a n c e a n d c l a s s a u t h o r i t y f u n c t i o n s o f n a v a l a v i a t i o n .

1994 Committee for Reorganisation of HQs

T h e
o p e r a t i o n a l
c h a n g e o v e r
w a s
e f f e c t e d
f r o m

In N o v em b er '9 4 a C o m m itte e h e a d ed by VAdm

N o v 9 6 a n d t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e c h a n g e o v e r f r o m

Madhvendra S in g h w a s fo rm e d to lo o k in to R eorganisation
of Naval HQ a n d C o m m a n d H e a d q u a rte rs . T h e C om m ittee

A p r ' 9 7 .

was guided b y th e V A d m R a ju C o m m itte e R ep ort o f 1991

W
o r k U p O r g a n i s a t i o n a n d C r e a t i o n o f F O S I
and tasked to e x a m in e o r g a n is a tio n o f D irecto ra te s in Nava

H eadquarters a n d r e c o m m e n d d eletion/ introd u ction

* w"s“p r s

B-bTwS
and ch an g es in n o m e n c la tu r e an d a lso to exam ine t i e

S

2

K

2

; m

0 « « S - T r a i n i n g ( F O S T ) , n
organisation o f F O S M a n d FO N A . T h e recommendations

N o v e m b e r 1 9 9 2 .

of the C o m m itte e w e re a s fo llo w s :-

• Re-Organisation of the Su b m arin e Arm. It w

Naval officers-in-Charge (NOIC)

p ro p o sed to r e s tr u c tu r e th e su b m a rin e rai^
b e h e a d e d b y A C N S ( S M ) f u n c t i o n i n g u n d e r

^
r r e a t l o n o f NOIC ( P o r t B la ir )

as a c la s s a u th o rity c o o rd in a tin g all a sPe c

™

-

-
s

-
r

S
s “

«
s u b m a rin e o p e r a tio n s , lo g is tic s an d m am ^
and the C—

' t l S S o B " («N0) « 1968.

It w as r e c o m m e n d e d to s h ift F O SM from
t h e
d u t i e s
o
es'

C o m m a n d in g O f f i c e r , I N S

NHQ.

B e tw e e n 1 9 6 8 a n d 19 7 6 . m e
n q i c ( a & n )

In 1 9 7 6 ,
ja r a w a a l s o f u n c t l o n ® w e r e m e r g e d a n d a C o m m o d o r e A C N S ( S M

) w
a s a p p o i n t e d w e f 1 4 O c t 9 6 .

t h e t w o a p p o m t m e
o d o r e
a & n

( C O M A N ) .

T h e
was

Flag Officer Maharashtra Area. :F?^ n a
w a s appointed a®
a d e d t0
over

Fortress C o m m a n d e r A & N
constituted
a p p o i n t m e n t w a s u p g

C o m m o d o r e i n i t i a l l y m 1 9 7 7
t o a s s i s t t h e C - i n - C ( W
e s t )

y a

, p u ^ j j C

S
r T A N ) i n t h e
i n 1 9 8 7 . P o r t B l a i r
a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t a s k s , s u c h a s Q u a r t e ™

| '

‘V in s p o r t ,
a n d t h e n m t h e r a
h e n s i v e n a v a l b a s e a n d t h e

S c h o o l ( N P S ) , N a v a l K indergarten ( N k G ) ,

‘

A r e a
a d m
i n i s t r a t i o n o f N a v a l O fficers R e s i ®
a l l d e r

( N O R A ) e t c . , a n d f u n c t i o n a s a S t a t i o n

.

( C o l a b a ) a k i n t o S t a t i o n C o m m a n d e r (

Refer to Chapter titled “Flag Officer Sea Training”

TRANSITIONTO GUARDIANSHIP 2 3 3

a w i d e s p e c t r u m o f a c t i v i t i e s i n c l u d i n g t h a t o f U n i f i e d r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s a n d j u r i s d i c t i o n
a c t u a l l y e x t

C o m m a n d .

t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l s p a n o f t h e S t a t e i n w h i c h t h d ° V e r
l o c a t e d , t h e y w e r e d e s i g n a t e d a s p e r t h e i r S t t ^

W a s

T h e b i l l e t o f C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r , I N S J a r a w a w a s h e l d f o r e x a m
p l e N O I C ( T a m i l

N
a d u ) .

T h e

N O I C s ° ^
l 9 9 ? '

b y a n o f f i c e r o f t h e r a n k o f C o m m a n d e r . W i t h t h e s t e a d y j u r i s d i c t i o n s o n 1 9 9 7 w
e r e : -
a n c * ^ e i r
g r o w t h i n t h e s i z e a n d n u m b e r o f u n i t s i n P o r t B l a i r , t h e r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f I N S J a r a w a a s t h e F l a g S h i p a n d S t a t i o n 1 Old

N e w D
e s i g n a t i o n

C o m m a n d e r
i n c r e a s e d .

N a v a l

H e a d q u a r t e r s
t h e r e f o r e

Designation

J u r i s d i c t i o n
u p g r a d e d t h e r a n k o f t h e C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r , I N S J a r a w a t o t h a t o f C a p t a i n , w h o c a r r i e d o u t d u t i e s o f N O I C ( A & N ) N O I C

N O I C G u j a r a t

G u j a r a t ,
a l s o . N O I C ( P o r t B l a i r ) w a s c o n s t i t u t e d o n 1 9 F e b r u a r y ' 9 3

S a u r a s h t r a

I D a m
a n , D i u
a s a n a d d i t i o n a l d u t y o f C O , J a r a w a .

N O I C M
u m b a i

N O I C M
a h a r a s h t r a

| M
a h a r a s h t r a

Creation of NOIC (Kerala & Lakshadweep)

N O I C C a l c u t t a

N O I C W
e s t B e n g a l

V V e s t B e n g a l

I n

1 9 9 5 , t h e r e w e r e t h r e e N O I C s s t a t i o n e d a t K o c h i N O I C

N O I C A n d h r a

A n d h r a P r a d e s h
n a m e l y N O I C ( C o c h i n ) , N O I C ( L a k s h a d w e e p ) a n d N O I C

V i s a k h a p a t n a m

P r a d e s h

1

( N e w M a n g a l o r e ) .

N O I C M
a d r a s

N O I C T a m i l N a d u

P o r t s a l o n g

H i e

C o m m a n d i n g

O f f i c e r ,

I N S

V e n d u r u t h y
w a s

T a m i l N a d u
c a r r y i n g o u t t h e d u t i e s o f N O I C ( C o c h i n ) . H i e O f f i c e r - i n -

C o a s t ( i n c l u d i n g

C h a r g e , N D S c h o o l c a r r y i n g o u t t h e d u t i e s o f N O I C ( N e w P o n d i c h e r r y ) u p

M
a n g a l o r e )

o p e r a t e d
f r o m N D

S c h o o l ,
e x c e p t d u r i n g
t o t h e P a m b a n
d e d i c a t e d
e x e r c i s e s w h e n
a r r a n g e m e n t s
a r e
m a d e
t o

P a s s
o p e r a t e f r o m N e w M a n g a l o r e . N O I C ( L ) w a s o p e r a t i n g N O I C T u t i c o r i n

N o c h a n g e

P o r t s a l o n g T N
f r o m K o c h i b u t h a d a d e t a c h m e n t e a c h a t K a v a r a t t i a n d c o a s t i n G u l f o f

M
i n i c o y I s l a n d s .

M
a n n a r

I n A u g u s i ' 9 9 , N O I C ( C o c h i n ) „ < | B

0 , C ( U f c h . d w
e e p )

N O I C P a r a d i p

N O I C O r i s s a

O r i s s a

N O I C P o r t B l a i r

A n d a m
a n

I ^
h
a

Z

X
p

, .

“
t e

' 8 n l , e d

“

"

0 , C

| K e r “ ' i

*

N O I C A n d a m
a n

I s l a n d s

G r o u p o f I s l a n d s

Creation of NOIC (Tuticorin)

N O I C

N O I C N
i c o b a r

N
i c o b a r G r o u p

N a n c o w r y

I s l a n d s
o f I s l a n d s

_____

N O I C K o c h i

£ S H

= 5 ~ “

N O I C K e r a l a

K e r a l a

______

N O I C G o a

^ - . . . N O I C ^ n ^ t Z S

N o c h a n g e

G o a

______ _

N O I C N e w

K a r n a t a k a

N O I C K a r n a t a k a

M
a n g a l o r e

N O I C

L a k s h a d w e e p

N o c h a n g e
c c ^

: l
i : ° s f f is s f ir —

L a k s h a d w e e p

Major Changes Post 2 0 0 0
a n d p a r t o f K e r a l a . T h e L o c a l N a S , ° n fe G u l f o f M
a n n a r

Tamil Nadu along the L v i f

If ence.

ports o f

I n M
a y 2 0 0 1 ,

F O D A G w
a s
r e - d e s i g n a t e d
a s

'Advisoi

NOIC (Madras).

rernained under

O f f s h o r e S e c u r i t y a n d D
e f e n c e ' t o t h e G o v t o f I n d i a .

Change in Nomenclature of NOICs

I n t h e n e w i n c a r n a t i o n , O D A G w a s t o o p e r a t e i n c l o s e c o n s u l t a t i o n
w i t h

M
o D ,

M
i n i s t r y
o f S u r f a c e

T r a n s p

( M

O S T )

a n d
o t h e r

M
i n i s t r i e s
o f
t h e

G o v e r n r n e n

I n d i a a n d a l s o t o i n t e r a c t w i t i i a h o s t o f l o c a l a n d

° r
a n d w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e t o t h e n a v a l m a n

? * C ( C a l c u t t a ) -
a g e n c i e s .

f u n c t i o n e d u n d e r t h e F O C - i n - C s e i t h

T

P ° r t T h e y
c „ m
m

, „
d e r . S i n c e

T h e r e v i s e d c h a r t e r e n v i s a g e d a m
u c h
a d d i t i o n
t o t h e s e c u r i t y o f o f f s h o r e
a s s e t s o f f

2 3 4

TRA N SITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

FOC-IN-C EAST (Flag Officer Com m anding-in-Chief,

I t e d i n O D A G b e i n g p l a c e d u n d e r V C N S . O D A G
a n d r e s u
e

^ F O C - i n - C W e s t f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e

Eastern Naval Command)

c ° n “ l Up \ n d U r e m
a i n e d b a s e d a t M
u m
b a i .

F O C E F ( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g E a s t e r n F l e e t )

p u r p ° s e
j E a s t e r n F l e e t

! 2 0 0 2 , t h e p o s t s o f D G N A I
a n d

D S M

O
w e r e

1,1

T a f r n m t h e r a n k o f C m d e t o R e a r A d m i r a l a n d I F M

U ( V i s a k h a p a t n a m

)

S

^
w
a s r e - d e s i g n a t e d a s A C N S ( S M

) .

C O M

C O S ( E ) ( C o m
m
o d o r e C o m
m
a n d i n g

S u b m
a r i n e s )

8 lh & l l lh S u b m a r i n e S q u a d r o n s

T h e N
a v y ' s C
o m
m
a n d a n d C
o n t r o l

S t r u c t u r e I n 2 0 0 3

F O S M

( F l a g O f f i c e r S u b m
a r i n e s )

S u b m
a r i n e B a s e

C N S (C hief o f t h e N a v a l S t a f f )

S u b m
a r i n e T r a i n i n g S c h o o l

F O R T A N ( F o r t r e s s C o m
m
a n d e r A & N I s l a n d s )

F O C - I N - C W

E S T ( F l a g O
f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g - i n - C h i e f ,

S h i p s

W e s t e r n N a v a l C o m
m
a n d )

N a v a l a i r f a c i l i t i e s

F O C W F ( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g W
e s t e r n F l e e t )

N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d ( N S R Y ) , P o r t B l a i r

W
e s t e r n F l e e t

S h o r e E s t a b l i s h m
e n t s / A u t h o r i t i e s / U n i t s

F M

U ( M
u m
b a i )

A S D ( V ) ( A d m i r a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t N a v a l D o c k y a r d ) F O M A ( F l a g O f f i c e r M
a h a r a s h t r a A r e a )

N a v a l D o c k y a r d , V i s a k h a p a t n a m

N O I C ( M
a h a r a s h t r a )

N O I C s A n d h r a P r a d e s h , T a m i l N a d u , W
e s t B e n g a l ,

—

L o c a l F l o t i l l a

O r i s s a & T u t i c o r i n

—

H
a r b o u r D
e f e n c e

S h i p s u n d e r d i r e c t c o n t r o l

K u n j a l i , R e g u l a t i n g S c h o o l & D N P M

N a v a l A i r f a c i l i t i e s

M

S ( V ) ( M
a t e r i a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , V i s a k h a p a t n a m

)

C O M C O S ( W

) ( C o m
m
o d o r e C o m
m
a n d i n g

M
a t e r i a l O
r g a n i s a t i o n / S t o r e D e p o t

S u b m a r i n e s )

9 th , 1 0 th & 1 2 th S u b m
a r i n e S q u a d r o n s

FOC-IN-C SOUTH (Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief,

Southern Naval Command)

F O G A ( F l a g O f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g G o a A r e a )

N O I C G o a

F O S T ( F l a g O f f i c e r S e a T r a i n i n g )

S h i p s , A i r c r a f t f o r L o c a l d e f e n c e

I n d i a n N a v a l W
o r k u p T e a m

Shore Establishments/Authorities/Units

—

L o c a l W
o r k u p T e a m

( L W

T ) W
e s t

—

L o c a l W
o r k u p T e a m

( L W

T ) E a s t

A S D ( M ) ( A d m
i r a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t N a v a l D o c k y a r d )

N O I C s K e r a l a , K a r n a t a k a & L a k s h a d w e e p

N a v a l D o c k y a r d , M
u m
b a i

T r a i n i n g s q u a d r o n , L o c a l N a v a l D
e f e n c e f o r c e s a n d

F O D A G ( F l a g O f f i c e r O f f s h o r e D
e f e n c e A d v i s o r y

G r o u p )

S u r v e y S h i p s

T r a i n i n g E s t a b l i s h m
e n t s a n d S c h o o l s

N O I C G u j a r a t

N a v a l S h i p R e p a i r Y a r d ( N S R Y ) , K o c h i

S h i p s , S u b m
a r i n e s u n d e r d i r e c t c o n t r o l

N a v a l S t o r e D e p o t , C o c h i n

N a v a l A i r f a c i l i t i e s

W
e a p o n P r o d u c t i o n & A r m a m e n t D e p o t

M S ( M ) ( M
a t e r i a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , M
u m
b a i )

A d m i n i s t r a t i v e S u p p o r t o f n a v a l a i r e s t a b l i s h m e n t /

M
a t e r i a l O
r g a n i s a t i o n / S t o r e D e p o t
u n i t s

W
e a p o n P r o d u c t i o n & A
r m
a m
e n t D
e p o t

S h o r e E s t a b l i s h m
e n t s / A u t h o r i t i e s / U n i t s

S h o i e E s t a b l i s h m
e n t s / A u t h o r i t i e s / U n i t s

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 3 5

34

Changes in Naval Headquarters Organisation

Preamble
w h i c h n e e d e d c o o r d i n a t i n g a g e n c i e s a t N H Q . V a r i o u s s m a l l T h e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f t h e N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s h a s c h a n g e d o f f i c e s t h a t a r e s e t u p f o r o v e r s e e i n g s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t s h a v e a l o n g w i t h t h e g r o w t h o f t h e N a v y . P r o c u r e m e n t o f n e w g r o w n i n t o d i r e c t o r a t e s a n d i n t e g r a t i o n o f w e a p o n p l a t f o r m h a r d w a r e a n d a c q u i s i t i o n s a n d v e n t u r e i n t o u n t r o d d e n a n d t e c h n o l o g y f r o m
m
a n y n a t i o n s h a s l e d t o g r o w t h a n d i n
a r e a s h a d n e c e s s i t a t e d c h a n g e s i n m a n n i n g a n d p l a n n i n g t u r n r e - o r g a n i s a t i o n o f N H Q t o c a t e r t o t h e s e c h a n g e s .

Organisation of Naval Headquarters in 1992

PSO

CONTROLLER

APSO

DIRECTORATE

VCNS

CWPA ( C o n t r o l l e r o f W a r s h i p P r o d u c t i o n &

ACWPA

S h i p A c q u i s i t i o n

( V i c e Adm)

A c q u i s i t i o n )

( R A d m )

S u b m
a r i n e A c q u i s i t i o n

Dtes: C o n t r a c t s , E q u i p m e n t a n d S h i p P r o d u c t i o n

S h i p S y s t e m

D e v e l o p m
e n t

DGND

N a v a l D e s i g n ( C o n s t r u c t i o n )

( R A d m )

N a v a l D e s i g n ( E n g i n e e r i n g )

N a v a l D
e s i g n ( E l e c t r i c a l )

S u b m
a r i n e D e s i g n G r o u p
i

ACNS(P&P)

N a v a l P l a n s

( R A d m

)

S t a f f R e q u i r e m
e n t s

W
o r k s

N a v a l A c a d e m
y

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l ( S E A B I R D )

C h i e f H y d r o

H y d r o g r a p h y

S c i e n t i f i c A d v i s o r t o C N S

Dtes: A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , N a v a l A r m a m e n t

DCNS

Dtes: S y s t e m A p p l i c a t i o n

( V i c e Adm)

ACNS ( O p s )

N a v a l O p e r a t i o n s

N a v a l I n t e l l i g e n c e

( R A d m )

S u b m
a r i n e O p e r a t i o n s

O
c e a n o l o g y a n d M
e t e o r o l o g y

S i g n a l s

T a c t i c s

ACNS (AIR)

A i r S t a f f

( R A d m

)

A i r M
a t e r i a l

---- -------------------------------- ----

A i r A c q u i s i t i o n ^ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - —

C O N T R O L L E R

A P S O

D I R E C T O R A T E

D G M

S ( N )

M
e d i c a l S e r v i c e s

( V i c e A d m

)

A C O P ( C P )

P e r s o n n e l

A d m )

( R A d m )

M
a n p o w e r & R e c r u i t m
e n t

T r a i n i n g

D
t e s : J u d g e A d v o c a t e G
e n e r a l

E d u c a t i o n

N a v a l S t a n d i n g E s t b C o m
m
i t t e e

A C O P ( P C )

P e r s o n n e l S e r v i c e s

( R A d m )

N o n - P u b l i c F u n d s

P a y & A l l o w a n c e s

A C O P ( C I V )

C i v i l i a n P e r s o n n e l

( R A d m )

A C O M ( S Y S )

S y s t e m ( E n g i n e e r i n g )

: c o m

( R A d m )

S y s t e m ( W
e a p o n s )

j ( V i c e A d m )

S y s t e m ( E l e c t r i c a l )

V a l u e E n g i n e e r i n g

M
a n a g e m
e n t S e r v i c e s

A C O M

( D & R )

N a v a l A r c h i t e c t u r e

F l e e t M
a i n t e n a n c e

( R A d m )

D o c k y a r d

A C O L

L o g i s t i c s S u p p o r t

C O L

C l o t h i n g & V i c t u a l l i n g

( R A d m

)

( C h i e f O f L o g i s t i c s )

P u r c h a s e C e l l

( V A d m

)

T r a n s p o r t

D G A S

( R A d m E q u i v )

VAdm KASZ Raju Committee Report, 19911
o f t h e N a v y . I t w a s a l s o i n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e n a v a l p r a c t i c e o f I n 1 Q 9 0 , V i c e A d m K A S Z R a j u , F O C I N C S o u t h w a s t a s k e d k e e p i n g d i e y o u n g e r m
a n i n v o l v e d w i t h o p e r a t i o n s .

t h
e ^

^

? h e C o m
m
a n d S t r u c t u r e o f t h e N a v y . T h o u g h
n o n C ° m m i t t e e
m
a ^ e f a r r e a c h i n g r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s ,

A d d i t i o n a l P S O . T h e
s p a n
o f
c o n t r o l
o f t h e

V C N S
e ° f t h e m w e r e i m
p l e m
e n t e d .

w i t h 1 3 D i r e c t o r a t e s , 5 A P S O s , I F A ( N ) , S A / C N S a n d o n e C o n t r o l l e r a n d t h e C O M
w i t h 1 2 D
i r e c t o r a t e s , 3 A P S O s a n d
q ^°mmittee for Reorganisation
o n e C o n t r o l l e r w a s c o n s i d e r e d t o o l a r g e . C O L w a s a P S O
p r i o r a b o l i t i o n o f t h e S u p p l y B r a n c h . I t w
a s r e c o m
m
e n d e d
i n t o t h ^ ° V

^ ’ a C o m m i t t e e w a s f o r m e d t o l o o k
t o u p g r a d e C O L a n d C W

P & A a s P S O s .

H e a d g &

R e o r § a n i s a t i o n
o f

N a v a l

H Q
a n d

C o m
m
a n d
r e C 0m 7
te;
s h e a d e d b y V A d m

M
a d h v e n d r a S i n g h . T h e

U p g r a d i n g o f C O L t o a P S O w a s t o a c h i e v e s i n g l e p o i n t e n
a t i o n s o f t h e c o m
m
i t t e e w e r e :

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y / a c c o u n t a b i l i t y i n a s p e c t s o f l o g i s t i c s w i t h S \ v
f o l l o w i n g D i r e c t o r a t e s w o r k i n g u n d e r h i m

:

t e c ° m
m

° f ?

U t i e s ~ V C N S & D C N S . R a j u C o m m i t t e e had

* ° ^ t r o d ^
e C ! a s w a P b e t w
e e n d u t i e s o f V C N S a n d D C N S

.

D L S , D P R O , D C V a n d D T P r e p o r t i n g t h r o u g h t h e
q u o C6 S i m U a r i t y w i t h o t h e r t w o S e r v i c e s . H o w e v e r , A C O L .

i n ' C o ^ m
a T

S r e c o m
r n o n d e d s i n c e V C N S b e i n g s e c o n d -

^ e n c i e s o f l f a n d C 0 0 r d i n a t i n g P S O , i n t e r a c t s w i t h v a r i o u s

.

D P A a n d D O M

S r e p o r t i n g d i r e c t l y t o C O L .

e Governm ent beyond the day-to-day running

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 3 7

F e w D i r e c t o r a t e s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a s s u p e r f l u o u s : I n

M
a y

’ 9 4 ,

D
i r e c t o r a t e
o f

C o n t r a c t s

( D
o n
r e d e s i g n a t e d
a s

D
i r e c t o r a t e
o f

C o n t r a c t s
h

W 9 S

•

D i r e c t o r a t e o f T a c t i c s t o b e w o u n d u p a n d i t s f i e l d M
a n a g e m
e n t ( D C C M

) .

a n

C o s t
f u n c t i o n s c a r r i e d o u t b y I N T E G a n d a t N H Q b y D D

( T a c t i c s ) u n d e r D S R .

A n e w D
i r e c t o r a t e o f P e n s i o n a n d T r a i n i n g ( q
t

P e r s o n n e l ) w a s c o n s t i t u t e d t o f u n c t i o n u n d e r A C O P r p

^

•

D i r e c t o r a t e o f T r a n s p o r t t o b e w o u n d u p a n d a D D
a n d t a s k e d w i t h m
a t t e r s p e r t a i n i n g t o p e n s i o n & tr a in i^

( T r a n s p o r t ) t o f u n c t i o n u n d e r D L S .

o f c i v i l i a n p e r s o n n e l i n t h e N a v y a n d m
a i n t e n a n c e o f t h

§

•

D i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l E q u i p m e n t u n d e r C W P & A t o s e r v i c e r e c o r d s i n M
a r ' 9 4 .

l r
b e w o u n d u p .

I n A p r ' 9 6 , D
i r e c t o r a t e o f V a l u e E n g i n e e r i n g ( D V E ) w a s

•

D i r e c t o r a t e o f V a l u e E n g i n e e r i n g t o b e w o u n d u p .

w o u n d u p a n d r e o r g a n i s e d a s p a r t o f D O M

S .

O t h e r o r g a n i s a t i o n a l c h a n g e s r e c o m
m
e n d e d w e r e :

I n J u l ' 9 6 , D
i r e c t o r a t e o f W
o r k ( D W

) w a s b i f u r c a t e d i n t o

D i r e c t o r a t e o f W
o r k s ( P l a n n i n g & I n f r a s t r u c t u r e ) u n d e r

•

D G A S b e r e v e r t e d t o S t a f f B r a n c h I .

A C N S ( P & P ) i n S B I a n d D
i r e c t o r a t e o f W
o r k s ( Q u a r t e r i n g

•

D N A I b e p l a c e d u n d e r A C N S ( P & P ) .

& M
a i n t e n a n c e ) u n d e r A C O L i n t h e C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s t i c s u n d e r M
a t e r i a l B r a n c h . H o w e v e r , t h e y w e r e r e m e r g e d i n t o

•

D S R t o b e n o d a l a g e n c y t o i n t e r a c t w i t h D R D O

D i r e c t o r a t e o f W
o r k s w i t h D W

( P & I ) a s D
i r e c t o r W o r k s a n d
f o r
p r o j e c t s
a i m e d
t o w a r d s
s e l f - r e l i a n c e
a n d

D W

( Q & M

) a s J o i n t D
i r e c t o r W
o r k s i n F e b ' 9 8 .

i n d i g e n i s a t i o n o f w e a p o n s a n d s e n s o r s .

I n

O c t

' 9 6 ,

F O G A / F O N A
w
e r e
p l a c e d
u n d e r

•

D C P t o b e a u g m e n t e d s i n c e 5 0 % o f t h e N a v y c o n s i s t s a d m
i n i s t r a t i v e a n d o p e r a t i o n a l c o n t r o l o f F O C - i n - C W e s t .

o f c i v i l i a n s .

F O N A c o n t i n u e d t o f u n c t i o n u n d e r t h e d i r e c t c o n t r o l o f N H Q .

•

O c e a n

D e v e l o p m e n t
b e
g i v e n
i m
p o r t a n c e
v i e w
d e f e n c e o f m a r i t i m e a s s e t s .

I n O c t ' 9 6 ,
a p p o i n t m
e n t o f A s s i s t a n t C h i e f o f N a v a l

S t a f f ( S u b m
a r i n e s )

w a s
c r e a t e d
a t

N a v a l

H e a d q u a r t e r s

Developments Between 1990 to 2 0 0 0
t o f u n c t i o n a s s e n i o r s u b m
a r i n e a d v i s o r a t N H Q o n a l l
s u b m
a r i n e m
a t t e r s . H e w
a s t o f u n c t i o n u n d e r C W P & A a n d

’ n c A p r

9 1 ' C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s t i c S u p p o r t ( C L S ) a n d
t a s k e d w i t h c a r e e r p l a n n i n g o f s u b m
a r i n e o f f i c e r s a n d t o

A C L S w e r e r e d e s i g n a t e d a s C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s t i c s ( C O L ) o v e r s e e t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e D
i r e c t o r a t e s o f Subm arines
a n d A s s t C o n t r o l l e r o f L o g i s t i c s ( A C O L ) .

A c q u i s i t i o n ( D S M

A Q ) a n d S h i p S y s t e m
s D e s i g n ( D S S D ) .

I n O c t 9 2 , t h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f A i r c r a f t A c q u i s i t i o n s ( D A A ) T h e

D
i r e c t o r

S u b m
a r i n e

O
p e r a t i o n s

( D S M

O )

w a s
t o
c o n s u l t A C N S ( S u b m
a r i n e ) o n i m
p o r t a n t o p e r a t i o n a l a n

M k 42UB £ T h b6CaT a” SSa HarrierS 3nd SeakinSs
h a d b e e n i n d u c t e d . H o w e v e r , i n N o v ' 9 3 D A A
p o l i c y m
a t t e r s c o n c e r n i n g s u b m
a r i n e s b u t w o u l d f u n c t i o n
w a s r e v i t a l i s e d t o c o p e w i t h n e w i n d u c t i o n s l i k e A L H
u n d e r A C N S ( O p s ) a s h i t h e r t o .

r e p l a c e m e n t s !

° S ’ L C A ( N a v a l v e r s i o n ) a n d t h e I L 3 8

I n

D
e c

' 9 6 ,

C o m
m
o d o r e

S u b m
a r i n e s

COMSUB

( W
e s t / E a s t )

w e r e
r e d e s i g n a t e d
a s

C om m o o i
t h e A n ° P f ( P & C )

Was ad d itional]y t a s k e d t o o v e r s e e C o m m a n d i n g S u b m a r i n e s C O M C O S (W est/East).

t h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f N o n

P u b l i c F u n d s

( D N P F )

a n d
t h e

D i r e c t o r a t e o f P e r s o n n e l S e r v i c e s ( D P S ) i n J a n ' 9 3

A C N S

( O p s )

w a s
a l s o
e n t r u s t e d
t o
t a s k s

I n f o r m
a t i o n W
a r f a r e " ( I W

) a n d w a s r e d e s i g n a t e d a s
u n d e r y \ C O L ^ o T ' n r ? ^ . ° ^ P r o c u r e m e n t ’ D P R O w a s c r e a t e d ( I W

O P S ) i n 1 9 9 7 .

o f s t o r e s a n d s p a r e s l l T
w

T
a

D

™
t ’ a n d d i s p o s a l

A C O M

( S y s )

w a s
r e d e s i g n a t e d

A C O M ( l T & S y ^

1994.

function before, in
a n d
e n t r u s t e d
w i t h
t a s k s
r e l a t e d
t o

S y s t e m ;

S o

S i m u l a t i o n s & I n f o r m
a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y i n M
a i

97

' 9 7 .

a s d
o s «
d
e c

A C O P(CP) w a s r e d e s i g n a t e d a s A C O P (H R D ) i n ^ e P

D O S ( W ) . H o w e v e r ,
k
r .'” 8 ™ " 11 “
w as shifteci to
d e s i g n a t i o n
i s

A u g

'99 a n d d m p
t0 0 n g i n a I

I n A p r '9 8 , t h e H y d r o g r a p h y D e p a r t m e n t w « - —

A C O M ( D & R ) .

8
n d

D M E
w a s

P l a c e d
u n d e r
f u n c t i o n u n d e r D C N S / S B I I . T h e s e n i o r m o s t C ° ° m rliand s h i p i n e v e r y C o m m a n d w a s d e s i g n a t e d a s

01

2 3 8 t r a n sit io n t o g u a rd ia n sh ip

and the second seniorm ost CO as ‘ex officio

R u s s i a n a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r G o r s h k o v a n d a c t i v i t i e s r e l a t i n g t o c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e I n d i g e n o u s A i r D e f e n c e S h i p a t C o c h i n H y d r ° ^ c d H
y d r o O f f i c e r .

Deputy
y

S h i p y a r d .

.

i p n i n a o f t h e S t a g e I I , C o n s u l t a n c y A g r e e m
e n t

I n M
a r 2 0 0 0 , t o d e v o l v e s o m
e o f C O P ' s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ,
t h e a r c h i t e c t s a n d C h i e f E n g i n e e r ( N
a v y ) , K o c h i
t h e C o n t r o l l e r o f P e r s o n n e l S e r v i c e s ( C P S ) w a s c r e a t e d i n t h e b e n v e e , o o

N A V A C P r o j e c t e n t e r e d i t s e x e c u t i o n s t a g e . T o
r a n k o f V i c e A d m i r a l . H e w a s t a s k e d w i t h i s s u e s p e r t a i n i n g i n I a n

’

i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w
e e n P r o j e c t D i r e c t o r , N A V A C
t o s e r v i c e c o n d i t i o n s , w e l f a r e , p a y , p e n s i o n ,
a l l o w
a n c e s
e n S U n N T / N H Q

P

° N A V A C w a s p l a c e d u n d e r c o n t r o l o f
a n d
n o n - p u b l i c
f u n d s
a n d
a l s o
m
a t t e r s
p e r t a i n i n g
t o

J * P e rso n n e l B r a n c h a t N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s w i t h e f f e c t r e c r u i t m
e n t ,
t r a i n i n g ,
d i s c i p l i n e ,
a n d
w e l f a r e
o f
n a v a
from Apr 98.

c i v i l i a n p e r s o n n e l o f l o w e r f o r m
a t i o n s . A C O P ( P & C ) a n

, n M
a v 2 0 0 0 , A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r P r o j e c t ( A C C P ) w a s c r e a t e d A C O P ( C i v ) w e r e t o f u n c t i o n u n d e r h i m . I n a d d i t i o n , h e i s t0 c o o rd in a te a c t i v i t i e s r e l a t i n g t o t h e a c q u i s i t i o n o f t h e t o f u n c t i o n a s t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e A u t h o r i t y o f I N S I n d i a .

Organisation of Naval Headquarters in 2004

D I R E C T O R A T E

A P S O

PSO

C O N T R O L L E R

S u b m
a r i n e A c q u i s i t i o n

A C N S ( S / M

) / F O S M

C W

P A ( C o n t r o l l e r o f W
a r s h i p
j V C N S

P r o d u c t i o n & A c q u i s i t i o n )

( V i c e A d m )

N a v a l A r m
a m
e n t

D G O N A ( D
i r e c t o r G e n o f N a v a l

A r m
a m
e n t )

S h i p S y s t e m D e v e l o p m
e n t
a
c
w
p

&
a

S c i e n t i f i c A
d v i s o r t o C N S

S u r f a c e A c q u i s i t i o n

( R A d m )

S h i p P r o d u c t i o n

I n t e g r a t e d F i n a n c i a l A d v i s o r ( N

)

C o n t r a c t s & C o s t M
a n a g e m
e n t

S u r f a c e S h i p s G r o u p

D
t e s : A d m
i n i s t r a t i o n ,

D G N D

S u b m
a r i n e D e s i g n G r o u p

( R A d m )

N a v a l P r o j e c t s ( D e l h i )

A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r P r o j e c t

A C C P

( R A d m )

N a v a l P l a n s

A C N S ( P &

P )

S t a f f R e q u i r e m
e n t s W
o r k s

( R A d m )

P r o j e c t S e a b i r d

D G ( S E A B I R D )

( R A d m )

D G N A I

N a v a l A r m
a m
e n t I n s p e c t o r a t e

( R A d m )

N a v a l O p e r a t i o n s

A C N S ( I W

O P S )

d c n s

D
t e s : N a v a l I n t e l l i g e n c e

S p e c i a l O p s & D i v i n g

( R A d m )

( V i c e A d m )

O c e a n o l o g y a n d M
e t e o r o l o g y

S u b m
a r i n e O
p e r a t i o n s

S i g n a l s

A i r S t a f f

A C N S ( A I R )

A i r M
a t e r i a l

( R A d m )

Air A cqu isitio n

H ydrography

C H

I E F H Y D R O

( R A d m )

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSH1P

2 3 9

PSO

CONTROLLER

APSO

DIRECTORATE

---- —

COP

DGMS(N)

M
e d i c a l S e r v i c e s

~—

( V i c e A d m )

( V i c e A d m )

CPS

ACOP (P&C)

P e r s o n n e l S e n d e e s

( V i c e A d m )

( R A d m )

E d u c a t i o n

E x - S e r v i c e m
e n A f f a i r s

Dtes: J u d g e A d v o c a t e G e n e r a l

N o n P u b l i c F u n d s

ACOP (CIV)

P a y & A l l o w a n c e s

( R A d m

)

C i v i l i a n P e r s o n n e l

C i v i l i a n P e r s o n n e l S e n d e e s

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m
i t t e e

1

M
a n p o w
e r & R e c r u i t m e n t

ACOP(HRD)

P e r s o n n e l

( R A d m

)

A d v e n t u r e , P h y s i c a l F i t n e s s & S p o r t s

T r a i n i n g
i

DGNAVAC

( R A d m )

COM

ACOM (IT&S)

E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g

( V i c e A d m )

( R A d m

)

W
e a p o n s a n d E q u i p m
e n t

I n f o r m
a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y

P M

G E M

C A A

ACOM(D&R)

N a v a l A r c h i t e c t u r e

!

( R A d m )

F l e e t M
a i n t e n a n c e

D o c k y a r d

M
a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g

COL(Chief Of Logistics)

ACOL

L o g i s t i c s S u p p o r t

( V A d m )

( R A d m )

C l o t h i n g & V i c t u a l l i n g

P r o c u r e m
e n t

T r a n s p o r t

_______

2 4 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

35

Personnel and Talent Management

Introduction

O
f f i c e r s

I n t h e e a r l y 9 0 s , lib e r a lis a tio n o f t h e e c o n o m y r e s u l t e d D e a l i n g w i t h

S h o r t a g e s .

T h r o u g h
t h e

7 0 s
a n d

8 0 s
i n a n
e x o d u s
o f ta le n t tow ard s t h e c o r p o r a t e s e c t o r .

d e c a d e s ,
t h e

N a v y
h a d
m
a d e
u p
i t s
o f f i c e r
s h o r t f a l l

Y o u n g m e n , a c r o s s cla ss strata, r e j e c t e d a l l o t h e r c a r e e r s , t h r o u g h s c h e m
e s l i k e t h e ' R e v i s e d S p e c i a l E n t r y S c h e m
e !

i n f a v o u r o f a s p e c i a l i s a t i o n in B u s i n e s s M a n a g e m e n t o r t h e ' D i r e c t E n t r y S c h e m
e ' a n d t h e ‘ G
r a d u a t e S p e c i a l E n t r y

I n f o r m a t i o n T e c h n o l o g y th a t h e l p e d t h e m s n a g a p l u m S c h e m
e ( G S E S ) ' f o r E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s . H o w e v e r , d e s p i t e j o b i n t h e c o r p o r a t e s e c t o r . F or t h e A r m e d F o r c e s , i t w a s t h e e x i s t i n g s c h e m
e s , i t w a s s t i l l s h o r t b y n e a r l y 1 2 % . I n
a d e m o r a l i s i n g d e v e l o p m
e n t .

A l r e a d y r e e l i n g u n d e r a
t h e l a t e 8 0 s , a d e c i s i o n w a s t a k e n t o i n c r e a s e i n t a k e o f s e v e r e m
a n p o w e r s h o r t a g e , t h e e n t i c i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n o f f i c e r s b y a u g m
e n t i n g l e v e l s t h r o u g h i t s m
a i n c a d e t E n t r y
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e a n d t h e 1 0 + 2 ( T e c h n i c a l )

c a n d i d a t e s o u t s i d e t h e i r f o l d a s t h e y o u n g q u e u e d u p C a d e t E n t r y S c h e m
e .1 M o r e i m p o r t a n t l y p e r h a p s , a d e c i s i o n
f o r j o b s i n c o r p o r a t e o f f i c e s . Q u a l i t y o f i n t a k e s u f f e r e d w a s t a k e n t o s t a r t i n d u c t i n g o f f i c e r s v i a t h e S h o r t S e n d e e g r e a t l y .

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e s .

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o d a t i o n s h o r t a g e s i n
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i n i t i a t i n g n e w
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e d y t h e s i t u a t i o n b y

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e n t . T h e N a v y w
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o r e o v e r ,

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i t e d c a p a c i t y o f t r a i n i n g

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e a n d t h e s e l e c t i o n r a t e w a s a p p r o x i m
a t e l y a b o u t 4
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Ref0r t0 chaPter titled 'Naval Training!

e s t a b l i s h m e n t M a n d o v i w a s o n l y 2 5 0 m a l e a n d 2 0 l a d y T h e n i n 2 0 0 1 , t h e I N c o m m e n c e d i n d u c t i n g
u n d e r t r a i n e e s a n d t h e N D A e n t r y w a s f i x e d a t 4 3 . E f f o r t s t h r o u g h
t h e

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n o m
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t e c h n i c a l g r a d u a t e s i n d u c t e d u n d e r t h e D i r e c t S S C s e t T h e N a v y e x t e n s i v e l y d e b a t e d a n d d e l i b e r a t e d o v e r t h e T h e
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S p e c i a l
i n d u c t i o n o f S h o r t S e r v i c e C o m m i s s i o n e d O f f i c e r s . I t w a s h i g h l i g h t e d t h a t t h e p r o p o s e d s c h e m
e w o u l d y i e l d t h e

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C o u r s e .

£

011
f o l l o w i n g d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e s : -

Induction of SSC

•

I t w o u l d k e e p t h e i n t a k e o f h i g h c o s t c a d e t e n t r y ( X ) . T h e N a v y w a s i n i t i a l l y a v e r s e t o
o f f i c e r s m i n i m a l .

t h e i d e a o f i n t r o d u c i n g S S C f o r E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s , a s i t w a s b e l i e v e d t h a t e x t e n s i v e e x p o s u r e a n d t h o r o u g h g r o u n d i n g

•

Brighten up the promotion prospects of permanent w a s a p r e r e q u i s i t e f o r h o l d i n g a d e c k w a t c h . H o w e v e r *
commissioned officers.

o w i n g t o t h e p l a n n e d d e c o m
m
i s s i o n i n g o f s h i p s d u r i n g t h e

8

•

C u t d o w n o n c o s t o f t r a i n i n g a n d p e n s i o n b i l l .

,h & 9 th p l a n s a n d t h e r e s u l t a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e s a n c t i o n e d s t r e n g t h , t h e N a v y r e v i e w e d i t s s t a n d a n d i n 2 0 0 1 , o p e n e d

•

Short Service Commissioned officers could provide

S S C e n t r y f o r t h e ' X ' B r a n c h t o o .

the padding at the base of the officers' pyramidical
structure at minimum cost.

M
e a n w h i l e ,
j u n i o r
r a n k
b i l l e t s ,
w
h i c h
c o u l d
b e
e a r m
a r k e d
f o r S S C
o f f i c e r s
i n
k e e p i n g
w i t h
t h e i r a b -

The merits were weighed against the scheme's obvious
i n i t i o t r a i n i n g c o m
m
e n s u r a t e w i t h t h e i r s h o r t t e n u r e s ,
demerits that included the assumed shortsightedness w e r e i d e n t i f i e d . T h e y w e r e f o u n d s u i t a b l e f o r in i t i a l and apparent imprudence of spending huge amounts
e m
p l o y m
e n t i n n o n - s p e c i a l i s t b i l l e t s i n m
i n o r w a r v e s s e l s
m training officers for a short career span of 7-10 years
s u c h a s S D B s , L C U , I M S , S N M

S e t c t o g a i n v i t a l e x p e r i e n c e

There were lingering doubts in some quarters of whether i n i n d e p e n d e n t o p e r a t i o n s a t s e a . T h e f i r s t a n d s e c o n d fflcers inducted on a fast-track scheme would be able
b a t c h e s o f S S C X / G

S o f f i c e r s w
e r e i n d u c t e d i n 2 0 0 0 .

dear whpth

± e ™ elZes P r o f e s s i o n a l l y . I t w a s a l s o n o t
c l e a r w h e t h e r s u c h o f f i c e r s w o u l d b e a b l e t o i m m
e r s e

Tenures for SSC Officers. A t t h e t i m e o f i n c e p t i o n , i t w a s
t e n s e , v e s c o m p l e t e l y i n t h e m i l i t a r y e t h o s a n d p r o p e r t y d e c i d e d t o m
a i n t a i n a s t a b l e p o p u l a t i o n o f 2 0 0 S S C o f f i c e r s im bibe service values and traditions.

y w h o w o u l d a c h i e v e m a t u r i t y a f t e r 0 7 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e .

A f t e r a c h i e v i n g t h i s f i g u r e o f 2 0 0 w i t h i n a t i m e f r a m
e o f 1 0

B u t
m t h e l i g h t o f t h e c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t i t f a c e d
t h e
y e a r s , i t w a s d e c i d e d t o r e t i r e 2 0 o f f i c e r s e v e r y y e a r w i t h v a n t a g e s t h a t t h e s c h e m e p r o m i s e d t o a c c r u e s e e m e d t o f a r o u t w e i g h t h e d e m e r i t s

T h e s q r ^

\
s e e m e d
a c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t a k e a t t h e b o t t o m
o f t h e p y r a m
i d a n d

N a v y t h e r p f n r p w

*

s '

l n e
i n d u c t i o n i n t h e
a r e d u c t i o n i n t h e i n t a k e i n t h e N D A a n d N a v a l A c a d e m y .

i v a v y m e r e t o r e , b e c a m e i n e v i t a b l e I n d n r t i n n n f

,
granting Short Service Commission f S S r fn

! V T h e t r a i n i n g p a t t e r n a n d c a r e e r o p t i o n s f o r t h i s c a d r e w e r e s u i t a b l y m o d i f i e d d u e t o t h e i r l i m
i t e d u t i l i t y a n d t h e

^°s^6tavdved:^nS1p r e ^ - ^ i^o^iWa^
f ^ ^ S ^ e h i g h
l e q u i r e m
e n t t o a c h i e v e a l o w c o s t c a d r e .

B u t t h e m
o t i v a t e d S S C o f f i c e r s w
e r e u n w i l l i n g t o l e a v e
additional benefit was A ? w Pr° m0tion structui'e. The
t h e s e r v i c e a t t h e e n d o f 7 - 1 0 y e a r s a n d r e q u e s t s f o r g r a n t such a cadre was likely to d e m ^ S S C ™ ^ 31”'1*1168 ^

o f P C t o S S C o f f i c e r s c a m
e u p t o o o f t e n . A f t e r d e l i b e r a t i o n s
to be increased shamlv t n 7 t u
ke Was Planned
i t w a s d e c i d e d t o g r a n t P C t o m
a l e S S C o f f i c e r s o n l y i n

SSC. With enhanceTintake^of SSC6offl°40ratiOOfthePC:

e x c e p t i o n a l l y o u t s t a n d i n g c a s e s , a m
o u n t i n g t o 1 0 % a i m e d
o f f i c e r s a t j u n i o r r a n k s i n c r e a s e d .

a v a i l a b i l i t y o f
a t e n h a n c i n g t h e i r m
o t i v a t i o n a l l e v e l a n d c o m m i t m e n t to
t h e s e r v i c e .

Induction in Support Functions nffi
inducted into the Education i

•
lcers were

F o r t h e o t h e r s w h o c o u l d n o t b e g r a n t e d a p e r m a n e n t

Air Traffic Controller and Law

HydroS ^
c o m
m
i s s i o n ,
t h e
i n i t i a l
e n g a g e m
e n t
o f

7 y e a r s w a s
schem e, in 1991. The Direct Entry S S r 5' !

gh the SSC
e x t e n d e d t o 7 + 2 + 1 + 4 , t o t a l l i n g t o

1 4 y e a r s . A p r o p o s a l
of Engineering and Electrical h
u Scheme for officers
f o r
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e n t
o f

S S C
o f f i c e r s
o n
a

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w

, s i n t r o d u c e d i n ) [ p r 2o o ^ ,

S °

' , h '

a g a i n s t t h e e x i s t i n g 7 + 2+ 1 p e r i o d w a s t a k e n u p w i t h the
o v e r n m
e n t . S i n c e t h e e n g a g e m
e n t o f S S C o f f i c e r s v \ a s

2 4 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

d g r a d u a l l y f r o m

7 t o

1 4 y e a r s , t h e y w e r e a l s o
a n d i t w a s d e c i d e d t o i n t r o d u c e s t r i n g e n t a n d s p e c i f i c increase
v a r i 0 u s p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u r s e s w i t h i n
t h e
n o r m
s f o r t h e i r s e l e c t i o n f o r t h e i m
p o r t a n t a n d d e m
a n d i n g
r o n s i d e i L
t a s k o f C o m
m
a n d e r ( E / L ) o n b o a r d s h i p . A c c o r d i n g l y , i t

NaVy s u b s e q u e n t l y .

w a s d e c i d e d t o m a k e t h e s e l e c t i o n m
e r i t b a s e d f o r o f f i c e r s
c l i o n o f S S C L a d y o f f i c e r s - T i U 1 9 9 2 ' l a d i e s w e r e w h o f u l f i l l e d t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a :

IU tied to jo in in th e A rm e d F o r c e s o n ly in th e M e d ica l

Permlh Th e n in ju l 1 9 9 2 , th e N avy s ta r te d in d u c tin g a sp irin g
o

P a s t e x p e r i e n c e o f a t l e a s t t w o s e a d u t y t e n u r e s .

BiallC

SSC o ffic e rs , fo r th e firs t tim e in th e E d u c a tio n
o

A b o v e a v e r a g e r e c o r d o f s e r v i c e .

'ad nch and Law /Logistics C a d re s o f th e E x e c u tiv e B ra n c h .

JT s n e c ia l sta tu s w as c o n f e r r e d o n w o m e n fo r e n try a p a rt e

Q u a l i f y i n g P r o f e s s i o n a l M
a n a g e m
e n t E x a m
i n a t i o n .

‘from som e m o d ific a tio n s in th e S S B te s ts lik e C T O tasks,

OIR and Psychological te s ts . T h e y c o m p e te d w ith SS m e n

C o m
m
a n d a t S e a
on open m e rit a n d v a c a n c ie s w e r e fille d in o r d e r o f m e rit,

I n t h e m i d ' 9 0 s , t h e r e w a s a p r o b l e m
o f s e l e c t i o n o f
b a s e d o n m a r k s o b t a i n e d i n S S B .

o f f i c e r s f o r C o m
m
a n d a t s e a . T h e N a v y ' s p r e d i c a m
e n t l a y
i n t h e e v e r - i n c r e a s i n g n u m
b e r o f o f f i c e r s c o m
i n g u p f o r

I n 1 9 9 2 , t h e r e w e r e 2 4 v a c a n c i e s t o b e f i l l e d o n o p e n m e i i t
s e l e c t i o n t o t h e r a n k o f C d r a n d C a p t , e v e n a s t h e b i l l e t s f o r m a le a n d f e m a l e c a n d i d a t e s . O f t h e s e , w o m e n f i l l e d
a v a i l a b l e a t s e a f o r C o m
m
a n d s r e m
a i n e d r e l a t i v e l y s t a t i c .

2 2 v a c a n c i e s a n d m
e n o c c u p i e d o n l y 0 2 . S u b s e q u e n t l y ,

A v i e w t h e r e f o r e , n e e d e d t o b e t a k e n w
h e t h e r o n l y t h e v e r y

A i r T r a f f i c C o n t r o l d u t i e s w e r e i d e n t i f i e d a s a n a d d i t i o n a l b e s t h a d t o b e s e l e c t e d f o r c o m
m
a n d s a t s e a . T h e s e r v i c e
a v e n u e f o r t h e e m
p l o y m
e n t o f w
o m
e n
o f f i c e r s . A c c o r a l s o m u l l e d t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f a M
a j o r W
a r s h i p C o m
m
a n d
d i n g l y , G o v e r n m
e n t s a n c t i o n w a s o b t a i n e d i n e a r l y ' 9 2 f o r

C o u r s e ( M

W

C C ) i n t h e r a n k o f C d r a s s o c i a t e d w i t h a n
w o m e n e n t r y t h r o u g h t h e D E S S C s c h e m
e f o r A T C d u t i e s
e x a m
i n a t i o n
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o f s t r i n g e n t
c r i t e r i a
a n d i n d u c t i o n b e g a n i n 1 9 9 3 . I t w a s s o o n r e a l i s e d t h a t S S C
f o r s e l e c t i o n o f o f f i c e r s f o r v a r i o u s t y p e s o f c o m m
a n d s .

w a s a v e r y a t t r a c t i v e e n t r y s c h e m
e f o r w o m
e n . B y 1 9 9 6 ,

F i n a l l y , t h e f o l l o w i n g c r i t e r i a e m
e r g e d : t h e s e l e c t i o n f o r s e a
t h e S S C l a d y o f f i c e r s i n t h e N a v y i n c r e a s e d t o 7 1 a n d w e r e c o m
m
a n d w a s t o b e m
e r i t b a s e d f r o m
o f f i c e r s w
h o f u l f i l l e d
a n t i c i p a t e d t o r i s e t o 1 3 0 i n 2 0 0 2 .

t h e f o l l o w i n g M
i n i m u m S e a D u t y C r i t e r i a : -

Y e a r

L o g

E d

L a w

A T C

T o t a l
o

S h o u l d
h a v e
h e l d
a t l e a s t
t w o
s e a
d u t y
t e n u r e s

22
i n v o l v i n g
i n d e p e n d e n t
w
a t c h
k e e p i n g
d u t i e s
f o r

1 9 9 2

10

9

3

—

N o n - P C E C o m
m
a n d f o r L t s / L t C d r s .

1 9 9 3

6

4

—

3

1 3

.

T o h a v e h e l d a t l e a s t t w o s e a d u t y t e n u r e s i n v o l v i n g 1 9 9 4

2

2

4

6

1 4
i n d e p e n d e n t w
a t c h k e e p i n g d u t i e s a n d q u a l i f i e d

10

1 9 9 5

6

1

—

3
i n

M
a j o r

W
a r s h i p

C o m
m
a n d

C o u r s e
f o r

P C E

1 9 9 6

12

4

5

—

3

C o m
m
a n d f o r L t C d r s .

____________

71____________

•

T o h a v e d o n e a t l e a s t t h r e e s e a d u t y t e n u r e s ,
o f
w h i c h o n e s h o u l d b e a s H e a d o f D
e p t / S u b - D
e p t f o r

M a n y i n t h e s e r v i c e w
a t c h e d t h e e n t r y o f l a d i e s w i t h i n
t h e f o l d o f t h e N a v y , w
h i c h w
a s c o n s i d e r e d a m
a l e b a s t i o n ,

C a t e g o r y A ' C o m
m
a n d f o r C o m
m
a n d e r s .

^ t h s k e p t i c i s m . T h e N H Q a n d t h e C o m
m
a n d s e v o l v e d

.

S h o u l d h a v e d o n e a t l e a s t t h r e e s e a d u t y t e n u r e s f o r a s y s t e m a t i c a c t i o n p l a n b y w h i c h , p e r s o n n e l w e r e f i i s t C a t e g o r y ' B ' C o m
m
a n d f o r C o m
m
a n d e r s .

^ a d e a w a r e o f a n d t h e n p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y p r e p a r e d f o r t h e i n d u c t i o n o f w
o m
e n o f f i c e r s . T r a i n i n g c a p s u l e o n G e n d e r

.

D o n e a t l e a s t f o u r s e a d u t y t e n u r e s , o n e o f w
h i c h i s
t o b e c o m
m
a n d a t s e a a s a C d r o r a s X O
o f a C a p i t a l

J - n s i t i s a t i o n a n c ^ s t a t e d i s s u e s w
e r e i n c l u d e d a t B T E ,
a n d o v i a n d S h i v a j i . E x h a u s t i v e t r a i n i n g c a p s u l e s w e r e s h i p ( c o m
m
a n d e d b y a C a p t a i n )

f o r C a t e g o r y ' A '

i n d u c t e d f o r o f f i c e r s i n p r o f e s s i o n a l s c h o o l s l i k e C L A B S .

C o m
m
a n d f o r C a p t a i n s . T h e y s h o u l d a d d i t i o n a l l y
t i S o '

d e s s e s a n d l i v i n g s p a c e s w
e r e g e a r e d u p t o m a k e
h a v e d o n e t h e N H C C a n d q u a l i f i e d i n M
a j o r W
a r s h i p
t h e *
c o m f o r t a b l e .

C o m
m
a n d C o u r s e .

S h o u l d h a v e d o n e a t l e a s t f o u r s e a d u t y t e n u r e s , o n e T i r ^ g ^ ° n ^ T
e c h n i c a l O
f f i c e r s f o r C o m
m
a n d e r ' s S e a
o f w h i c h i s c o m
m
a n d a t s e a a s a C d r o r a s ‘ X O

' o f a

C a p i t a l s h i p f o r C a t e g o r y ' B ' C o m
m
a n d f o r C a p t a i n s .

o f f *
t h e p o l i c y f o r m
a n d a t o r y s e a t i m
e f o r t e c h n i c a l

T h e y s h o u l d a d d i t i o n a l l y h a v e d o n e t h e N H C C a n d e r s o f t h e r a n k o f C o m
m
a n d e r w
a s r e v i e w e d a t N H Q

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 4 3

qualified in M ajor Warship Com m and Course.

e x a m
s ‘ p a r s e ’ a n d e l e c t e d n o t t o t a k e t h e s a m
e d
a l l p e r s u a s i o n s , a l o n g w i t h b e i n g u n f a i r t o I f e w f 8?3110

The other criteria were com m on and applied across all
ranks o f officers chosen for Com m and:-
o f f i c e r s w h o i n t h e p a s t w
e r e w
a s t e d o n a c c o u n t
f

*
h a v i n g q u a l i f i e d t h e e x a m

. T h e r e q u i r e m
e n t o f p
a
s s i n
g

•

Overall record to be high to above average, with

C o m
m
a n d E x a m
w a s t h e r e f o r e , r e a f f i r m
e d a n d n o t d i l T i t n
above average perform ance in sea billets.

i n a n y w a y .

e c l

•

Should have been recom m ended for com m and

Promotions
from sea billets.

T h e s y s t e m o f p r o m
o t i o n s i n t h e 9 0 s h a d , b y a n d l a r g e

•

Should have passed Com m and Exam.

w o r k e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . B u t t h e r e w
e r e s o m
e c o n c e r n s o f i t s

•

Possess high leadership qualities.

h e a v y r e l i a n c e
o n n u m
e r i c a l
a s s e s s m
e n t .

N e v e r t h e l e s s
t h e o v e r a l l c o n c e p t o f t h e p r o m
o t i o n s y s t e m
w a s b a s e d o n

It was also decided that:-
c o m
p a r a t i v e m
e r i t a n d t h e n u m
b e r o f o f f i c e r s c l e a r e d w a s
g e n e r a l l y c o m
m
e n s u r a t e w i t h t h e n u m
b e r o f v a c a n c i e s

• . Command exam ination was to b e m ad e m ore
exacting.

a v a i l a b l e , b a s e d o n a l o n g - t e r m
p e r s p e c t i v e .

T h e

P e r s o n n e l

B r a n c h
i d e n t i f i e d
p a r a m
e t e r s o t h e r

•

The tenure in Com m and was to be o f about 1 8
t h a n
n u m
e r i c ,
w
h i c h
c o u l d
b e
a s s i g n e d
w e i g h t a g e
months duration with a proviso to ensure 9 m onths
operational time.

d e p e n d i n g
o n
t h e i r
i m
p o r t a n c e

( l i k e
h o n o u r s
a n d
a w a r d s , p e r f o r m
a n c e i n c o u r s e s , e t c ) . T h e d e s i r a b i l i t y

•

Scope o f the PCT course was increased to include
o f m
a i n t a i n i n g a n o n y m
i t y o f o f f i c e r s b e i n g c o n s i d e r e d
specific com m and functions such as adm inistration,
b y t h e

P r o m
o t i o n

B o a r d
w
a s
a l s o
d e b a t e d .

A n o t h e r
law, leadership, tactics, etc.

a s p e c t c o n c e r n e d i n t r o d u c t i o n o f g r a d e d w e i g h t a g e t o a s s e s s m
e n t o f 1 0 , R O a n d S R O .

T h e C o m m a n d E x a m

D e b a t e

Since its inception in the early 70s, the C om m and

A f t e r d e l i b e r a t i o n , i t w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t , b y a n d l a r g e , t h e
s y s t e m

w o r k e d
f i n e
a n d
n o
m
a j o r
c h a n g e s
w e r e
exam had been a pre-requisite for selection o f officer for
n e c e s s a r y e x c e p t t h a t f o r t h e s y s t e m
t o b e p e r c e i v e d a s f a i r ,

S D

R / T r n / i M
c 83 i f Xc 6 p t f ° r 3 f e w m i n o r w a r v e s s e l s l i k e a n o n y m
i t y c o u l d b e i n t r o d u c e d f o r t h e P r o m
o t i o n B o a r d s

S

° B / L C U I ^

a l l

S e a

C o m m a n d s
w e r e
e n t r u s t e d
t o

( 2 &

3 ) .

o f f i c e r s w h o h a d ' p a s s e d t h e c o m
m
a n d e x a m

’ a n d w h o s e
track record was above average.

Promotion to Captain Rank

I n t h e 9 0 s , t h e r e w a s a n o p i n i o n e x p r e s s e d i n s o m e B y t h e
m
i d 9 0 s ,
p r o m
o t i o n s i n
t h e
s e l e c t i o n g r a d e
r a n k s w e r e b a s e d o n a f i v e - y e a r d y n a m
i c p e r s p e c t i v e -

' S u o T
s n

T

^

-C h a n § e d m a r i t i m e e n v i r o n m
e n t o f

S o I

„ f f l P

T

°
n :

t W s

P h i l 0 S ° P h y
n e e d e d
r e v i e w
p l a n n i n g m
o d e l w
h e r e a v a i l a b l e v a c a n c i e s w
e r e a v e r a g e d

3
o v e r a f i v e - y e a r p e r i o d . A p r o b l e m
h o w e v e r , s t i l l e x i s t e d

8 ° 0 d r e C ° r d ° f S 6 r V i C e a n d P r ° f e s s i o n a l
i n t h e r a n k o f C a p t a i n . A s p e r t h e o l d p o l i c y , o f f i c e r s g r a n t e d a c t i n g r a n k a s C a p t a i n , g o t c o n f i r m
e d w i t h i n a
s c s s s s s — put r° " y e a r. H o w e v e r, a s p e r th e n e w m o d e l, a n a c tin g u n p a id C a p t a i n w a s c o n f i r m
e d o n l y a f t e r a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s , w h i c h
s o m
e t i m
e s p e a k e d t o f i v e y e a r s . D u e t o t h i s , m
a n y o f f i c e r s
f o u n d t h e m
s e l v e s i n t h e u n e n v i a b l e p o s i t i o n o f h a v i n g

, p p e „

, o , u

, %

° r w e r e
t o c o n t i n u e o n t h e r a n k o f p a i d A c t i n g C a p t a i n a t a n a g e w h e n t h e y s h o u l d h a v e b e e n c o n s t i t u t e d C o m
m
o d o r e s .

» * > “ »

» » i v «

T h e a g e p r o f i l e o f C o m
m
o d o r e s a l s o
s h i f t e d w i t h t h e
m o i i v a r e d a n d s h o w a l a c k o f

S t e P ' a p p e a r
c o n s e q u e n c e t h a t s o m
e s u p e r a n n u a t e d e v e n b e f o r e t h e y
p o l i c i e s .

T h e
a u t h o r i t i p c
n s i s t e n c y i n p e r s o n n e l
c o u l d b e c o n s i d e r e d f o r p r o m
o t i o n . H
e n c e m
a n y b i l l e ^
p . r c e l v e d “

; r
o

„
r

“ T
h

S

?

*

“

"

W “
l d
o f C o m
m
a n d e r s w
e r e f i l l e d w i t h o f f i c e r s i n t h e r a n k o

A g u n p a i d C a p t a i n s . T h i s i n t u r n a f f e c t e d t h e p r o m o t i o n
p r o s p e c t s f o r L t C d r s a n d C d r s .

w a y w a r d
w h o

“

“

’ “

^
d

T h e e s s e n t i a l c a u s e s f o r t h e n o n - p r o m
o t i o n o f a c t i n g

2 4 4
t r a n s it io n ™ g u a r d ia n sh ip

T h e F i f t h P a y C o m m i s s i o n , i n i t s p r o p o s a l s , i n c l u d e d unpaid C a p ta i n s w e r e : -
c r e a t i o n o f a s e n i o r i n t e g r a t e d p a y s c a l e f o r t h e r a n k s o f m
l c u l a t i o n s
o f
v a c a n c i e s
w
e r e
b a s e d
o n
t h e

C o m
m
o d o r e t o V i c e A d m i r a l . 1T h i s m
a d e i t i n c u m
b e n t f o r t h e

•
u j n p t i o n t h a t t h e N a v y w o u l d g r o w a t a n a v e r a g e s e r v i c e t o f a l l i n l i n e w i t h t h e o t h e r t w o S e r v i c e s b y m a k i n g r a t e o f 1 % P e r a n n u m

' w
h e r e a s t h e g r o w t h r a t e h a s

C o m
m
o d o r e a s e l e c t i o n g r a d e r a n k w i t h f o r m a l s e l e c t i o n b e e n v i r t u a l l y z e r o .

p r o c e d u r e s . T h e P a y C o m
m
i s s i o n a l s o r e c o m
m
e n d e d a n
i n c r e a s e i n t h e a g e o f s u p e r a n n u a t i o n b y t w o y e a r s . I n t h e Actual p re m a tu re r e tir e m e n t s w e re le s s e r th a n
f i x e d v a c a n c y p o s i t i o n , w h i c h t h e n e x i s t e d , t h i s w o u l d g o a n t i c i p a t e d .

o n t o f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e t h e s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e s a n d m a k e

S e t t i n g u p o f F i f t h P a y C o m
m
i s s i o n h a d c a u s e d a
t h e s o l u t i o n m
o r e d i f f i c u l t .

s m a l l r e d u c t i o n i n o u t g o , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n X B r a n c h .

T h e d e c i s i o n t o c o n s t i t u t e ' C o m
m
o d o r e ' a s a s e p a r a t e
r a n k
w a s
n o t
i m
m
e d i a t e l y
i m
p l e m
e n t e d
p e n d i n g
t h e

C o m m o d o r e / C a p t a in R a n k S t r u c t u r e
i m
p l e m
e n t a t i o n o f t h e P a y C o m
m
i s s i o n a w a r d . H o w e v e r ,

T h e u n i q u e f e a t u r e s o f t h e C o m m o d o r e / C a p t a i n r a n k a t r a n s i t i o n p e r i o d w a s c a t e r e d f o r a s i t w a s b e l i e v e d t h a t s t r u c t u r e
a l s o
c o n t r i b u t e d
to th e c a d r e m a n a g e m e n t
t i m
e w o u l d b e n e e d e d t o s t a b i l i s e t h e o v e r b e a r i n g i n t h e p r o b l e m s . U n l i k e t h e A r m
y a n d A i r F o r c e , t h e N a v y d i d
r a n k . N o n e t h e l e s s , o f f i c e r s a l r e a d y d r a w i n g t h e r a n k p a y n o t h a v e C o m
m
o d o r e a s a S e l e c t i o n G r a d e r a n k . I t w a s
o f C o m
m
o d o r e s c o n t i n u e d t o d o s o u n t i l s u p e r a n n u a t i o n .

p r o p o s e d t o i n t r o d u c e C o m
m
o d o r e a s a s e l e c t i o n g i a d e

S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
t h e
p r o p o s a l
t o
m a k e

' C o m
m
o d o r e
a
r a n k . T h i s w a s t o c o m
e i n e f f e c t f r o m

0 1 J a n 9 9 . T h e N a v y ,
s e l e c t i o n g r a d e r a n k w a s d r o p p e d .

a t t h a t t i m e , h a d a t o t a l o f a b o u t 3 5 4 v a c a n c i e s f o r C a p t a i n s a n d C o m m o d o r e s w i t h n o c l e a r d e m
a r c a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e

P r o m
o t i o n t o F l a g R a n k
t w o r a n k s . T h e t i m
e b o u n d p r o g r e s s i o n f r o m C a p t a i n t o

T h e

9 0 s
d e c a d e
w i t n e s s e d
s e v e r a l
c h a n g e s
i n
t h e

C o m m o d o r e s t o o k t h r e e y e a r s . T h e r e s u l t i n g i m
b a l a n c e s i n
c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e s e r v i c e o f F l a g O f f i c e r s i n w h i c h , a t
t h e r a n k r e s u l t e d i n d e l a y i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n o f C o m m
o d o r e s
t i m e s , e x t e n s i o n s w e r e g i v e n t o s o m
e F l a g O f f i c e r s a n d
t o f o u r y e a r s . T h e s e r v i c e t h e r e f o r e , f o u n d i t s e l f h a v i n g t w o s o m
e t i m
e s r u l e s w e r e c h a n g e d t o i n c r e a s e t h e t e n u r e o t t y p e s o f C o m
m
o d o r e s o n i t s r o l l s :

R e a r A d m
i r a l s A ' i c e A d m i r a l s t o 4 y e a r s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e i n c l u s i o n o f a n e w r u l e r e g a r d i n g t h e t e n u r e o f C - i n - C s .

•

S u b s t a n t i v e

C
o m
m
o d o r e s .

C o n s t i t u t e d

C o m
m
o d o r e s , w
h o i n a d d i t i o n t o r a n k p a y ,
a l s o

T h e f l e x i b l e a p p l i c a t i o n o f r u l e s p u t c e r t a i n o f f i c e r s a t e n j o y e d t h e p r i v i l e g e s o f t h e r a n k .

a d i s a d v a n t a g e a s f a r a s r e t i r e m
e n t a g e w
a s c o n c e r n e d .

T h i s
w a s
e s p e c i a l l y
t r u e
f o r
o f f i c e r s
m

t h e

E x e c u t i v e

•

C D A C o m
m
o d o r e s . C a p t a i n s w h o h a d a t t a i n e d a

B r a n c h p r o m
o t e d t o F l a g R a n k b e f o r e t h e a g e o f 5 0
w
h o
s e n i o r i t y o f t h r e e y e a r s i n t h e r a n k . T h e y r e c e i v e d t h e n r e t i r e d a t t h e s a m
e a g e a s C a p t a i n s / C o m
m
o d o r e s .

t h e r a n k p a y o f a C o m
m
o d o r e , b u t f o r a l l i n t e n t s a n d

M
o r e o v e r , t h o s e o f f i c e r s w h o d i d n o t m
a k e i t i n t h e f i r s t
p u r p o s e s c o n t i n u e d t o b e C a p t a i n s .

l o o k w e r e a l r e a d y 5 2 y e a r s o f a g e b y t h e t i m
e t h e y g o t t o

F e e d b a c k r e c e i v e d h i g h l i g h t e d t h e d i s t i n c t a d v a n t a g e s t h e i r t h i r d a n d c o u l d r e t i r e a t 5 6 . T h u s , a s y s t e m e x i s t e d
i n w h i c h a n o f f i c e r m
e r i t i n g p r o m
o t i o n l a t e r g o t t o s e r v e

° f c o n s t i t u t i n g ' C o m
m
o d o r e ' a s r a n k : -
l o n g e r T o r e m
e d y t h e a n o m
a l y , i t w a s r e c o m
m
e n d e d t h a t

*

T h e r e l e a s e
o f C o m
m
a n d e r s v a c a n c i e s
o c c u p i e d
t h e N a v y f a l l i n l i n e w i t h t h e A r m
y o n a p r o g r e s s i v e b a s i s
b y

A c t i n g
u n p a i d

C a p t a i n s
w o u l d
i m
p r o v e
t h e
a n d t h e r e t i r e m
e n t a g e o f R e a r A d m
i r a l s b e m
a d e 5 6 y e a r s

P r o m
o t i o n F a c t o r f o r L i e u t e n a n t C o m
m
a n d e i s .

a n d V i c e A d m i r a l s 5 8 y e a r s i r r e s p e c t i v e o f t e n u r e s .

Officers w ould b e p ro m o te d to th e substantive rank

T h e p r o p o s a l w a s e x a m
i n e d a n d i n 1 9 9 3 , w a s a p p r o v e d

Captain w ithin o n e y e a r o f b ein g p laced on the
h v t h e M
o D , b u t c o u l d n o t b e i m
p l e m
e n t e d a s t h e f i l e w
a s

Select List.

w i t h d r a w n b y N H Q . S u b s e q u e n t l y i n 1 9 9 9 , a G o l d i r e c t i v e w a s p r o m
u l g a t e d t h a t e n h a n c e d t h e a g e s o f r e t i r e m
e n t

A c t i n g u n p a i d p r o m
o t i o n s c o u l d b e d i s c o n t i n u e d .

R e a r A d m i r a l s t o 5 8 a n d V i c e A d m
i r a l s t o 6 0 . T h e o r d e r

P r o m
o t i o n

F a c t o r
f o r

C a p t a i n s
t o

Com m odores
c h a n g e d t h e e x i s t i n g r e g u l a t i o n o f t e n u r e - b a s e d r e t i r e m e n t
c ů l d i m
p r o v e a n d s t a b i l i s e a t a b o u t 8 5 %

.

f o r V / R A d m s a n d m
a d e i t t i m
e - b a s e d . A s p e r t h e n e w

d i r e c t i v e , F l a g O f f i c e r s w e r e t o r e t i r e o n a c h i e v i n g t h e a g e The a g e i n g i n th e r a n k s of C a p t a i n s cou ld be
o f s u p e r a n n u a t i o n .

r e v e r s e d .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 4 5

Criteria Appointment for Flag Rank

.

O f f i c e r s w o u l d t h e r e a f t e r s e r v e i n v a r i o u s

/ u

T h e s u b j e c t r e g a r d i n g t h e l a y i n g d o ™
o f Q R s f o r s e n i o r
a p p o i n t
m
e n t s b o t h i n m
a r i n e e n g i n P P H
o t e

F l a g a p p o i n t m e n t s a n d i d e n t i f y i n g a p p o i n t m e n t s , w h i c h e l e c t r i c a l f i e l d s f o r 2 t o 3 y e a r s .

u n g a n d
c o u l d b e c l a s s i f i e d a s ' c r i t e r i a a p p o i n t t n e n t s , ' w a s d i s c u s s e d

.

A f t e r 5 t o 6 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e , o f f i c e r s w o u ld h a t s u c c e s s i v e f o r u m s d u r i n g t h e e a r l y 9 0 s .

D u r i n g t h e
s e l e c t e d f o r p o s t - g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s a n d o t h e r i d i s c u s s i o n s i t w a s w i d e l y f e l t t h a t i t w o u l d b e i m p r a c t i c a l t o c o u r s e s . T h e r e a f t e r , t h e y w ill b e e m p l o y e d in n

8
n o m i n a t e c e r t a i n a p p o i n t m e n t s a s ' c r i t e r i a a p p o i n t m e n t s '

t h a t w o u l d p r o g r e s s i v e l y b e c o n v e r t e d L t

C

a s t h i s w o u l d s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t t h e f l e x i b i l i t y o f t h e N a v y a s a n b a s e d d e m a r c a t i o n , r a t h e r t h a n d i s c i p l i n e - W r i
o r g a n i s a t i o n a n d i t s s e n i o r o f f i c e r s a s r e g a r d s t h e i r f u t u r e demarcation.

cl
e m p l o y a b i l i t y a s w e l l a s c a r e e r a n d p r o m o t i o n p r o s p e c t s .

S e n i o r a p p o i n t m e n t s w e r e t o b e n o r m a l l y d e c i d e d m o r e

I t w a s i n i t i a l l y f e l t t h a t t h e m
e r g e r w a s a w o r k a b l e i d e n
o n t h e b a s i s o f a n o f f i c e r ' s v i s i o n , l e a d e r s h i p , m a t u r i t y a n d

H o w e v e r ,
t h e p r o m
o t i o n
p r o s p e c t s
o f o f f i c e r s
c a r r y i n g
p o t e n t i a l
f o r s h o u l d e r i n g a d d e d
r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

M
e r e l y
o u t E & L d u t i e s w e r e a c a u s e f o r c o n c e r n . I t w a s a l s o f e l t h o l d i n g o f a n u m b e r o f s p e c i a l i s t a p p o i n t m e n t s a t l o w e r t h a t a n o u t r i g h t m
e r g e r o f t h e t w o b r a n c h e s w o u l d l e a d
l e v e l s d i d n o t n e c e s s a r i l y g i v e a n o f f i c e r a b e t t e r c l a i m f o r t o d r a s t i c c h a n g e s i n t h e f u n c t i o n a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e h i g h e r - l e v e l a p p o i n t m e n t s .

E & L b r a n c h e s . T h e p r o p o s a l w
a s f i n a l l y s h e l v e d .

Selection of Technical Officer for Senior Appointment

Study on 'Unrestricted Line Surface W arfare Officers'

I n 1 9 9 3 , N H Q d e c i d e d t o i n t r o d u c e a F l a g B o a r d f o r I n

1 9 9 3 ,
a
s t u d y
w a s
c a r r i e d
o u t
a t

N H Q
o n
t h e
s e l e c t i o n o f t e c h n i c a l o f f i c e r s f o r a p p o i n t m e n t s a s G M
i n t r o d u c t i o n o f ' U n r e s t r i c t e d L i n e O f f i c e r s ’ c o n c e p t o n t h e (

) , G M ( T ) a t N D ( B ) / N D ( V ) , C m d e S u p d t a t N S R Y ( C ) l i n e s o f t h e U S N a v y . T h e s t u d y w a s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e X , E
rw

COs Shivaji' Valsura' Tunir and Kalinga and

& L o f f i c e r s o f t h e s u r f a c e N a v y . T h e s t u d y t e a m e x a m i n e d

Oi/c MGTOC. Selection for the above appointments was to
m
a n n i n g , t r a i n i n g a n d c a r e e r p r o f i l e f o r t h e U R L S u r f a c e W
a r f a r e O f f i c e r ( S W

O ) , i d e n t i f i e d s p e c i a l i s a t i o n s f o r l a t e r a l
c o n X i o n

Sed"

3 P° 01 ° f ° fficers fuIfilling e l i g i b i l i t y
t r a n s i t i o n t o ' R e s t r i c t e d L i n e ' a n d ' G e n e r a l U n r e s t r i c t e d L i n e c a d r e s a n d i d e n t i f i e d c r o s s t r a i n i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r

•

Overall record of above average.

e x i s t i n g E x e c u t i v e a n d T e c h n i c a l o f f i c e r s .

Completed at least one afloat tenure on board

Camer/Destroy er/Frigate/other Fleet Ship or in a

T h e U R L S u r f a c e W
a r f a r e o f f i c e r c a d r e w a s t o c o m p r i s e

Submarine/Submarine Squadron.

o f f o l l o w i n g s p e c i a l i s a t i o n : -

‘ Z lZ T JJor com"and ashore/,or “ “ s'

• Operations.

C onsisting
o f

C o m
m
u n i c a t i o n ,

Navigation and Tactical asp ects o f surface warfare.

• Weapons. Com prising officers responsible for

Com bat Systems consisting o f w eapons and sensors
on board ships.

taE L ?

Pr0,“sl“

'

•

Engineering. C o m p r i s i n g o f f i c e r s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

P r o p u l s i o n , C o n t r o l s y s t e m
s , P o w
e r G e n e r a t i o n a n d

D i s t r i b u t i o n a n d N B C D .

I n a d d i t i o n t o S W

O c a d r e , U R L w
a s a l s o t o h a v e t h e

Proposed Merger of E&L Branches
f o l l o w i n g c a d r e s : -

• General URL Cadre. Com prising of officers who
specialise in shore management and suppolt
functions like Logistics,

Education,

P ro v o s t,

Meteorology, O ceanography, etc.

'

2 S p h L ° * C e ,S 10 d0

■ » , h ,

• Restricted Line Cadre. Comprising of Naval

Constructors and NAIO and vertically specialised
w e r e t o s p
e

S

E

“

M
o
l s ' d
f

° m
c e r s
technical officers. This cadre would provide office1^
for acquisition, construction, m ain ten an ce an
m odernisation o f ships, com bat/w eapon system^
sensors, etc in addition to the R & D effort.

2 4 6

TRANSITION to GUARDJANSi-up

p r o p o s e d s t u d y , a b - i n i t i o t r a i n i n g w a s i n c r e a s e d C m
d e / C a p t

3 5 7

I n
f P

a n c j t l i r u s t w a s l a i d o n ' H
a n d s O n ' t r a i n i n g a t

C d r

1120
t
noosed t r i m m i n g o f S L T ( T e c h ) , S p e c i a l i s t a n d
c p f l . I t
i
other a c a d e m ic c o u r s e s .

L t C d r & B e l o w

5 6 8 9

T o t a l
con cep t w as d e b a te d in te n s iv e ly , b u t s e e m e d to o

7 2 1 7
radical to be im p le m e n te d rig h t aw ay.

S u b C a d r e M
a n a g e m
e n t

R e v i t a l i s a t i o n o f t h e S p e c i a l D
u t i e s C a d r e . I n t h e l a t e

S u c c e s s i v e p r o m
o t i o n b o a r d s i n t h e l a t e 9 0 s b r o u g h t

8 0 s Gf h e N a v y d e b a t e d
d i e r e v i t a l i s a t i o n o f S D O f f i c e r s '

o u t
t h e
n e e d
t o
r e s o r t
t o
a c t i v e
c a d r e
m
a n a g e m
e n t .

Training. I t w a s w i d e l y f e l t t h a t t r a i n i n g g i v e n t o t h e S u b s e q u e n t l y ,
s u b
c a d r e
m
a n a g e m
e n t
w a s
b r o u g h t
i n
o f f i c e r s d u r i n g
t h e i r
p o s t
p r o m
o t i o n
c o u r s e s
w a s
n o t
f o r c e f o r N A I , I - I y d r o a n d L o g i s t i c s c a d r e o f t h e X b r a n c h .

adequate e n o u g h t o p r e p a r e t h e m f o r t a k i n g o v e r t h e w i d e I t w a s t h e n r e a l i s e d t h a t t h e r e w e r e a n u m
b e r o f o t h e r s u b
r a n g e o f d u t i e s t h a t w e r e e x p e c t e d f r o m t h e m

. A s a r e s u l t ,
s p e c i a l i s a t i o n s l i k e L a w a n d A T C f o r w h i c h , t h e p r o c e d u r e e m p l o y m e n t w a s r e s t r i c t e d t o t h e i r n a r r o w p r o f e s s i o n a l h a d t o b e i n t r o d u c e d . R a t i o n a l i s a t i o n o f t h e L a w c a d r e w a s f i e l d s .

I t w a s
t h u s ,
d e c i d e d
t o
r e v i v e
t h e
t r a i n i n g
b y
a n i m
p e n d i n g i s s u e . T h o u g h t h e s a n c t i o n s e x i s t e d f o r o n l y u p d a t i n g
t h e

P o s t

P r o m
o t i o n

C o u r s e s .

T r a i n i n g
f o r

11 l a w o f f i c e r s , t h e r e w a s a n e e d t o h a v e a m i n i m u m o f 20

Executive B r a n c h S D o f f i c e r s w a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 9 w e e k s o f f i c e r s t o c a t e r f o r d i e i n c r e a s e d l o a d . M
e a s u r e s t o m
e r g e
t o 1 7 w e e k s . T r a i n i n g f o r E n g i n e e r i n g B r a n c h o f f i c e r s w a s t h e L a w c a d r e w i t h L o g i s t i c s o r t o m a k e L a w g r a d u a t i o n a n i n c r e a s e d b y 4 w e e k s . I t w
a s a l s o d e c i d e d t o c o n d u c t a S t a f f
a d d i t i o n a l q u a l i f i c a t i o n f o r o f f i c e r s w e r e e x a m i n e d .

and M a n a g e m e n t c a p s u l e c o u r s e a t I N S H a m l a t o e n s u r e A s t u d y w a s a l s o c o n d u c t e d t o r e v a m
p t h e A T C c a d r e . A l l
t h a t o f f i c e r s w o u l d b e b e t t e r e q u i p p e d t o d i s c h a r g e t h e i r p o s s i b l e o p t i o n s s u c h a s c r e a t i n g a s e p a r a t e s p e c i a l i s a t i o n d u t i e s a n d a l s o e a r n w
a t c h - k e e p i n g t i c k e t a t s e a . I n 19 9 1 ,
f o r X o f f i c e r s , c o m
b i n i n g t h e s p e c i a l i s a t i o n w i t h d i r e c t i o n
i t b e c a m e c o m
p u l s o r y f o r a l l S D o f f i c e r s f r o m
s e a m
e n a n d
p h a s e o f N D , g r a n t o f P C t o a l a r g e r p e r c e n t a g e o f S S C A T C
c o m m u n i c a t i o n b r a n c h e s t o b e p o s t e d o n b o a r d f l e e t s h i p s o f f i c e r s , e t c , w e r e a l l e x a m
i n e d . O n t h e t e c h n i c a l s i d e t o o ,
f o r a w a r d o f w
a t c h - k e e p i n g t i c k e t s .

t h e r e e x i s t e d a n e e d t o c o n s i d e r t h e N a v a l A r c h i t e c t a s a A b o l i t i o n
o f

Ag

SLT

R a n k .

F o l l o w i n g
t h e

S u b C a d r e , s i n c e t h e i r c a r e e r p a t t e r n a n d j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f t h e F i f t h P a y c o m
m
i s s i o n , t h e r a n k
w e r e q u i t e d i s t i n c t f r o m
t h a t o f t h e E n g i n e e r s . T h e r e w a s
o f A g S L T w a s a b o l i s h e d i n 1 9 9 8 a n d t h e q u a l i f y i n g p e r i o d a l s o a n a p p r e c i a t i o n o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e n e e d t o i n t r o d u c e s p e c i f i e d f o r p r o m
o t i o n o f a n o f f i c e r t o t h e r a n k o f L T
t h e p r a c t i c e
f o r s u b m
a r i n e a n d
h y d r o
c a d r e s r e q u i r e d
w a s r e d u c e d t o 2 y e a r s , t o w
h i c h s e n i o r i t y g a i n e d i n S L T
i m
m
i n e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n .

H o w e v e r d u e
t o
d i e
i n h e r e n t

T e c h n i c a l c o u r s e s w a s a p p l i e d . I n t h e c a s e o f t h e E x e c u t i v e i m
p l i c a t i o n s
o f
t h e
s u g g e s t i o n s ,
t h e
p r o p o s a l s
w e r e
r a n c h , o f f i c e r s w e r e t o b e c o n f i r m
e d i n t h e r a n k o f L t a f t e r
d e f e r r e d f o r f u r t h e r d e l i b e r a t i o n .

{ e y w e r e a w a r d e d W
a t c h K e e p i n g C e r t i f i c a t e . F o r A v i a t i o n

C a r e e r P a t t e r n o f O f f i c e r s o f S p e c i a l i s e d C a d r e a r e o f f i c e r s , c o n f i r m
a t i o n w
a s o n s u c c e s s f u l c o m
p l e t i o n
o f P i l o t ' s c o u r s e .

O f f i c e r s w h o b r a n c h e d o f f f r o m
t i i e g e n e r a l s e r v i c e s t r e a m

P j
i n t o a v i a t i o n , s u b m
a r i n e , d i v i n g c a d r e s o r c o m
m
a n d o s , b y
a re Management between 1 9 9 0 -2 0 0 0
v i r t u e o f t h e i r c o n t i n u e d e m
p l o y m
e n t w i t h i n t h e i r c a d r e
w e r e d e p r i v e d o f g e n e r a l s e r v i c e e x p o s u r e d e s p i t e e x c e l l i n g r e r r r
o p e r a t i v e f u n c t i o n
o f c a r e e r
m
a n a g e m
e n t
i n t h e i r s p e c i a l i s e d f i e l d s . T h o u g h p r o v i s i o n s e x i s t e d f o r t h e r m e ^ e n s u i " i n § t h a t t h e s e r v i c e a l w a y s h a d o f f i c e r s o f t h e i r a p p o i n t m
e n t i n g e n e r a l s e r v i c e b i l l e t s t h e y w
e r e n o t
r a n ^ t h 1^

6 c a ^
r e a n d i n t h e r e q u i s i t e n u m
b e r s i n e a c h
s p a r e d d u e t o t r e m
e n d o u s e x p a n s i o n i n t h e i r o w n f i e l d s .

P y r a m ’ t T ^ n e e c * s ’

° ^
c e r s ; c a d r e r e m
a i n e d a s t e e p

T h i s l e d t o t h e i r l o s i n g o u t o n e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e g e n e r a l

^ t e c t i * ' ^ ° l m
e c * b Y s e q u e n t i a l l y r e d u c i n g t h e v a c a n c i e s i n
s e r v i c e a n d e v e n t u a l l y i n t h e i r p r o m
o t i o n s . N H Q a t t e m
p t e d
b a s e ^

§ l a d e r a n k s t o o b t a i n a n a r r o w
a p e x o n t h e w i d e
t o r e m
e d y t h i s b y s e n d i n g a s m
a n y o f f i c e r s o f t h e a f f e c t e d

W e r e a s j ^ j j a n c t i o n e d s t r e n g t h s i n v a r i o u s r a n k s i n t h e 9 0 s c a d r e s f o r s e a t i m e o n s u r f a c e s h i p s , a s p o s s i b l e . A t t h e s a m
e t i m
e a n a t t e m
p t w a s m
a d e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e o v e r r i d i n g o p e r a t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t o f m
a i n t a i n i n g w
a r t i m
e

S a n c t i o n e d

U E o f a i r c r e w s / s u b m a r i n e c r e w s w a s n o t d i l u t e d .

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u n i t s , w a s r e d u c e d . R e - e n g a g e m
e n t u p t o 2 5 y e a r s w
a s

U n d e r w e m ? 0 r i o d o f t r a ™
n g t h a t A r t i f i c e r A p p r e n t i c e s
g r a n t e d i n s t e p s o f f i v e y e a r s i n s t e a d o f t h r e e y e a r s i n o r d e r

^ ° c t r i n a t * ^
d i s a d v a n t a g e o f i n s u f f i c i e n t N a v a l
t o p r o v i d e m
o r e s t a b i l i t y a n d j o b s e c u r i t y t o s a i l o r s .

f a s t e r Q
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a s t o c r e a t e a n e w
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^

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B y 2 0 0 0 , i n d u c t i o n t o t h e A r t i f i c e r c a d r e w a s t h r o u g h f o u r l ° . ^ P r o v e t ? ^ 0 ( ^ s a ^ e r t h e i r i n i t i a l e n g a g e m
e n t a s a l s o
s c h e m
e s , i . e . A r t i f i c e r A p p r e n t i c e s , D i r e c t E n t r y D
i p l o m
a

S9i l o r s
e c a r e e r p r o s p e c t s o f h i g h l y t r a i n e d s e n i o r

H o l d e r s , N a v a l E n t r y A r t i f i c e r s a n d t h e M
e c h a n i c i a n s .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 4 9

Sailors1 New Accelerated Promotion Scheme (SNAPS)

a r e c o n d u c t e d t h e n e x t d a y .

N a v a l H e a d q u a r t e r s i n t r o d u c e d t h e S a i l o r s A c c e l e r a t e d

.

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s e l e c t i o n
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z o n a l - c u m n il r

P r o m o t i o n S y s t e m w i t h e f f e c t 1 J a n 1 9 9 3 a s a n a l t e r n a t i v e m
e r i t .

c
l n d i a
t o t h e e r s t w h i l e R e d R e c o m m e n d a t i o n S y s t e m . A f t e r s o m e
a p p r e h e n s i o n s w e r e e x p r e s s e d f r o m c e r t a i n q u a r t e r s a b o u t

•

S p o n s o r s h i p i s l i m
i t e d t o s o n s a n d b l o o d h m n ,
s o m e o f t h e p r o v i s i o n s , N H Q m o d i f i e d t h e s y s t e m a n d t h e N a v a l p e r s o n n e l .

e i

M o d i f i e d S N A P S c a m
e i n t o e f f e c t f r o m 1 9 9 4 o n w a r d s . T h e

I m
p l e m
e n t a t i o n . B y 1 9 9 7 , t h e N R O w a s f u l l y i n P i a
n e w s y s t e m w a s a i m e d a t i m p r o v i n g t h e c a r e e r p r o s p e c t s , a n d

N R E s w e r e
m
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t h e i r i n d i v i d i n
m o t i v a t i o n f a c t o r s , a n d t o b r i n g t h e o v e r a l l p r o m o t i o n
r e g i o n a l
r e c r u i t m
e n t .

S o f t w a r e
f o r
c o m p u t e r i s a t i o n
s y s t e m i n l i n e w i t h m o d e r n h u m a n r e s o u r c e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p p l i c a t i o n s ,
i s s u e
o f c a l l
u p
l e t t e r s ,
p r e p a r a t i o n o f
s y s t e m s . S a i l o r s w e r e t o b e a s s e s s e d a n n u a l l y f o r e f f i c i e n c y d e t a i l e d s p r e a d s h e e t s e t c w
a s d e v e l o p e d a n d g i v e n t o a l l
a n d a g r a d i n g o f S U P R A , B a n d C w e r e t o b e a w a r d e d t o N R E s , t o g e t h e r w i t h p r i n t e d c o m
p u t e r s t a t i o n e r y . D e t a i l e d
p e r c e n t a g e s n o t e x c e e d i n g 2 0 % , i n e a c h c a t e g o i y i n e a c h r a n k .

r e c r u i t m
e n t i n s t r u c t i o n s c o v e r i n g a l l a s p e c t s , t o e n s u r e s t a n d a r d i s e d r e c r u i t m
e n t p r o c e d u r e s , w a s a l s o i s s u e d t o

Naval Recruitment Organisation (NRO)

a l l f i e l d o r g a n i s a t i o n s a n d r e c r u i t m
e n t t e a m
s .

I n t h e l a t e 9 0 s , t h e N a v y r e v a m p e d i t s r e c r u i t m e n t p o l i c y

I n 2 0 0 2 , t h e e x i s t i n g s y s t e m
w a s r e v i e w e d a n d s o m e
f o r s a i l o r s . F o r m a n y y e a r s t h e s e r v i c e h a d f a c e d s e r i o u s m
o d i f i c a t i o n s
m
a d e .

R e c r u i t m
e n t
o f a l l

M

E R ,

A r t i f i c e r
s h o r t a g e s i n r e c r u i t m e n t t a r g e t s t h r o u g h t h e A r m y Z R O s A p p r e n t i c e s
a n d

D i r e c t

E n t r y

D i p l o m
a

H o l d e r s
w e r e
a n d B R O s . T h e A r m y ' s r e c r u i t m e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n o n w h i c h n o w c e n t r a l l y c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e N R O u n d e r t h e o v e r a l l t h e N a v y w a s t o t a l l y d e p e n d e n t h a d s e v e r a l d r a w b a c k s s u p e r v i s i o n
o f t h e

D M

P R

( N H Q ) .

A p p l i c a t i o n s
f o r a l l
i r r e g u l a r p r a c t i c e s , h a r a s s m e n t , l e n g t h y p r o c e d u r e s a n d e n t r i e s w e r e s c r u t i n i s e d a t t h e N R O . T h e N R E s w e r e t a s k e d a g e n e r a l l y i n d i f f e r e n t a t t i t u d e t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e N a v y .

f o r t h e c o n d u c t o f w r i t t e n e x a m
i n a t i o n s , P F T a n d m e d i c a l

I n o r d e r t o m a k e u p f o r s h o r t a g e s t h e e n t r y s t a n d a r d s e x a m
i n a t i o n .

h a d t o b e d i l u t e d b y v a r i o u s m e a n s , s u c h a s —
r e d u c i n g
e d u c a t i o n a l
q u a l i f i c a t i o n s
t o

4 5 %
i n

M
a t r i c ,
r e l e a s i n g

General P ersonnel Issues
a d d i t i o n a l
v a c a n c i e s
f o r
s p o n s o r e d
c a n d i d a t e s
a n d
l o w e r i n g o f q u a l i f y i n g m a r k s i n w r i t t e n e x a m
s t o 4 0 % . T h e

R e v i t a l i s a t i o n o f t h e P r o v o s t B r a n c h . T h e r e v i t a l i s a t i o n N a v y w a s t h e r e f o r e l e f t w i t h n o c h o i c e b u t t o s e t u p i t s o w n o f t h e P r o v o s t B r a n c h w a s u n d e r t a k e n i n 1 9 9 8 a f t e r i t w a s r e c r u i t m e n t o r g a n i s a t i o n .

f e l t t h a t t h e c a d r e w a s i n n e e d a s e r i o u s o v e r h a u l . T h e r e a s o n s w e r e m
a n y .

T h e N a v a l R e c r u i t m e n t O r g a n i s a t i o n , s e t - u p i n 1 9 9 6 , w a s o n t h e l i n e s o f t h e A i r F o r c e a n d i t s s a l i e n t f e a t u r e s w ' e r e : -

•

I N S K u n j a l i , c o m
m
i s s i o n e d a s p a r e n t e s t a b l i s h m e n t
f o r t h e P r o v o s t O f f i c e r s a n d S a i l o r s , h a d e x p e r i e n c e d 1 9 N a v a l R e c r u i t m e n t E s t a b l i s h m e n t s ( N R E ) w e r e a g r a d u a l s h i f t i n i t s r o l e f r o m
t h a t o f a p r i m a r i l y
e s t a b l i s h e d .

P r o v o s t O r g a n i s a t i o n
t o
a n A v i a t i o n

B a s e , w h i c h
h a s
l e d
t o
t h e
l o s s
o f
i d e n t i t y
o f
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P r o v o s t

•

C a n d i d a t e s c o u l d a p p e a r a t c e n t r e o f t h e i r c h o i c e .

O r g a n i s a t i o n .

•

A l l a c t i v i t i e s f o r N o r t h e r n , C e n t r a l a n d N E s t a t e s

•

D u e t o h i s m
u l t i f a r i o u s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s , t h e t i m e
w e r e t o b e h a n d l e d b y N H Q / D M

P R l i k e r e c e i p t o f
s p e n t b y D P S o n P r o v o s t M
a r s h a l ( N a v y ) f u n c t i o n s
a p p i c a t i o n s , p r o c e s s i n g & s c r e e n i n g , i s s u e o f c a l l u p e r s , d o c u m e n t a t i o n , w r i t t e n t e s t , P F T

M
e d i c a l
w a s n o t a d e q u a t e .

S B S S T “

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o f

•

P e r s o n n e l i n t h e c a d r e f o u n d t h e m
s e l v e s
t h e b e s t e q u i p m
e n t r e q u i r e d t o e f f e c t i v e l y c a i r y
p r o v o s t f u n c t i o n s .

‘

1—

—

•

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o f f i c e r s
f e l t
t h e r e
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•

A l l a c t i v i t i e s w e r e c o m p u t e r i s e d .

p r o m
o t i o n a l p r o s p e c t s i n t h e c a d r e .

•

T h e r e w a s a s e v e r e d r o p i n t h e q u a l i t y o f
t e s t w
e j o f m a S |tm
f

6 C a n d i d a t G f r i e n d I >'- W r i t t e n
o f m u l t i p l e a n s w e r t y p e . T h e r e s u l t s a r P
s a i l o r s o v e r t h e y e a r s . A s t r o n g n e e d w a s r e

^
n n o u n c e d w i t h i n a f e w h o u r s a n d P F T a n d M
e d i c a l
t h e
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o f
i n d u c t i o n
p r o c e d u r e s
f o i

1
p e r s o n n e l .

250 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

1996, t h e i s s u e w a s t a k e n u p v e r y s t r o n g l y a n d
a
s e n i o r
s a i l o r
o c c u p y
a
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c h a i n

1,1 . . a 'c t i o n r e c o m m e n d e d . I n t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s , t h e o f c o m
m
a n d
b a s e d
o n
s e n i o r i t y
r a t h e r
t h a n
o n
r e n l C

B r a n c h w a s r e s t r u c t u r e d t o g a i n m
o r e v a l u e a n d
p r o f i c i e n c y a n d
a p t i t u d e .

I t
i n e v i t a b l y l e a d
t o
a

S
t a n
c e . I N S K u n j a l i I w a s s e p a r a t e d f r o m I N S K u n j a l i s i t u a t i o n w h e r e b y m
a n y s h i p s h a d s e n i o r s a i l o r s
i m p o i ^ t i o n ) a n d i t s d u t i e s a n d c h a r t e r b e t t e r d e f i n e d .

w h o
w e r e

D e p a r t m
e n t a l

H e a d s
a n d
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w e r e

1 1 H l i o n p r o c e d u r e
i n t o
t h e
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m
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u n a b l e t o e f f e c t i v e l y c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e s h i p ' s f i g h t i n g 111/ m
o r e s t r i n g e n t .

N e w
e l e c t r o n i c
g a d g e t s
i n c l u d i n g
e f f i c i e n c y .

8,1
n i n u n i c a t i o n s s e t s , e t c . a s i d e n t i f i e d w
e r e p r o c u r e d . I n
order

®

I n k e y b i l l e t s w h e r e l o n g t e r m
h a n d s o n e x p e r i e n c e
t o g i v e p r o v o s t p e r s o n n e l a d e f i n i t e i d e n t i t y , c h a n g e s i s e s s e n t i a l , e . g . , S A M S y s t e m O p e r a t o r s , T u r r e t a n d i n t h e i r u n i f o r m s w e r e a l s o e f f e c t e d .

L a u n c h e r m
a i n t a i n e r s , G a s t u r b i n e A r t i f i c e r s , e t c ,
t h e r e w a s n o s t r u c t u r e d p r o c e s s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e H i g h e r R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r S e n s o r S a i l o r s
i n d i v i d u a l w a s s c r e e n e d a n d g r e w t o b e i n c h a r g e o f I n t h e S e n i o r O f f i c e r s C o n f e r e n c e o f 1 9 9 3 , t h e r e w a s a t h e s y s t e m b a s e d o n d e m
o n s t r a t e d p r o f i c i e n c y .

serious d i s c u s s i o n o n t h e i s s u e o f o p t i m u m u t i l i s a t i o n o f senior s a i l o r s . I t w a s f e l t t h a t a d e q u a t e p r o f e s s i o n a l T o
o v e r c o m
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r e s p o n s i b i l i t y w a s n o t b e i n g d e l e g a t e d t o S e n i o r S a i l o r s , t h e
n e e d s
o f
g r o w i n g
t e c h n o l o g y
t h e
f o l l o w i n g
w a s
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n s h i p s . I n m
o s t f o r e i g n n a v i e s P e t t y O f f i c e r s
i m
p l e m
e n t e d : -
a n d a b o v e h a d s u b s t a n t i a l d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y , i n c l u d i n g o

S a i l o r s w e r e a s s e s s e d f o r t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y a g a i n s t l a i d in s o m e c a s e s , b r i d g e w
a t c h k e e p i n g . T h e j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
d o w n j o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s r a t h e r t h a n a s s e s s i n g t h e m a n d c o m m e n s u r a t e t r a i n i n g
i n p u t s
o f o u r s a i l o r s w e r e
o n a n a b s t r a c t y a r d s t i c k , w h i c h v a r i e d f r o m s h i p t o o b s e r v e d t o b e o f a m
u c h h i g h o r d e r a s c o m
p a r e d t o t h o s e
s h i p .

o f o t h e r N a v i e s i n t h e w o r l d . T h e k n o w l e d g e a c q u i r e d w a s , h o w e v e r , s e l d o m p u t t o f u l l u s e d u e t o i n a d e q u a t e t a s k i n g

®

J o b s p e c i f i c a t i o n s , f o r e a c h r a n k a n d t r a d e , w e r e w h e n t h e s a i l o r r e p o r t s t o h i s n e w
b i l l e t . A l s o , e x p e r i e n c e
w i d e l y d i s s e m
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a n y P e t t y O f f i c e r s a n d a b o v e
m
a d e a w a r e o f w h a t s k i l l l e v e l s t h e y c o u l d e x p e c t w h o a r e b o t h w i l l i n g a n d c o m
p e t e n t t o s h o u l d e r h i g h e r
f r o m t r a i n e d s a i l o r s .

d i r e c t r e s p o n s i b i l i t y .

p

S a i l o r s w h o w e r e f o u n d p r o f e s s i o n a l l y i n a d e q u a t e I n k e e p i n g w i t h t h e g r o w i n g n e e d s o f t e c h n o l o g y o n d e s p i t e i n t e n s i v e t r a i n i n g d u r i n g w o r k u p w e r e t o b e

° n e h a n d a n d s h r i n k i n g b u d g e t s , o n t h e o t h e r , t h e r e w a s r e m
o v e d f r o m t h e s h i p , t h e i r e f f i c i e n c y a s s e s s m
e n t
a n e e d t o f u l l y e x p l o i t t h e e x p e r t i s e a v a i l a b l e i n t h e s e n i o r r e d u c e d a n d a w a r n i n g i s s u e d t h a t r e - e n g a g e m
e n t

1 ° r s c a d r e . A c c o r d i n g l y , s e n i o r s a i l o r s r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s b e y o n d

1 5
y e a r s w o u l d
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o n
p r o f e s s i o n a l
e r e e n h a n c e d a n d a d d i t i o n a l
d u t i e s
f o r M

C P O s w e r e
p r o g r e s s .

P r o m u l g a t e d .

•

A l l s a i l o r s w e r e t o b e a s s e s s e d a t 1 0 t o 1 2 y e a r s o f s e r v i c e f o r t h e i r p o t e n t i a l t o f u r t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l l y n * i o n o f A f l o a t E x p e r t i s e a m
o n g s t S e n i o r S a i l o r s
c o n t r i b u t e b e y o n d 1 5 y e a r s o f i n i t i a l e n g a g e m
e n t .

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P o s t “ S N A P s , t h e r e w
e r e q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d

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h a d 61161106 a f l o a t ‘ A s a p a r t o f S N A P S ' s e a s e r v i c e a n d p e r f o r m
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p r o 9 C O n s ^
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Sailors Cadre Management

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f S a t a ^a s t r a t e t 0 e n s u r e t h a t t h e y a l l g o t a n Misplaced Emphasis on Senior Sailors.

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h a c l b r o u g h t a b o u t c e r t a i n s t r u c t u r a l c h a n g e s o n t h e c a d r e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e N a v y , w h i c h h a d c o n s e q u e n t i a l e f f e c t s r e l n d j 6

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p r e v a l e n t
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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 5 1

N a v y a s a h i g h t e c h s e r v i c e w a s f u n c t i o n a l l y d e p e n d e n t s h ip s a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y o f a d i f f e r e n t m a n n i n g
o n w e l l t r a i n e d a n d m o t i v a t e d o f f i c e r s a n d s e n i o r s a i l o r s !

V a r i o u s l a b o u r s a v i n g d e v i c e s a n d o f f l o a d i n g o f m aPattenii T h e i n c r e a s e d e m p h a s i s , a l o n g w i t h t h e m o r a l e w i n n i n g i n t e n s i v e a c t i v i t i e s t o t r a d e w
e r e c o n s i d e r e d
a n P 0 v v e r
f o r m u l a o f f a s t e r p r o m o t i o n s , w a s c o n s i d e r e d a f a i r p a c k a g e S a i l o r s M
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■
o f r e f o r m s a n d t h e b e s t a v a i l a b l e o p t i o n t o i m p r o v e s e r v i c e o v e r a s t i p u l a t e d p e r i o d , n e e d e d t o b e p e r i o d i c a l l y s r " 18
c o n d i t i o n s . T h i s i s e x a c d y w h a t t h e c a d r e r e v i e w s d i d i n o f f t h e N a v y ’s s t r e n g t h t o p r o v i d e s o m e a d d i t i o n a l v a c a n t 1 9 7 9 a n d 1 9 8 4
c r e a t i n g g r e a t e r v a c a n c i e s f o r s e n i o r
f o r r e c r u i t m
e n t .

l e s
s a i l o r s .

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w a s f a c e d w i t h a d i s t o r t e d p y r a m i d a l s t r u c t u r e , w h e r e t h e t h e P O

’ s r a n k t o i n c r e a s e the
a v a i l a b i l i t y
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i n c r e a s e d n u m b e r o f s e n i o r s a i l o r s . T h e r a t i o o f s e n i o r t o P C T a n d O J T f o r m o s t m a j o r w a r v e s s e l s m a d e t h i s o p tio n f e a s i b l e .

j u n i o r s a i l o r s d r o p p e d f r o m 1 : 4 i n 1 9 8 4 , t o a s l o w a s 1 : 1 . 6
i n t h e e a r l y 9 0 s , b e f o r e s e t t l i n g a t 1 : 2 . 1 i n

1 9 9 6 . T h e r e

Career Opportunities for Sailors of Topass Branch
w e r e o t h e r c o m p l i m e n t a r y f a c t o r s t h a t a g g r a v a t e d t h e s i t u a t i o n .

I n

1 9 9 9 ,

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r e v i t a l i s e d
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e n t a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : -

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e n g a g e m e n t p e r i o d w a s i n c r e a s e d f r o m

10 y e a r s t o 1 5

•

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t o 1 2 y e a r s t o g e t h i s p r o m o t i o n t o t h e r a n k o f P O , w h i c h c o u r s e f o r P O T O P s .

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a p p r o x i m a t e l y 5 6 %
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e n g a g e m e n t t o 1 5 y e a r s h a s b r o u g h t a b o u t t w o p r o m o t i o n a n d p e n s i o n w i t h i n t h e f i r s t e n g a g e m e n t p e r i o d .

•

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i n

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a n d
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a c o n s e q u e n c e , e r o d i n g t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f j u n i o r s a i l o r s !

g o v e r n e d b y t h e s a m
e s t r u c t u r e p r e v a l e n t i n t h e A r m y a n
t h e A i r F o r c e . T h e a d m
i n i s t r a t i o n o f c i v i l i a n c a d r e s w a s a s

I t w a s d e c i d e d t o r e m e d y t h e s i t u a t i o n b y c o n s i d e r i n g f o l l o w s
i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e f o l l o w i n g m
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Com m and H eadquaters.

l
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.

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t h e
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d e p e n d e n c e o n c i v i l i a n m
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of
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O ffic e .

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re p a ir a n d re fit o f s h i p s a n d s u b m a r in e s ,

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need for a changed maintenance p h i l o s o p h y T n Z r d

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In t h e A i r c r a f t R e p a i r Y a r d f o r t h e m a in te n a i

2 5 2 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

r e p a i r a n d r e f i t o f a i r c r a f t .

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8 2 1 2

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1 4 4 8 9

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In N a v a l S t o r e D e p o t s , N a v a l A r m a m e n t D e p o t s

N S R Y ( C )

9 1 6

1 2 3 5
a n d W
e a p o n E q u i p m
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+ 3 1 9
u p k e e p , a c c o u n t i n g , r e p a i r a n d i n d e n t i n g o f t h e i r B R O ( P B )

211

2 5 5

+ 4 4
r e s p e c t i v e s t o i e s .

T O T A L

2 3 8 2 8

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I n o f f i c e s f o r s e c r e t a r i a l a n d c l e r i c a l d u t i e s .

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a m
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e e x t e n t w i t h N D ( M

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c o m p l e x i t i e s o f ' p e r s o n n e l ' i s s u e s , m
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h o w e v e r , c o n t i n u e d t o p l a g u e N a v a l e s t a b l i s h m
e n t s d u r i n g
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e n t s
t h e e n t i r e 9 0 s d e c a d e .

s e e m e d t o i n t r o d u c e m
o r e d e v i a t i o n s t o s o r t o u t i n d i v i d u a l

M
a n p o w
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p r o b l e m s r a t h e r t h a n l o o k i n g a t i s s u e s a s a c o m p l e t e c a s e .

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i n i s t r a t i o n i n t h e e n t i r e G o v t o f I n d i a

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o f c i v i l i a n
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e n t s w
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a i n t a i n e d i t s o r i g i n a l s t a t u s w i t h

®

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m
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m o d e r n i s a t i o n o f N a v y , t h e r e w a s a n i m
p e t u s g i v e n t o

•

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o r e t h a n o n e y e a r o l d s t o o d a b o l i s h e d .

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i n i s t r a t i o n .

a ^ j *a n P e r s o n n e l f o r m
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w e H U m S t r a ^ 0 n # r 6 ^ t a n c * m
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T w o t h i r d s o f t h e v a c a n t p o s t s s t o o d a b o l i s h e d f r o m a s m a t e r i a l s u p p o r t i n N A D a n d S t o r e d e p o t s .

t h e e x i s t i n g s a n c t i o n s .

w a s * ^ f C t

3 s t u d y t e a m , k n o w n a s K h a t r i C o m m i t t e e ,

•

F u r t h e r c e i l i n g o f l i m i t i n g u p t o 1 % o f t o t a l s a n c t i o n , f e q u i r
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b e f i l l e d t h r o u g h d i r e c t r e c r u i t m
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n e r e p o r t h i g h l i g h t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g : -

B a s e d o n t h e a b o v e d i r e c t i v e t h e a n n u a l r e c r u i t m e n t

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p l a n f o r t h e y e a r 2 0 0 1 - 0 2 w a s s u b m
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.

A s p e c i a l d i s p e n s a t i o n t o f i l l a l l t h e v a c a n t p o s t s n e e Sd ^ H ^ U ^e ^ ^ U n ^ ^ a n n e d w
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m
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•

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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 5 3

a n d
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R e t r o s p e c t
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l e c l

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a n a g e m
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a s s t a r t e d o n s i m i l a r

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l i n e s .

m a t t e r s . F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e t h e P e r s o n n e l B r a n c h a t t e m p t e d

I n b a l a n c e , g i v e n t h e l i m i t s w i t h i n w h i c h P e r s o n n e l p o l i c y t o i m p l e m e n t s c i e n t i f i c m
e t h o d s
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a n d
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.

N e w a p p o i n t m e n t p l a n n i n g c a r d s w e r e d i s t r i b u t e d w r i t t e n a n d u n - w r i t t e n , r e l a t e d t o t h e c a r e e r d e v e l o p m e n t t o s t a r t o n e t o o n e c o n t a c t w i t h a n o f f i c e r a n d h i s o f j u n i o r I N o f f i c e r s c o n t i n u e d t o e v o l v e o v e r t h e y e a r s , a n d a p p o i n t e r .

w e r e b a s e d o n f u t u r i s t i c p l a n n i n g t o g e t h e r w i t h a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e
e x p e r i e n c e s
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t h e
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•

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u p d a t e '

w a s
s t a r t e d
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t o e d u c a t e o f f i c e r s i n g e n e r a l a b o u t r a t i o n a l e o f f o l l o w e d a ' c l o s e d l o o p ! w h e r e i n a c o n s t a n t e n d e a v o u r w a s p e r s o n n e l p o l i c i e s .

m
a d e t o f i n e t u n e t h e s y s t e m
i n o r d e r t o k e e p p a c e w i t h t h e

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p u t e r i s e d t o a l a r g e e x t e n t
e v e r c h a n g i n g p e r s o n n e l e n v i r o n m
e n t i n t h e N a v y .

2 5 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

36

Naval Training

T h e a i m
o f m
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—

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p a r t e d i n t h e
s u b m a r i n e s , s u b m
a r i n e c h a s e r s a n d l a n d i n g s h i p s . T h e n ,

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s t r u c t u r e . T h e t h r e e O p e r a t i o n a l C o n t r o l A u t h o r i t i e s ( W
e s t ,

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t h e e q u i p m
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e r e t o b e r e c y c l e d f o r t h e * s a i n 8

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s i n s u c c e s s i v e s e a t e n u r e s .

* e
f o r m u l a t i o n a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n .

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t h e
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b y t h e F O C - i n - C S o u t h a n d c o m p r i s i n g t h e C o m m a n d i n g a s h o r e o r l e a r n i n g ' o n t h e j o b ! T h e p r o b l e m w i t h t h e l a t t e r O f f i c e r s S h i v a j i ( t h e M
a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g T r a i n i n g S c h o o l ) ,
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e a r a n d t e a r c a u s e d d e g r a d e d t h e l i f e o f

V a l s u r a ( t h e E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g T r a i n i n g S c h o o l ) a n d operational e q u i p m e n t . E v e n t u a l l y ' P r e Comm issioning
a n E x e c u t i v e b r a n c h C o m
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e t o b e a c c e p t e d a s p r e f e r a b l e t o ' O n

J o b T r a i n i n g ' ( O J T ) .

a n d C o m m u n i c a t i o n T r a i n i n g S c h o o l s w a s d e p u t e d t o t h e U S A t o s t u d y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s N a v y ' s t r a i n i n g s y s t e m a n d D e s p i t e t h e h i g h c o s t o f l i v e e q u i p m
e n t f o r t r a i n i n g
r e o r g a n i s e t h e I n d i a n N a v y ' s t r a i n i n g s y s t e m .

p e r s o n n e l i n s c h o o l s a s h o r e , e a c h o f t h e b r a n c h s c h o o l s T h e d e l e g a t i o n m a d e s e v e r a l b a s i c r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s ,
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e s s e n t i a l l i v e e q u i p m e n t
t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t o f w h i c h w e r e : -
a n d s i m
u l a t o r s t h e y n e e d e d t o t r a i n p e r s o n n e l .

Changes in Command and

•

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o f f i c e r a n d
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C
o n t r o l o f Training
s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r h i s n e x t j o b a t s e a .

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t o

1 9 8 6 ,
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d i r e c t o r a t e s
a t

N H Q
w e r e

•

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t h e
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d e s i g n a t e d t r a i n i n g e s t a b l i s h m
e n t s . A f t e r t h e c o m
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1 9 8 6 ,
t h e

' c o n t r o l l i n g
c o u n t e r p r o d u c t i v e . D u r i n g h i s c a r e e r , e v e r y s a i l o r d i r e c t o r a t e s ' c o n c e p t w a s d i s p e n s e d w i t h . T h e r e a f t e r , t h e s h o u l d
a c q u i r e
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/ s y s t e m
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f i t t e d i n o n e t y p e o f s h i p . D u r i n g a n o f f i c e r s ' c a r e e r , t r a i n i n g w a s t h r o u g h D N T a n d H Q S N C .

h e s h o u l d p r o g r e s s f r o m e x p e r t i s e i n o n e s y s t e m t o
b r o a d e r k n o w l e d g e o f s h i p s y s t e m s .

T h e e x c e p t i o n s , a t t h a t s t a g e w
e r e t h e s p e c i a l i s e d t r a i n i n g

•

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a r i n e c a d r e s , w
h i c h w e r e c o n t r o l l e d
s t a y l o n g e n o u g h o n b o a r d t o a c q u i r e e x p e r t i s e . T o b y F l a g O f f i c e r N a v a l A v i a t i o n ( F O N A ) a n d F l a g O f f i c e r e n a b l e t h e m t o d e v e l o p a n d d e e p e n e x p e r t i s e , t h e i r S u b m
a r i n e s ( F O S M

) . T h e M
e d i c a l , P r o v o s t a n d M
u s i c i a n
n e x t s e a t e n u r e s h o u l d b e t o a s h i p h a v i n g t h e s a m e
t r a i n i n g w h i c h , b e i n g l o c a t e d w i t h I T Q W N C a t B o m b a y , o r s i m i l a r s y s t e m s .

c o n t i n u e d t o r e m
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C - i n - C , W
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Revitalisation of Training
a n a l o g y , t h e S h i p w r i g h t S c h o o l a t V i z a g r e m
a i n e d u n d e r

F O C - i n - C , E a s t .

T h e m e a s u r e s i m p l e m e n t e d b e t w e e n 1 9 8 6 a n d 1 9 8 9 l a i d Aviation Training
t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e r e v i t a l i s a t i o n o f t r a i n i n g t h a t y i e l d e d r e s u l t s i n t h e 1 9 9 0 s . T h e s e m
e a s u r e s t o o k i n t o a c c o u n t t h e

I n 1 9 9 9 , A v i a t i o n T r a i n i n g c a r r i e d o u t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g b e s t f e a t u r e s o f t h e B r i t i s h , R u s s i a n a n d A m
e r i c a n s y s t e m s
s c h o o l s w a s p l a c e d u n d e r F O

C - i n - C , S o u t h : -
o f t r a i n i n g
a n d
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t h e m

t o
t h e

I n d i a n
c o n t e x t ,

•

N a v a l I n s t i t u t e o f A e r o n a u t i c a l T e c h n o l o g y ( N I A T ) k e e p i n g i n m i n d t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e p a s t a n d t h e m a n n i n g a n d t r a i n i n g o f f o r e s e e a b l e a c q u i s i t i o n s .

•

S c h o o l f o r N a v a l A i r m
e n ( S F N A )

V i e e r s t w h d e s y s t e m o f t r a i n i n g ' j a c k s o f a l l t r a d e s ' a n d

•

O b s e r v e r S c h o o l ( ' O ' S c h o o l )

e r e f o r e ,
a p p o i n t a b l e ' t o a n y c l a s s o f s h i p w a s f i n a l l y

•

S c h o o l
o f

N a v a l

O
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&

M
e t e o r o l o g y
d i s p e n s e d w i t h .

3

( S N O M

)

B y 1 9 9 0 , t h r e e o v e r - r i d i n g p r i n c i p l e s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d : -

T h e F l a g O f f i c e r N a v a l A v i a t i o n ( F O N A ) c o n t in u e d t o be E v e r y o f f i c e r a n d s a i l o r s h o u l d b e t r a i n e d f o r h i s n e x t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r : -
j o b a t s e a .

•

A d v i c e o n a l l a s p e c t s o f f l i g h t s a f e t y .

O f f i c e r s s h o u l d d e v e l o p ' w i d t h ' o f k n o w l e d g e a n d

•

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v e r t i c a l e x p e r t i s e . S a i l o r s w e r e t o s p e c i a l i s e i n o n e

•

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2 5 6 TRA N SITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 5 7

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1 9 8 9 ,
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a m a x i m u m o f 100 c a d e t s t o b e r e c r u i t e d i n t w o s i x m o n t h l y a b - i n i t i o t r a i n i n g o f 3 y e a r s a t e i t h e r N D A o r N AVAC
b a t c h e s o f 5 0 e a c h . A l l 1 0 + 2 ( X ) c a d e t s u n d e r w e n t a 3 - y e a r l e a d i n g t o t h e a w a r d o f a d e g r e e w i t h i n p u t s i n b a s i c N a v a l B S c c o u r s e d u r i n g t h e i r t r a i n i n g p e r i o d a t N A V A C .

s u b j e c t s . G S E S c a d e t s d i d a s i x m
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b r a n c h e s v i a t h e 1 0 + 2 T e c h n i c a l C a d e t E n t r y S c h e m e , a l s o y e a r s o f i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g c o m
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e n w e r e a s s i g n e d t o s u r v e y s h i p s . O n c o m P ^

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T h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g p a t t e r n o f o f f i c e r s o f a l l c a d r e s o f o f f i c e r s .

2 5 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

h ' p m e n w e r e p r o m
o t e d t o A g S L t s o n c o m
p l e t i o n
s h i p w e r e a l l o c a t e d t o t h e L o g i s t i c c a d r e . T h e y u n d e r w e n t i t h s s e r v i c e a s m
i d s h i p m
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l 9 9 8 , m
t h e A e S i t r a n k w a s a b o l i s h e d .

( L o g ) b o a r d t h e y w e r e p r o m
o t e d t o A g S L t ( L o g ) a n d d i d
c o m m i s s i o n , t n e ^ B
a 2 9 w e e k b a s i c p r o f e s s i o n a l c o u r s e a t H a m l a f o l l o w e d b y d o f W a t c h K e e p i n g C e r t i f i c a t e . O n c o m p l e t i o n o f a 1 7 w e e k S u b L t s c o u r s e s i n n o n w e a p o n s u b j e c t s s u c h a s h U s ( X ) t e c h n i c a l c o u r s e s , o f f i c e r s w e r e a p p o i n t e d t o N D , C , L , E , N B C D , E a n d D & M . T h e y w e r e t h e n a t t a c h e d t o f
t s h i p s f o r o b t a i n i n g W
a t c h K e e p i n g C e r t i f i c a t e . O f f i c e r s
l o g i s t i c o r g a n i s a t i o n s s u c h a s N P O , M

S ( B ) a n d B V Y ( B ) f o r
r e required t o s e r v e o n b o a r d f o r a t l e a s t f o u r m o n t h s p r i o r f o u r w e e k s b e f o r e m o v i n g o n f o r t h e i r a p p o i n t m e n t s .

t o g r a n t o f W
a t c h K e e p i n g C e r t i f i c a t e .

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e . I n
t h e l a t e 8 0 s , t h e r e w a s a s t r o n g
r a n k o f L t s u n d e r w e n t a 2 3 w e e k s ‘A b r i d g e d L o g i s t i c s C a d r e f e e l i n g a m o n g s e n i o r
r a n k s
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a n a g e m
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u p t o t h e r e q u i r e d s t a n d a r d s . T h i s w a s b a s e d o n r e p o r t s C o u r s e ( L L M

C ) o f 4 5 w e e k s d u r a t i o n t o q u a l i f y f o r a s h o r e
f r o m C o m m a n d i n g

O f f i c e r s ,
w h o
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a n d a f l o a t m i d d l e l e v e l l o g i s t i c b i l l e t s .

t h a t j u n i o r o f f i c e r s w e r e n e i t h e r s h o w i n g t h e a p t i t u d e n o r a p p r e c i a t i o n o f b a s i c s a t s e a .

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S S C E n t r y . T h e N a v y s t a r t e d i n d u c t i n g S h o r t S e r v i c e a m o u n t o f d i l u t i o n h a d t a k e n
p l a c e w i t h r e g a r d
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i s s i o n e d o f f i c e r s i n t o t h e L o g i s t i c s C a d r e i n 1 9 9 1 .

I n J u l 1 9 9 2 , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m
e i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y , a s p i r i n g
t r a i n i n g o f j u n i o r o f f i c e r s . T h e r e f o r e , w i t h e f f e c t f r o m 0 1
l a d i e s w e r e i n d u c t e d a s S S C o f f i c e r s i n L o g i s t i c s C a d r e s J u l 1 9 9 1 , E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s w
e r e r e q u i r e d t o u n d e r g o s i x
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m i n i m u m p e r i o d o f e a r n i n g t h e w
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a l l s h i p s f o r n o n - s p e c i a l i s t
e n t r y o f f i c e r s , w h o w ^ e r e a p p o i n t e d t o v a r i o u s b i l l e t s b o t h a p p o i n t m e n t s .

a s h o r e a n d a f l o a t ) .

Specialisation. A n o f f i c e r o f 2 t o 3 y e a r s o f s e n i o r i t y T e c h n i c a l O f f i c e r s ' T r a i n i n g
a s a L i e u t e n a n t w a s s e l e c t e d t o u n d e r g o a s p e c i a l i s a t i o n c o u r s e i n G u n n e r y ( G ) , A n t i - S u b m
a r i n e W
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) ,

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i d - 9 0 s , o f f i c e r s i n t h e t e c h n i c a l b r a n c h e s o f t h e o r n m u n i c a t i o n s

( C )

o r

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( N D ) .

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a n d E l e c t r i c a l ( L ) , w e r e i n d u c t e d t h r o u g h t h e f o l l o w i n g

? 0 r e b i l l e t t i l l h e w a s s e l e c t e d f o r C o m
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u n d e r t o o k a r e v i e w o f l o n g c o u r s e s s y l l a b i . T h e T y p e o f E n t r y
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E / L

C a d e t E n t r y ( N D A )

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E / L / N

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1 0 + 2 ( T e c h ) C a d e t E n t r y

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N A

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C a d e t

E n t r y
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1 e c ^
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, C a d e t s

W e r e given preference.

o i n e d 1 s t T r a i n i n g S q u a d r o n ( T S ) f o r a f l o a t t r a i n i n g o f s i x m
o n t h s T h e b r a n c h e s w e r e a l l o c a t e d d u r i n g a f l o a t t r a i n i n g .

o n _ ! * s *

° f f i c e r s
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W
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Normally five c a d e t s each were allocated to the E and L’

s o c i a l i s a t i o n s .

h r a n c h e s T h e s e c a d e t s j o i n e d I N S S h i v a j i f o r t h e t h r e e y e a r T h

B a s i c E n g i n e e r i n g C o u r s e ( B E C ) w h i c h l e a d t o t h e a w a r d r i ů s t y p e s o f e n t r y i n t h e L o g i s t i c s c a d r e w
e r e : -

P
o f

B T e c h d e g r e e i n M
e c h a n i c a l o r E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g
n try. A bout five ca d e ts fro m th e ca d e t training

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 5 9

f r o m J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u

U n i v e r s i t y ( J N U ) .

C a d e t s w e r e

SD List Officers' Training
p r o m o t e d t o t h e r a n k o f m i d s h i p m e n o n j o i n i n g a n d t o t h e All sailors selected for Special Duties List
r a n k o f A g S L t a f t e r s i x m o n t h s a n d w e r e c o n f i r m e d i n t h e underwent a pre-prom otion cou rse in their PI° m° tion
r a n k o f S u b L t a f t e r a f u r t h e r p e r i o d o f o n e y e a r .

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Sailors' Training
u n d e r w e n t a f o u r y e a r s N a v a l E n g i n e e r i n g C o u r s e ( N E C ) a t S h i v a j i ,
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The Navy suffered sailor shortages through out thP Qn

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e c h a n i c a l o r E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g f r o m J N U . D u r i n g decade. Shortages were sought to b e m ade up by incren
t h e 3 - y e a r B a s i c E n g i n e e r i n g C o u r s e a t S h i v a j i , ' E ' a n d intake of both Artificer A pprentices and Matric Em"8

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the pattern of training changed drastically durine thp
o f f i c e r s c o n t i n u e d t r a i n i n g i n S h i v a j i . O n c o m p l e t i o n o f decade.

s
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Seamen Sailors' Training

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e n t t h e e q u i p m
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w h e n s o r e q u i r e d f o r s e a t i m
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o f f i c e r . Q u a l i f y i n g i n t h e P O L e a d e r s h i p B o a r d w a s j o i n e d I N S V a l s u r a f o r a 1 4 w e e k s C H E L ' Q ' c o u r s e . A p a r t o f t h e p r e r e q u i s i t e s f o r c o n s i d e r a t i o n f o r p r o m o t i o n t o
f r o m a s u b j e c t - w i s e e x a m i n a t i o n , s a i l o r s w e r e e x a m i n e d

C P O .

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M anagem ent C o u r s e w a s i n t r o d u c e d a t A g r a n i f r o m 1 9 8 7

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o n w a r d s . F r o m 1 9 8 9 o n w
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a s e n u m e r a t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g p a r a g r a p h s : -
c a n d i d a t e s ( a p p r o x i m
a t e l y 8 0 p e r b a t c h ) j o i n e d I N S C h i l k a
f o r 9 w e e k s o f B & D t r a i n i n g . D u r i n g t h i s p h a s e , b a s e d o n D i r e c t E n t r y M
e c h a n i c a l E n g m
e e r s ( D

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t h e a p t i t u d e t e s t , t h e y w e r e a l l o t t e d E n g i n e e r i n g , E l e c t r i c a l A b - i n i t i o P r o f e s s i o n a l T
r a i n i n g . O n c o m
p l e t i o n o f
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Afloat Acquaintance.

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t h e s a i l o r s u n d e r w e n t 8 w e e k s a f l o a t a c q u a i n t a n c e . O n t o g a i n s h i p e x p e r i e n c e a n d t h e i r s e a l e g s f o l l o w e d b y 2 2
s u c c e s s f u l c o m
p l e t i o n , t h e y w e r e d e p u t e d t o I N S S h i v a j i ,
w e e k s o f a b - i n i t i o P r o f e s s i o n a l T r a i n i n g ( D E M

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p l e t i o n t h e y w
e r e a p p o i n t e d t o s h i p s
t h e i r b r a n c h e s , f o r 1 9 3 w e e k s o f p r o f e s s i o n a l t r a i n i n g .

i n t h e r a n k o f M

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e r e p r o m
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c o u r s e s .

t r a i n i n g o f E n g i n e R o o m A r t i f i c e r ( E R A ) a p p r e n t i c e s a t I N S

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s ( A t o H ) o f a v e r a g e d u r a t i o n

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o f 2 4 w e e k s e a c h . D u r i n g t h i s t r a i n i n g , a n a c a d e m i c a l l y

1 1 v v e e k s L M E ' Q ' c o u r s e a s a M

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r a n k o f E R A 5 .

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ectrical Branch Non-Artificers

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.

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TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 6 1

r e q u i s i t e i n p u t s a r e p r o v i d e d d u r i n g t h e b a s i c c o u r s e w h i c h l e d t o a n i m
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•

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° a

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I N S C h i l k a t o g i v e e x t e n s i v e c o a c h i n g i n s w i m m i n g .

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PO(L) and CPO(M) Course. S a i l o r s a l s o u n d e r g o t h e

•

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s a i l o r s i n C P O ( M

) c o u r s e w e r e g r o u p e d s e p a r a t e l y f o r c l a s s
r o o m i n s t r u c t i o n s .

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Catering Management Course.

M

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s f o r M
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s w i m m i n g a b i l i t y : -
s t o r

P C T t r a i n i n g a l s o e v o l v e d i n t o e q u i p m
e n t t r a i n i n g .

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T h e e q u i p m
e n t f o r t r a i n i n g o f S N R , S N F & G o d a v a r i c l ^

o u t i n a s w i m m i n g
p o o l .

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V a j r a . C o n s e q u e n t l y i n 1 9 9 0 , t h e P C T f o r S N F , S N R

•

Improved availability of manpower.

P r ° ! r o d a v a r i c l a s s e s o f s h i p s w
a s d e v o l v e d t o G u n n e r y ,

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i t h t h e d e v o l u t i o n o f P C T s

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c o m
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f f o r t s w e r e m
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Major Training Establishments
b a s i c a n d h i g h e r r a n k c o u r s e s . C o n s e q u e n t l y , p e r s o n n e l undergoing

INS Mandovi.

b a s i c a n d h i g h e r r a n k c o u r s e s w e r e g r o u p e d t o T h e N a v a l A c a d e m
y f u n c t i o n e d f r o m
cater to

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a n d o v i , G o a . S i n c e 1 9 8 6 , i t s r o l e w a s t o c o n d u c t c l a s s e s o f s h i p s w i t h c o m m o n a l i t y o f e q u i p m e n t , and
a b - i n i t i o t r a i n i n g f o r c a d e t s a n d o f f i c e r s o f t h e N a v y a n d e a c h g r o u p w a s p r o v i d e d w i t h t h e r e l e v a n t e q u i p m e n t a l s o f o r t h e A s s t C o m d t s o f t h e C o a s t G u a r d w h o w e r e i n p u t s w h i c h w
e r e e a r l i e r g i v e n d u r i n g P C T s .

i n d u c t e d t h r o u g h v a r i o u s s c h e m
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CO/XO PCT C o u r s e s .

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d e s i g n a t e s
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y c o n d u c t e d t r a i n i n g
f r o m t h e i r p r e v i o u s s e a t e n u r e s . I n t h e i n t e r i m

, t h e y w e r e
f o r : -
n o r m a l l y e m
p l o y e d i n s t a f f j o b s t h a t w e r e n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s h i p o r i e n t e d . A l s o a l a r g e n u m
b e r o f o f f i c e r s f r o m a v i a t i o n

• Graduate Special Entry Scheme. 2 0 w e e k s
a n d s u b m a r i n e c a d r e s w
e r e b e i n g a p p o i n t e d a s C O / X O
o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e .

o f s u r f a c e s h i p s . T h e r e w a s a r e a l a n d
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1 0 + 2 (Executive) Officers Scheme. 3 y e a r s t r a i n i n g .

t o
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o n
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B S c ( S p l ) d e g r e e .

s e a . T h e c o n c e p t o f c o n d u c t i n g C O / X O c o u r s e w a s t h u s ,

• 10+2 (Tech) Officers Scheme. A 2 6 w e e k s
i n t r o d u c e d .

o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e .

T h e C O / X O c o u r s e s w
e r e c a t e g o r i s e d i n t o t w o c a t e g o r i e s .

• Direct Entry Scheme. A 1 6 w e e k s o r i e n t a t i o n

O n e i n c l u d e d e q u i p m
e n t t r a i n i n g t h a t w a s s h i p s p e c i f i c
c o u r s e .

a n d w a s c a l l e d C O / X O P C T s . C o u r s e s w
e r e c o n d u c t e d f o r

• SSC/Women Trainees. 1 6 w e e k s o r i e n t a t i o n

P C T s h i p s , v i z . S N F , G
o d a v a r i , S N R , S N M

, K h u k r i ,

1 2 4 1
c o u r s e .

R E / P E a n d M
i s s i l e B o a t s . T h e s e c o n d c a t e g o r y w a s t h e

. CG Asst Comdt GD(P)/(N) and (Tech).

C O / X O n o n - P C T c o u r s e s c o n d u c t e d f o r A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r s , 2 0 w e e k s

L e a n d e r s , T a n k e r s , K a m
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o r i e n t a d o n c o u r s e f o r t h e f o r m
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L C U a n d S D B s .

o r i e n t a t i o n c o u r s e f o r t h e l a t t e r , t w i c e a y e a r .

• Medical Officers Orientation Course. A f o u r w e e k s

Revision of Syllabus. G r a d u a l l y , a n e e d w a s f e l t
o r i e n t a t i o n
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r e a s o n s : -

1st Training Squadron (ITS). T h e I T S t r a i n e d c a d e t s o f

U n l i k e i n t h e p a s t ,
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t h e I n d i a n N a v y . I n d i e e a r l y 9 0 s , t h e S q u a d r o n c o m p r i s e d
r e m
a i n e d o n b o a r d t o p r o v i d e c o n t i n u i t y .

o f I N S T i r . I t w a s j o i n e d b y I N S K r i s h n a a f e w y e a r s l a t e r .

A m a j o r i t y o f p e r s o n n e l w
e r e r e - c y c l e d w i t h i n s h i p s

T h e
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2 4
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° f s a m
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h i c h i n m
o s t c a s e s , c a r r i e d o u t
t r a i n i n g .

t h e i r i n d i v i d u a l w
o r k u p .

INS Chilka. I N S C h i l k a c o n d u c t e d a b - i n i t i o t r a i n i n g f o r f n l f e d u C t i o n i n t h e d u r a t i o n o f O J T w o u l d h a v e l e d t o t h e s a i l o r s o f t h e I n d i a n N a v y a n d C o a s t G u a r d . I n a c h i e v i n g

° l l o v v « g a d v a n t a g e s : -
t h e r o l e s e t o u t , t h e e s t a b l i s h m
e n t c o n d u c t e d b a s i c t r a i n i n g

A s s u r e d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f a s h i p
f o r d e d i c a t e d O J T /
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° r k u p f o r t h e s h o r t e r p e r i o d ( t h e r e i s c u r r e n t l y

.

M
a t r i c E n t r y R e c r u i t s ( M

E R ) a n d N a v i k s ( G e n e r a l
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o p e r a t i o n a l

D u t y ) f o r 2 4 w e e k s .

c ° n i i n i t m
e n t s f o r t h e l a r g e r d u r a t i o n o f f o u r w e e k s ) .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 6 5

•

N o n

M
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E n t r y R e c r u i t s

( N M E R )

a n d

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.

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a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g o r i e n t a t i o n a n d a c q U a i

( D o m e s t i c B r a n c h ) f o r 1 5 w e e k s .

c o u r s e s f o r p e r s o n n e l o f o t h e r b r a n c h e s
a n c e

•

A r t i f i c e r A p p r e n t i c e s a n d Y a n t r i k s f o r 9 w e e k s .

.

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v a r i o u s c l a s s e s o f s h i p s .

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•

A c t i n g P e t t y O f f i c e r s f o r 1 2 w e e k s .

.

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S t u d i e s
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a r ' 9 4 t o p r o v i d e

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N B C D t r a i n i n g .

t h e d e s i r e d t h r u s t a n d i m p e t u s t o w a r d s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f
l e a d e r s h i p
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B y 1 9 9 3 , I N S S h i v a j i h a d g r o w n a n d e x p a n d e d s t e a d i l y c o n d u c t e d : -
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w i n g s .

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C o l l e g e
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E n g i n e e r i n g

( N C E )

o f f i c e r s o f a l l b r a n c h e s u n d e r g o i n g S L t s c o u r s e s .

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•

C o u r s e o n L & B S f o r L t s ( X ) d o i n g s p e c i a l i s a t i o n c o u r s e .

C o u r s e ( N C E ) . T h e c o l l e g e w a s r e c o g n i s e d b y J a w a h a r l a l N e h r u U n i v e r s i t y ( J N U ) f o r t h e a w a r d o f B T e c h d e g r e e i n

•

C a p s u l e o n L & B S d u r i n g C O / X O c o u r s e s .

M
e c h a n i c a l a n d E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g i n J u l ' 8 3 . I n M a y 94,

•

L e a d e r s h i p W o r k s h o p s i n C o m m a n d s .

t h e c o l l e g e w a s f o r m
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a i n f a c u l t i e s ,

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e c h a n i c a l

E n g i n e e r i n g
f a c u l t y ,

E l e c t r i c a l

•

F u n c t i o n e d a s p a r e n t s c h o o l f o r a l l S u b L t s c o u r s e s E n g i n e e r i n g f a c u l t y a n d B a s i c S c i e n c e s f a c u l t y . T h e r e w a s a t K o c h i ( e x c l u d i n g L S T s a t D r o n a c h a r y a ) .

a l s o t h e C e n t r e o f M
a r i n e E n g i n e e r i n g T e c h n o l o g y ( C M

E T )

w h e r e c o u r s e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d f o r N a v a l A r c h i t e c t u r e ( N A )

•

Co-ordinated Midshipmen afloat training.

a n d N a v a l T e c h n i c a l A d m
i n i s t r a t i o n . B e s i d e s t h a t , t h e r e
m
s

Hamla. I N S H a m l a , t h e p r e m i e r t r a i n i n g w a s a P C T s c h o o l a n d N B C D s c h o o l .

e s t a b l i s h m e n t
o f
t h e

L o g i s t i c s
c a d r e
o f f i c e r s
a n d

INS V a l s u r a . I N S V a l s u r a t r a i n e d o f f i c e r s , s a i l o r s s a i l o r s ,
t r a i n e d
p e r s o n n e l
i n
l o g i s t i c s
a n d
c o m
p u t e r
a n d c i v i l i a n p e r s o n n e l o f t h e N a v y a n d C o a s t G u a r d i n d i s c i p l i n e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g c o u r s e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d b y t h e e s t a b l i s h m
e n t : -
y

E l e c t r i c a l , E l e c t r o n i c s , C o m
p u t e r a n d W
e a p o n E n g i n e e r i n g
d i s c i p l i n e s . T h e e s t a b l i s h m
e n t c o n d u c t e d t h e f o l l o w i n g

•

B a s i c a n d h i g h e r r a n k c o u r s e s f o r W r i t e r s , S t o r e c o u r s e s f o r o f f i c e r s : -
s a i l o r s , S t e w a r d s a n d C o o k s .

•

E l e c t r i c a l
s p e c i a l i s a t i o n
c o u r s e
o f 9 6
w e e k s
f o r

•

B a s i c ,
m i d
l e v e l
a n d
s p e c i a l i s a t i o n
c o u r s e s
f o r

E x - B E C a n d N E C o f f i c e r s ( o n c o m
p l e t i o n o f b a s i c

L o g i s t i c s c a d r e o f f i c e r s .

c o u r s e
a t

I N S

S h i v a j i )

a n d

D

E / U E / C W

/ S S C ( L )

D i v i s i o n a l a n d M
a n a g e m e n t c o u r s e f o r a l l S L t s .

o f f i c e r s t w i c e a y e a r .

C o m p u t e r a p p l i c a t i o n c o u r s e f o r S L t s .

•

M
i d L e v e l U p d a t e C o u r s e ( M

L U C ) o f 6 w e e k s f o r ' L '

•

B a s i c c o m
p u t e r a n d E D P ' I ' c o u r s e s f o r s a i l o r s .

o f f i c e r s o n c e a y e a r .

•

L o n g E D P c o u r s e f o r o f f i c e r s .

•

S L t ( X ) t e c h c o u r s e a t t a c h m
e n t o f 1 3 w e e k s .

•

P r e a n d p o s t p r o m
o t i o n c o u r s e s o f 1 5 a n d 1 8 w e e k s
r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r E l e c t r i c a l S D l i s t c a d r e .

f h e e s t a b l i s h m
e n t c o n d u c t s t h e f o l l o w i n g c o u r s e s f o r
v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s o f o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s w

^ d s o S t a r t e d '

s a i l o r s : -
w i t h t w o

Four years Electrical A pprentice cou rse

1116 p - ™

-
batches each year.

a n d

M echanicians Course o f 9 4 w eeks for Pow er

Radio sailors.

’

M
a r i n e
b r a n c h e s o f I n d i a n N a v y C
o
a
s t ^
n

,

, f

C h n i c a l
f o r e i g n n a v i e s .

G u a r d a n d f ™
n d l y

Navy Entry Artificer (NEA) cou rse o f 139 weeks.

Two batches o f DEEM cou rse o f 3 2 weeks.

2 6 6 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

H i g h e r r a n k c o u r s e s o f e l e c t r i c a l n o n - a r t i f i c e r s f o r

•

L e a d e r s h i p t r a i n i n g o f P O s .

'

Ldg ( Q ) a n d C h i e f ^
a n d o f A r t i f i c e r s f o r C h i e f

•

C P O M
a n a g e m e n t c o u r s e .

( Q ) .

•

P r e S S B c o a c h i n g f o r C W
a n d S D l i s t c a n d i d a t e s .

p C T c o u r s e f o r G
o d a v a r i a n d P r o j e c t 2 5 s h i p s .

•

T r a i n i n g o f I n d i a n N a v a l M
u s k e t r y t e a m .

T h e B a s i c E l e c t r i c a l

S c h o o l

( B L S )

i m
p a r t e d
t r a i n i n g

R e t r o s p e c t
b a s i c s u b j e c t s s u c h
a s M
a t h e m
a t i c s ,

E l e c t r i c i t y a n d

M
a j o r s y s t e m i c c o r r e c t i o n s , a l o n g w i t h o r g a n i s a t i o n a l M a g n e t i s m , B a s i c E l e c t r o n i c s a n d e l e c t r o n i c c i r c u i t s t o t h e c h a n g e s ,
h e l p e d g r a d u a l l y i m p r o v e N a v a l t r a i n i n g .

O n
n o n - a r t i f i c e r s a n d a r t i f i c e r c l a s s e s .

g r o u n d , t h e r e a l f o c u s o f t h e N a v y ' s e n d e a v o u r s w a s t o T h e

E l e c t r i c a l

T e c h n o l o g y

S c h o o l

( L T S )

c o n d u c t e d
m a k e s u r e t h a t t r a i n i n g s c h o o l s w e r e a b l e t o p r o v i d e t r a i n e d t r a i n i n g
o n
t e c h n o l o g y
i n c o r p o r a t e d
i n
t h e

N a v a l
o f f i c e r s a n d m
e n i n e v e r y f i e l d o f a c t i v i t y s o t h a t f l e e t s
w e r e m
a n n e d t o s a t i s f a c t o r y s t a n d a r d s . R e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f s h i p b o r n e e q u i p m
e n t t o o f f i c e r s a n d s a i l o r s u n d e r g o i n g
t r a i n i n g w a s p l a c e d s q u a r e l y w i t h t h e S N C i n t h e d i s c h a r g e s p e c i a l i s a t i o n , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d h i g h e r r a n k c o u r s e s .

o f w h i c h , i t w a s a s s i s t e d b y t h e D i r e c t o r a t e o f N a v a l T r a i n i n g T h e

E l e c t r i c a l

E q u i p m
e n t

S c h o o l

( L E S )

i m
p a r t e d

( D N T ) .

t r a i n i n g o n v a r i o u s e q u i p m
e n t f i t t e d o n b o a r d n a v a l s h i p s .

T h e s c h o o l s g e a r e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h e q u i p m
e n t a n d

T h e e q u i p m e n t i n s t a l l e d i n t h e s c h o o l w a s m a i n l y W
e s t e r n
f a c u l t y a n d e n d e a v o u r e d t o i m
p a r t q u a l i t y p r o f e s s i o n a l
o r i g i n e q u i p m
e n t a l o n g w i t h s o m
e o f t h e S o v i e t o r i g i n
e d u c a t i o n .

O f f i c e r s w e r e
t r a i n e d
t o
d e v e l o p

' w i d t h '

o f
e q u i p m e n t s u p p l i e d u n d e r P r o j e c t V a j r a .

k n o w l e d g e a n d s a i l o r s w e r e g i v e n ' i n - d e p t h ' k n o w l e d g e T h e

A d v a n c e d

T e c h n o l o g y

A d a p t a t i o n

C e l l

( A T A C )

a n d v e r t i c a l e x p e r t i s e . P e r h a p s , f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e e m
p h a s i s
w a s l a i d o n d e v e l o p i n g l e a d e r s h i p s k i l l s a m
o n g s a i l o r s .

f o c u s e d o n s t u d e n t p r o j e c t s a n d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a d v a n c e d T h e c o n c e p t o f P C T / O J T w a s a g r e a t i n n o v a t i o n . I n m a n y
t e c h n o l o g y a r e a s , p r e p a r a t i o n o f p r o j e c t s p e c i f i c a t i o n s a n d w a y s ,
i t
e n c a p s u l a t e d
t h e
n e w
a p p r o a c h
o f t h e

N a v y
w o r k i n g m o d e l s .

—

‘ s y s t e m s p e c i f i c ' a n d ' i n t e n s i v e e q u i p m
e n t o r i e n t e d

I N S

A g r a n i .

I N S

A g r a n i ,
i n
t h e

9 0 s ,
c o n d u c t e d
t r a i n i n g . T h e r e n e w e d e m
p h a s i s o n a f l o a t t r a i n i n g w a s

L e a d e r s h i p a n d M
a n a g e m
e n t t r a i n i n g f o r s a i l o r s o f a l l
o f e n o r m
o u s
i m
p o r t a n c e
a n d
c o n t i n u e s
t o
b e a r
r i c h
b r a n c h e s . A m
o n g t h e c o u r s e s t h a t i t c o n d u c t e d w e r e : -
d i v i d e n d s .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 6 7

37

The New Naval Academy at Ezhim ala

Developments Until 1990
f o r a c q u i s i t i o n o f l a n d a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f e v a c u e e s .

Conceptual Requirements for the New Naval Academy

Selection of Design Architects

T h e ' e s s e n t i a l ' r e q u i r e m e n t s w a s f o r a s i t e o f 1 0 0 a c r e s N a v a l H
e a d q u a r t e r s t o o k t h e v i e w
t h a t a N a v a l A c a d e m y
i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e s e a o r a l a k e f o r s e a m a n s h i p a n d i s b u i l t b y a n a t i o n o n l y o n c e . F r o m
t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n w o u l d
w a t e r m a n s h i p t r a i n i n g a n d a d j a c e n t t o a r a i l h e a d , y e t e m
e r g e t h e A d m
i r a l s o f t h e f u t u r e . T h e r e f o r e , t h e n a t i o n ' s
r e m o v e d f r o m t h e t o w n s h i p . T h e ' d e s i r a b l e ' r e q u i r e m e n t s b e s t p r i v a t e a r c h i t e c t s s h o u l d b e i n v i t e d t o c o m p e t e f o r t h e
w e r e t h a t t h e l o c a t i o n s h o u l d b e w i t h i n a s h o r t d i s t a n c e o f d e s i g n o f t h e p r e s t i g i o u s N a v a l A c a d e m
y .

a n a v a l p o r t a n d h a v e a m o d e r a t e c l i m a t e .

T h i s l e d t o a c o n t r e t e m
p s i n

. 1 9 8 5 . T h e N a v y i n s i s t e d

The Choice of Ezhimala
t h a t t h e A r m y ' s M i l i t a r y / E n g i n e e r i n g S e r v i c e ( M

E S ) n o t

T h e s i t e s c o n s i d e r e d f o r t h e n e w N a v a l A c a d e m y w e r e b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s p r o j e c t b e c a u s e i t w a s b o u n d b y A r u v a n k a d u i n t h e N i l g i r i h i l l s n e a r W e l l i n g t o n a n d t h e m
a n d a t o r y , p r o c e d u r a l c o n s t r a i n t s t h a t h a d e v o l v e d o v e r P y k a r a D a m L a k e , t h e L l o y d s D a m ( B h a d g a r h ) s i t u a t e d t h e d e c a d e s f o r a u s t e r e , e c o n o m
i c a l , s t a n d a r d i s e d , d e f e n c e
o f f
t h e

P o o n a - K o l h a p u r
r o a d ,

H a s s e r g a t e

L a k e
n e a r
c o n s t r u c t i o n . T h e s e c o n s t r a i n t s c o n f l i c t e d w i t h t h e N a v y ' s B a n g a l o r e , P o r b a n d a r o n t h e S a u r a s h t r a c o a s t , C h i n g l e p u t v i s i o n f o r h o w t h e n e w
e s t N a v a l A
c a d e m
y s h o u l d l o o k . E v e n
n e a r M
a d r a s a n d E z h i m a l a o n t h e K e r a l a c o a s t .

t h e P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r d e s i r e d t h a t t h e n e w

N a v a l A c a d e m y
s h o u l d b e a n a t i o n a l m
o n u m
e n t , w
h i c h t h e e n t i r e n a t i o n

I n

1 9 7 9 ,
t h e

G o v e r n m e n t
a c c e p t e d
t h e
n e e d
f o r a
s h o u l d b e p r o u d o f .

p e r m a n e n t

N a v a l

A c a d e m y .

T h e

K e r a l a

G o v e r n m e n t
o f f e r e d t h e N a v y 9 6 0 h e c t a r e s o f l a n d a t E z h i m a l a ,1 n o r t h T h e M

E S e x p r e s s e d i t s i n a b i l i t y t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e o f K a n n u r ( C a n n a n o r e ) i n n o r t h e r n K e r a l a .

p r o j e c t o n t h i s b a s i s o r e v e n t o c o m
p e t e w i t h t h e p r i v a t e
a r c h i t e c t s . T h e M E S ' s t a n d w a s t h a t t h e y w o u l d o n ly T h e K e r a l a G o v e r n m e n t u n d e r t o o k t o a r r a n g e
a t n n
u n d e r t a k e s u p e r v i s i o n o f t h e p r o j e c t i f t h e y w
e r e a s s o c i a t e
c o s t t o t h e N a v y , a l l t h e e s s e n t i a l i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f a c i l i t i e s r i g h t f r o m t h e d e s i g n s t a g e .

l i k e
d r i n k i n g w a t e r ,
w a t e r f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n ,
e l e c t r i c i t y
a p p r o a c h
r o a d s
a n d
b r i d g e s ,
c a p i t a l
d r e d g i n g
o f f t e

P r i m e M i n i s t e r R a j i v G a n d h i l a i d t h e f o u n d a t i o n s to n e K a v v a y r b a c k w a t e r s

( f o r b a s i c w a t e r m a n s h i p

L i n i n g )

o n 1 7 '" J a n u a r y 1 9 8 7 . T h e G o v e r n m e n t a p p r o v e d t h a t t i e b u i l d i n g o f a s e a w a l l t o p r e v e n t e r o s i o n a n d augm entation N a v a l A c a d e m y b e d e s i g n e d b y p r i v a t e a r c h i t e c t s an o f t h e n e a r e s t r a i l w a y s t a t i o n a t P a y y a n u r , e t c .

c o n s t r u c t e d t h r o u g h c o n s u l t a n t s .

In 1 9 8 2 , the Government approved thp c ite o . c u -

,
a l l - I n d i a ,
a r c h i t e c t u r a l
d e s i g n
and gave the Kerala Government a soft, medium

I n

1 9 8 8 ,
a
t w
o - s t a g e
t e r m b l n
w
i t h o u t
t h e
involveme
c o m p e t i t i o n
w a s
c o n d u c t e d

~ ------uiuian coast would he,

3ian and Chinese

'-nmese se
afa
seararers since time immemorial. Vasco d

- a

,
o f i^t0PH8ri3? y ° f Ezhimala’

Mount Dilli abutrin
u

^
m ountain w h»ch is on the coast o f the K ingdom o f C an nai

•

Rama^^rcesl^i^l^ding^sT * h * 000 connected w ith A eR ^ m ^ 1 ^ ^

SinCe anciem times, inspired the local people to wea^
j ^ y of
decided to bring four medicinal hp1l.Lal? hJnan' Were killed. An anxiousR*

At ^

Stage in the war between Rama anJ? R?ra sena. It 'vaS
the arrows, healing the wound? r * if-
karani, vishalya karani « au** COnsu^tecl Jambavan, the senior most in the Van «
oVjng
herbs and he at
finall?

karani and ™ritha sanjivani from the
ayurvedic herbs. So he did the next h
yas- 0n reaching the Himalav
t0 ^ Hanuman was entrusted with the task o
gnjSe the
of the mountain fell down near thp
g ‘ he Plucked the entirp r- t if' owever' Hanuman realised that he was unable t pieCe Car thC Sea and

Ezhimala. The local nS ^adf' MŮntain itself

Hew back. On his way

P ^P le believe that Ezhimala s till possesses these rare ayurv

Tt w a s h o w e v e r e n s u r e d , d i s c r e e t l y , t h a t t h e
r e s o l v e d — c o n s u l t a n c y a g r e e m
e n t s , f e e s f o r t h e a r c h i t e c t s ,

0f the M Eb-

^ h e a d e d b y t h e v i c e C h i e f o f t h e N a v a l S ta ff2
c l e a r a n c e s
b y
t h e

E n v i r o n m e n t a l

R e s e a r c h

R e s o u r c e
a d j u d g i n g j u r y ,
n t p r i v a t e a r c h i t e c t s , h a d f r o m t h e

C e n t r e , t o p o g r a p h i c a l s u r v e y s , s o i l t e s t s , m
a t e r i a l s u r v e y s ,
a n d c o m
p
n
s i n
g ^

^

W
o r k s a n d ^

M

E g , c h i e f
c o n c e p t d e s i g n s f o r r o a d s , w a t e r s u p p l y , a r e a d r a i n a g e , e l e c t r i c
p o w e r
s u p p l y ,
a c c o m
m
o d a t i o n
s t a t e m
e n t s ,

MES 51 t H i e w i n n i n g f i r m w a s a p p o i n t e d a s C o n s u l t a n t Arcniteci-d e t a i l e d a r c h i t e c t u r a l a n d d e s i g n d r a w i n g s , e t c .

to the p ro je c t.

T iq89 the M ES

P r e l i m i n a r y w o r k o n
s o i l i n v e s t i g a t i o n
a n d
m
a t e r i a l
a g r e e d
to supervise the project
r "id e d it w a s d o n e u n d e r ' E n g i n e e r in C o m m a n d ! T h e s u r v e y w e r e
c o m
p l e t e d .

C o n c e p t u a l
d e s i g n
o f C a d e t s

Navy d e c li n e d t o a g r e e t o t h e M E S ’ s t i p u l a t i o n t o e x e r c . s e a c c o m
m
o d a t i o n , C a d e t s ' m
e s s a n d e x t e r n a l s e r v i c e s w e r e

S control over the project and recom m ended that a a p p ro v e d b y th e P ro je c t M a n a g e m e n t B o a rd . T h e w o rk w a s Public S e c t o r U n d e r t a k i n g ( P S U ) m a n a g e m e n t c o n s u l t a n t l i k e l y t o c o m
m
e n c e b y M
a r c h 2 0 0 0 t o b e e x e c u t e d i n 4 8
supervise th e p r o j e c t . T h e N a v y 's r e c o m m e n d a t i o n w a s m
o n t h s . I t w a s a l s o d e c i d e d t o e x p e d i t e t h e N a v a l A c a d e m y
p r o j e c t b y e x e c u t i n g i t u n d e r t h e “ F a s t T r a c k P r o c e d u r e .

ap proved .

Developments After 2000

D
e v e l o p m
e n t s 1 9 9 1 t o 2 0 0 0

S a n c tio n f o r P h a s e i a n d D e l i n e a t i o n o f R e s p o n s i b i l i t y C o n c e p t o f T r a i n i n g

The f i n a n c i a l c r i s i s o f t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 s , l e d t o d e l a y in t h e I n 1 9 9 5 , a p p r o v a l w a s a c c o r d e d f o r a t r a i n i n g l o a d o f 6 0 0
project. D u r in g t h i s p e r i o d , d i s c u s s i o n s w e r e h e l d o n h o w c a d e t s i n t h e B a c h e l o r o f S c i e n c e ( S p e c i a l ) c u r r i c u l u m t h a t
best to resume m om entum and the scope of the pioject w a s h i t h e r t o b e i n g f o l l o w e d .

was pruned down.

I n

2 0 0 2 ,
d i e

N a v y
o b t a i n e d
a p p r o v a l
f o r
m
a j o r

By 1991, the M ES was persuaded to soften its stand
i m
p r o v e m
e n t s t o t h i s b a s i c c o n c e p t . -

— it was too prestigious a project. The MES o ere to

.

T o u p g r a d e t h e i n i t i a l t r a i n i n g c u r r i c u l u m
l e v e l o f
supervise the construction, even though piivate a rcn te c s

E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r c a d e t s f r o m t h e 3 - y e a r “ B a c h e l o r had designed it. In the larger interest, the Navy agree to
o f S c i e n c e ( S p e c i a l ) " l e v e l t o t h e 4 - y e a r " B a c h e l o r o f associate the M ES with th e project, but under the contro
of a Project M anagem ent Board (PM B) heade
y t e

T e c h n o l o g y ( E l e c t r o n i c s , T e l e c o m

& I T ) l e v e l s o a s t o

Defence Secretary and the P roject M a n a g e m e n t Authority
b e t t e r c o p e w i t h a d v a n c e m
e n t s i n t e c h n o l o g y .

(PMA) headed by the D irector G eneral Naval Academy.

.

T o s h i f t t o E z h i m a l a , t h e 1 0 + 2 “ B T e c h ” t r a i n i n g o f In 1993, the P roject M a n a g e m e n t Board approved the

E n g i n e e r i n g a n d E l e c t r i c a l c a d e t s t h a t w a s b e i n g Master Plan and D etailed P roject Report prepared by me
c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e N a v a l C o l l e g e o f E n g i n e e r i n g i n architects. The Governm ent approved Phase I of the projec

I N S S h i v a j i . T h e s e o f f i c e r s w o u l d c o n j o i n w i t h t h e in 1995, to be executed over a period of eight yeais.

E x e c u t i v e o f f i c e r s “ B T e c h c o u r s e ” a t E z h i m
a l a . A s a
r e s u l t , t h e t r a i n i n g l o a d w o u l d i n c r e a s e f r o m

6 0 0 t o

T h e d e l i n e a t i o n o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s w a s :-

7 5 0 c a d e t s .

•

A r c h i t e c t s t o p r o v i d e c o m p r e h e n s i v e a r c h i t e c t u i a l C o m m issio n in g of the Academy and Commencement
a n d e n g i n e e r i n g s e r v i c e s a n d p r e p a r e d o c u m e n s
i n v i te t e n d e r .

of Training

P h a s e

1
o f d i e

A c a d e m
y was com pleted w h en I N S

•

M E S
t o
scrutinise and f o r w a r d tenders to P M B

Zamorin was commissioned on 6 A p r i l 2 0 0 5 a s the
f o r
a p p r o v a l .

T h e

C h i e f

Engineer t o
e
u e

Academy's 'parent naval establishment:

r e s p o n s i b l e t o t h e P M

B t h r o u g h d i e P M A f o r
execution

T r a i n i n g
c o m
m
e n c e d
i n

A u g

2 0 0 5 ,
w i t h
t h e
b a s i c
o f t h e p r o j e c t .

t r a i n i n g f a c i l i t i e s h a v i n g b e e n c o m
p l e t e d .

•

M

E S t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r s o u n d n e s s a n d q u a l ’ t y A t t h e t i m e o f w r i t i n g , t h e p r o j e c t i s e x p e c t e d t o b e o f w o r k .

c o m
p l e t e d i n 2 0 1 0 .

Between 19 9 5 an d 1 999, p roced u ral issues w eie

2'

The author was the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 6 9

38

Flag Officer Sea Trainin

Workup Organisation
c o n t r o l o f t h e F l a g O f f i c e r C o m
m
a n d i n g - i n - C h i e f , S o u t h e r n

N a v a l C o m
m
a n d . A p a r t f r o m
t h e w o r k u p o f s h i p s , F O S T

T h e
c o n c e p t
o f s y s t e m a t i c
w o r k
u p
o f
s h i p s
w a s
b e c a m
e
t h e
c l a s s
a u t h o r i t y
o n
m
a t t e r s
p e r t a i n i n g t o
i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e I n d i a n N a v y i n O c t 1 9 7 7 b y s e t t i n g u p O p e r a t i o n a l S e a T r a i n i n g ( w
o r k u p ) i n r e s p e c t o f a l l s h i p s .

a W e a p o n s W o r k u p O r g a n i s a t i o n ( W W O ) t o e n h a n c e t h e w e a p o n s e f f i c i e n c y o f s h i p s . I n N o v ' 8 1 , t h e t e a m g r a d u a t e d C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l
t o W a r s h i p W o r k u p O r g a n i s a t i o n a t B o m b a y , W

W

O ( B ) . I n

J u n ' 88, a s e c o n d W W O w a s f o r m e d a t V i z a g , W W O ( V ) f o r T h e C o m
m
a n d a n d C o n t r o l s t r u c t u r e o f F O S T i s : -
w o r k u p o f s h i p s o f t h e E a s t e r n F l e e t . T o c a t e r f o r w o r k u p o f F O C -in -C South
s h i p s u n d e r F O M A , a L o c a l F l o t i l l a W o r k u p T e a m , L W T ( B ) w a s c o n s t i t u t e d i n M a r ' 9 2 .

S h i p s t h e r e f o r e , h a d t h r e e w o r k u p t e a m s , v i z . W

W

O ( B ) ,

W W O ( V ) a n d L W

T ( B ) f u n c t i o n i n g u n d e r F O C W

F , F O C E F
j
v
a n d F O M A r e s p e c t i v e l y . S u b m a r i n e s w e r e w o r k e d u p b y COS

FOST

C O M S U B s , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h S G M s a n d a i r c r a f t u n d e r

-► SO
t h e a e g i s o f F O N A .

CSO

T o
m a i n t a i n
b a t t l e
e f f i c i e n c y
s t a n d a r d s
t h r o u g h o u t

(Erstw h ile C-APT VVWO(B)}

A u t h o r i t y
th8 n 0 8 d W 3 S f d t f ° r 3 C ° m m 0 n c o n t r o l l i n S

L o c a l Workup Team

In Workup Team

L ocal W orkup T eam

C r e a t i o n o f F O S T

'East' {LWT(E)}

(INWT)

'W est' {L W T (W )}

A tV isakhapatnani

At Kochi

At M um bai

{Erstwhile WVV0(\)1
f F n V r V

T H

. t0 a p p ° i m 3 F l a S 0 f f i c e r s e a T r a i n i n g

{Erstwhile W W O (B)}

{Erstw hile W W O (B )}

C - i n - C

I N W

T

A d m
i n i s t r a t i v e

C o n t r o l
o f

O
p e r a t i o n a l C o n t r o l o f F O

S T

C - i n - C
f W ) ’

L W

T ( W

)

A d m
i n i s t r a t i v e

C o n t r o l
o f

O
p e r a t i o n a l C o n t r o l o f F O

S T

(B ).

C - i n - C

F

O

S

X
a
r o

^
r ^
t h
e
m
k

T
r ' l d
b

6 6 S t a b l i s h m e i « o f

L W

T ( E )

A d m
i n i s t r a t i v e

C o n t r o l
o f
a t K o c h i u n d e r t h e o v e r a l l o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n

S

^

^

S

O
p e r a t i o n a l C o n t r o l o f F O

S T

39

Morale and Discipline

"An arm y without morale is a helpless horse — its hoofs shorn o f shoes;

A fo rce without discipline is a powerless tiger — its paws deprived o f claws.

P re a m b le

.

F o c u s o n f o r m u l a t i n g p o l i c i e s , w h i c h w e r e d y n a m i c M o r a l e
a n d
d i s c i p l i n e
a r e
c e n t r a l
t o
a
m i l i t a r y : s
in n a t u r e , t o s u i t t h e c i r c u m s t a n c e s , t h e e n v i r o n m e n t , b a s i c e t h o s . F i g h t i n g f o r c e s a c r o s s t h e w o r l d w i l l t e s t i f y t h e c h a l l e n g e s , t h e n e e d s a n d t h e o p p o r t u n i t i e s .

to th e se tw o e l e m e n t s b e i n g t h e c o r n e r s t o n e o f t h e n o p e r a t i n g p h i l o s o p h y a n d t h e b e d r o c k o f their e f f i c i e n c y

•

I n v o lv e d p a r t n e r s h i p s w it h t h e D R D O , D o c k y a r d s
a n d c o m
p e t e n c e . T h e I n d i a n N a v y r e a l i s e d e a r l y o n t h a t a n d s i m i l a r o r g a n i s a t i o n s .

‘ M o r a l e ’

w a s
a n
i n d i s p e n s a b l e
e l e m
e n t
o f w a r f a r e .

1

.

R e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e n e e d t o a d e q u a t e l y r e w a r d p e o p l e a f f e c t e d t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l w e l l - b e i n g o f p e r s o n n e l a n d w ith a t l e a s t 10 t o 12 y e a r s h a n d s o n e x p e r i e n c e in a n t h u s , n e e d e d t o f o r m
a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f t h e o p e r a t i n g
a r e a .

p h i l o s o p h y . ‘ D i s c i p l i n e ! w a s t h e u n d e r l y i n g b a s i s o t
e
w h o l e c o n c e p t o f m
i l i t a r y o p e r a t i o n s a n d w a s t h e i e o r e ,

.

T h e a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t t h a t t h e r e n e e d n o t b e a
equally c r i t i c a l .

p a r t i c u l a r p a t h o r a s e t o f a s s i g n m e n t s t o r e a c h t h e t o p a n d t h e r e n e e d n o t b e o n e p a r t i c u l a r r o u t e w h e r e H o w e v e r,
d e s p i t e
a l l
i t s
a t t e m p t s
t o w a i d s
t h e
e v e r y b o d y h a s t o d o e v e r y t h i n g .

p re s e r v a tio n o f t h e s e t w o c r i t i c a l c o m p o n e n t s o s e i v i c e life, t h e N a v y , t h r o u g h t h e 9 0 s , g r a p p l e d w i t h i s s u e s t h a t T h e
p e r s o n n e l
i s s u e s
c o n f r o n t i n g
t h e

N a v y
w e r e
w ere to h a v e a f u t u r e i m p a c t o n i t s f u n c t i o n i n g , g ro w t h e r e f o r e t a c k l e d b o t h f r o m a n i m
m
e d i a t e a n d a l o n g - t e r m

an d th e t r a j e c t o r y o f i t s p o l i c y . P r i m e a m o n g t h e m w e r e .

p e r s p e c t i v e .

T h e m
a j o r i s s u e s a n d t h e r e m
e d i e s p r o p o s e d

•

T h e i n a b i l i t y t o a t t r a c t t h e ' r i g h t k in d o f o f f ic e i a r e d i s c u s s e d b e l o w .

e n t r a n t i n t o t h e N a v y .

Officer Like Qualities (OLQ) and Discipline

•

T h e r e p o r t s f r o m t h e S e r v i c e s S e l e c t i o n B o a r d s t h a t W
h i l e i t w a s a p p r e c i a t e d t h a t t h e y o u n g o f f i c e r s o f t h e t h e y h a d ‘n o o p t i o n b u t t o l o w e r t h e i r m i m m u r n I n d i a n N a v y d u r i n g d i e 9 0 s w e r e p r o f e s s i o n a l l y s o u n d , a c c e p t a b l e s t a n d a r d s ' i f t h e n u m b e r s r e q u n e
g e n t l e m a n l y a t t r i b u t e s w e r e o n t h e
d e c l i n e
a n d
i s s u e s
t h e N a v y w e r e t o b e m e t .

o f i n d i s c i p l i n e s u r f a c e d .

A c o n c e r t e d e f f o r t w
a s m
a d e
t o
a d d r e s s
t h e
i s s u e s
h o l i s t i c a l l y
a n d
r e v a m
p
e x i s t i n g

"fhe r e m e d i e s w e r e s e e n t o l ie i n m a k i n g a c a r e e i in tl Navy a s a t t r a c t i v e a s t h a t i n t h e c iv il s e c t o i . T h e s e e c p o l i c i e s .

i m p r o v e m e n ts i n p a y s c a l e s a n d a l l o w a n c e s , f r e e i a 1

»

A t e a m w a s a p p o i n t e d i n t h e e a r l y 9 0 s t o a n a l y s e t h e lo n g e r t e n u r e s i n s e r v i c e , a s s u r e d s c h o o l i n g f a c i 1^i e ^
r e a s o n s f o r t h e e r o s i o n . O f t h e m a n y r e a s o n s t h a t i t p o i n t e d c h ild re n , c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m o r e r e s i d e n t i a l a c c o m m o a 1
o u t , a n i n t e r e s t i n g o n e w a s t h e s h i f t i n g o f e m p h a s i s i n C a d re R e v i e w s a n d s o o n .

t r a i n i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t s f r o m 'i n c u l c a t i o n o f s e r v i c e v a l u e s '

t o 'g e n e r a l a c a d e m i c p e r f o r m a n c e ! T h e r e w a s i n c r e a s e d M o re i m p o r t a n t l y t h e f o r m u l a t i o n
o f a

.

p e r s o n n e l P o l i c y c o m m e n c e d i n t h i s p e r i o d . T h e e s s e n t i s t r e s s o n p r o v i d i n g t h e t r a i n e e s w i t h h i g h e r a c a d e m i c i n p u t s in a l i m i t e d t i m e , a s o p p o s e d t o e n s u r i n g t h e a l l e a tu r e s o f t h i s p o l i c y w e r e : -
r o u n d c h a r a c t e r d e v e l o p m e n t . T o s t r i k e a b a l a n c e , i t w a s

*

T h e l o n g - t e r m p e r s p e c t i v e t i m e f r a m e o f
d e c i d e d t o i m p l e m e n t s o m e r e m e d i a l m e a s u r e s : -
p r o g r a m m e s s u c h a s h a r d w a r e p a n s ,
s h ip i n d u c t i o n p l a n s , t h e s u b m a r i n e b u i l d
g

•

O f f i c e r s / i n s t r u c t o r s w h o c a m e i n t o c o n t a c t w i t h P r o g r a m m e s , e t c .

c a d e t s / t r a i n e e s w e r e t o b e o f t h e h i g h e s t c a l i b r e , m
i s c o n c e p t i o n s , s p e c u l a t i o n , a n d r u n - i n , , -
w h o w o u l d s e t t h e r i g h t e x a m p l e s n e c e s s a r y f o r m ongering

T h e r e w a s a p r o - a c t i v e e f f o r t t o s h a r e t h
c h a r a c t e r b u i l d i n g . A c c o r d i n g l y , o n l y L i e u t e n a n t s o f o f N H Q t h a t a i m
e d a t e n h a n c i n g o p e r a t i o n ?

5 t o 6 y e a r s s e n i o r i t y w e r e a p p o i n t e d i n N D A / N A V A C
i m
p r o v i n g s e n d e e c o n d i t i o n s a n d b e t t e r i n g th
i e n c )r.

a s D i v i s i o n a l O f f i c e r s .

l i f e i n t h e s e r v i c e . T h e m
e s s a g e s t h a t w e r e c o m
q U a ' i t y o f

•

T h e s e r v i c e t r a i n i n g w o u l d b e r e s t r u c t u r e d t o l a y w e r e : -
cated
m u c h g r e a t e r e m p h a s i s o n s o c i a l a t t r i b u t e s a n d p r o v i d e b r o a d e r s e r v i c e - o r i e n t e d i n p u t s
r e l e v a n t

.

T h e N a v y i s a n o p e n s y s t e m
i n w
h i c h e v e r y e n d e a v
t o t h e p r e v a l e n t s o c i a l , e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s a n d t o i s m
a d e t o e n s u r e f a i r n e s s a n d e q u i t y .

r
t h e d e m a n d s o f a d i s c i p l i n e d s e r v i c e . T h i s w a s , a l l P r o m
o t i o n s
a r e
b a s e d
p u r e l y
o n
o f f i c e r s ' A C f e
t h e m o r e , i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e y o u n g m e n j o i n i n g t h e w
h i c h m
a y o r m
a y n o t c o n f o r m
t o p o p u l a r o p i n i o n
s e r v i c e w e r e f r o m v e r y v a r i e d b a c k g r o u n d s .

r e g a r d i n g t h e o f f i c e r .

•

A c a d e m i c i n p u t s w o u l d b e r e s t r u c t u r e d t o p r o v i d e

•

T o r e m
o v e a n y s u s p i c i o n o f a r b i t r a r i n e s s , s e l e c t i o n
a m u c h b r o a d e r a c a d e m i c h o r i z o n a n d a l l r o u n d
f o r c o m
m
a n d ,
c o u r s e s a n d f o r e i g n a p p o i n t m e n t s
e d u c a t i o n o n t h e l i n e s s i m i l a r t o s o m e f r o n t r u n n i n g w e r e d o n e b y a B o a r d o f F l a g O f f i c e r s .

e d u c a t i o n a l
i n s t i t u t i o n s
a n d
s e r v i c e
a c a d e m i e s
a b r o a d .

C - i n - C s a n d F l a g O
f f i c e r s w
e r e d i r e c t e d t o a d d r e s s t h e
o f f i c e r s a n d s e n i o r s a i l o r s a t l e a s t o n c e a q u a r t e r t o e n s u r e Y o u n g m e n w o u l d b e c o n d i t i o n e d f r o m t h e v e r y
p r o p e r d i s s e m
i n a t i o n o f i n f o r m
a t i o n d o w n t h e l i n e . S e n i o r
s t a r t t o a c c e p t a n ‘ h o n o u r c o d e ’ a n d g i v e t h e m a n o f f i c e r s w
e r e a l s o u r g e d t o m
i n g l e a n d s p e a k w i t h j u n i o r

O L Q e x p o s u r e t h a t w i l l n o t f a l t e r w h e n t h e y s t e p i n t h e m a i n s t r e a m o f n a v a l a n d s o c i a l l i f e .

o f f i c e r s a t e v e r y a v a i l a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y s o t h a t t h e c h a n n e l s o f c o m
m
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----------------

Betrayal o f the Defence Forces - The Inside Ti nth by
m

An Admiral's Fall by Wilson John.

Sacked or Sunk by Brig RP Singh and Cmde Ranjit

V jlorat and Shripad Halbe.

Vishnu Bhagwat Fiasco: Lessons to the Nation by 1 ratap

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 7 3

C o n f l i c t i n g
a m b i t i o n s
a n d
c o m p e t i n g
a s p i r a t i o n s
i m
b u e t h e m
w i t h t h e v a l u e s a n d i d e a l s o f t h e
a m o n g t h e o f f i c e r r a n k , m o s t o f t e n l e a d s t o a b r e a k d o w n a p a r t o f t h i s e f f o r t , l e a d e r s h i p c a p s u l e s w e r e S 6 1 V i c e * A s o f t h e
m e c h a n i s m
o f r e d r e s s a l .

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r e s e n t m e n t ,
t h e
a t v a r i o u s l e v e l s . E m
p h a s i s w
a s g i v e n o n p h y s i c ^ fjU C t e d
b i t t e r n e s s , a n d t h e c o n t r o v e r s y t h a t f o l l o w s i s , b u t , a ' r i t e a n d o n i n c u l c a t i n g a s p i r i t o f a d v e n t u r e .

s s
o f p a s s a g e ' f o r a n y s e r v i c e a n d i t s b a p t i s m b y f i r e . H i e A f t e r a s p a t e o f c o n t r o v e r s i e s , t h e N a v y a l s o b e 9 0 s w e r e a t r y i n g p e r i o d f o r t h e N a v y , b u t i t d e a l t w i t h p r o c e s s
o f r e d e f i n i n g
i t s
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w i t h
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t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h c a l m , t r y i n g h a r d t o m a i n t a i n a s e n s e o f b a l a n c e a n d e q u i t y . G i v e n t h e e n o r m i t y o f t h e t a s k t h a t O f f i c e r s w e r e c a u t i o n e d a g a in s t th e h a z a rd s o f u n a u t h o i l s e d l e a k a g e s t o t h e m e d i a a n d i ts e n s u i n g c o m p l i c a t i o n s While i t f a c e d , t h e N a v y ' s e f f o r t s t o g e t i t s h o u s e i n o r d e r w e r e it w a s g o o d t o b e t r a n s p a r e n t , o p e n a n d a c c o u n t a b l e , itwas c o m m e n d a b l e .

j u s t a s i m p o r t a n t t o b e j u d i c i o u s , p r u d e n t a n d d iscre e t in T h e s e r v i c e b e g a n t o p l a c e a p r e m i u m o n i t s o f f i c e r s p r o v i d i n g a n y i n f o r m
a t i o n .

b e i n g ' a b l e a n d f i t g e n t l e m e n ! A n e n d e a v o u r w a s m a d e

I n b a l a n c e , i t w a s i n d e e d a p e r i o d o f t r i a l b u t o n e t h a t t o i n s t i l l e a d e r s h i p q u a l i t i e s a m
o n g y o u n g o f f i c e r s a n d
d i d m
u c h t o m
a t u r e i t s r a n k s g r e a t l y .

2 7 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Reference Notes

H i s t o r i c a l Overview of the Management of Defence

( e a m a f i o m t h e
o r , o f , h e c o m m i t c o n M d m d e , M r M a n S in g h )

Pre-Independence

A u c h i n l e c k . T h e f o r m e r w a s . B r i t i s h A r m y G
e h e r . l a n d

E v o l u t i o n . B y t h e e a r l y 1 8 th c e n t u r y , t h e B r i t i s h E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n y
h a d
e s t a b l i s h e d
a

P r e s i
e n c y
s y
t h e l a t t e r a n I n d i a n A r m y G e n e r a l .

w h e r e l o c a l l y
e m
p l o y e d
p e r s o n n e l
w
e r e
o r g a n i s e
m i l i t a r y l i n e s . T h e r e w e r e t h r e e P r e s i d e n c i e s —

o m

y ;

M a d r a s a n d B e n g a l —
e a c h u n d e r i t s o w n G o v e r n o i a n
w i t h i t s o w n A r m y . T h e G
o v e r n o r r e p o r t e d d i r e c t y
o

C o m p a n y ’ s D i r e c t o r s i n L o n d o n .

h
r

”

e G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l w » * v ® •

T n Z l T h e C -in -C w a s o n e o f th e fo u r m e m b e r , o f th e

T h e P r e s i d e n c y A r m
i e s w
e r e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h

G o v e r n o r , w h o ,
i n t h e b e g i n n i n g ,
a l s o
u s e d t o
e

1

G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l ' s C o u n c i l .

C - i n - C . I n

1 7 4 8 ,
t h e

C - i n - C
o f B e n g a l

A r m y w a s a l s o
i n 1 7 Bfi a M i l i t a r y D e p a r t m e n t w a s c o n s t i t u t e d u n d e r a p p o i n t e d C - i n - C i n I n d i a . H i s c o n t r o l o v e r t h e B o m

y

M i l i t a r y Member. H e was also included in t h e G o v e r n o r
a n d M
a d r a s

A r m
i e s
w
a s
s l e n d e r
a s
t h e y
f u n c t i o n e
a M i l i t a r y

-i ^

M i l i t a r y D epartm ent was required

G e n e r a l s C o u n c i l _ m e M i ^ r y j

^
i n d e p e n d e n t l y
u n d e r
t h e i r
o w n

G o v e r n o i .

G r a
u a

,
h o w e v e r , h e s t a r t e d e x e r c i s i n g g r e a t e r o p e r a t i o n a l c o n r
to c o m m u n
p r e s i d e n c y A r m i e s . A ll p r o p o s a l s
a s ° p e r a t i o n s f r o m
m
a r i t i m
e b a s e s p r o c e e d e d i n a n
a n

C ° im C '

f r o m t h e s e

A r m i e s
f o r
c o n s i d e r a t i o n
b y
t h e
t e r r i t o r i e s o f t h e P r e s i d e n c i e s g o t l i n k e d b y l a n u n

G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l i n C o u n c i l h a d t o b e s e n t t h r o u g h h i m .

c o n t r o l o f B r i t i s h p o w e r .

S e M i l i t a r y D e p a r t m e n t b e c a m e t h e l i n k b e t w e e n t h e T h e f i r s t c o n t i n g e n t o f B r i t i s h t r o o p s a r r i v e d i n G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l a n d t h e t h r e e P r e s i d e n c y A r m i e s .

l n 1 ^ 5 4 . T h e r e w e r e n o w t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s o f A r m i e s m

The th r e e Presidency A rm ie s r e ta in e d t h e ir in d e p e n d e n t
c o u n t r y , t h e B r i t i s h r e g u l a r A r m y , t h e C o m
p a n y ' s European
i d e n t i t y f o r o v e r a c e n t u r y . T h e c o n t r o l o f t h e C - i n - C w a s

|r o o p s a n d t h e C o m
p a n y ' s I n d i a n l e v i e s . T h e C m
c o n f i n e d p r i m a r i l y t o o p e r a t i o n a l m a t t e r s . T h i s u n d e r s c o r e d n d i a w a s i n o v e r a l l c o m
m
a n d o f a l l t h e s e f o r c e s . T r e r e w
d i e need f o r t h e M i l i t a r y D e p a r t m e n t . A s t h e P r e s i d e n c y C - i n - C o f t h e I n d i a n A r m
y . T h e p r o c e s s o f u n i
c a i

A r m i e s s t a r t e d g e t t i n g a m a l g a m a t e d i n t o a u n i f i e d I n d i a n

?

e t h
u i r e e P

^ r e s i d e n c y A r m
i e s s t a r tr e d
u o
u n
m l y a f t e i t i e

A r a w t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r c o n t i n u i n g w i t h t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t u P
p tr i s i n g a n d w
w p
a q
s rc no m
m
n
p l ie ^t H
e d i n l1 r8 q

9 s

5 w
h e n a n Indian A i m y

A i m
b e c a m e d e b a t a b l e . H o w e v e r , w h e n c a m p a i g n s h a d t o b e C a m e i n t o b e i n g .

conducted d e e p in la n d in th e c o u n t r y a n d t h e C-in-C h a d to

,

^
r o u g h ů t t h e B r i t i s h e r a , t h e r e w a s n o C - i n - C o f t h e h e a w a y f r o m t h e c a p i t a l f o r l o n g p e r i o d s , t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t e n s u r e d t h a t m i l i t a r y a d v i c e w a s r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e h r ! l ? n A r m y a S SUGh' b u t a C - i n “C 111 I n d i a ‘ H .6 C° m m a n t r v t h e B r i t i s h a n d I n d i a n A r m
i e s l o c a t e d i n t h e c o u

G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l .

e i * e r a l s f r o m t h e B r i t i s h A r m
y a n d t h e I n d i a n A r m y w

T h e c o n c e p t o f t h e s u p r e m a c y o f t h e C i v i l o v e r t h e A r m y , Departm ent on purely m ilitary asp ect o f pro
a n e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t o f d e m o c r a c y , t o o k s o m e t i m e t o are submitted with the w eight and authority

Which
g e t f u l l y e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e 1 9 th C e n t u r y . H o w e v e r , i n I n d i a whereby unnecessary delay is caused and the

C' ' n' C'

t h e q u e s t i o n o f s u p r e m a c y o f t h e c i v i l g o t s e t t l e d f a i r l y is frequently obscured by a m ass o f irrelevant

‘SSUe
e a r l y . I n 1 8 3 2 , t h e n e w C - i n - C , G e n e r a l S i r E d w a r d B a r n e s The evils of this arrangem ent are palpable All ^ritlCisni-f o u n d i t i m p o s s i b l e t o a c c e p t a s u b o r d i n a t e r o l e t o L o r d involving reference betw een Army R e a d o u t

W°rk

B e n t i n c k , t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l . T h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e Military M em ber has to be d on e t w ic e over 5 - 7 * ^
i n t e r v e n e d , s u p p o r t i n g t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l a n d G e n e r a l C-in-C nor the M ilitary M em b er o f th e C o u n cil see f

B a r n e s w a s r e c a l l e d .

arguments on which the opinion o f th e other is based and
the Viceroy is apt to see the side o f the M ilitary D ep art! n

T h e s u p r e m e a u t h o r i t y f o r g o v e r n a n c e a n d c o n t r o l o f t h e i n e v e r y c a s e .

1
e n i
m i l i t a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n I n d i a a l w a y s r e m a i n e d v e s t e d i n t h e G o v e r n o r G e n e r a l i n C o u n c i l . A s a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d , there were two

Curzon-Kitchener Controversy

A r m y officers in the G overnor-G eneral's

C o u n c i l : -

C u r z o n ( t h e V i c e r o y ) w a s k e e n t o e f f e c t i m p r o v e m e n t s m t h e A r m
y a n d a s k e d f o r F i e l d M
a r s h a l K i t c h e n e r t h e

T h e C - i n - C w a s m u c h s e n i o r i n r a n k b e i n g a f u l l m
o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d s o l d i e r o f t h e

B r i t i s h E m p i r e t o b e

G e n e r a l a n d , s o m e t i m e s , a F i e l d M
a r s h a l . H e w a s
s e n t o u t t o I n d i a . O n a r r i v a l i n I n d i a , K i t c h e n e r s e t a b o u t r e s p o n s i b l e f o r c o m m a n d a n d e x e c u t i v e f u n c t i o n s i n t r o d u c i n g r e f o r m
s a n d m
o d e r n i s i n g t h e I n d i a n A r m y
l i k e O p e r a t i o n s , T r a i n i n g , P e r s o n n e l M
a n a g e m e n t

H e w a n t e d t o b u r y t h e 1 8 5 7 M
u t i n y s y n d r o m
e , w h i c h s t i l l
a n d s o o n . H e h a d u n d e r h i m t h r e e P r i n c i p a l S t a f f p e r v a d e d m i l i t a r y t h i n k i n g i n I n d i a . H e e x p l a i n e d t h a t t h e O f f i c e r s ( P S O s ) -
t h e A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l , t h e Q u a r t e r

I n d i a n A r m y ' s m
a i n t a s k w
a s n o t t o s u p p o r t t h e c i v i l p o w e r
a s t e r G e n e r a l a n d t h e P r i n c i p a l M
e d i c a l O f f i c e r .

i n t h e d i s t r i c t s , b u t t o g u a r d t h e f r o n t i e r s a g a i n s t e x t e r n a l a g g r e s s i o n . T h i s r e q u i r e d w i d e r a n g i n g r e - o r g a n i s a t i o n , T h e Military M em ber was m u c h j u n i o r t o h i m He
w a s i n t h e r a n k o f M
a j o r G e n e r a l a n d w a s r e s p o n s i b l e
w h i c h h a d t o b e c o m
p l e t e d e x p e d i t i o u s l y . K i t c h e n e r f o u n d
f o r l o g i s t i c s . T h e D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f O r d n a n c e , t h e t h e s t y l e o f f u n c t i o n i n g i n G
o v e r n m
e n t , m
o s t u n s a t i s f a c t o r y

D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f W o r k s a n d D i r e c t o r G e n e r a l o f c a u s i n g i n o r d i n a t e d e l a y . H e w
r o t e

“In war, the system

S u p p l y a n d T r a n s p o r t f u n c t i o n e d u n d e r h i m

H e
must bieak down a n d unless it is deliberately intended to
cow t disaster through divided counsels; divided authority
and divided responsibility...it m ust b e abolished'!

T h e r e w a s n o t o n l y d i v i d e d c o n t r o l o v e r t h e A r m v w i t h C u r z o n m
a i n t a i n e d t h a t b y d e s t r o y i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f
t h e M
i l i t a r y M
e m
b e r , t h e K i t c h e n e r p l a n w a s i n r e a l i t y a
p l a n t o s u b v e r t t h e c i v i l i a n a u t h o r i t y o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f I n d i a a s a w h o l e a n d s u b s t i t u t e f o r i t " m
i l i t a r y a u t o c r a c y
i n t h e p e r s o n o f t h e C o m
m
a n d e r - i n - C h i e f .

c

™

™

, c a M

, h e

K i t c h e n e r a r g u e d t h a t t h i s c o u l d n o t h a p p e n a s t h e u l t i m
a t e c h e c k w a s w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e f o r I n d i a i n

D i v i d e d
c o n t r o l
a n d
d u a litv n f f . ,

.

E n g l a n d .

p r o b l e m s . P h i l i p M
a s o n
a

• ^
n c t I 0 n m S
c r e a t e d

* e

D e f e n c e D
e
p

^
n
t d
u

^

T
c ^

^

° f

T h e B r i t i s h G
o v e r n m
e n t u n d e r P r i m
e M
i n i s t e r B a l f o 111
c r i t i c i s e d
t h i s
a r r a n g e m e n t

" 77,

? n d W ° r l d W a r '

f e l t t h a t t h e r e a l G
o v e r n m
e n t o f I n d i a w a s i n t h e H o u s e o
proposal which had the C in C't
caref ully considered

C o m
m
o n s , a p o s i t i o n C u r z o n w a s n o t w i l l i n g t o a c c e p t , f e
c o n s i d e r e d t h a t m
i l i t a r y i s s u e s i n I n d i a w e r e a n i n t e r n a

India did not approve, sometimes s J e d bva r

^ °f
m a t t e r o f t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f l n d i a . K i t c h e n e r f e l t t h a t l n d i a n

Army (Military) M em ber’s staff. Delays Z

^

M
i l i t a r y P o l i c y s h o u l d b e c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e C o m m i t t e e ° r
and more outrageous’:

y
become more

I m
p e r i a l D
e f e n c e ( C I D ) a n d n o t t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f I n ^
f h i s p o s i t i o n e n a b l e d h i m
t o g e t s u p p o r t f r o m E n g l a n

A v e r y d i s t i n g u i s h e d C - i n - C o f t h e 19* r P
w h i c h C u r z o n d i d n o t g e t .

R o b e r t s w a s v e r y c r i t i c a l o f t h i s s t v l e n f n J f
t t U r y ' L o r d

H e w r o t e i n 1 9 8 9 , " A f r e s h e v i l h a s h f
n c t i ( ) n i n g .

T h e

G
o v e r n o r - G
e n e r a l - i n - C o u n c i l
s u b m
i t t e d

^

c o n c l u s i o n s t o t h e S e c r e t a i y o f S t a t e f o r I n d i a , i n ^ ieS.Q

t e r m
s :

" We dissent to the creation o f a n organisation1

2 7 6
t r a n s it io n TO g u a r d ia n s h ip

t h i s C o m
m
i t t e e , t h e a p p o i n t m
e n t o f C - i n - C o f t h e B r i t i s h

H p / exists, as f a r as we know, in any arm y

A r m y w a s a b o l i s h e d a n d t h e A r m y C o u n c i l s y s t e m w a s
uilrich n0/ nl“ ,Tation in the world, which would create a
o r ^ aT
n

„ T m in surroundings where, in the absence i n t r o d u c e d .

litary

Z - v or public control, it would be fra u gh t with

A f t e r t h e F i r s t W
o r l d W
a r ( 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 8 ) , E s h e r w a s s e n t
jpartiainaW} J

^
wMch woulcl in our opinion,
o u t t o I n d i a t o e x a m
i n e t h e H i g h e r D e f e n c e O r g a n i s a t i o n
tltenicixwjwi f
breakci0Wn as soon as it was tested in
o f t h i s c o u n t r y . T w o I n d i a n s , S i r K G G u p t a , a d i s t i n g u i s h e d
lend to a uisascwu
l a w y e r a n d S i r U m
a r H y a t K h a n , a p r o m
i n e n t l a n d l o r d o t

P u n j a b , w e r e a l s o i n c l u d e d a s m
e m
b e r s o f t h i s C o m
m
i t t e

.

Pm. n - j i s h c a b i n e t a c c e p t e d t h e p r o p o s a l s o f K i t c h e n e r .

O n e o f t h e t e r m
s o f r e f e r e n c e o f t h e E s h e r C o m
m

* t t e e

11! t o M e m b e r w a s d r o p p e d f r o m t h e V i c e r o y s

I n d i a w a s , " T ^ exa m in e the p m H o n o f t h e C - m

- C ^ ^

1 1 , 6 * ! ■ ' P O
m
n c i l

T h e C - i n - C w
a s n o w t h e o n l y m
i l i t a r y
capacity as head o f the Army and M ember o f the Executw

E

“

, . “
c o u n c i l . H e s e c u r e d . h e r i g h . o f d i r e c t a c c e s s

Council and to make recommendations.

10 the V ice ro y .

T h e C o m
m
i t t e e i n i t s r e p o r t t o o k n o t e o f t h e f a c t t h a t t m “All the w ork connected with

T h e e r s t w h i l e M
i l i t a r y D
e p a r t m
e n t w a s r e - d e s i g n a t e d a s

„ „ d e , . h e p r e s e n t s y s t e m

M f h , m

^
m d
t h e A r m y D e p a r t m
e n t a n d p l a c e d u n d e r a n A r m y S e c r e t ^

the adtntnaralton o f he A y .

‘
to f lndla, ,he
i n t h e r a n k o f M
a j o r G
e n e r a l . T h i s D
e p a r t m
e n t c a m
e u n d e r
execution o f military policy o f the Govemmen j
the C -in-C .

combatant and
based

A

G e n e r a l

S t a f f

B r a n c h
w
a s
c r e a t e d
a t t

A r m
y
iUp Quvreme direction oj (if y
y
c nnd

H e a d q u a r t e r s u n d e r
a

C h i e f o f t h e
e n e ™
n t
b e c a m e t h e s e n i o r P r i n c i p a l S t a f f O f f i c e r . A
ofMilitary Supply w as c r e a t e d u n d e r t h e o t h e r
a f t e r t h e C u r z o n - K i t c h e n e r c o n t r o v e r s y

C o u n c i l w h o s e f u n c t i o n s w
e r e e s s e n t i a l l y t h o s e
administrator, a n d a n A r m y Departm ent was

T h e E s h e r
that
u n d e r t h e C o m
m
a n d e r - i n - C h i e f .

t h e C -in -C a lone s

^ and ^
he should
a d v i c e t o t h e G o v e m
m
e n

E ; e c u t i v e C o u n c i l . T h e

H i e n e w o r g a n i s a t i o n
i n t r o d u c e d
a t t h e
m s^a
h a v e n o m i l i t a r y ' c o l l e a |

V
a n d r e j e c t e d t h e s c h e m
e t o

K i t c h e n e r , r e m
a i n e d
o p e r a t i v e
f o r
t h e
i e m . a i n l ! l
j +ue

C o m
m
i t t e e a l s o c o n s i

E x e c u t i v e C o u n c i l f o r t h e
o f B r i t i s h r u l e i n I n d i a u p t o 1 9 4 7 . T h i s l a t i o n a

,

^

r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s ,
f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e c o u n t r y ' s D
e f e n c e 0 1 § a n i s a t l ° n '

n n r e c [
as u nsuitable to Indian conditions.

r e f o r m s
t o
b e
e x e c u t e d
e x p e d i t i o u s l y ,
a n
t h e I n d i a n A r m y t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t w o W
o r l d W
a r s w i t h
r
i q i q M o n t a a u - C h e l m s f o r d A c t , t h e C e n t r a l
s u c c e s s .

t

H t i v e A s s e m b l y c o u l d d i s c u s s D e f e n c e m
a t t e r s b u t

Legislative A s e n
y

^ d em an d s.

C - i n - C w
a s a n

T h e abolition of t h e appointment of M i a r y ^

l e d to a c h a n g e i n t h e pattern of Finance M a n a g e m e ^
f f i d o
m
e m
b e r o f t h e

C e n t r a l

L e g i s l a t i v e

A s s e m
b l y

I r * 1 9 0 6 , t h e M
i l i t a r y A c c o u n t s D e p a r t m
e n t , w

^

C n u «

«

»

”

. ! , . A
r m

, S e c r e t a r y o f t h e C e u t r e l U
g . s M
t v ,
f u n c t i o n e d u n d e r t h e M
i l i t a r y M
e m b e r , w a s r e p

_ Assembly.

M i l i t a r y F i n a n c e D
e p a r t m
e n t . T h i s a l s o p i o v i
e
c
g

I h e m
e r g e r o f A rm y H eadquarters a n d A rm y D e p a r t m e n t

° n t h e a u t h o r i t y o f t h e C - i n - C w h o h a d n o w

1 9 Q 6

7

P 1

L
t e r n
w a s n o t c o n s i d e r e d n e c e s s a r y i n I n d i a a s
a l l p o w e r f u l
i n
m
i l i t a r y
a d m
i n i s t r a t i o n

1a t e l

0 f t h e

®

C
i n c w a s t h e head o f b o t h t h e s e b o d i e s . H o w e v e r , t h e

^organisation. This arrangem ent was t l i e b e g m

S
h
e r Committee r e c o m m e n d e d t h e s e t t i n g u p o f a M i l i t a r y c o n c e p t o f A s s o c i a t e d F i n a n c e i n D e f e n c e w
u

C o u n c i l w i t h t h e C - i n - C a s i t s P r e s i d e n t a n d , t h e C h i e f o f l a r g e c o n t i n u e s t o o b t a i n t o t h i s d a y , e v e n
o u
a t e j

Z G e n e r a l S t a f f , t h e A d j u t a n t G e n e r a l , t h e Q u a r t e r M a s t e r s o m e r e f o r m
s h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d t o w a i

T e n e r a l t h e D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y a n d t h e F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e r F i n a n c e .

a s i t s m
e m
b e r s . T h i s w o u l d e n s u r e i n t e g r a t e d f u n c t i o n i n g .

E s h e r C o m
m
i t t e e

T h e Committee n o t e d t h a t a s p e r t h e R u l e s o f B u s i n e s s A f t e r t h e i n d i f f e r e n t p e r f o r m
a n c e o f t h e B r i t i s

. t t e e
o f t h a t t i m e , t h e A r m y S e c r e t a r y , l i k e a l l o t h e r S e c r e t a r i e s o f G o v e r n m e n t o f
t h e B o e r W
a r a t t h e t u r n o f t h e 2 0 th C e n t u r y , a

^
e

I n d i a , h a d t o r e p o r t d i r e c t l y t o t h e V i c e r o y ,
u n d e r L o r d E s h e r w a s s e t u p i n 1 9 0 3 t o r e o §

0 f
o n c e a w e e k . T h e A r m
y S e c r e t a r y w a s a s e r v i n g M
a j o r

B r i t i s h W
a r O f f i c e . A s a r e s u l t o f t h e r e c o m
m
e n

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 2 7 7

G e n e r a l . T h i s c o u l d p r o v i d e a n a d d i t i o n a l a v e n u e f o r t h e d e m
a n d i n t h a t b e h a l f . T h a t c l i n c h e d t h e d

* ■

V i c e r o y t o g e t a d v i c e o n M i l i t a r y m a t t e r s . T o o b v i a t e t h i s , i t W
o r k i n g C o m
m
i t t e e o f t h e C o n g r e s s t o r e j e c t t f T
r 11 ° f t h e
r e c o m m e n d e d t h a t t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f t h e A r m y S e c r e t a r y p
n r o p
n o s a l s .

0 C a b i n e t 's
b e m a d e t e n a b l e o n l y b y a c i v i l s e r v a n t . T h i s w a s a c c e p t e d In 1942, the British divided the D efen ce D enan
a n d f r o m

1 9 2 1 ,
o f f i c e r s
f r o m
t h e I n d i a n

C i v i l

S e r v i c e
s t a r t e d b e i n g p o s t e d t o t h i s a p p o i n t m e n t , w h i c h w a s n o w two Departments. The W ar D ep artm en t under th r * ™ 0
r e - d e s i g n a t e d a s D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y .

remained responsible for O perations, Training P

M anagement and A dm inistration o f three S e r v j r ^ T

Inter Service Co-ordination

Defence D epartm ent under an Indian M em ber nf .

Executive Council was establish ed to deal with subiert

I n 1 9 2 4 a C h i e f s o f S t a f f C o m m i t t e e ( C O S C ) w i t h n o like printing o f stationery and form s, m ilitary lands nH
p e r m a n e n t C h a i r m a n , c o m p r i s i n g t h e t h r e e S e r v i c e C h i e f s w a s s e t u p i n t h e U K . T h e S a l i s b u r y R e p o r t p r e s c r i b e d f o r cantonm ents, soldier boards, prison ers of war and Army
t h i s C o m m i t t e e " i n d i v i d u a l a n d c o l l e c t i v e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y Navy and Air Force Lists. Soon after the War, these twn
f o r a d v i s i n g o n

D e f e n c e p o l i c y a s
a w h o l e ,
t h e t h r e e
departments were again m erged into one Department.

c o n s t i t u t i n g , a s i t w e r e , a s u p e r C h i e f o f a W
a r S t a f f i n

Until 1946, the C om m an d er-in -C h ief and the Defence
c o m m i s s i o n ”

M em ber of the Viceroy's C ouncil w ere the sam e person

A b o u t t h e s a m e t i m e , a C O S C w a s a l s o s e t u p i n I n d i a a n d t h i s l e d t o t h e f i n a l u n i t y o f c o m
m
a n d a t t h e t o p .

T h e C h i e f o f G e n e r a l S t a f f , F l a g O f f i c e r C o m m a n d i n g R o y a l H o w e v e r , t h e r e w e r e v a r i o u s p o i n t s o f c o n t r o l o u t s i d e I n d i a n N a v y ( F O C R I N ) a n d A O C w e r e m e m b e r s o f t h i s a n d
a b o v e
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m
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t h e W
a r O f f i c e a t L o n d o n , a n d f r o m t h e
r e p o r t e d t o t h e C - i n - C . T h e F O C R I N a n d t h e A O C w e r e o f f i c e o f t h e S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e f o r I n d i a . T h e i s s u e o f f i n a l g i v e n t h e r i g h t o f a c c e s s t o t h e C - i n - C a n d t h e V i c e r o y .

c o - o r d i n a t i o n a n d r e s o l v i n g o f d i f f e r e n c e s o f v i e w w e r e T h e g r o w t h o f t h e t h r e e S e r v i c e s b e f o r e I n d e p e n d e n c e t a k e n c a r e o f n o t i n I n d i a , b u t b y t h e B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t w a s r e l a t e d t o t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f B r i t i s h I m p e r i a l s t r a t e g y i n L o n d o n . T h e a r m
e d f o r c e s i n I n d i a w
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a n d n o t t o a n y p o l i c y f o r m u l a t i o n i n I n d i a . T h e B r i t i s h t h e B r i t i s h w a r a p p a r a t u s a n d t h e C o m
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p r o f e s s i o n a l H e a d o f t h e t h r e e S e r v i c e s . N o o t h e r c h a n g e s w e r e introduced i n t h e H i g h e r D e f e n c e Organisation t i l g a t h e r i n g m o m e n t u m a n d p r o v i n c i a f a m
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2 7 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

o r A i r F o r c e C h i e f i n t h r e e s t a r r a n k . T h e C h i e f s o f S t a f f f r t u n a t e t h a t t h e r e w
e r e t w o i n d i v i d u a l s p r e s e n t

C o m
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i t t e e h a d n o g o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t y a n d c o u l d o n l y 1 1 XT
in 1 9 4 7 w h o h a d v a s t e x p e r i e n c e o f D e f e n c e
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e n d a t i o n s t o t h e G o v e r n m e n t .

in In

• P i t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l . L o r d M o u n t b a t t e n h a d
fu n ctio n in g
c o m m a n d e r d u r i n g t h e S e c o n d W o r l d

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t h e

P r i n c i p a l

P e r s o n n e l

O f f i c e r s

W ar f3 n r Q n ff L o r d I s m a y , h a d c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e r i e n c e C o m
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m
i t t e e ( P S O C ) w e r e d i f f e r e n t f o r m t h e o t h e r I n t e r -
h p e n i n v i t e d t o t h e U S A t o a d v i s e o n t h e r e o r g a n i s a t i o n o f S e r v i c e C o m
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Defence a t th e n a t i o n a l le v e l in t h a t c o u n t r y .

t h r e e S e r v i c e s d e a l i n g w i t h p e r s o n n e l a n d s u p p l y m a t t e r s ,
t h e s e

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D e f e n c e a n d F i n a n c e ( D e f e n c e ) . P P O C a n d P S O C w e r e t o
d e fe n ce o r g a n i s a t i o n ” a n d s u g g e s t c h a n g e s t o m e e t t h e r e p o r t d i r e c t l y t o t h e D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r ' s C o m
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r e q u ir e m e n ts in t h e w a k e o f I n d e p e n d e n c e . H e h a d t o t a k e u n a n i m
o u s d e c i s i o n o f t h e s e C o m
m
i t t e e s c o u l d c a r r y t h e
into a c c o u n t t h e h i g h l y d i s t u r b e d c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g m w e i g h t o f G o v e r n m e n t a l a u t h o r i t y a n d r e c o m
m
e n d a t i o n s

India a t t h a t t i m e . N o r t h I n d i a w a s e n g u l f e d in P a r t i t i o n o f t h e s e C o m
m
i t t e e s w e r e n o t r e q u i r e d t o b e s u b j e c t e d t o
r i o t s

T h e
t h r e e

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i n i s t r y . T h i s a r r a n g e m
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o p e r a tio n t o b e p a r t i t i o n e d i n t o t h e D e f e n c e S e r v i c e s c u t o u t d e l a y s . H o w e v e r , t h e s e C o m
m
i t t e e s h a v e r e m
a i n e d
of th e tw o n e w l y i n d e p e n d e n t n a t i o n s . W i t h i n w e e k s o f l a r g e l y i n e f f e c t i v e .

I n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e A r m y w a s d r a w n i n t o f i g h t i n g a w a r in K a sh m ir. A g a i n s t t h i s b a c k d r o p , a r a d i c a l r e o r g a n i s a t i o n T h e
re o rg a n isa tio n s u g g e s t e d
b y

I s m a y ,
w i t h o u t
of th e h i g h e r d e f e n c e a p p a r a t u s w a s n o t p o s s i b l e I s m a y i n t e g r a t i n g t h e S e r v i c e H e a d q u a r t e r s w i t h t h e M
i n i s t r y ,
r e c o m m e n d e d a s e r i e s o f c o m m i t t e e s fo i h ig h e i
e e n c ®
p r o v i d e d f o r i n t e g r a t e d f u n c t i o n i n g . S h n H M

P a t e l , t h e
c o n t r o l , w h i c h w o u l d e n s u r e t h e s u p r e m
a c y o f t
e c m

,
t h e n

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S e c r e t a r y ,
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t o

I s m
a y s

P r 0 P

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p r o v i d e m
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u m

c o - o r d i n a t i o n
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t h e

S e r v i c e s
f o r " d i r e c t a c c e s s t o t h e D C C b y t h e C h i e f s o f S t a f f a n d , i f n e c e s s a r y , t h r o u g h d i e D M C " . H i s o b j e c t i o n w a s a c c e p t e d a n d r e d u c e r e d t a p e , c u t t i n g o u t a v o i d a b l e d e l a y s .

in t h e D M C o n 2 0 t h D e c e m b e r 1 9 4 7 . " H ie C h i e f s o f S t a f f A t t h e h i g h e s t l e v e l , t h e r e w a s t h e D e f e n c e C o m m
i t t e e
c o u l d n o w g o o n l y t o t h e D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r a n d n o r m
a l l y
o f t h e C a b i n e t

( D C C )

u n d e r t h e

C h a i r m
a n s h i p
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o n l y t h r o u g h h i m t o t h e D C C ”. I n D
e c e m
b e r 1 9 4 7 , a U d i e

P r i m e M
i n i s t e r . T h e D
e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r a n d c e r t a i n s e l e c t e

L
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C h i e f s o f S t a f f w e r e B r i t i s h e r s . S h r i P a t e l p r o b a b l y d i d M i n i s t e r s w e r e m
e m
b e r s o f t h i s C o m
m
i t t e e . T h e t n e e
n o t w a n t t h e m
t o b y p a s s t h e t h e n D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r S a r d a r

S e r v i c e C h i e f s , t h e D
e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y a n d t h e F i n a n c i a

B a l d e v S i n g h .

A d v i s e r w e r e r e q u i r e d t o b e i n a t t e n d a n c e a t a l l m e e t i n g s O n ’ 7 th M
a y 1 9 5 2 , t h e t h e n D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y ' ( H M

P a t e l )

o f t h e D C C .

f o r w a r d e d t o t h e t h e n C - i n - C A r m y ( G e n K M C a r i a p p a ) t h e F u n c t i o n i n g u n d e r t h e b r o a d d i r e c t i o n s o f t h e D C C w a s d r a f t o f a d o c u m
e n t t i t l e d " O r g a n i s a t i o n , F u n c t i o n s , P o w
e r s
t h e D e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r ' s C o m
m
i t t e e . T h i s w a s t h e a p e x
o

)

a n d P r o c e d u r e o f D e f e n c e H e a d q u a r t e r s , 1 9 5 2 . T h i s d r a f t i n M
i n i s t r y o f D e f e n c e . T h e D
e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r p r e s i d e d o v e r
s t a t e d , i n t e r a l i a , t h a t t h e s t a t u s o f A r m
e d F o r c e s H Q v i s -
t h i s C o m
m
i t t e e a n d i t s m
e m
b e r s w e r e t h e t h r e e
e i v i c e
t v i s M o D " C o r r e s p o n d s t o t h a t o f a n A t t a c h e d O f f i c e o f

C h i e f s , t h e D
e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y a n d t h e F i n a n c i a l A d v i s e i .

t h e S e c r e t a r i a t o n t h e c i v i l s i d e ”. T h e D
e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y

T h e r e w e r e
a l s o
t w o
s p e c i a l i s e d
c o m
m
i t t e e s ,
t i e
a r
a s k e d t h e G e n e r a l t o c o m
m
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B o o k C o m
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i t t e e a n d t h e A p p e l l a t e C o m
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i t t e e p i e s i
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a s p o s s i b l e a n d p r o p o s e d , n e v e r t h e l e s s , t o s e n d t h e d r a f t o v e r b y t h e D
e f e n c e M
i n i s t e r w i t h S e r v i c e C h i e f s a s t l e
f o r p u b l i c a t i o n " o n o r b e f o r e 1 6 J u n 1 9 5 2 ” ( a t o t a l p e r i o d m e m b e r s .

o f 2 0 d a y s ) .

T h e C h i e f s o f S t a f f C o m
m
i t t e e ( C O S C ) w a s t h e h i g h e s t

G e n

C a r i a p p a
a n d
t h e
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t w o

C h i e f s
p r e p a r e d
b o d y f o r g i v i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l a d v i c e t o t h e G o v e i n n i e n t h e i r c o m
m
e n t s a n d r e v e r t e d t o t h e D
e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y '

a n d c o - o r d i n a t i n g t h e f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e t h r e e o n

1 3 th

J u n e

’ 5 2
i n d i c a t i n g
s e r i o u s
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T h e r e w a s t o b e n o s e p a r a t e C h a i r m
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“ t h e p r o p o s e d p r a c t i c e i n p r o c e d u r e " a n d s u g g e s t e d a n C o m m i t t e e . O n e o f t h e s e r v i n g C h i e f s w a s t o
e m
a
i n f o r m a l d i s c u s s i o n .

C h a i r m a n a n d t h i s a p p o i n t m
e n t w o u l d g o b y 1 0 ^

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t h e S e r v i c e C h i e f w h o h a d s e r v e d l o n g e s t i n t h e C h i e s O n

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T R A N S IT IO N T O G U A R D IA N S H IP

2 7 9

only be able to entertain a discussion a few weeks later. idea of their PSOs and themselves attending a No farther discussion or correspondence occurred and meeting under the Chairmanship of the Minister and T ” '

the draft, without amendment, was published as the final views being only one of the views expressed and their K n ’

document under the auspices of the Cabinet Secretariat having freedom of expression before the Minister Tl in 1952 itself. No correspondence or interaction took concept of the Chiefs being operational commanders h place between the Chiefs and the political authority on not Chiefs of Staff would not permit them to accent H
this vital issue.

Council system.

*
e

This decision has ensured that the Services Headquarters

The 1958 Estimates Committee of the Parliament und
are not part of the Departmental structure of die MoD but the Chairmanship of Shri Balvantrai G Mehta in its report only 'attached' offices to the Department of Defence and on 'Organisation of MoD and Services HQ’ was of the this fact has created its own problems. Attached offices view that the existing system did not make for economy are generally responsible for providing executive direction or efficiency in administration as there was considerable required in the implementation of the policies laid down amount of duplication and even instruments of the Defence by the Department to which they are attached. They also Organisation tended to function in a compartmental serve as the repository of technical information and advise manner rather than jointly and comprehensively with a the Department on technical aspects of questions dealt common objective.

with by them. Thus Services Headquarters operate in a
purely advisory role even on 'technical questions,' which

The Committee report also highlighted the prevalent
related to purely military issues.

imbalance in the distribution of 'responsibility and
in 1955, the Service Chiefs who had continued to carry the authority' between the Services HQ and MOD. It called esignation of C-in-C were re-designated as Chief of Staff foi comprehensive review of the existing powers, and of their respective Service. A Chief of Staff in all democratic delegation of more power to Service HQ. An organisation countries is part of the Defence Ministry and not a separate based on the Council System (as obtaining in the UK) identity outside the Ministry. A similar arrangement was was recommended to overcome to a large extent, the visualised m India when the appointment of Service Chiefs
shortcomings of the existing system.

Announcing * is ^ the Parliament

Appreciating the need for speed and efficiency in the
on 25 March 1955, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru MoD for effective scrutiny and examination of proposals tated It would be better if in future the designation of the forwarded by Service HQ, review and streamlining of the

Commander-tn-Chief should be dropped and they should

be called the Chief of Staff. .,t is proposed that Z Heads existing procedures was called for. The amalgamation or
of the Services in future be called Chief of the Army Staff common Finance and Accounts Organisation for the three Services to achieve economy, uniformity and greater coordination was recommended.

t

1962 was a watershed year in India for Defence and we
thev have

I t ' T St dem°™tw countries had to come to terms with harsh realities. However, in so
they have some kind of defence CounciTZT T
fai as Management of Defence was concerned, we failed
be desirable for us also lo fc™ Z f r f 7 ***”“*
go
g i
o n
i g
n
gin
i t
n o
t t
o h
t i
hs
i s mnttor ™

^

.

C

^ o
uu
uncils

^.. .. W

We
e are t0 rectify adequately the ills of the system. The DCC was

Councils." U W^e £rac^uattyto develop these reP^ace^ by the Emergency Committee of the Cabinet (ECC). DCC had dealt exclusively with Defence matteis.

The three Service Chiefs were always in attendance at its

The Service Chiefs in India voluntarilv ^
meetings and the Military Wing always provided secretaria
continue to be operational commanders o

£ r

■ l° support.

forces instead of being Chiefs of Staff

V ,

SpeCtIve

The changed nomenclature of ECC signified that

Navy and 41r F„ ce Acts
t i
h s
i
s Com

C
mit
ommi te
tt e
ee covered a bi
b ee
ig e
g r
er canvas than
man the

~— D

C
tth
h ee G

G oovveerrnnm
m een
n tt. . Th

T i
h s
i w
s a
w s
a
s on
o
n 4

7he *b

~ as

K i

^ s
a io

Cf a

^
aiSCatusouts^ e came *nt0 being in the uncertainty about i e
h
b v
y n

G »

e n
ne ^
ra„
l M

JNo

C L
haudhuri th*» meD
n r L asi
f so

V*f
f a

3 n
note p
prepa

Pared nature and duration of war. The Cabinet Secretary wa

'

Cftlet of General Staff.

d esignated as Principal Defence Secretary for some time.

The procedure for ECC was different from DCC; PaPe^
came from t h ^ 2

^ I^

^

^
rForce Councils
were not circulated in advance; Ministers were given brie ^

1Jley did not approve the
st the time of the meeting and decisions were taken a

280 TRANSmONTOGUARDIANSHrp

p rin cip le o f civilian control over the D efence m ach in ery
c w e r e co lle cte d b a c k . T h i s l a s t e d o n l y f o r a f e w sh o u ld b e interpreted to m ea n n ot bu reau cratic o r c m
th e p a p e i s
n o r m a l p r o c e d u r e w a s r e v e r t e d t o
service con trol bu t essentially ultim ate p o litica l con trol by

^ t h e ECC functioned on the model oftheD C C .

the P arliam en t a n d the C abin et".

n t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t a f f e c t i n g t h e S e r v i c e s a f t e r

O n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a C h i e f o f D e f e n c e S t a f f S N

Y e t
t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e a p p o i n t m e n t o f C a b i n e t

M i s h r a e x p r e s s e d h i s o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e i d e a , w h i l s t 1962 w a
h i g h e r p r o t o c o l s t a t u s t h a n t h e S e r v i c e

J u n g o b s e r v e d , "The Services s h o u ld return t h e * s e p a r a t e S6C rf
rF n , t h e f i r s t t i m e , a c i v i l s e r v a n t b e c a m e s e n i o r t o identities, but all o p era tio n a l m atters n eed to b e c o
c
v p C h i e f s a n d t h i s a f f e c t e d t h e s t y l e o f f u n c t i o n i n g ord in ated a n d op eration s eventually integrated. Tins
th e eI' T n ^ n r h t

S e r v i c e C h i e f s w h o h a d o b j e c t e d t o
in t h e S e c r e t a

.

s t i l l b o r n D e f e n c e S e c r e t a r y ' s
a lo n e w ou ld establish a single line ^ ^ ^ Z
e M
e l
responsibility; w ithout it, the Services w ou ld n ot b e a b le alt
s e r v in g a s m e m
a t t e n d i n g m e e t i n g s o f t h e
o a s u l n to bring a b o u t the effective u n ified c o m m a n d

C O m m !

/
o
f t c " l r £ p r e s i d e d o v e r b y t h e C a b i n e t
w h i c h is req u ired in war. We b e lie v e th a t th ere « « n e e d f o r

" a o P d n d r a l S e c r e t a r i e s w e r e a l s o e q u a t e d w i t h d r e

„ a t e f o f D e f e n c e

,

C a b i n e t S e c r e t a r y a n d

“ ^ ^ P r i n c i p a l

S e a e t a r y ^ n ' t h e M o D ^ w h e ^ K B ^ L a l ^ f a s e l e v a t e d t o t h a t 1 ™ —

«

CDS ? ' * was als0 oppo
y
r a n k .

t h e t h e n N a v y a n d A i r F o r c e C h i e f s .

T h e w a r i n 1 9 6 5 b r o u g h t t o t h e f o r e th e 5 l a c k o f ^

1
i
a C o m m i t t e e o f D e f e n c e P l a n n i n g ( C D P ) c a m e
o r d i n a t i o n a m o n g t h e t h r e e J ^ ™ “

® o s e d l y c o u e g i a t e

“
n V a M ^ c a p a b i li t y . O n e c h a n g e >
w a r w a s t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e p o s t o f A i r C h i e f M a r . h a l m t h e A ir F o r c e . T h i s w a s f o l l o w e d i n 1 9 6 8 b y t h e in s >

^

D
e f e n c e ' p r o d u c t i o n 2 d S e c r e t a r y P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n .

A d m i r a l o f t h e N a v y . F r o m t h e n o n a l l d r r e e

T w o n e w f e a t u r e s i n t h e C D P a r e s i g n i f i c a n t : -
s t a r o f f i c e r s .

W i t h t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e p o l i t i c a l e x e c u t i v e i n t h e C D P , I n

1 9 6 7 ,
t h e

G o v e r n m e n t
o f '

I
n
c

^
o

t h e r e w a s t o b e n o d i r e c t i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e A d m i n i s t r a t i v e R e f o r m s C o m m i s s i o .

,o r Tl i n < * a n d

M i n i s t e r s a n d t h e S e r v i c e C h i e f s i n t h i s c o m m i t t e e .

c o m m i t t e e s o n D e f e n c e , h e a d e d b y N a w a
a
o f

SN M is r a . W h i l e b o t h s u p p o r t e d i n t e g r a t i o n o
h e

F n r t h e f i r s t t i m e , a c o m m i t t e e h a d b e e n c o n s t i t u t e d D e f e n c e w i t h S e r v i c e s H e a d q u a r t e r s , t h e y 1 e

. Q n

’

u n d e r
t h e

C h a i r m a n s h i p
o f
a
c i v i l
s e r v a n t
a p p o i n t m
e n t o f C
h i e f o f D
e f e n c e S t a f f i n n i a .

w i t h S e r v i c e C h i e f s s e r v i n g a s m e m b e r s o f t h a
of an integrated H ead q u a rters th e C o m m ittee

C o m m i t t e e . H o w e v e r , t h e C D P w a s a C o m m i t t e e

"The subordination of the Military to the C i’ ^ ^
t o a d v i s e t h e D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r a n d w a s c o n s t i t u t e d
should be interpreted in the politica cin
j
b v t h e D e f e n c e M i n i s t e r . I t w a s m e a n t t o e x p e d i t e
bureaucratic sense. .There is thefactoi to consi
d e f e n c e p l a n n i n g , l a r g e l y e q u i p m e n t p r o c u r e m e n t
of duplication of work, which c0"stlt^ te “h duplication

T h e i n i t i a l s e c r e t a r i a t w a s p r o v i d e d a t t h e l e v e l o f
financial, and in terms of talent and tin .

^uver vision

A d d i t i o n a l S e c r e t a r y i n t h e C a b i n e t S e c r e t a r i a t .

occurs mostly in the name of co-ordination a

- it contributes little except delay. We recommend that

TRAN SITION T O G U A RD IAN SH IP

281

Reference Notes

Training of Foreign Naval Personnel
r

——

---------------
j Region

Country

No o f P e rso n n e l

N o o f P e r s o n n e l ! Total Trained
train ed from 1 9 9 1 to
tr a in e d fro m

I since 1991

2000

2 0 0 1 to 2 0 0 6

Indian Ocean

Maldives

64

96

Mauritius

160

237

54

Seychelles

291

35

37

72
aouui Asian Seaboard

Bangladesh

62

Myanmar

55

117
j

07

Sri Lanka

18

25

1-------------- ------- ----- ------------

939

945

1884
nast Asian Seaboard

Cambodia

Indonesia

08

08

08

Malaysia

05

43

13

Philippines

27

02

70

Singapore

05

02

Thailand

01

06

Vietnam

01

01

12

1 9

■
rw>|«n seab oard

Iran

04

Kuwait

04

Oman

10

50

10

UAE

____ _____ _______ i

50

12

E ast African Seaboard

—

12

Kenya

39

South Africa

11

02

50

Tanzania

18

04

20

Zanzibar

02

06

—■

West African Seaboard

02

Gambia

02

01

Ghana

93

01

Namibia

06

99

—________

Nigeria

05

5

19

22

41

—'

SECTION V

In Unison

- *•
c rnllaborative Efforts and Reference

Associated Organisation ,

Preamble

Nothing rem ain s, n e ith e r th e s ta te n o r w ea lth n o r v a lo u r w ithou t the security p ro v id ed by the A rm ed Forces. O ne s h o u ld never forg et th at th e stro n g co n tro l a ll a n d th e w e a k h a v e m a n y enemies'!

— S h u k ra Niti (a n c ie n t In d ian s c r ip tu re )

The contribution of associated services in assisting

In 1982, the institution of the Directorate of Naval
the Indian Navy in safeguarding the SLOCs cannot be Oceanology and Meteorology (DNOM) at Naval overstated. The principle collaborator in the 90s decade was Headquarters led to coordinated efforts of scientific the Coast Guard. The CG, that is considered the fourth arm research in partnership with the Department of Ocean of defence, enforces national legislation in the Maritime Development (DOD) in its expeditions to Antarctica. The Zones of India; takes care of the policing, surveillance and expedition marked a high point for the Navy that has only patrolling of India's EEZ, our coastline, the island territories made more confident and productive forays, ever since.

and our offshore installations. There were many instances
in the decade, when the Navy operated jointly (sometimes

The decade was also significant for the Reviews of the
in remarkably coordinated operations) with the CG, Fleet1 by die President, Presentation of Colours2 and begetting favourable results. With its stellar support, the die activities of Indian Naval Bands. The Indian Navy's Navy accomplished its stated objectives with elan.

'Central Band'3 brought glory for the service by performing
in prestigious international events such as International

Organisations
carrying
support
functions
also Military Music Festival at Albertville in France and Modena
contributed in no small manner. The Naval Hydrographic in Italy and Germany * and in Symphonic Orchestral Department (now renamed the National Hydrographic concerts in Malaysia, Singapore, Shanghai, South Africa, Department) assisted in the conduct of "Project Surveys

Eritrea, etc.

undertaken for various State Governments, private
companies, and foreign surveys, as part of their "Revenue

In keeping widi die Navy's adventurous spirit, there

Earning Measures'! Amongst these were surveys for the was a sharp increase in the sailing/yachting expeditions Sethusamudram project, Charting of Antarctica Waters, undertaken in die decade. For the first time perhaps, there and Coastal Zone Management Surveys. The Naval was concerted focus on imparting sailing training that Hydrographic School, re-designated as the National offered first hand experience of wind, weather and the Hydrographic School 1997 undertook dedicated courses to vagaries of the sea thereby fostering a nicety of judgment train personnel in the art of hydrographic surveys. In 1999, and helping develop a basic "sense of the sea'! The period the school's Basic Hydrographic Course was ratified by also saw Yachting voyages being undertaken by non

IHO and the school ranks amongst the finest in the world training Ships Varuna, Samudra, and Tarangini.

attracting students from several overseas countries.

L

A n aval review d isp lay s a n a tio n 's n aval m ig h t, b o th to its ow n c itiz e n s a n d to n av al a d v e rs a rie s. T h e P r e s id e n t o f In d ia re v ie w s th e I n d ia n F le e t o n c e d u rin g h is/ h er te n u re in o ffic e . In c e re m o n ia l sig n ific a n c e , th e Navy's P re sid e n tia l R ev ie w is s e c o n d o n ly to th e R e p u b lic D a y P a ra d e .

2-

T h e Presentation o f Colours is a n a n c ie n t trad itio n fo r arm ed fo rce s w h ich a c co m p lish m e rito rio u s a n d o u ts ta n d in g s e r v ic e , to b e p r e s e n te d w ith C o lo u rs" to e n g e n d e r p rid e a n d e sp rit-d e -c o rp s. T h e s e C o lo u rs a re p a ra d e d b y th e r e c ip ie n ts o n s p e c ia l o c c a s io n s to a d d d ig n ity a n d s t a tu r e to th e ir p a ra d e s a n d g u ard s o f h o n o u r.

T h e b a n d w as c o m m is s io n e d in B o m b a y in 1945 w ith a c o m p le m e n t o f 5 0 m u s ic ia n s h a s g ro w n in to a N av al C e n tr a l B a n d w ith a 1 2 5 - p ie c e Sym phonic Orchestra.

Hie Fifth Pay Commission, appointed in 1994 resulted in improvements in pay scale.

a so marked a 'first' for the service. Unlike any other
commission in the past, the Fifth Pay Commission was In the backdrop of the harsh conditions in i °W
an^s.

Arm h e 8xamine the terms and conditions of service of

Forces personnel have to operate and the coT n .f Armed
necel °T
that has resulted in a dire need to attract

? ^ effect

^

T

' t0 reco”

d the reforms
ecessary to bring about desirable changes in work
talented youth in the Armed Forces thi
letain the
significant first.

S' thls Was indeed a
efflct0ncveT

0nT nt 3nd attitUdeS' aimed 3t pr° motinS
paperwork L adnUmstration’ educing redundant

On the welfare front, several measures

■
paperwork and optimising the size of Government
m the last few years of the decade m
mitiated
ambit'anrf

° f reference were much wider in their
of Iff., including

W i t ,
was just a sense of*" 111050 ° f 'tS predecessors and there
new educational m s , , , u Z s i PT 7 o ,

T

”

modernisation programme and steos

“ pl,al
accommodation for person„ el at f. , J y s " ™ P™ v. f t .

TRANSJTIONTOGUARDiANSHtP

4 0

The Coast Guard
c l o s e l i a i s o n w i t h U n i o n a g e n c i e s , i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s .

T h e I n d i a n C o a s t G u a r d c a m e i n t o b e i n g o n 1 F e b r u a r y A f t e r t h e e n a c t m e n t o f t h e 1 9 7 8 A c t , t h e C o a s t G u a r d 1977. A t t h e t i m e o f i t s i n c e p t i o n , t h e C o a s t G u a r d w a s w a s c o n s t i t u t e d a s a n A r m e d F o r c e o f I n d i a .

c re a te d i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h r e e b a s i c a s s e s s m e n t s . -

.

N a v a l F o r c e L e v e l s w e r e i n a d e q u a t e f o r n o n - m i l i t a r y The M a ritim e Zones o f In d ia
t a s k s l i k e t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f l i f e a n d p r o p e r t y a t s e a a n d l a w e n f o r c e m e n t i n I n d i a ' s m a r i t i m e z o n e s .

Regulation of Fishing By Foreign Vessels Act 1981

P o a c h i n g i s p r e v a l e n t i n t h e w a t e r s a r o u n d t h e A n d a m a n

•

' H i - t e c h ' n a v a l s h i p s a n d h i g h l y t r a i n e d n a v a l

& N i c o b a r I s l a n d s , i n t h e a p p r o a c h e s t o t h e H o o g h l y R i v e r a t p e r s o n n e l s h o u l d n o t b e w a s t e d i n c a r r y i n g o u t t h e t h e h e a d o f t h e B a y o f B e n g a l , a l o n g t h e E a s t c o a s t b e t w e e n n o n - m i l i t a r y t a s k s .

V i s a k h a p a t n a m a n d C h e n n a i , i n t h e F a l k S t r a i t b e t w e e n

•

The Navy sh ou ld only b e utilised for its w artim e and

I n d i a a n d S r i L a n k a , a l o n g t h e W e s t c o a s t b e t w e e n K o c h i a n d M u m b a i a n d i n t h e w a t e r s o f f t h e G u l f o f K a c h c h .

traditional o c e a n ic naval roles.

T h e R e g u l a t i o n o f F i s h i n g b y F o r e i g n V e s s e l s i n t h e The Coast G u a rd A c t o f 1978

M a r i t i m e Z o n e s o f I n d i a A c t c a m e i n t o f o r c e o n 2 n d N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 1 . I t l a i d d o w n t h e p r o c e d u r e t o r e g u l a t e T h e A c t s p e c i f i e d t h e d u t i e s a n d f u n c t i o n s o f t h e C o a s t Guard
f i s h i n g b y f o r e i g n v e s s e l s i n I n d i a 's E x c l u s i v e E c o n o m i c 7 n n e f E E Z ) a n d p r o v i d e d f o r d e t e r r e n t p u n i s h m e n t s l i k e

•

I t s h a l l b e t h e d u t y o f t h e C o a s t G u a r d t o p r o t e c t l e v y i n g f i n e s , c o n f i s c a t i o n o f c r a f t , i m p r i s o n m e n t o f m a s t e r , t h e m a r i t i m e a n d o t h e r n a t i o n a l i n t e r e s t s i n t h e e t c f o r i l l e g a l f i s h i n g i n t h e E E Z .

m a r i t i m e z o n e s o f I n d i a . T h e m e a s u r e s r e f e n e d t o Concurrently, n o t i f i c a t i o n s w e r e i s s u e d e x t e n d i n g t h e
p r o v i d e f o r : -
p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e C r i m i n a l P r o c e d u r e C o d e a n d t h e I n d i a n

— Ensuring th e safety an d p ro tection of artificial

P e n a l C o d e o v e r t h e E E Z .

islands, offshore term in als, installations, other

T h e C o a s t G u a r d t h u s b e c a m e t h e p r i n c i p a l o r g a n i z a t i o n stru ctu res an d d evices in any m aritim e zone.

f o r e n f o r c i n g a l l n a t i o n a l l e g i s l a t i o n i n t h e M a r i t i m e Z o n e s Taking m e a su re s to p reserve and protect the
o f I n d i a :

m aritim e en viro n m en t an d to prevent an

.

P o l i c i n g , S u r v e i l l a n c e a n d P a t r o l l i n g t h e E E Z o f con trol m arin e pollution.

2 0 1 3 , 4 1 0 s q u a r e k m s t h a t e x t e n d s 2 0 0 m i l e s f r o m Providing p ro te ctio n to fisherm en, including
t h e s h o r e l i n e ( 1 , 4 1 8 , 1 9 3 s q k m s E E Z o f t h e m a i n l a n d assistan ce to th e m a t se a while in distress.

a n d L a k s h a d w e e p a n d 5 9 5 , 2 1 7 s q k m s E E Z o f t h e

Assisting th e C u stom s an d oth er authorities in

A n d a m a n & N i c o b a r I s l a n d s ) .

anti-sm uggling operation s.

•

T h e C o n t i n e n t a l S h e l f s u b m i s s i o n s b e i n g p u r s u e d b y t h e M i n i s t r y o f E a r t h S c i e n c e s , m a y f u r t h e r i n c r e a s e Enforcing th e provisions of the act in the

I n d i a ’s E E Z b y a b o u t 0 . 5 m i l l i o n s q u a r e k m s .

m aritim e zones.

— Safety of life an d p roperty at sea and collection

•

P o l i c i n g , s u r v e i l l a n c e a n d p a t r o l l i n g t h e c o a s t l i n e of scientific data.

c o m p r i s i n g a t o t a l o f 7 5 1 7 k i l o m e t r e s ( 5 4 2 3 k m s o f

•

The C oast G uard shall p erform its functions in
t h e m a i n l a n d , 1 9 6 2 k m s o f t h e A n d a m a n & N i c o b a r

Islands and 132 kms of the Lakshadweep Islands).

60° East in the Arabian Sea to IonsitnH „

Policing, Surveillance and Patrolling the Island
the Bay of Bengal down to latitude 6 " s

, Eastin

Territories (598 islands near the shore, 572 islands

Indian Ocean and covers a region of n,
in the
sq kms.

egi°n of over six miilion
m the Andaman & Nicobar Group and 27 islands
in the Lakshadweep Group).

The national coordinating authority for rvi c

Policing, Surveillance and Patrolling the Offshore

Disasters in sea areas of its jurisdiction.

pil1
nstallations off Mumbai and the Tamil Nadu coast

Hie head of the Ministry of Petroleum 3 a

to ensure their security, workingin close liaison with

Gas' National Committee for OfM

° NatUfal
otiier Government authorities.

Coordination which prepares

£,T Sm"">
executes contingency plans for Oi h
o

^
from^thp^h Terr'toriaI Waters that extend 12 miles
s W l

• ^

6 Md 1,16 155'889 kms of the
c o » „ 9“d

,

„

"

h
a

C0' " " i" “ «

Coast Guard rtth Zse of X , ’

of t o

The Committee's recommpnH *-•
einrnent agencies.

In the implementation of the above, the Coast Guard is:

* e utilisation of available resource's a n fo b la'

^
i

S

2
r
hority for

S
f f i L

S
h
e ™

0- «

Kegion (ISRR). * *
fishing trawlers search ry Protectlon' intercepting foreign
the Customs 1
r6SCUe °P erati°ns, assisting
smuggling operations including

Pakistan

BANGLADESH

/MYANMAR.

(CBUXMA) |
mumdai

VKHAKHAPATNAMi

:

iKARWAfi

CHENNAI'

TrtvarxJruni-

India’s Exclusive E con om ic Zone

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

I N D I A N

S E A R C H A N D R E S C U E RE GI ON

T h e I S R R

V e s s e l s ( I P V s ) w e r e i m p o r t e d f r o m J a p a n a n d S i n g a p o r e a rr e s t , a p p r e h e n s i o n a n d p r o s e c u t i o n - r e l a t e d a c t i v i t i e s ; f o r a n t i - s m u g g l i n g t a s k s i n s h a l l o w t e r r i t o r i a l w a t e r s .

p r o t e c t i o n o f m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t , c o n t r o l o f m a r i n e Eight indigenous 215-tonne Fast Patrol Vessels (FPVs)

P o l l u t i o n a n d s e c u r i t y o f o f f s h o r e i n s t a l l a t i o n s .

started entering service from 1991 onwards. Their tasks in
the EEZ were patrolling and monitoring the movements

Coast G u a rd Resources
of merchant ships and foreign warships, protection of oil

Surface V essels
exDloration and fishing areas and patrols/operations for
to successive 5-year Plans, the Coast Guard has built up immigrant interdiction, anti-smuggling, anti-poaching its r‘ejso
u u
i rc
c e
e s
s i
n
i ind
n
ig
ind en
ig
o
en u
o sly
u

sly co
nstruct
cied
eu o
ffshore, ins ore and anti-piracy. In addition to two heavy machine guns,
an
a d
n
d fa

^ st natrn i voccoic
patrol vessels, intercepto b
r o
b at
oa s.

ts, inte
in rce
te
p
rce to
p r
to cr
e a
r r
a t
they were armed initially with the 40 mm gun which was
aud hovercraft.

replaced later by the automatic single-barrelled 30mm gun
mounting. To cope with faster adversaries, two 260-tonne

1 2 0 0 - t o n n e 2 2 - k n o t O f f s h o r e P a t r o l V e s s e l s ( O P V s ) water jet propulsion variants entered service in 2002. There
s t a i t e d e n t e r i n g s e r v i c e f r o m 1983 o n w a r d s . T h e y
a
are 15 FPV’s existing in service, as on date.

m d i g e n o u s C h e t a k h e l i c o p t e r s f o r a e r i a l r e c o n n a i s s a n c e S e a r c h a n d R e s c u e ( S A R ) . F o r a r m a m e n t , e a c h u r Six 70-tonne, 50-knot hovercraft (Air Cushion Vehicles

^ a d a h a n d - o p e r a t e d s i n g l e - b a r r e l l e d 40 m m g u n a n

— ACVs) produced indigenously under license entered

^ e a v y m a c h i n e g u n s . I n t h e l a t e r O P V s , t h e 40 m m g u n service from 2000 onwards. Their tasks were high speed

W a s r e P l a c e d b y a s i n g l e - b a r r e l l e d a u t o m a t i c 30mm g u patrolling and interdiction in shallow waters, marshy
p u n t i n g . A f t e r n i n e o f t h e s e O P V s w e r e b u i l t , c o n s t r u c u o n areas, mud flats, beaches and creeks, and quick response
ůimenced of the Advanced OPVs (AOPVs).

to deep sea SAR.

From 1983 onwards, 180-tonne 25-knot Inshore Pat'

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

287

B

?

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

^

~

H = — a S S S S

S S

5

4

S

S » K
mou„a„ s

“
a
nde " r

^ ' Ii””s1 sS
i”f

- > S

» « « B

, 76.2 s
mm
d e s i g n e d f o r a l l - w e a t h e r s u m
l ! “ T

5 '

e y W e r e
u p t o t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l f

U a n c e o f m a r i t i m e z o n e s
of Gujarat, M a h a r a s h t ^ G o T r " C° 3Stal States
f i g h t i n g a t s e a ,
a n d - c u e , f i r e
s

&
c
w m k ” - •

» - i , f ; :

c o n t r o l a g a i n s t o i l a n d c h e m i c a l s
a n ^ p o l l u t i o n

The A ir Wing

’ * issa and Bengal.

a,rcraftCCheia|(andSM i ^ '^ g j ^ ^ ™ ier22Bsurveiljance

The Andaman & Nicoh-u- id

^
these two groups of islands.

re8'° n ComPrises

Between 1983 ancU997 'th '''’ Smice in 1982’ Activities in P eacetim e maritime reco„„,lssanC(; .'" J ;“ «>1 out iis„al

Coast Guard vessels:-

- i a s a j K s r * - *
ti^e Palk^av'fOr)6 ^

NaVy' Coast Guaid patrols in
and Gujarat c o a s ^ o " TaSha')' ° ff the Maharashtra
under-slung equipmenttoT® M?3ble°fcarrying
the Andaman

^

^ P eratl°n Swan) and around
slicks by dispersing anti n 1

1
y neutralise oil
ne Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

area of30 square miles of™

1 Spray ov« an
ambulance configurati ’ n •

^ stretchers in
operations Cyd° ne' fl° ° d and earthquake re,ief
r o l e , of hoisting

^

“

S A R r o l e a n d a r e f i n a b l e J J T

3 S m g ! e l i f t i n t h e

C o a s t r n f r 3' ieveI' tlle Director General Indian

Securitv r
j CICG)is the Chairman of the Offshore

Coordination Committee (OSCC).

enfriKtew ™e,SAR coordination in the ISRR has been
after jnW °

Indian Coast Guard in th e year 2002

P 1987' three Dorniers 2 2 fi in

D G irr h’3 rf fi8d * e IM 0 SAR 79 convention. The

S
s
r
i r
r

' " “ ~
ar
d ,n

National SAR

35 ^ Chairman °f '* e
i l ™
by ^
its S a S y

The Indian Coast Guard is the Central Coordinating
radar, its advanr-o^

6' Its

Dnll? ? n t^ ^°r ta k ln 8 measures to address oil
i
i
s
i
i
s
g
an d ^ 10^ reSp0nse in the Maritime Zones of India

Snili r >8 G^ C is the Chairman of the National Oil
carry u l p
dUnn8 se^ c h & resc° P iar§e seven-

^PiU Disaster Committee.

•>» po Z

: r
s
r

,o ^

»

for r ° V®rnmenthasratified theRegionalAgreement
tl
ornbating Piracy and Armed robbeiy against

7,-------------- -- -----------

*«.e ot
o n n f t , m A
sia (ReCAAP) which came into force
svJ,dnCedLlghtHeiic°piersfATm

~—

_

Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre,

_____________________________ _

AR- This new indigenn

3 Forw ard-L o o k in g -In fra-R ed (FUR) surveillance

T R A V Q m rr

US ^ esi8 n ed an d p ro d u ced m u lti-ro le Advanced L i g i f
niANSI-frON TO G IM RJ)JAjyjSHjp

bai is the nodal point in India for ReCAAP. The

During the Kargil War from May to July 1999, Coast

Guard vessels and aircraft provided invaluable support to
n rector General Indian Coast Guard is nominated
the Navy's Operation Talwar in the Arabian Sea.

, ‘ j h e G o v e r n m e n t as the Governor in the Governing

Council of the Information Sharing Centre (ISC).

Director Generals of the Coast Guard Since Inception

The Coast Guard participates in a number of peacetime

Since its inception and until 2000, senior Vice Admirals
tivities in these maritime zones which include joint were the Director Generals of the Coast Guard. This Search and Rescue exercises and conferences on issues facilitated close interaction between the Navy and the

,ike piracy and Search and Rescue. Over the years:-

Coast Guard.

. Coast Guard ships and aircraft have exercised with

Period

Director General3
ships of Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mauritius, Maldives,

Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Thailand.

1978-80

Vice Admiral V A Kamath, PVSM

1980-82

Vice Admiral S Prakash, PVSM, MVC,

. Since 1991, regular training exercises named

AVSM

'DOSTI' (Friendship) have been carried out with the

Maldives Coast Guard to help enhance confidence

1982-84

Vice Admiral MR Schunker, PVSM, AVSM
levels and understanding on joint law enforcement,

1984-85

Vice Admiral S Jain, AVSM, NM
oil pollution response, search and rescue, etc.

1985-87

Vice Admiral IJS Khurana, PVSM

The Coast Guard has also interacted with maritime

1987-90

Vice Admiral H Johnson, PVSM, VSM
organisations like the ASEAN Regional Forum Woikshop

1990-92

Vice Admiral SW Lakhar, PVSM, NM,
on Maritime Piracy and the International Maritime Seaich

VSM.

and Rescue Conference.2

1992-95

Vice Admiral K K Kohli, AVSM

Activities d u rin g Hostilities

1995-96

Vice Admiral P J Jacob, AVSM, VSM

As is done by other Coast Guards of the world, India s

1996-99

Vice Admiral R N Ganesh, AVSM, NM

Coast Guard would function under the overall operationa

1999-01

Vice Admiral J C DeSilva, PVSM, AVSM
command of the Navy.

participate in an Indo-Japan Coast Guard Exercise.

2 0 0 0 . T h e C o a s t G u a r d r e a c h e d o u t a s f a r a s J a p a n to pc

^

^ C o a g t G u a r d a n c j t h e P a k is t a n M a r i t i m e S e c u r i t y A g e n c y to d i s c u s s

2 0 0 5 . A M e m o r a n d u m o f U n d e r s t a n d in g w a s s ig n e d
n
m a t t e r s o f m a r i t i m e s a f e t y , s e c u r i t y a n d e n v i r o n m e n t p r o

. . p a n e s e c o a s t G u a r d s p r o v id in g f o r m u t u a l a s s i s t a n c e f o r S A R , 2 0 0 6 , A M e m o r a n d u m o f C o o p e r a t i o n w a s s ig n e d b e t w e e n t h e I n d ia n P
p o l lu t i o n r e s p o n s e a n d t r a n s - n a t i o n a l c o u n t e r - c r i m e e ^ o p e r a t i o n w a s s i g n e d b e t w e e n I n d i a n a n d K o r e a C o a s t G u a r d o n 1 3 M a r 2 0 0 6 , A M e m o r a n d u m o f U n d e r s t a n d i n g o n a n t i - p i r a c y
a l t e r n a t i v e l y i n e a c h o t h e r s w a t e r a s a n a n n u a l f e a t u r e .

w h i c h c o n t e m p l a t e d J o i n t E x e r c i s e b e t w e e n IC G &

»

‘ ^

^

^

^

^

^
d g R a m e s h w a r S jn g h P T M ( 2Q01- 01)r

P o s t 2 0 0 0 , a f t e r C o a s t G u a r d b e c o m e e lig a b le to h o l d P

D G D r P P a le r i, P T M , T M ( 2 0 0 6 - 0 6 ) .

TRAN SITION T O GUARDIANSH IP

2 8 9

41

Naval Hydrography and Marine Cart: M ir
o
phy

Overview

Hydrographic Office in 1964.

renamed as the Naval
fNSInvestigator was the' ,

° ' *
s^^eys5
o f t h e a pspro ac a
h e s t o t h S
p

,1 ?W6re a
t0 upd;»e s ^
j S s k
s s k
s
and Cochin. Surveys were carrln "

nhs in Bombay four ships; three converted / UI'VeyijflotlIla comprised

Ports on the east and west coasts T h ” ^ approaches to
new indigenously rnnct

^ ° m
frigates and one
specifically for c,lri
ructed shiP< Darshak, designed
was the first small ch — W° rk' Incidentally, Darshak
and ft kShldWeeP Isl«nds™meyChheAnd™ “ ' N,cob» '

integral helicopter onboard

Indian NaVy t0 C3rry an

MSraved „n copper/*,.

w' ' ehand *sv™ conditioned (partialM a-
was the first one to be air
toe shortage of <;

Steps were initiated to overcome

■lie “survey s e a l o n - dlsnjPted during the m
civilian s u r v e y o r s survey recorder sailors,
availabilityremainpw u
hydroSraPhic assistants, but
j
ty remained short of th

“ e

^ r

A e
c quir
irement.

In l .QRzi

/~n . n _

“ -« s o u ,blnd“ :a» - *
ief H \!H r^i0^ ^ rO^raP^er was re-designated as
the 'Chief Hydrog^phe?

grap
r hewr to the vG
j u o
vv
e e
i r
l n
m m
i e e
n n
r t
o o
i f India!

Until 1953 fho
to be from a f ^ ° ^ cers *nt0 the Hydrographic Cadre used
variousreas™ D
service volunteers. However due to

Service after ^ h num^er officers reverted to the General
directrerm it^ S ° rt Stint of surveying. To overcom e this,
to at times

^
t 0 ^ ^ ^ rographic Cadre was resorted

On 1st t . .

'

(IHB)

assigned to f h e M M n f 0*131 Hydrographic Bureau (IHB)

S = ‘ # S 5 ~ - " s . = bathymetrir i
responsibility of preparing nine
received fr ^ ° ttin£ sheets, based on source material
incom nratJ?0

3 centres the world over.These were

°ceans(G EBCO )the GeneraJ Bathym etric Chart o f the
entranrpeff6

^ ar' surveys were carried out at the
restoration o^hipp^g1^ ^ ^ - B -n g h cW i to a s s i s t the
r^ = = s = = = = = ^ ^

Environment Data Unit was established at the

hic Office in 1974.During 1975, this unit not incorporated in the 1958 General Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone.

Hydr° s S a n a l y s e d and interpreted the data received

In protest, India declined to ratify any of the Geneva
from:

conventions. By 1973, India's stand mellowed. The

D a r s h a k 's Oceanographic Expedition of 1973-74.

requirement for prior authorisation was watered down

The USA's National Oceanographic Data Centre.

to prior notification for the innocent passage of foreign

The In tern ation al Indian Ocean Expedition.

warships through territorial waters.

By the mid 1970s, approval was accorded for three

In the 1970s, the Cold War between America and Russia
new survey vessels and four survey craft. Modern (then Soviet Union) was at its peak. Both powers vehementiy survey equipment began to enter service. The chart opposed every proposal that might jeopardise the secrecy production facilities of the Naval Hydrographic Office was of their warships' movements. There is, therefore, no provision in the 1982 Convention that requires foreign
modernised.

navies to notify, in advance, the passage of their warships
and submarines through the territorial waters of a coastal

The 1982 U N C o n v e n tio n o n the
state. The operational implications of this problem have

L a w o f th e Sea (UNCLO S)

had to be dealt within each Navy's 'Rules of Engagement.

The deliberations of the Third Conference on the Law of

Meanwhile, between

1974 and

1977,

India s
the Sea spread over nine years. The Conference adopted neighbouring coastal nations — Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Convention on 30th April 1982. It came into effect Sri Lanka and Myanmar enacted maritime legislation twelve years later on 16th November 1994 after all the requiring prior authorisation and notification for the countries had formally ratified it. The essential features of passage of foreign warships through their respective the convention were:-
territorial seas. India's Maritime Zones Act of 1976 required

— Twelve miles as the uniform width of territorial only prior notification (but not prior authorisanon). It waters"

did, however, require submarines and other underwater
vessels to navigate on the surface and show their flag while

— An “Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of two hundied passing through Indian territorial waters.

(200) miles within which the coastal state exercised
sovereign rights and jurisdiction for specified

After the 1982 Convention, the Governments of the

United States, Britain and West Germany lodged diplomatic
economic activities. (India's EEZ of two million protests, the gist of which was that two provisions of India's square kilometres is the twelfth largest in the Maritime Act 1976 were against established International world).

Law and not covered by the Law of the Seas, namely.-

— A "continental shelf" extending to the outer edge

— Requirement of 'Prior Notification' by foreign war
of the continental margin with reference either to
vessels, before passage through India's territorial
three hundred and fifty (350) nautical miles from t e
waters.

baseline of territorial waters or to one hundred (10 J
nautical miles from the 2500 metre isobath.

— India's right to declare certain areas in the continental
shelf and EEZ as “Security Areas'!

— Regimes for the abatement and control of marine
pollution, for marine scientific research and or

To date, India has adhered to its stand.

unimpeded transit passage through straits used or
international navigation.

M a ritim e B o u n d a ry A g re e m e n ts

Maritime boundaries are based on charts prepared

P assag e of Foreign Warships through Territorial

Waters.From the naval point of view, the main issue le
after detailed hydrographic surveys. After technical
undecided was that of the passage of foreign warships discussions and mutual consent on the boundary between trough territorial waters,
the countries concerned, these charts are annexed to each

Maritime Boundary Agreement.

In 1958, India had proposed that the passage of foreign
warships through the territorial sea of a coastal state should

The 1982 Conference was unable to reconcile the
be subject to prior authorisation by, and notification to, the opposing viewpoints of whether the criteria for delimiting coastal state. This proposal was not accepted and therefore
the boundaries of the EEZ and continental shelf between

TRA N SITIO N TO GUA RD IAN SH IP

2 9 1

"adjacent" and "opposite" states should be based on

^equitable principles" or based on the "equidistance"

The Survey Flotilla

Modernisation of the survey flotilla ,
early

Despite the ambiguity inherent in the word 'equitable'

1 9 8 0 s with construction of Z

^
designed and built s u r v e y v e s s e ? ^ i mdi«eno u I
bŮndary a8reements with the'

successive ship of the Sandhayak class "

yak' Every

^

™

1,aWe e q»lpmen, andL lS

“ ^

£
maritime boundaries X e gSiTo?Mann™ 1 °h
the Bay of Bengal on 23rd March 1976 an, i‘"" t

« * - «
these craft was to undertake surveys* i n c o f t
r0le °f
conjunction with survey ships a n d

1

Waters in
carry out survey o f ports h arho,

,
lndePendentIy

.

~

^

D~

7r
t o e ■ » * *

The hull design of these survey c m l T o u l T ^ appWaches-
stability required for survev wnrlr
n0t pi'ovide the
was calm. Despite this limitarin

®XCeptwhen the weather
m a ritim e b o u S a ty ta i^ n * 0^ hgr6ement on
and perseverance f

‘
the enthusi*™
in 1977 ex-t-e

---n

-* d

« i
u n
x g
g th

U llebounda

^
agre™
t

Point with Thaiiand.

17 uP tothe tri-junction succeeded in compl^

2

C" !WS ° f these - f t often

Point with Thaiiand.

-

-----
and more stable survev 1
f° f Which ,arSer
survey ships were generally tasked.

‘ L l^ r^ d sig n ed th eirb o u n d ary ag reem en t
agreement in 23yDeri986SISn0d the’r boundary

C o m m is

C lass

Ship b u ild er
sio n e d
useS a
t

S

; S
i

*
tanCe" PrinCiPJe

26 Feb 81

Sandhayak

GRSE

Class

04 Oct 83

Sandhayak

GRSE

Class

»W y 10 p r o Z g M " m e n ' S a 1' P" ”cip' ™ “PPear!

31 Jan 84

Survey Craft

Goa Shipyard
adjacent states
mam‘me bo™daries ,with

31 Mar 84

Survey Craft

Goa Shipyard I

Surveys of National Importance

23 Jun 84

Survey Craft

Goa Shipyard
o
t t t s :

-

»

31 Oct 84

, 0 „ e
s .

Survey Craft

Goa Shipyard

" “l«r channel

,he
out f„r

14 Aug 85

Sandhayak

GRSE
by * e 270,000 ,0„ v « y f
a, S a l , ,, f„ 2

Class

* a t brought crude oil from dip P

011 Carriers (VLCCs)

11 Jan 90

-

Gujarat. B e Can™ ? *

‘ S

Improved

GRSE
n e s e,h a ,m „drim „ .

dec" " ' 1»p™ mi97e.

Sandhayak

O ld S h ip s D e c o m m i s s i o n e d

C o m m is s

D e c o m m is s

Years
i
s
i

P
s
i
i
io n e d
io n e d
in Service

3

5
f war - ° m d s ”

”

31 Dec 78

37

13 May 41

31 Dec 80

39

28 Dec 64

15 Jan 90

26

2 9 2 g p p m O N T O G U A H D IA N S H IP

D evelopm ents 1990 to 2 0 0 0

New S u rvey Ships
c „ r v e v s for Continental S h e lf C laim s

Ship

C om m issioned

Class

Shipbuilder

H ydrographic

3

1

Garden

!982 UNCLOS entitled coastal states to claim

Jamuna

31 Aug 91

Improved

Sandhayak

Reach
ntinental shelf (over and above the 200 mile EEZ)

a “ din„ to the outer edge of the continental margin, to

Sutlej

19 Feb 93

Improved

Garden

Hp delimited with reference to either 350 nautical miles

Sandhayak

Reach
from the base line of territorial waters or 100 miles from New Hydrographic Units the 2500 metre isobath. Claims were to be submitted to the

In Oct 1994, a Naval Chart Depot was set up in

United Nations within ten years.

Visakhapatnam to distribute charts and hydrographic

To substantiate claims, two types of surveys had to be publications to naval ships on the East Coast.

carried out:-

In Oct 1996, a Survey Unit was set up in the Naval Ship

— Bathymetric surveys, which depicted the topography Repair Yard at Kochi, analogous to the unit in the Naval of the seabed (Survey ships completed these surveys Dockyard Mumbai and placed under Headquarters, in 2001).

Southern Naval Command.

- Seismic surveys, which mapped the sedimentary Foreign Surveys. The survey ships, Jamuna, Sudej thickness below the seabed to delineate the undertook Navigational Survey of the Northeast Coast of continental shelf. (These surveys, undeitaken by Oman 1993/94.

the Department ofOcean Development, are still in
progress).

Major Inductions of Technology

HydrograjjhicOffice

InSun/eyShips

The coastal states needed time to carry out the extensive

1992

International Safety Global Positioning System
surveys on which their claims could be assessed.

limits were extended, initially from 1994 to 1999 an

Net Service became (GPS)

operational
thereafter till May 2009.

Digital Survey & Processing

Digital Survey &

To undertake these extensive surveys of the continental 1993

Processing System

System (earlier known as
shelf, new naval survey ships needed to be sanctione to

Automated Data Logging)

replace the aging survey ships.

Automatic

D ifferential GPS^ with

In the 1990s, there was a shortage of resouices in the 1996

Cartographic System Trisponder

Navy budget.On the other hand, there was an urBen

Image Setter
requirement for survey ships to carry out conunen a
for

Multi-beam Swath Echo

1997
shelf surveys. It was decided that the Ministry of S ipping

Printing Charts

Sounding System-1
and Transport would provide the funds foi two s Jps

Digital Side-scan Sonar

(later named Darshalc and Sarvekshak). These two s ip

Dynamic Motion Sensors
were fitted with survey equipment a generation moi
advanced than that fitted in the preceding three ships

1997

D issem ination of Navigational Area VIII, Maritime
the Sandhayak class.

Safety Information/Warnings through worldwide

Global Maritime Distress, Safety and Rescue

It was also decided to permit "Revenue ^ain’ 8

Services Scheme (GMDSS).

Measures" From 1995 onwards, the Hydrogi p
department embarked on “Project Surveys or va

^

2000 All National Hydrographic Office paper navigation

State Governments and for private companies, as
charts were made available in the form of Electronic
foreign surveys, on payment.

_____________________________________________________

G l o b a l P o s it io n S y s t e m e n h a n c e d t h e a c c u r a c y o f s u r v e y s f o r W ith s u b - m e t r e p o s it io n a l a c c u r a c y a t a d is ta n c e o f“u p th0 C o n tj n e n ta l S h e lf a n d c o n tr a c t s u rv e y s.

o f f s h o r e r e s o u i c e s , d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f m a r it im e b o u n < n e a f c o m p i e t e in s o n i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s e a b e d r e s u l t i n g i n b e t t e r q u a li t y T h i s s y s t e m p r o v id e s a t h r e e d im e n s i o n a l v ie w o f t h e u n d e r w a te o f s u r v e y s .

TRAN SITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

2 9 3

^

“

,n'n s C e m " * s ° « > * . Asla aw

Charting of Antarctica Wafers
b v m f f ™ ' ' f ' T ' " Ca,eSMy * SHtu. , , ,

« ™ s S T r H

£ r phicD7 arMem " ^ v s j s a s - g p ‘"^ S S

* « « * •

«<* =.n„u,l expadrnons ro

In I9 9 7,_the H y d ro g ra p h ic S ch o

'

~ h

S
f
r

1? ' d“ for * “ ” » a n g are

* e land route m r J -
aPProaches to

In 1997
th

* r
d'

Research Station at Maitre^!

*

- *

“ » > *

To collect oceanographic data for the Navy.

,th« School „ b a ln e d “ T ” 1

* £ r r ~

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Hydrographic SuTvetfng8™ ^ , , " ?, M as,ms * ? " » 1 r
r N * s s s 3 s s s K r i r '^ ^ “ ■*■**««

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tidies.

To overciVaVaIHydrOSraplllcSchool'G o a

900' ' ' ' ti r■ j t'^r,. 2° r'°J dle School was certified as an ISO
s°a r.3 rB„ *L "ed8,i"s C0U,' eS f0r Fore‘e" Perso„nel

» V ™ *b“

”dS ?

“ " 'S V y ’ S
i J f Hydr0^ P ' * Course has been

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e t : ? " '

n yd rograp h 'teSctoolT c'of “ “ “ “ " k p ' C

J i a a lla ”d “ d WMnam"”

” 6 S " La° ka' Sudan' Tan“
within iatq p^ydr°^ra^ c Schooj was m

*ran> Malaysia ^ rsonne^ fr°m B an gladesh, Indonesia,
commission ° mantaIcand between 1970 ns^ructed in Goa
have availed th T I^6 lia ' 0 m a n ; Sri L an k a an d Vietnam

U
n Z

T
w

T

“ ^ P h a s e s - W
n

J r "

?

1 9 8 9 ^
was
th e L ° n* H yd ro grap h ic C ou rse.

n d W in g m in I 9 8 9
n g I l n l 977,W ing I i in

Since 1998
th e q ,k

, u

In 1980 th tt\i

HydrogranhiV t ■

School has been imparting free

^

*
s

=

"

under ,he M“
try ° f

^ the Z 7 Z '0 C

,ŮrSe’ maki4 it Ae th ”dUCt of *e INT S t s n T / ° •the N°rth Indian 0cean ,Area 1 ^

^e Royal Naval Hvri 1S recogniti°n, (the 0thl lnstituti°n facilitate safe cop ^d,1Um and LarSe scale; are d e s i g n e d to

French EcoieNari

[0graPhic School in r • r ^ heing international
navjgation and better access to major

« Technioupf H°,na' Superi^ d e sIn lrn
tain and the India was " P° r? - 0 f the total of 143 charts for Area I Hydrographique eu^ ament (ENSIETA)

Etudes
qUIr6d t0 produce a set of 53 IN

T charts.

s designated as the i w

^ritim e^P^^'ri C^arts are widely known and used in the

294 tramc

^egionaJ
are a fundamental requirement of safe

JTjon to gl/ardiansHjp

311 are a *e&a^ record in the event of marine

t investigations. They are graphic representations to it, the Naval Hydrographic Office was renamed as the 3CC
s p e c i f i c geographic situation drawn on paper

National Hydrographic Office, in 1997.

°f 3 onding to navigational requirements. Advancement

C°rfheP field of Geographical Information Systems has North Indian O cean H ydrographic Comm ission (NIOHC) 11 ened a way towards creation of electronic charts for safe

The NIOHC was formed in 2000 by the initiatives of the
n a v ig a tio n at sea using latest information. These charts

Naval Hydrographic Department under the aegis of the
are made in compliance with International Hydrographic International Hydrographic Organisation to encourage O r g a n is a tio n (IHO) S-57 transfer standard, and can be
hydrographic cooperation among the countries of the
displayed on a special Chart Display System called ECDIS Indian Ocean littoral region. India has retained the (Electronic Chart Display and Information System).

chairmanship of the Commission since its inception.

National Hydrographic Office is emerging as a leading

The growth of the Naval Hydrography and Cartography
charting agency, which has been producing the ENCs in the has been impressive.7

North Indian Ocean Region. National Hydrographic Office
has been in the business of ENC production since 1999

Retrospect
and the product was released in 2004. The ENC creation
consisted of various stages using GIS software. The input

Over the years, Naval Hydrography and Cartography
for ENC creation as per existing practice is the paper chart have kept pace with advances in technology and are now (dgn file) or digital hydrographic data. Prior to release in adequately equipped to cope with their tasks: the market the ENC cells are checked for its quality using

— The survey flotilla comprises eight ships, of which

Inspector software and the correction applied to the cells.

five have entered service after 1990.

The encrypted cells will be forwarded to the respective

VARs for further distribution to the end user.5

— Charts are being generated on computers and
paper charts have been supplemented by paperless

Bay of Bengal Pilot6

Electronic Navigation Charts for use with the

Electronic Chart Display Information System

National Hydrographic Office had crossed many
a milestones and earned National and International

(ECDIS).

fame and respect for the quality of its products namely

— Substantial UNDP assistance has enabled the

Navigational Charts and Publications.

National Hydrographic School Goa to impart
excellent training and become a Regional

Change in N o m e n c la tu re o f th e NHO

Hydrographic Training Centre.

In keeping with the national responsibilities entrusted

-------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ----------------------T i T r h P w o rld m a r k e t. T h e s e e l e c t r o n i c c h a r t s h a v e b e e n m a r k e t e d t h r o u g h

% A p r il 2 0 0 8 , 2 3 6 E N C c e l l s c o v e r in g t h e I n d ia n w a te r s w e r e M / s C -M A P , N o r w a y a n d U K H O .

CQVers ^ e e n tir e E a s t C o a s t o f I n d ia fr o m P o i n t C a l i m e r e t o S u n d e r b a n s , T h e B a y o f B e n g a l P ilo t ( I N P - 2 ) w a s p u b lis h e d o n 1 6 M a r

' a n d
c h o n g P a k P h r a in c lu d in g A n d a m a n & N i c o b a r I s l a n d s . T h e l a t e s t th e e n t ir e c o a s t o f B a n g l a d e s h , M y a n m a r a n d m a jo r p a r t o im p o r t a n c e h a s a ls o b e e n g iv e n to m i n o r p o r t s . I t a m p l i f i e s c h a r t e d d e t a i l s in f o r m a t io n r e g a r d in g m a jo r p o r t s h a s b e e n in c lu d e d a n a eq^ ^
a v a ila b le o n c h a r t s o r o t h e r H y d r o g r a p h ic P u b l i c a t i o n s . T h e a i m o f t h i s a n d c o n t a i n s i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d f o r s a f e n a v ig a tio n , w 11c 1
w h i c h c a n n o t b e d e p ic t e d i n t h e s e c h a r t s . It i n c l u d e s a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e p u b lic a t io n is to a s s is t t h e m a r i n e r s u s in g I n d ia n C h a r ts w i a n (j d a n g e r s to n a v ig a tio n a s w e ll a s f a c i l i t i e s p r o v id e d b y t h e p o r t a u t h o r i t i e s c o a s t , h a r b o u r s , a n c h o r a g e s , r e c o m m e n d e d a p p r o a c h e s / tr a c e - o i l o t w h e r e d ig ita l p u b l i c a t i o n is u s e d i n E C D I S .

a n d o t h e r u s e f u l in f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e p o r t s . E ffo r ts a r e o n to c r e a t e a n e p b
n

,
w a c s u r v e y e d a n d d e lin e a t e d i n t h e G u l f o f K h a m b a t ( C a m b a y ) f o r

^ - 2 0 0 0 , I n 2 0 0 1 , a d e e p - w a t e r n a v ig a tio n c h a n n e l ^ a s s u n j ^

18-metre draught crude oil tankers to ply to the Single Buoy
g
cv»-
h
h

• ■
h •

IN S D a r s h a k a n d IN S S a r v e k s h a k , o f t h e N ew D arshak C la s s w e r e c o n s t r u c te d b y G o a S h ip y a r d a n d c o m m i s s i o n e d m 2 8 A p r 0 1 a n d 1 4 I a n 0 2 .

i n 2 0 0 2 , D a r s h a k r e p r e s e n t e d J r a i a in t h e 1 6 th International H y d ro g ra p h ic C o n f e r e n c e i n M o n a c o . I t w a s the f i r s t t i m e th at a n I n d ia n s u r v e y s h i p fle w In d ia 's n a v a l e n s i g n a t t h i s in t e r n a t io n a l o c c a s io n .

TRAN SITION TO GUARDIANSH IP

2 9 5

42

Naval Oceanology and Meteorology

Developm ents U n til 1990

18 Oct 1974

R edesignation as Meteorological Training

An important step in the growth of Meteorology in the

School.

Indian Navy was the training of four instructor officers 01 Nov 1985
and four sailors in Meteorology in 1952 to meet the

Redesignation as School of Naval
requirements of Naval Aviation in the new establishment

Oceanology and Meteorology (SNOM).

Venduruthy II which was later commissioned on 11 May

1953 as INS Garuda.

The Oceanographic Forecasting Cell, Cochin

In 1981, an Oceanographic Forecasting Cell (OFC)

The Environmental Data Unit in Dehradun
was established at Cochin under the operational control

In 1977, an Environmental Data Unit was set up in the
of the FOC-IN-C SOUTH. This marked the beginning of

National Hydrographic Office. It started receiving data oceanographic studies and forecasting in the Navy. The from:

OFC was located in the premises of the Met School and
headed by the officer who had been trained by the US

- International
agencies
like
the

National Navy.

Oceanographic Data Centre (NODC), USA and the

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission

The OFC has liaised with the National Physical and

(.lUCJ.

Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL) located in Cochin
and:

- National agencies like the National Institute of

Oceanography (NIO), the Central Marine Fisheries

Provided a general d escrip tion o f th e m ajor

Institute (CMFRI), the Oil and Natural Gas
ocean ograp h ic and a co u stic facto rs affecting a

Commission (ONGC), the Indian Meteorological
specified area o f op eration for a specified forecast

Department (IMD), the Geological Survey of India
period; the sea state a t the b egin n in g o f th e forecast

GSI), the Naval Physical and Oceanographic
period and significant ch an g es e x p e cte d during the

Laboratory (NPOL), Survey ships and fleet ships.

forecast period.

School of Naval Oceanology and Meteorology

•

Collected, collated and processed oceanographic
data in the form of atlases, charts and reports issued

-

mette0r° '0gical trainin§ requirements were met
by the NPOL and the Chief Hydrographer.

by the meteorological section of INS Garuda since its
commissioning in 1953 till formation of Meteorologies

Collected o ce a n o g ra p h ic in form ation , record s and

Training Section in 03 Jun 1968.

research outputs from ag e n cie s like th e National

Institute of O cean ograp h y an d ONGC.

History o f the School

Provided forecasts o f th erm al stru ctu re an d salinity

11

Sep 1952

C om m encem ent
of

M eteorological
profiles based on th e available p ast d a ta an d current
services
m

Indian

Navy
u n d er

Venduruthy II.

o cean ograp h ic o b servation s receiv ed from fleet
ships during exercises.

11 May 1953

Change

M=,

Garuda.

•

Devised and stan d ard ised co d e s for tran sm ission of
o cean ic d ata an d forecasts.

03 Jun 1968

Formation of Meteorological Training

Section at Kochi.

l i n i n g

U ndertaken selective stu d ies in o cean o g rap h y t0
u pdate and validate th e fo recastin g techniques
developed by NPOL.

. Undertaken studies on air sea interaction in

Oceanographic data acquired by participation in
collaboration with NPOL and other agencies.

the cruises of the Department of Ocean Development's

• Assisted the Met Training School in the training of Oceanographic Research Vessel (ORV) Sagarkanya are naval personnel in Oceanography.

archived from 1980 onwards.

The Oceanographic Forecasting Cell provides the

Directorate of Naval Oceanology and

Navy and National agencies with Sonar Atiases and

Meteorology (DNOM)

Oceanographic Charts containing information on Sea

Surface Temperature, Mixed Layer Depth, Below Layer

In 1982, a new Directorate of Naval Oceanology Gradient, Sonic Layer Depth, surface current, wind and and Meteorology (DNOM) was established in Naval wave data.1

Headquarters, concurrently with the creation of the

Department of Ocean Development and India's first Bathymetric Charts
expedition to Antarctica. Thereafter, DNOM became

The International Hydrographic Bureau had assigned

NHQ's nodal agency for dealing with all aspects of naval to the National Hydrographic Office the responsibility Oceanology and Meteorology. The Directorate has:-
of preparing nine bathymetric plotting sheets, based on

• Coordinated the Navy's help for Indian Scientific source material received from other data centres in the Antarctica Expeditions.

world. These were incorporated in the General Bathymetric

Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), which were first published

• Consultancy for the design of polar research vessels in the 1970s.

for the Department of Ocean Development.

Subsequently, responsibility was accepted for ten more

• Monitored the progress of oceanographic research sheets. By 2000, the National Hydrographic Office had undertaken by the DRDO and by CSIR's scientific published sixteen GEBCO charts.

organisations.

Monsoon Experiments BOBMEX and ARMEX2

• Participated in UNESCO's Inter-Governmental

Oceanographic Commissions at Paris.

Experiments to study the vagaries of the monsoon, last
held in 1979, were resumed under the aegis of the Indian

C ollection,

Collation
an d

Dissemination
of Climate Research Programme.

O ce a n o g ra p h ic Data

Bay of Bengal Experiments (BOBMEX), 1998. The pilot

The Navy's need is for instant, accurate and reliable experiment was carried out in October-November 1998 in predictions of anomalous propagation above the sea the central and south Bay of Bengal. The main BOBMEX
surface and of acoustic propagation below the sea surface. was carried out in July-August 1999.

At the national and international level, considerable
cooperation takes place to coordinate oceanographic and Prediction of Regional Weather using Observational Meteorological data from as wide a spectrum as possible. Meso-Network
and

Atmospheric

M odelling

NHQ focuses on greater density and authenticity of data in (PRWONAM)

the Navy's areas of interest.

PRWONAM sponsored by ISRO, is a combined effort
to make measurements of mesoscale dynamics, clouds,

Oceanographic Forecasting Cell
radiation etc. and to use them in modelling of prediction of

The Oceanographic Forecasting Cell is the Naval Centre weather. The output forecast is used for deciding the launch for archiving and dissemination of Bathythermograph of satellites by ISRO. Indian Navy is an active participant (ST) data. Data collected by all naval vessels is compiled and provides surface and upper air data of aviation bases in this cell.

pn

. . „

..__ nnri IN IO F A R C e n tr e w e r e m e r g e d a n d a n e w u n it, N a v a l O p e r a tio n s o e r s tw h ile o p e r a t io n a l u n its O c e a n o g r a p l i e o r e c a s i g 1

K0Ch i. T h e fu n c t io n a l c o n t r o l o f N O D PA C r e s ts w ith

D a t a P r o c e s s i n g a n d A n a ly s is C e n t r e (N O D P A C ) w a s c o m m is s io n e d o n 2 ~

-
rn n u :r n n fi t OFAR m a t t e r s r e s D e c tiv e lv

H Q SN C a n d p r o f e s s io n a l a d v ic e is p r o v id e d b y IH Q , M O D (N )/ D N O M , D S R o n o c e a n o g r a p h ic a n d LOFAR m a tte r s r e s p e c t iv e ly In 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 3 A r a b ia n S e a E x p e r i m e n t s (A R M E X ) w e r e c a r r i e d o u t. T h e m a in o b je c t iv e s w e r e to stu d y .

A r a b ia n S e a c o n v e c t i o n a s s o c i a t e d w ith i n t e n s e r a in fa ll e v e n ts o n t h e w e s t c o a s t o n c i *
m o n s o o n

-

T h e e v o lu t i o n , m a i n t e n a n c e a n d c o l la p s e o f t h e A r a b ia n S e a W a r m P o o l a n d p r e - o n s e t p h a .e s o f t h e m o n s o o n .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 29 7

like Dega, Rajali, Garuda and Hansa. ISRO has a Mini receive, plot and analyse data and incorporate Num *

Boundary Layer Mast and a GPS Radiosonde equipment Weather Prediction models for weather fo re ca stin g 1
installed at Rajali for the purpose.

using a customized software. Hie information obtain d
would be used by Naval Met Offices (NMOs) and sh'

Severe Thunderstorm Observational & Regional sea through a Naval Satellite, when in place.

^

Modeling (STORM)

Setting up of Met Facilities at Dwarka. Met facilities at

Project STORM sponsored by DST, is a combined effort Dwarka and Porbandar for providing Met coverage for of major National Met Institutions across the country. Met UAV operations is in progress.

observations on a close grid over West Bengal, Bihar and

Bay of Bengal are collected during the experiment. Hie Oceanography Course at SNOM. First course in Advance data is used to prepare numerical models for prediction of Oceanography was conducted at SNOM (K) in 2006
thunderstorm activities. Indian Navy had provided 84 GPS aimed at providing requisite expertise to METOC officers Radiosondes for this programme.

for the Operational Oceanography and the techniques
of oceanographic forecasting using various numerical

Induction o f State-of-the-Art Met Equipment
models.

Met offices of Indian Navy and certain selected ships
were provided with State-of-the-Art Met equipment:-

Miscellaneous Courses. Short courses are also conducted
for naval officers

— Upper Air Sounding Systems

Course

Institute

— Automatic Visual Range Assessor

Seismology

India Meteorological

— Automatic Weather Stations (Free of cost by ISRO)

Department, New Delhi

— Automatic Weather Observation Systems

Numerical Weather

National Centre for Medium

Prediction

Range Weather Forecasting,

— World Space Receivers

NOIDA (UP)

— Lightning and Thunderstorm Detectors

Radio Meteorology

National Physical Laboratory,

— Expendable Bathy Thermograph

New Delhi

Rainwater Harvesting

National Water Academy,

— Automatic Picture Transmission Receiver

& Water Management

Pune

Indian Naval Met Analysis Centre (INMAC). Fullv

ANN/MLD Model

National Remote Sensing
u 6l 3naJySiS C6ntre is bein§ established at

Agency, Hyderabad

SNOM, Koch! for weather forecasting. This centre aims to

Satellite Met Course

SNOM, Kochi

2 9 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Nava! Ceremonial

Reviews of th e F le e t by th e P resid en t

Fleet Reviews in India

In the British Navy, the Fleet Review has been a tradition

The President of India reviews the Indian Fleet once
of assembling the fleet before the monarch. The first review during his tenure in office. Except for the 2006 Review held is purported to have been held in 1400 AD.

off Visakhapatnam, the preceding reviews have been held
in Bombay harbour.

In the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, Fleet Reviews
became a tradition adopted by large navies. More recently,

In ceremonial significance, the Navy's Presidential Review
ships from other navies are invited to 'International Fleet is second only to the Republic Day Parade. Naval ships and Reviews that are held to celebrate significant national ships from maritime organisations like the Coast Guard, the centenaries and jubilees.

Merchant Navy, the National Institute of Oceanography, the

Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Merchant Navy Training

The aim of a review is to display a nation's naval might, Ship Rajendra and Naval Yard Craft are precisely anchored both to its own citizens and to naval adversaries. On in neat lines and dressed overall.

this grandest of naval ceremonial occasions, the King/

The President embarks in a naval ship nominated as

Queen/Head of State/Supreme Commander embarked the Presidential Yacht which flies the President's Colour.

in a special vessel, sailed past the ships participating in After receiving a 21-gun salute, the President reviews the the Review, dressed overall, and anchored in neat lines Fleet by cruising past each line of ships. Each ship's side off a main naval base. The ceremonially dressed officers is manned by her ships company in ceremonial uniform.

and sailors of each ship give three cheers/'jais' for the As the Presidential Yacht passes by, each ships company, inspecting dignitary as his special vessel goes past each in unison, take off their caps in salutation and give three of the lines.

resounding 'Jais! The President returns the salute.

At sunset, all ships at the anchorage participate in a

The first ever participation of an Indian-manned ship fireworks display. As darkness descends, all ships, in was the escort vessel HMIS Indus — she represented the unison, switch on their garlands of lights which accentuate Royal Indian Navy at the British Navy's 1937 Coronation their silhouettes.

Review held at the Spithead anchorage off Portsmouth
harbour.

Particulars of reviews after independence1 are tabulated
below:-

Date

Naval Ships

Submarines

Naval

Coast

Coast

Yard

Mercantile

Reviewed By

A ircraft/

Guard

Guard

Craft

Marine &

President

Helos

Ships

Aircraft

Others

Helos

Ships

11 Jan 76

43

05

05

—

—

—

06

Fakhrudin Ali

Ahmed

12 Feb 84

45

03

32

02

05

07

09

.....

Giani Zail Singh
l -

A n I n t e r n a t i o n a l F l e e t R e v ie w w a s h e ld in M u m b a i b e t w e e n 15 a n d 1 9 F e b 2 0 0 1 , w ith 2 3 s h ip s a n d 0 1 s u b m a r in e p a r tic ip a tin g fr o m fo r e ig n n a v ie s .

O n 1 2 F e b r u a r y 2 0 0 6 , t h e P r e s i d e n t D r. A P J A b d u l K a la m r e v ie w e d t h e fle e t a t V is a k h a p a tn a m .

Yard

M ercantile

Date

Naval Ships

Submarines

Naval

Coast

Coast

Reviewed By

Aircraft/

Guard

Guard

Craft

M arine &

President

Helos

Ships

Aircraft

Others

Helos

Ships

15 Feb 89

48

08 (Incl INS

29

02

08

04

10

R Venkataraman

Chakra)

9 Mar 97

22 (02 for

04

—

03

—

01

05 police

Shankar Dayal
patrol)

launches

Sharma

Notes: No Fleet Review was held for President N Sanjiva Reddy during his tenure from 25 July 1977 to 24 Jul 1982.

P re se n ta tio n o f Colours By The President

INS Chilka for the new entry sailor training

It is an ancient tradition to present "colours" to
establishment in Orissa.

armed forces (and elements thereof) which accomplish

INSCircars for ceremonial and training requirements
meritorious and outstanding service, to engender pride
in Visakhapatnam.

and esprit-de-corps. These Colours are proudly paraded
by the recipients on special occasions to add dignity and

INS Dronacharya for the Gunnery training school in
stature to their parades and guards of honour.

Fort Cochin.

In countries, that have the monarchical system of

INS Hamla for the Logistic, EDP and Cookery schools

Government, the colours are presented by the monarch. In
in Marve (Mumbai).

countries that have the presidential form of government,
the colours are presented by the President.

INS India for ceremonial requirements in Delhi.

In 1951, colours were presented to the Navy by President

INS Jarawa for ceremonial requirements in Port

Rajendra Prasad. Between 1976 and 1990,'colours'identical

Blair.

to those earlier presented to the Navy, were presented to
the Naval Commands:

INSKunjalifor ceremonial and trainingrequirements
in Mumbai.

Formation2 Date o f Presentation By President

INS Mandovi for the Naval Academy in Goa.

Southern Naval 26 November 1984

Giani Zail Singh

Command

INS Shivaji for the Engineering training school in

Eastern Naval

25 March 1987

Lonavla.

Giani Zail Singh

Command

INS Valsura for the Electrical training school in

Western Naval 22 February 1990

Jamnagar.

R Venkataraman

Command

INS Venduruthy for ceremonial and training

Western Fleet

09 March 1997

Shankar Dayal
requirements in Cochin.

Sharma

INS Viraat, the aircraft carrier, for ceremonial
requirem ents.

Naval Bands

These bands fulfill diverse roles:-

In ancient times, marching was sustained by the beat of
drums. In later times, martial music enhanced the effect

Ceremonial parades.

of drams .Today each major naval training establishment
has a band. In addition, bands are positioned in New Delhi

Training commitments.

and Port Blair to meet ceremonial commitments. Naval

E n terta in m en t o f p e rs o n n e l o n la n d a n d onboai
bands are located in:-
ships.

3 0 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

.

Prestigious band concerts in concert halls.

international events at which naval bands participated

Over the years, in addition to its traditional parade and are:-
ceremonial commitments, this band widened its scope

•

International Military Music Festival at Albertville in
by:-

France and Modena in Italy and Germany.

.

Performing with civilian choirs and orchestras.

•

Naval Symphonic Orchestral concerts in Malaysia

•

Developing into a symphonic concert band,
and Singapore.

introducing traditional Indian musical instruments

• Review of the Fleet by His Royal Highness the King
and including string instruments like violins, violas,
of Malaysia.

cellos and s •. mg basses.

•

Overseas deployments to Shanghai, South Africa,

The Naval Csntrai Band. Tlie Indian Navy's Central Band

Eritrea.

was commissioned in Bombay in 1945 with a complement
of 50 musicians, most of who had earlier belonged to the In India
bands of India's princely states. INS Kunjali in Mumbai

• Symphonic Orchestra concerts at metropolitan cities,
became home to this band and to the Navy's School of
viz. Kolkatta, Chennai, Bangalore, Visakhapatnam,

Music.

Mysore, Pune, Kochi.

Overseas Deployments. Today, the Naval Central Band

•

Band performance for our troops located at the
has grown to a 125-piece Symphonic Orchestra. From
borders between Pakistan and India, China & India,
and at Dehradun, Chandigarh, Ooty.

martial music, successive conductors of the band have
increased the Band's repertoire to include overtures, solos,

• Youth Commonwealth Olympic Games at Pune.

duets, concertos and other forms of contemporary music

•

MILAN, the biennial six navies meet in Port Blair.

including Indian classical and Indian and Western pop

• Presidential Fleet Review at Visakhapatnam, 2006.

music.

Naval musicians have also been borrowed by prestigious

The Naval bands have developed versatility by
local orchestras like the Mumbai Philharmonic Orchestra, introducing new instruments to play in ensemble with the the Delhi Symphonic society and the Symphony Orchestra band and Orchestra and also introducing Indian melodic oflndia.

and rhythmic instruments. Indigenisation of music by
experimenting with ragas, creating fusion music has been

Bands embark ships going on goodwill visits abroad like their forte. Naval musicians have participated in ensemble the annual Seychelles and Mauritius Independence Day with bands of the US Marines, the French Police bands, the celebrations and also for goodwill visits. The prestigious
bands of Britain's Royal Guards, etc.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 0 1

44

The National Cadet Corps and its Naval Wing

G e n e s is o f t h e N a tio n a l C a d e t C o rp s (N C C )

for leadership in the youth of the country.

During the closing years of the 1914-1918 World War,

• To stimulate interest in the defence of the country
the British Indian Army experienced a severe shortage
by providing service training to youth and motivate
of officers. The “University Corps" was created under the
them to join the Armed Forces.

Indian Defence Act 1917 to make good this shortage.

• To build up a reserve to enable the Armed Forces to

When the Indian Territorial Act was passed in 1920, the
expand rapidly in a national emergency.

University Training Corps (UTC) replaced die University

Corps. UTC officers were taken from the teaching staff

T h e D e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e NCC
and selected through Selection Boards. UTC cadets had

In 1948 with a total of 167,000 cadets, the NCC was only
no commitment for war service and the scheme was
voluntary.

for boys and was wholly Army oriented. School students
entered the Junior Division and were given elementary

The Second World War started in Europe and at the drill and weapons training while college students joined start of the war, successful volunteer cadets were granted the Senior Division and were trained as potential officers the Kings Commission with the same privileges as were for the Army. The Girls Division started in 1949. The Air available to Kings Commissioned Indian Officers. Japan Wing & Naval Wing started in 1950 and 1952 respectively.

entered this war in December 1941 with its attack on the

In 1952, at the behest of Prime Minister Nehru, the NCC

American Fleet in Pearl Harbour. Within a few months
curriculum was broadened to include 'social service' which

Japan had overrun East and Southeast Asia, Malaya! was later renamed as 'community development!

Burma, the Andaman & Nicobar Islands and by 1942, was
knocking at the gates of Northeast India. To counter this

By 1960, the NCC had taken firm roots. There was
threat, the British started mobilising in India and as part of growing demand from schools and colleges to set up NCC
this activity, renamed the UTC, as the "University Officers units. This was met by setting up the National Cadet Corps Training Corps” (UOTC) in 1942, remodelling on the lines Rifles (NCCR) as a parallel organisation.

of Britain's officer corps. The Indian Air Training Corps
was started in 1943, followed by the Sea Scouts Corps and

In 1963, after the 1962 hostilities with China, steps were
the Womens Auxiliary Corps (India).

taken to expand the Armed Forces. NCC training, which
had hitherto been voluntary, was made compulsory for a

In 1946, India's freedom from British rule was clearly period of three years, covering the entire student population foreseeable. A Committee was set up under Shri HN of college boys in the age group of 16 to 25 years. In 1964, Kunzru to examine the transformation of the UOTC into a the NCCR was merged with the NCC. In 1967, the period oi national level youth organisation. The broad objective was compulsory training was reduced to two years.

to tram young boys and girls, not just from universities, but
also from schools, to be better citizens and future leaders

Compulsory training soon became unwelcome as
in all walks of life, including the defence forces.

students felt that it eroded the time available for their
studies. Parents felt that excellence in academics was

Based on the recommendations oftheKunzru Committee
more important for the success of their children in a
the NCC came into being under the Ministry of Defence Th p competitive environment and schools, colleges and NCC Act of 1948 stated its aims:-

Universities succeeded in persuading the G o v e r n m e n t .

• To develop character, ideals of service and capacity

In 1968, NCC training was made voluntary and has
remained so to this day.

the 1971 Indo-Pakistan War, a Committee

Statistics

1948

Today

Drawn from
constituted in 1972, under Pune University's Vice
rhancellor Mahajani, to update the aims of the NCC. The

Round numbers
new'Aims and Objectives' were approved in 1974:-

Junior

135,000

800,000

8000 schools

To develop leadership, character, comradeship,

Division
spirit of sportsmanship and ideals of service.

(Class 8 & 9)

To create a force of disciplined and trained

Senior

32,500

500,000

4800
colleges
manpower which, in a national emergency, could

Division
be of assistance to the countiy.

Trained by 657 Army, 59 Naval and 58 Air Force units

• To provide training for students with a view to
all over India
develop in them officer-like qualities, thus also
enabling them to obtain a commission in the

A ctivitie s

Armed Forces.

Institutional Training

In 1986, the Lt Gen (Retd) Thapan Committee

• Weekly Parades and Camps to inculcate discipline,
was constituted to review the working of the NCC. It
orderliness, punctuality and smartness.

recommended several improvements. Only those that had
minor or no financial implications were implemented.

.

Basic military training in Army, Navy or Air Force
subjects.

In 1996, to attract more students into the NCC and to tap
their sports potential, it was decided to include games an

.

Drill, shooting, physical fitness, map reading, first
sports in the curriculum.

aid, civil defence, boat pulling and sailing, gliding
and powered flying.

I n s t r u c t i o n a l S ta f f f o r t h e N CC

.

Camp Training that, by outdoor and community

The nationwide spread of the NCC led to the foimation
living in austere conditions, helps to develop
of a centralised academy to train good quality instructiona
camaraderie, teamwork, group cohesion, character,
staff.

leadership, self confidence and self reliance.

In 1957, an Officers Training School was started in

.

All-India Camps, which bridge cultural, regional,

Kamptee. The Girls Wing for conducting pre-commission
religious and language barriers in annual National
and refresher training for Lady Officers of the orps was

Integration Camps, Leadership Camps and Special
added to the school in 1959. The Girls Wing was s 1 e

Integration Camps.

Gwalior in 1965 and renamed Women Officers rami

.

Navy Camps, Air Force Camps and Army

School (WOTS).1

Attachments.

The NCC Today

.

R epublic Day and In d ep en d en ce Day Camps.

With 13,00,000 cadets, th e NCC today is the

Camp Training2
largest u n ifo rm ed y o u th o rg anisatio n . Its ea e s
risen in all w alks o f life — G overnors, C abinet Mini

,

Each cadet in the NCC is to attend at least one camp

Chief Ministers, Members of Parliament, Chie s an
to complete the Training Syllabus. Camps develop

Chiefs of the Services, senior bureaucrats, tec noc
camaraderie, team work, leadership qualities, self-
educationists and corporate heads.

---------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------a n d O f f i c e r s T r a i n i n g A c a d e m y (O T A ) G w a lio r .

I n 2 0 0 2 , b o t h t r a in i n g s c h o o l s w e r e r e n a m e d -
s c h o o l s a n d c o ll e g e s a r e t r a in e d a t t h e s e in s t i t u t io n s . C o m m i s s i o n i n g c o u r s e s f o r T e a c h e r s a n d o t h e r c iv ilia n s t a f f w h o jo i n t h e N C C r o n i _
c o n d u c t e d a t t h e s e in s t i t u t i o n s .

A s s o c i a t e N C C O f f ic e r s (A N O s ) a n d r e g u la r r e f r e s h e r c o u Input from M oD Annual R eport 1994-95.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 0 3

confidence, self-reliance and appreciation of the dignity of

.

Developing wastelands, constructing roads
labour in cadets. The important types of camps are:-
planting saplings (each NCC cadet plants 0
sapling a year making a total of 13,00,000 sanlin^

Annual Training Camp (ATC)

every year).

ATCs are held within the State for a duration of 12 days.

Adventure Training/Activities

Centrally Organised Camps (COC)

To foster and encourage the spirit of adventure the N C C

These camps are of an all India nature and selected conducts:-
cadets are given additional leadership training.

Scuba Diving

National Integration Camps

Scuba diving training which was conducted only at

These camps are conducted on an all India basis and Delhi and Bombay every year has been extended to e p bridge the cultural gap between the youth from the Visakhapatnam and Cochin also.

various states of India.

Sailing Expedition, W ind Surfing &

Attachment Training

Kayaking

Each directorate plans and executes at least one

To familiarise the cadets with the service conditions and sailing expedition, as part of the Republic Day Banner to motivate them to join the Armed Forces, 10,000 cadets competitions.

are attached to service units every year for 15 days.

Hospital Attachment for Girl Cadets

Rowing Activities

Girl cadets are attached with Armed Forces Hospitals

Rowing training started at Pune in January 1993. Cadets
attachment training.

and staff learn to row single sculls and coxless pairs and
correct rowing techniques.

Republic Day Camp

Trekking Expedition

The culmination of annual NCC activities takes place
during the Republic Day Camp at Delhi every year The

Trekking
expeditions,
rock-climbing
and
camp is attended on an all India basis by more than mountaineering activities are scheduled every year.

17001 cadets; (boys and girls), which culminates with the
prestigious Prime Minister's Rally.

Slithering Demonstration

Senior Division and Senior Wing (Girls) cadets

Social Service
p a r t i c i p a t e i n s l i t h e r i n g d e m o n s t r a t i o n d u r i n g t h e P M ' s r a l l y .

°

Social service is adopted by the NCC as a key result area
the digS'ty of l 2 t , 1 m " n c e o S ^ a ^ n e e d MŮntablee™ S Expeditions to assist and uplift weaker sections of our so cie ty ThTs is

~_

NCC conducts two mountaineering expeditions every
brought about through a well co-ordinated proLm m e
mvo v,n g » adu|t „,er>cy
socU

£ 3

^

;
year
one for Senior Division boy cadets and other for

C Senior Wing girl cadets during May-June and August-
w elfare program m es.

cal

Septem ber.

Community Development

Mountaineering Courses

These activities sensitise cadets to the needs nnH

NCC cadets do mountaineering courses at the Nehru
problems of fellow citizens, inculcate v alu es of “

Mountaineering Institute (NMI), Uttarkashi, Himalayan
selfless service, compassion, nationalism and enrichment
of community life. They include:-
enrichment Mountaineering

Institute

(HMI)

Darjeeling
and

Mountaineering and Allied Sports Institute, Manali every
year.

•

Structured programmes for Social Service like ari„it

Sports and Games

From 1997 onwards, these activities were focussed to
make the NCC more attractive to students and to help spot
and groom sports talent in a hitherto untapped source

3 0 4 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

f India's youth. Annual all-India NCC Sports Camps are

During their two years in the Junior Division, concurrent
held on the 15th of August (Independence Day) in which with training in parade drill, health, hygiene and leadership, the best boy and girl cadets from amongst over one million
junior naval cadets are trained in basic watermanship,
cadets participate.

seamanship and navigation, communication, gunnery,
damage control and ship safety. Every year, selected

Youth Exchange Program m e
cadets are attached to ships and establishments for short

To promote international understanding and awareness, durations.

the NCC participates with the Youth Organisations/NCCs

The pattern of training for senior naval cadets during
of twelve countries — Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, their three years is broadly similar to that in the Junior Britain, Canada, Maldives, Nepal, Russia, Singapore, Sri Division but in greater detail. Senior naval cadets attend Lanka, Trinidad & Tobago and Vietnam. The programme annual naval camps at state level, during which, depending enables mutual visits for periods upto three months during on their earnestness, aptitude and performance, selections which cadets carry out development work and study the are made for: -
history, culture and the socio-economic conditions of

• Sea outings in naval ships.

their host countries.

•

Foreign cruises in the Navy's cadet training ships.

NCC Cadets Welfare Society

• Attachment with the Naval Academy.

NCC Cadets Welfare Society was formed in Feb 1985 to
give financial relief and assistance to NCC cadets in case

.

The annual Enterprise class Yachting Regatta at INS
of death or disability during NCC activities. The source of

Chilka.

income of the Society is an one time membership fee of

Rs. 4/- paid by each cadet on enrolment.

. The Annual Naval Camp at Visakhapatnam.

A scholarship scheme was introduced from the

.

The Annual Leadership Camp at Tuticorin.

academic year 1992-93 onwards. 250 scholarships of Rs. As part of the adventure Activities:-

2000 each are awarded to meritorious cadets during every
financial year. The number of scholarships allocated to the

•

Naval Diving Teams conduct scuba diving courses at

Directorates are on the basis of enrolled strength of the

Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Mumbai and Delhi.

cadets.

• Wind surfers and kayaks are available with all naval
units.

P rospect

•

For sailing expeditions in rivers/at sea, cadets are

Of today's 1 .3 million NCC cadets, 90% are boys. With the
trained in boat pulling and sailing and are taught
increase in job opportunities for girls in the Armed Foices,
teamwork and seamanship skills.

para-military forces and civilian uniformed-services, girls
can now aspire to increase their participation in the

• A white water rafting facility is available at
from the present 13% to 33% by 2010 and 50% by 2 0 1 .

Rishikesh.

Moreover, the present total of 1.3 million cadets is just o Naval NCC cadets can join the Navy:-
of the total NCC eligible student population of 30 million.

•

Officer aspirants must have passed the 'C' Certificate

The Naval Wing of the NCC
of the NCC and have to qualify in a Services Selection

There are 59 Naval units covering all the states an^ n*°^

Board. Successful aspirants can avail of vacancies

Territories. These units can enrol up to a total o

,
reserved for NCC cadets, without having to write a
naval cadets in the ratio of 60% Junior Division and J u/o

UPSC examination.

Senior Division. The average strength of the Nava
ing

•

Sailor aspirants are given weightage in the results
has been 45,000 school-going cadets in the Junior Division
of the all-India sailor recruitment examination.

and 14,000 college-going cadets in the Senior Division,
e
boys and girls are organised in their respective Senior an

Junior Divisions.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 0 5

45

Sailing and Yachting

Preamble

Asia. She had 5,000 square feet of saii - - six square Sai|s
c a r r iir iS Sai“ng ' T £mCien‘ 33 itS histor>' Saving vessels
and s a fore and aft sails. She had a bunk each fo, 21 Id
wes as heZT,
f! Se ^ ^ 35 China and as
west as the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa.

a modern galley and a chart house well equipped w
ith
navigational aids. Her normal speed under sail was 6 to

From the naval point of view, sail training imparts first 7 knote though she could make upto 10 to 12 knots with hand experience of wind, weather and the vagaries o
all sails rigged. She was fitted with two diesel engines for

' W n s e "

niCety,° f iudSment “ d the quality of
aneuvenng m harbour and for use when wind conditions
sea sense. Its unique value lies in its ability to develon
vere unfavourable. She could sail for 8 to 10 days at a

Admiral R LP ^

1981'

Ch‘0f ° f the Naval Staff’

s x i ” com
m

,sa”ed her -s m Trai"'«
fvotn: i r r a^ d ^ have an alon§side berth and the
vessel, sail training^ sensed* f r0£ WSeagoinS saiJing
onT eeSnn t ^ ^ ^

Came for ^nlng only
on weekends, the Navy undertook to man and maintain
return thl w
e r _t0 the training cruiser Mysore.1 In
sail train *

U

Varuna for three days a week for the
sail training of Mysore's naval cadets.

Sea Cadet Sail T ra in in g Ship (STS) Varuna

By 1979, the Sea Cadet Corps (SCO

hoM fhp K^UStra^a!

January 1988, Australia was to
in Bombay, which had rlnc* T ■
headquartered
landing / ^en*enn*a* celebrations to commemorate the
decades, b u iH n to d s i L * ' " "

the Na^ f»< nnrt nf c°^ t 6 rSt ^ustra^an settlers in and around the
which, supplemented by d o n a t a ,™ tfilf ’

Ba" s rarp

^ ^

AS ^art

^ese celebrations, a "Tall Ship"

enabled the SCC to place an nrHe r
worthy cause, in whi T ! r ne^U^ ^0m ^°hart (Tasmania) to Sydney
w h . c h s c . c a d e u c . & ^ r ; ^ " ^ 8^

1"

Naval a h
s^uare*-rigged ships took part. The Indian
celebrations^ 16 FŮnC*ation sPonsored Varuna for these

A shd.w nLt0B L S agaTaVa0c l r o S 3T 50 m 'o ft

V am 61 rehtted in the Naval Dockyard Bombay,

29 finnV
d ° n 14 SePtember 19&7 on her first oceanic
to handle unduly heavy sa^T and T thŮt th6'r haWnS sen in

? yage, manned by seven naval officers, five
for acquiring skills in navigation Zn!: ^

Cadet c?Va Sa^ors' sixteen naval cadets and two Sea
communication. She was the L
n e ^ ^ i n
rnm ]' f returned t0 Bombay on 15th April 1988, having

P ete a 15,000 mile voyage in seven months.2

A p a r t fr o m a n in t e r e s t frpp in -m r
i
m a i n t e n a n c e o f V a ru n a .

r ° m ^

----- -------------- -------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------

2.

On th e o u tw a rd jo u r n e y V a ru n a c a Jl d

S

^
a n n u a IIy f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l D e f e n c e F u n d f o r th e
e v e n t w ith

C il“ a p a n d B a l i , a n d t h e W e s t A u s t r a li a n p o r t s P o r t Sydney on 2 9 th January 1 9 8 8 . On t h e re tu rn ** *
y ° n lh e H th Ja n u a ry 19flfi * *
h e a v y w e a t h e r ' s h e p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e T a li S h ip

J a k a r ta , S in g a p o r e , P e n a n g , C a m p b e ll B a v r

S h e C a,Ied a t M e l b o u r n e a h f .p.l a n n e d ' f o r 'h e T a ll S h i p s P a r a d e . V a r u n a d e p a r t e d fro m P
i B a y ' C o c h ln a " d G o a .

' D 0U rn e' A d e ,a<de, E s p e r a n c e , F r e m a n t l e , C a r n a r v o n , C h r i s t m a s Is la n d ,

In d ia n Nava! S a ilin g Vessel (IN S V ) Sam udra

Reputed British firms supplied the sailing rig of twenty sails

In 1987, the Navy acquired the 13-metre sailing yacht (eight square and twelve fore and aft) having a sail area of 965 square meters.3

Samudra. In 1988, it was decided to send Samudra on a

Tri-Service expedition to circumnavigate the globe. The

She was launched on 1st December 1995 and
first leg of 7590 m iles was from Vizag on the east coast of commissioned two years later on 11th November 1997 as India to Dakar on the northwest coast of Africa. The second Naval Sail Training Ship Tarangini.4
leg of 9735 miles was from Dakar to Hawaii in the middle
of the Pacific Ocean. The final leg of 10660 miles was from

In 1999, a contract was arranged for Lt Cdr Frank Scott of

Hawaii back to Vizag.

the British Navy to be the Sailing Master of the Tarangini and
train die crew in the handling of her sails. During her 28 days

Flying the Blue Ensign of an Indian Naval Fleet sailing work up, Tarangini covered 3000 miles from Cochin, Auxiliary, Samudra set sail westbound from Cochin on around Sri Lanka to Madras, thence to Port Blair in the 15th November 1988, manned by six officers — four from Andaman Islands, thence to Vizag and back to Madras, having the Navy and one each from the Army and the Air Force.

covered the square rig syllabus of the Nautical Institute.

On the first leg, Samudra called at Aden, Port Said,

Tarangini is built for long voyages.5 She can keep at sea

Malta, and Cartagena and arrived at Las Palmas (in the continuously for twenty days. She has a complement of six Canary Islands) on 2nd February 1989. She set sail from officers and twenty-seven men as permanent crew and can Las Palmas on 6th March and after calling at Cayenne, accommodate and impart sail training to thirty cadets at a Georgetown, Trinidad and La Guaira arrived at Panama time.

on 5Ih May where a new engine was fitted. She sailed from

Panama on 24,h May for San Cristoba (Ecuador). To avoid

In addition to the sail training of naval cadets after they
the hurricane season off the west coast of Mexico, Samudra leave the Academies, she conducts sail training capsules was re-routed via the South Pacific Ocean.

for cadets of the National Defence Academy, the Naval

Academy and technical cadets from INS Shivaji.

After calling at the Galapagos Islands, Nikuhiva and

Tahiti, she arrived at Rorotonga on 26th July where she

C h ro n o lo g y o f A c tiv itie s
remained until 9th September when she sailed for Port Villa.

After calling at Port Moresby, Darwin, Surabaya and Port 1990

Blair, she arrived at Vizag on 4th December 1989. During

•

In Asian Games Yachting in Beijing, Lt F Tarapore
her 52,000 km voyage round the world, Samudra visited 27
won the Bronze Medal in the 470 class event. Lt Cdr
ports in 18 countries.

H Motivala and Lt P K Garg won the Bronze Medal in
the Enterprise event. Lt PK Garg received the Arjuna

Samudra's Bali Yatra. In November 1992, the Navy,
in collaboration with the Government of Oiissa, sent

Award.

Samudra on a sailing expedition to Bali in Indonesia to

• Tri-Service and Coast Guard Indian Ocean Sailing
commemorate the trading links and the sailing route use

Expedition in Indian Naval Sailing Vessel Samudra
by traders during the period of the Gupta Dynasty.

from Vizag to Mauritius to Seychelles and back to

Cochin in Aug 90.

Sail T ra in in g Ship, INS T a ra n g in i

In June 1995, the keel was laid for the Navy's first sail 1991
training ship, a three-masted barque. Square rigged on t e

#

Lts F Tarapore and KS Rao won the Gold Medal in
fore and main masts and fore and aft rigged on the mizzen
the Enterprise class World Championships held in
mast, she was designed by Mr Colin Muddie, a iePLjte

Bombay.

British naval yacht designer and built by Goa Shipyar
t

3 .

I n d ia is t h e 5 t h c o u n t r y to h a v e b u ilt it s o w n s q u a r e rig g e d s a il tr a in i g p

.

, <T n ro n c ' m e a n in g w a v e s . T h e c o m m i s s i o n in g C o m m a n d i n g O f f i c e r w a s C o m m a n d e r H o m i D

4 .

T h e n a m e T a r a n g in i d e r iv e s fr o m t h e H in 1 w o r S a ilin g M a s t e r o f t h e S e a C a d e t C o r p s ’ S a il T r a i n i n g S h i p V a r u n a d u r in g M o tiv a la , a s a i l o r o f c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e r i e n c e ; h e h a ci o e e n m e

. *
i.

„ ,

• •

-
a

R ir p n t e n n ia l c e l e b r a t io n s in 1 9 B 7 / « » .

h e r v o y a g e to S y d n e y t o p a r t i c i p a t e in A u s tr a lia s u ic e n i r r t t.

i p n c jn e s L e n g t h o v e r a ll 5 4 m e t r e s , B e a m 8 . 5 m e t r e s , D r a u g h t 4 . 5 m e t r e s , H e ig h t o f F o r e m a s t 5 .

D i s p l a c e m e n t 5 1 3 t o n n e s , tw o 3 2 0
g

M i z z e n m a s t a b o v e w a t e r l i n e 2 9 .8 m e t r e s ,
above water line 33.6 metres, Height o f Mainmast aoo\ l waiw
o

TRAN SITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 0 7

Ih e Naval S a ilin g C lub, M umbai

Samudra sailed on the expedition to Bali.

The Naval Sailing Club Mumbai (Waterma u

1 9 9 3

Training Centre Mumbai) is the largest yachting rn™ ? 'P

India. It houses the National Sailing I n s S S

?

Lt Cdr HD Motivala and Lt PK Garg won the Gold Authority of India. It hosts national sailing chamnin f Medal m the Enterprise class World Championships and international sailing and y a c h l ^ S 5 ? 2
held m Zimbabwe. They received the Rajiv Gandhi championships. Today, the joint, co-Iocated fanlit Knel Ratna Award in the same year.

* e Naval Sailing Club Mumbai and the Sea C a £ t 2 n ° f

Lt Cdr Motivala won the silver medal in the Asian frigate Training Ship Jawahar are amongst t i t L

T“

Games m Japan and also received the Axjuna
the world for conducting international Sf -n g

"J
championships.

r&gattas and

1994

The In d ia n Naval S a ilin g A s s o c ia tio n (IN S A )

Lt Cdrs F Tarapore and K S Rao won the Bronze

X c ^ i n H-4?0h ClaSS 6Vent in * e Asian Garaes

Yachting m Hiroshima. Cdr H Motivala and Lt Cdr P
event

26 Medai in Ae EnterPri^ class

■
n

X

™

«
r ,o ' sailinsand!,“ h,," 8 ™ » w

1995

S rea'n d 'w h 'b‘ sr°w,h 01 ” »ral calling clubs iu

L t C d r F T a
e a n d L { v M e h e r .s h .

S „ S ; T 'aC,h,,' S ^ in

“«
d e S t e d ^ a ? W T * fŮrNaval S ailin 8 Clubs (now

Bombav fin INS A 3 0™ anshiP Training Centres) at

1996

Cochin fin INS

VlsakhaPatnam (in INS Circars),

Since ^ien^
k

^ and Goa (at Dona Paula)

Lt

KS Ra°
the Arjun, Award.

1997

(the Engineering SchaVeib 0 e r ln au g u rated in INS shivajj

Electrical Srh f • T
m LonavalaX INS Valsura (the

Management r “ hmna^ ’ INS Hamla (the Logistics,

Bombav) INK G° mputer and Catering School in Marve,

S

) f t “

s “r

* “

*

“
in Karania

^ gni^ ahu C* * 5 Parent naval establishment
held in Goa.

Charnpionships
e L b l S l T b3yJ’ INS Gomantak (the parent
interim Nav^i a” aSC0~da-Gama* Goa), INS Mandovi (the

1999

S a U o ^ T n
nademy in Paniim’ Goa), INS Chilka (the
and INS Tar ^ stat>Iisilment on Chilka Lake in Orissa)

Enterprise d a ^ W o ^ d "

Blair in th e r d a L L Ps?ands)naVal 6 sta b lish m e n t in P° rt

*

± e

South Africa.

c lla m pionshiP s held in
field? inH-°vfU^tS annual intra Navy championships and
individuals and teams for national championships.

3 0 8

TRANSITION t o GUARDIANSHIP

46

The Fifth Central Pay Commission

Fourth Pay Commission

The V " CPC Aw ard

Sep“ '98r,'„“’d ^ C° " r S!,0n ” s “ «

“ « ™ 01

1986. The Govemmenr

^ recDmmendalions in Jun

Go^mmLfo?SSejar9?e4TlCtmme,Kiati0nS t0 the

» . f oi J 1 Z Z Z T Z T ’he r

“ oium“ K
revision 0t Pay & M ,Z n l7tm cP ^ T ''S ^

STO consideration
f” ,he

"me
a factor of 3.2 times for nav i

• •

C had adopted
pyramida] cadre strum,
gnitlon t0 the Armed Forces doubled the rate of eJsIinJ , 6V1S10n ^ had generaZly rigorous and hazardous swvkerf ^ pr0motion criteria,
however m ad e in resnp rf f
o w a n ce s- E x cep tio n s were,
disciplinary code, frequent moie^ anS'sT"1

-eei' rig,'d to die Arm ed Forces si,rh 61 f " 1 aIIowances admissible family. However the C
nmm- ' separation from

Sache„A,ll ™rwhS
additional
f

'Z

R^ “d
times.

e e n 11 c e d m o re than two
the above factors. Running Pav bnnH C° mpensate for
for officers and the concept of rJ v ^ lntroduced tre^t™ Cf° SC r8aCted £Juite sharply at the partisan The improvements recomm ^ j

Pay was created. S S
by the vth CPC. The

Commission brought about Tn 6 r ^ ^ FŮrth Pay
induction

£, » ” L e lT ^
and T2™Z f

Amed F° rCeS 0n the Vth CPC award
the rank and file. However inflatf
aspirati°ns of

T h e G o v e r n m e n t f o J u T i g g y T a W ^ V 0 ^

G o v e m m e n t '

o hving soon negated the gains TV ^ ^ nS‘ng cost e x p r e s s e d b y t h e A m t a f a n S d u e n o t e o f c o n c e r n s
by the fact that stagnation poor^

ComPounded o th e r s f h p f n L

F o r c e s ’

a p p r o v e d ,
a m o n g
incorrect relativities continued Z b e- Pr°SpeCtS and A llo w a n c e s o f

^

^

Forces Personnel

° be ,rntants to Armed

C onstitution o f Fifth CPC

C1 7 I? n n 0 d 0 r e S / e q U i v w a s e n h a n c e d
rvr * lo'J&u-17,600 recommended by the Vth

Unlike previous two P a v r *

Pay) ° S 16,700~18' 050 (plus Rs 2400 as Rank
m an d a te d to only revise the p L Ar
miSSi0nS' Who Were
the Vth Central Pav r „
y'

° WancesandPension,

09 Apr
piloteTr^H ^ l0^ ance' F1ying Allowance for fighter

1 9 9 4 and was for the first u "

COnstituted on
he 'Conditions of Service^

^

'

t0 exa>^ne

Rs 7nnn r.A la
en Allowance was enhanced to
for the first time that the three Ser

S' If was also
nilntc

• ^r° m ^S'

Subsequently, all
their proposals for considerationTv'rh0^ ^ f° rmu)ated
thp

Y 6rf Included f°r grant of Rs 7000 PM upto
the rank o f C o m m o d o re/eq u iv .

om m sM on and sub m itted a ^ i n t Serv,

T Cemral Pay

(JSM) to this effect. The jsm i™, ,
sMem°randum

Monthly grant of Technical Pay/Allowance at double
from various units, field format-
on the views
existirig iates was granted as against Vth CPC
and represented the collective is !? ° f ^ ‘hree Services

^commendation of 'One time grant' to technical

Forces. The leitmotif of the I s S T ' 0” 5 ° f the Armed
officers of the three Services.

the hardships and deprivations suf T " W persPective
personnel, the p r o ^ io n 0f
by

Forcel
ailors and equivalent in other two Services were
for the risks and hazards to w h i c h T ^ COmPe” sation

Y ante minimum of Pay scale on completion of
imperative need to attract talent to t i l ^ exposed. the
aining with retrospective effect, instead of recruits

■O e n sttte th a tth e p e r s o n n e l " ' „
p °« * > and

Pay, as hitherto for.

their service career.

motivated throughout

Nation in kind was retained as against Vth CPC
recommendation of grant of monthly ration
owance in lieu for officers of the three Services.

Pay/trade group o f PBOR was rationalized based on High Level C om m ittee D eliberation entry E d u c a t i o n a l Qualification of Diploma, Matric

A High Level Committee (HLC) was tasked to examine

& N o n - M a t r i c and were assigned into %' 'Y' & 'Z'

the anomalies identified by the Service HQs, specially
pay groups w e f 1 0 O c t 97.

those related to risk, technical and Flying Allowances
and trade rationalization of PBOR. In addition, the

. Lt Cdrs/equiv v o had become substantive Lt Cdr/
committee was to examine grievances and anomalies
equiv on or aft

01 Jan 1996 were granted pay scale received directly by them. The three Service HQs collated of Com m ands(;/equiv on their stagnation for one all the anomalies and grievances and submitted a total year in the pay s c a l e of Lt Cdr/equiv.

of 36 issues for consideration by the HLC. The HLC

. C1LQ w a s g r a n t e d to NC (E) of Air Force who were
subsequently visited Air Force Station, Bangalore,

Western Naval Command, Mumbai, Air Force Station,
i n a d v e r t e n t l y o m i t t e d by the V"1 CPC.

Chandigarh and Army Stations in Srinagar. After the visits

. House Rent Allowance (HRA) was granted to
of HLC, the issues were categorised under three heads i.e.

officers at par with civilian Group 'A' officers when Pay & Allowances, Managerial and Organizational issues not provided with Govt, accommodation.

and miscellaneous issues. After in-depth analysis of 36
recommendations to the Govt on 23 Apr 1998, the HLC

• Stipend granted to Cadets during last year of training
resolved all the issues projected, to the satisfaction of the
prior to Commission was converted to 'Pay' with all
attendant benefits albeit with retrospective effect three Service HQs.

i.e. on grant of Commission.

Recommendations of the Group of Officers (GOO)

On receipt of HLC recommendations, the Govt remitted

Discontent in the Arm ed Forces
the same to a Group of Officers Committee on 21 May 1998,

As b r o u g h t out above, enhancement of F ly in g Allowance under the Chairmanship of the then Cabinet Secretary with to Rs 7,000 PM and payment of additional amount of three Service Chiefs, Defence Secretary, Secretary Home, Rs 2,000 PM to Fighter pilots only d is t u r b e d the existing Secretary DOP&T & Secy Expenditure as its members. The parity between the other categories of pilot and other Group of Officers further examined the recommendations officers in the three Services. This partisan enhancement ot of the HLC in greater details, particularly in view of Flying Allowance led to widespread discontent in the three impact of HLC recommendations on other Central Govt Services, particularly in the Air Force, which was wi e y employees. After taking into account all aspects of die reported in the print and electronic media. C e r ta in o er issues under consideration, the Group of officers submitted disparities and anomalies were also b r o u g h t to the notice o
their report to the Govt in Jul '99. The Govt accepting
the Govt b y the three Service Headquarters. The Govt taking the Group of Officers report issued letters approving the cognizance of the unprecedented negative reaction o
e recommendations of Group of Officers on the anomalies
service personnel, constituted a High Leve ( c "

tt^ and grievances of the Armed Forces. Majority of the issues
on 24 Dec '97, under the C h a ir m a n s h ip of then e e n
were finally resolved through a clutch of Govt letters issued

Secretary Shri Ajit Kumar, with the three V.ce Chiefs, 0 :Staff on 29 Mar 2000.

and the Financial Adviser (Defence Services) as membe .

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 1 1

Gallantry Awards
f o « ° S ™

£ " dS ■ " 8 ” n M W d ™ ' « ® ■» t h e

Operation Tasha was launched in June i 990 to r k

'

bCS S f ° , “ ?

“ 01

* ”

« c e
c
o
n

S

T

, S ' * e Ut ' s » f» Ih» * l n t e a , d o ns

Lankan Tamil militants in the Palk Bav n

•

Acts of valour in thp faro

C L d s i i S sd b T e n Shall° Wdraush™

-
p - t f s x t s

Operations and low intensity c o n S L t S n J 8 “

« • * . « ,
ass, s r „ ? •*•*» * comm T d 3IrCraft 3nd naVal helicopters. Marine

■
militants

^

“
f° r gallant actions
various operations in lifp t h 6 W . 0 ParticiPated in
exacting circumstances
re®tening situations and
courage and dedication , h

° reWarded for

’

iS T a fte fth 311011 SWan W3S IaUnched in AP^
this decade are:-

ŮtY' Notable activities in
patrol sen, h 6

° riSt b° mb blasts in Bombay- to

Maharashf1 VB 3keaS °^

COast of Gujarat and

Antarctica Expeditions
the S

r

W6St COaSt of India t0 intercept
explosives ^ ^ terrorists o f arms, ammunition and
ice

* e Antarctic

Personnel, stores, fuel and c o n S ^

6

* transport

^P®ration Muffet off Somalia. Pursuant to the
sites. Of the average of 70 to 75 days tha/rtf6™ 110 inland
initiati n ° o 6 ^ n*tec* Nations for a multilateral
can stay in Antarctica, there a t "

* ereSearchship
dl

” m oma^a to supervise and oversee the
strongwindsandzerovisibilitycondI0™ ' ; blizzards’ very

Pm, U

° f humanitarian aid, a Naval Task
leaving only 30 to 40 days for helicom ^ J 3 5 10 40 days'

op , ^ ^ as deployed off the coast of Somalia from
material to the permanent s t a t i o n t0 ferry men a*d

September 1993 to December 19 9 4.

several miles inland.

nd research locations
h\f KT^at^?n ^eec^ ***

Andaman Sea. Patrolling

Naval Operations

Le v)Va Vesse^s commenced as part of Operation
smnC
i/ ltercePt arms and ammunition being

•

Sea *n*° ®urma via Bangladesh for
from
has ? r a T a MpaTro^ o f dr
alT0f 1116 IPKF
pnoT31 ^isPatc^ t0 insurgents in India's north
coast against infiltration by L m
f mil Nadu
eastern states.

™
s u d i ° ^

' ° ^
yS

™
z z z ‘

O p e ra tio n R a k sh a k . M arin e C o m m a n d o s deployed

Abbreviations
terror' t ^ S ^ U*ar ^a^e t0 apprehend infiltration of

1 S T

Landing Ship Tank

L C U

Div

Landing Craft Utility

Diver

C G v

SD

Coast Guard Vessel

Ships Diver

C D

SAR

Clearance Diver

Search and Rescue

A CD

Oi/c

Air Crew Diver

Officer-in-Charge
i/c

In-Charge

Rank, Name &

A p p o in tm e n t/F u n ctio n /A ctivity /

Action performed under

Gallantry Award
personal Number

Event
hazardous conditions and risk
to life

-----

1989

LtCdrSPS

Nau Sena Medal

Cheem a

CO, INS Nishank during Acceptance

Despite the advice of the Soviet

(01704-Y)

Trials in Russia — Sep '89. A
specialists to abandon ship he
massive blast in the aft part of the
mobilised the local resources and
ship immobilised the ship.

brought the fire under control.

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Cdr SP Singh

Engineering Officer, INS Nishank

Brought fire under control by
starting the DA for fire main water

(40859-K)

— Sep '89.

supply and operated the chemical
fire fighting system.

Nau Sena Medal

Narpat Singh,

Chief ERA, INS Nishank — Sep '89

Accompanied and assisted the

Engineer Officer in the above

MCERAII
action.

(201359-K)

While under hostile LTTE threat

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Siddhartha Panda

Oi/C, Marine Commando
at Batticaloa, carried out beach

(02803-W)

Detachment at Trincomalee — Oct
reconnaissance, during Operation

'89

Pawan. He successfully completed
the underwater survey, established
transit markers and secured the
beach-head before the LSTs arrived
with troops & tanks

1990

As Engineer Officer, restored

Nau Sena Medal

Cdr PS Chakravarty

INS Sandhayak drifting powerless in
emergency power supply and

(40579-Z)

a severe cyclonic storm - May '90
main engine propulsion in
spite of total darkness and
communication failure.

Accomplished the above task

Nau Sena Medal

Ranvinder Singh,

-do-
with the Engineer Officer.

Ag CHERA

190797-F

Nau Sena Medal

Flight Pilot, Naval Air Squadron 300

Safely belly-landed his Sea

Cdr SK Damle

Harrier aircraft in spite of non

— Oct'90.

(01168-B)

deployment of undercarriage and
auto-stabilization system.

A survey motor boat suffered,

Jumped into the sea and rescued

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Cdr SK Jha
damage while lowering, endangering both injured sailors. Used his

(01866-R)

lives of two sailors — Feb '90
clothes to plug the hole in the
boat and brought the flooding
under control

Skipper of IN Sailing Vessel Samudra

A gale in the Bay of Bengal caused

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Cdr RS Gill
in the Tri-Service and Coast Guard
leaks in the forward part of the 13

(01781-Y)

Indian Ocean Sailing Expedition
metre hull. Carried out emergency
from Vizag to Mauritius to Seychelles patch work repairs and sailed to
to Cochin — Aug '90
safety in Galle in Sri Lanka.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 1 3

Hank, Name &

Appointment/Function/Activity /

Action perform ed under

Personal Number

Event
hazardous conditions and risk
to life

Lt Dinesh Rai

Foundering of INS Andaman

(02726-W)

Aug '90

Prevailed upon hesitant sailors t o T r t a T
ab a n d o n ship in ro u g h seas, gave

'

edal
his lifejacket to another officer,
supported a non-swimmer till he
reached a nearby ship.

MJ Shankar, LME,

-do-

(Posthumous)

After abandoning ship, assisted

Nau Sena M edal

(149454-W)

an officer to stay afloat until both
reached the rescue ship, both
without life jackets. By this time,
he was exhausted and was swept
away by a wave.

1991

Cdr VK Vadhera

(01235-F)

Skipper of IN sailing vessel Samudra

Navigated the voyage devoid of

S
f
apa-
t0 Aden in the

World Sailing Expedition.

modern navigational aids, carried
out emergency repairs

Cdr Balrajwant

Singh (01425-N)

homZ °f ™ S3iling V6SSel Samudra
from Aden to Las Palmas.

-do-

C dr Praveen Kumar

(01294-R)

Skipper of the IN Sailing vessel

Samudra on World Sailine

Expedition

Cdr Anup Singh

(01424-K)

Nau Sena Medal

Cdr Jose Verghese

(02379-F)

Nau Sena Medal

Cdr Brijesh

(01250-R)

CO, INS Udaygiri — jun ’91
aved many lives by conducting

Nau Sena Medal
rescue o p eratio n s in sp ite of
bad w e ath er w h e n d ep lo y ed to

M aldives Islands after a tidal
wave.

Cdr Ranveer Singh

(01708-F)

Cap7a7nofAirc7a7t7j733^Ap7791-

Hew to the limit of aircraft

6n, Urance, located MV NAJD II

With 803 passengers, adrift for 18
hours. Passed its position to naval

Lt Cdr SG Karve
ships and facilitated rescue.

(02055-W)

In hazardous flying conditions

Nau Sena Medal
flew relief material and a
medical officer to MVNAJD II in
successive sorties.

3 1 4

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

lla n M la m e ^

A p p o in tm e n t/F u n ctio n /A c tiv ity /

A ction p erfo rm ed u n d er

G allan try Award
p erso n al Number

E v e n t
h az a rd o u s con d ition s and risk
to life

Surg Lt CdrVK

Medical Officer, INS Vindhyagiri

Two infants had died of suspected Nau Sena Medal

Mohindra

— Apr'91
cholera and 50 children were

(75272-Y)

affected on board MV NAJDII.

Water, intravenous fluid and
oral re-hydration powder were
contaminated. The officer single-
handedly brought the situation
under control and saved lives of

120 children.

In the face of an unexpected

Nau Sena Medal

Lt PR Kumar

Helicopter pilot in the 10'h Antarctica blizzard, rescued four scientists

(03228-K)

Expedition — Jan '91
stranded 65 miles from the ship.

Brought the seized LTTE vessel,

Nau Sena Medal

Sub Lt MC Joshi

0 i/c Boarding Party on board
its explosives and contraband

(03598-A)

captured vessel — Nov '91.

to Madras despite unreliable
compass, steering system and
unstable vessel.

Carried out emergency patch

Nau Sena Medal

Cdr SB Anand

Skipper of IN Sailing Vessel Samudra
work repairs of the yacht that was

(01678-N)

in the Tri-Service and Coast Guard

Indian Ocean Sailing Expedition
damaged in high seas and sailed
from Cochin to Muscat to Bandar
safely to Muscat.

Abbas to Cochin — Oct '91.

When dived, the submarine

Nau Sena Medal

Cdr PK Chaterjee

CO, INS Shankush — Jun '91
experienced a hazardous

(01701-R)

equipment failure which
rendered several crew members
unconscious. Successfully
contained the gas leak and
completed the tasks assigned.

Maintained the Maim - India HF

Nau Sena Medal

Lt (SDC) PM

Leader of the 8,h Wintering Team in
communication link throughout

Mathew

Antarctica — 1990-91
the winter and helped rescue a

(81967-N)

vehicle that got detached from its
convoy.

Shifted the vessel away from the

Shaurya Chakra

Lt CdrSSharma

0 i/c Naval Boarding Party for fire
endangered submerged gas pipe

NM (01664-F)

fighting operations on board MV

Zakir Hussain off Bombay High
line, brought the fire under control,
recovered burnt bodies and helped

— Nov'91.

render the vessel safe for repairs.

1993

Nau Sena Medal

Lt RS Dahiya

O i/c Diving Team

Recovered the debris of a 'Prithvi'

missile that had ditched off

(02781-W)

Sriharikota after prolonged diving
and poor underwater visibility.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 1 5

Rank, Name &

Appointment/Function/Activity /

Personal Number

Event

A ctio n p e r f o r m e d u n d e r
h a z a rd o u s c o n d itio n s a n d r is k
to life

D i l i p S i n g h , L E M P

1 I N S V i r a a t

\

---------------------------

( 1 1 4 1 2 3 Y )

Removed, repaired and

1 . . . ------
r e i n s t a l l e d t h e e x h a u s t b l o w e r

9 U S e n a M e d a l
s t a r t e r a f t e r h o u r s o f w o r k in
t e m p e r a t u r e s o f 6 0 t o 7 0 ° C i n

I

----------------
b o i l e r r o o m

C d r A R V a r d h a n ,

N M ( 0 1 4 9 8 - B )

C O , I N S K i r p a n a n d C o m m a n d e r o f

J T a s k F o r c e t o a p p r e h e n d a n a r m e d

Bar to Nau Sena

Medal

- T a n ^ r C 3 r r y in g C O n t r a b a n d
j
c

---------------------------------
c

M e h r o t r a

° ' C G S V I V E K i n t h e T a s k F o r c e t n
r

( 0 1 6 0 1 - N )

c a p t u r e a n L T T E v e s s e l — J a n ’93

*-70.

p

N a u S e n a M e d a l

Lt Cdr PM Joshi

Madras.

( 0 2 1 1 4 - B )

®ight hard core m ilitants

N a u S e n a M e d a l
b,y i n c h in g them despite

Lt CdrArvind

« o S

, 0 ,heb" m,nBshlP “ d

Singh, MVrC

- ^ ^ ™

^ p l o s i o n .

C a i n
s depl°yed & ----------

T PH
j_

_

( 0 2 2 8 3 - N )

-— —
ancj ev-j
uctrrea bodies

_

_
sh,p

N a u S e n a M e d a l

■*™nd Singh. R eco v ered W » e

Y a d a v , P O C D 1

Z
t"J ° th an d S'“ »‘<«»and
a m m u n i t i o n .

( 1 4 3 0 0 3 - H )

De°opaeRfireC°VertOLtCdrCSS

AKlhapa, Poaf

( S D ) (146043-T)

^ Z e : T / e T

8eqUanti^ f

-—

_ _ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a n im u n itio n .

S * ! d ,r
a l , u , “ n ‘I“ <>rea„d

P u U e d * " “ •r a p p e d c h l | d r - n a » d

S o u f ' eb ™ b » » h m d o w n , „ d

1
room a n d

A ° W e r g e n e r a tio n
acrn m
en d an gered living
despltJh

° n and food dump

U ndert
lnjuries' at M aitri.

insnerti’0 UJ gen t u n d erw a te r
the suh ^ ° I * 6 p u m P h o u se in

._ ^ u b - z e r o lake.

3 1 6 ™ A N S ,r'O N TO GUARDIANSHIP

Rank, Name &

Appointm ent/F unction/A ctivity /

Action performed under

Gallantry Award
personal Number

Event
hazardous conditions and risk
to life
i

LtCdr SPVerma

Flying Instructor, Seaking helicopter

Safe landing despite loss of

Nau Sena Medal

(02244-Z)

— Mar 93.

stabilisation and control after an
electrical fire in flight.

Extinguished electrical fire and

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Cdr Susheel

Observer Instructor, Seaking
enabled aircraft return safely to

Kurup (02331-Y)

helicopter — Mar 93.

base despite dense smoke and
helicopter instability.

Lost his life trying to rescue a lady Nau Sena Medal

Lt NV Shankar,

River Mutha upstream of the NDA
and her son from a raft adrift in

(Posthumous)

— Feb 93.

dangerous river currents.

(41500-T)

Averted a major mishap by

Nau Sena Medal

RSYadav, CPO QA1

INS Viraat.

slackening fully taut wire and

(053515-A)

CPO in-charge of the Foxle Party
nylon ropes on the verge of parting

— Feb 93.

due to excessive strain, where he
would have been killed/maimed
when entering dock in Cochin.

Rescued seven stranded crew

Nau Sena Medal

Cdr JJ Varma

CO, INAS 330, Seaking helicopter
from MV Feromina Harvest

(01819-H)

pilot — Jun 93.

which was loaded with fuel and
was on fire.

Blasted off huge boulders in the

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Rajiv Rawal

IN Diving Team for underwater
near-freezing water, in strong
demolition of blockage in River

(03282-H)

Sudej in Himachal Pradesh — Jul 93.

river currents. The blockage was
causing a loss of 30 lakhs per day
in electricity revenue.

Blasting off a 100 ton boulder in

Nau Sena Medal

B Mohan, LS(CD 2)

-do-
near freezing waters.

(162696-R)

Nau Sena Medal

Staff Pilot - 321 Rajali Flight - Nov

Rescued 04 stranded family

Lt Roopan Bembey
members in floods in river

(03361-N)

93.

Gundar near Mela Kondulavi
risking personal safety.

Recovered 33 bodies and the bus

Nau Sena Medal

LtAKAukta (03170-

Oi/C Diving Team
which fell down in Krishna river

B)

at Beechupalli.

Recovered bodies of the Army
lawans and truck fallen into the
river Teesta, Sikkim.

1995

Transported more than 600

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Cdr GS Sekhon

Flight Pilot, Oi/C Naval Contingent,

12th Antarctica Expedition — 95
personnel and 36 tons of material

(02611-H)

and flew 177:10 hrs in harsh
weather conditions. Rescued two
scientists stranded at Dakshin

Gangotri.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 1 7

Hank, Name &

A ppointm ent/Function/A ctivity /

Personal Number

A ction p e rf o r m e d u n d e r

Event
h a z a rd o u s c o n d itio n s a n d ris k
to life

Lt Sheshadri

Staff Pilot, Naval Contingent, 12th

Srivatsava

As Flight Pilot, flew 174:35 hrs

Antarctica Expedition — 95.

( 0 3 7 1 7 - Y )

d o c k in g over lO h rs a d a y o n
n u m ero u s o cc asio n s. R escu e d
two scientists s tra n d e d a t

D akshin G angotri.

Lt TP Ashok (0 3 2 5 2 -

Flight Pilot, 13th Antarctica

R)

expedition, Naval Contingent

H ying in h a rsh w e a th e r
conditions, saved th e life o f
th e C hief M ate w h o fell in to a
crevasse a n d safely fe rrie d seven

Rajeevan

Gopinathan

S ustained b u rn in ju rie s d u rin g

E R A 2 ( 1 8 7 5 0 9 - H )

fire fighting m e n g in e ro o m b u t

Kirpal Singh,
averted a m a jo r disaster.

LS CD II

( 1 1 3 9 3 9 - B )

disa s £ " nga" daTer,ed

Lt Cdr Deepak

________

1996

Daniel Pant

CO, SDB T-57

— ----

( 0 2 4 8 5 - Y )

Anti-terrorist mission against LTTE

Nau Sena Medal

M Yadav, Po UWI
ships
o f atta c k by fo u r L IT E

(AD) (POSTH)

INS Savitri — Jul 96

( 1 1 2 8 5 3 - K )

Shaurya Chakra
suffererf6 ^ ^ azard o u s co n d itio n ,
suffered injuries and died due

Dashrath, LS CD II
a t S r ° . ' l0 n ' d u r ln s f” eU ln S o p s

( 1 7 3 8 0 1 - B )

^ ^ b ® r o f M A ^ — ------

Aug 96.

°P Rakshak,
fromChe,dtaCtiCaiadvantage

Shaurya Chakra
amiliS f ntSCaUSingdeath°f

Lt GS Salkar

| ( 0 3 3 4 2 - W )

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Samir Mittal

( 0 3 5 4 9 - R )

a n d ° S S

'

” " i“ M'Slire

- __ to surrender.

Nau S e n a M e d a l

Cdr AK Dixit
from waterTŮnd0d A™ y jawan
at grave ri i^IOnt t0 a n a m ^ u ^a n ce

( 0 2 1 0 8 - R )

Seaking Helicopter PUot) JN 514

^ s r a v e n s k t o ow n life.

N a u S e n a M e d a l

CdrAK Sinha

S

"

rd , i 1a r
w ? e n b e r o f “ v

I ( 0 2 3 3 8 - N J

Hd^

Pnm~JU}96:

nPCn.,« .1 ~ _

~ ~ ---------- ----

U k raln ^

Searnen from the

N a u S e n a
which ! n
p M V R ° maksha

-----
n ag ro u n d off B o m b ay

3 1 8 t r a n s it io n t o g u a r d ia n s h ip

R an k , N a m e &

A p p o in tm e n t/F u n ctio n /A c tiv ity /

A ction p e rfo rm e d u n d er

G allan try Aw ard

Personal Number

E v e n t
h a z a rd o u s co n d ition s an d risk
to life

Lt Cdr VK Shukla

Seaking Helicopter Pilot — Jun 96.

Rescued a seamen severely burnt

Nau Sena Medal

(02984-F)

in an accident on board MV

Cury in the absence ofhelo-deck
onboard.

KS Katock, LS(QA)

Winch operator in Sea King

Attached himself to the deck

Nau Sena Medal

ACD (1 1 3 7 8 5 -B )

helicopter - IN 514.

harness while half leaning
out of the aircraft to give clear
indications to the pilot to
maintain position.

1997

Shaurya Chakra

Lt Cdr Kamal Singh

Major Explosion at HPCL — Sep 97

Fought the fire fearlessly for over

(02728-Z)

48 hrs which minimized loss of
vital national property.

Lt Cdr VK Jha

-do-

-do-

Shaurya Chakra

(02761-Z)

Duty Officer, MOC(V)

Directed fire-fighting operations

Nau Sena Medal

Cmde A

-do-
and prevented explosion of six

Chinaveriya, YSM

Command Works Officer
other storage tanks.

(01095-N)

Carried out fire-fighting

Nau Sena Medal

Lt Cdr VS Pandav

-do-
operations, setup communication

(02553-A)

with Port Defence Headquarters
and control at HPCL gate.

Lt HK Pillai

-do-

-do-

Nau Sena Medal

(51026-T)

Assisted fire fighting operations.

Nau Sena Medal

RI< Ojha, POA(AH)

-do-

C149935-N')

Manish Kumar,

In-Charge Fire Fighting Team

-do-

Nau Sena Medal

LME (166162-T)

Nau Sena Medal

Ag Capt(Army)

Op LEECH

Apprehended three Burmese
poachers operating in the North

Manish Mehta

Andaman, recovered one power

(SS-35539H)

boat and large quantities of
contraband.

Intercepted the escaping

Nau Sena Medal

Lt TR Thakur

O/iC MARCOS
terrorists and killed one terrorist.

(03719-A)

Op Rakshak — Jul/Oct 97

Lt SL Narayan

SAR Helicopter Pilot

As Flight Pilot, ensured safe

N au S en a M edal

(03798-F)

recovery of two survivors of MV

Arcadia Pride, a small boat.

SG Vasant, Air

Fire in acetylene gas cylinder — NAY,

Carried out fire fighting operation

N au S ena M edal

Artificer III

Goa
in repair workshop of Naval

(193132-N)

Aircraft Yard, Goa and averted a
major disaster.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 1 9

Rank, Name &
i Appoi

Appointment/Function/Activity,

Action perform ed under

Personal Number | Event
en
hazardous conditions and ris k
to life

1999

Lt (SDR) Jitender

Kumar (87609-K)

Rescued a man from drowning in
sea at Mumbai.

Lt (SDAV) SK Rana JlNSGaruda

(84618-N)

|

Took charge of the rescue team

! Mnn
voluntarily and ensured no

‘ ~ ^ 9
al
further damage to the building

---------- ------------------ !__________________
due to a crashed aircraft.

I ( " i m g Sabnls J

Rescued two persons risking
personal safety.

Sanjay Kumar, SEA

I CD III (115247-A)

Saved one Malaysian and one

Nau Sena Medal

Indian sailor from drowning at
mght between the pontoons and
the manoeuvring of a 70 metre
long catamaran.

Medical evacuation of an ill

Nau Sena Medal
patient from an oil tanker off

I in extreme weather
conditions.

Sailed in adverse weather

Nau Sena Medal
condition and traced out four

Manoj JacobiTiMP~Tlvf^7fi
i------------- — —
missing fisherman.

( 1 7 2 8 4 1 - Y )

Major fire onboard INS Amba

C a r r i e d out fire fighting in the

Nau Sena Medal

Forward Engine Room averting a
major disaster.

I Lt Ravin dra P Z I 77— — --------------------

Kothiyal f04033-RJ

Killed one terrorist and led to
holed up in a house
mi,icants

Sena Medal

™ .f™ ination of four hardcore
i
ants thus saving the assault
group from the onslaught of
terrorist fire.

kme^C0Pte^ escaPing terrorists,

Shaurya Chakra
wiled one terrorist at point blank
nge and wounded another.

J

3 2 0

T R A N S ! T ' ° N t o g u a r d i a n s h i p

Rank, Name &

Appointm ent/F unction/A ctivity /

Action performed under
i Gallantry Award

Personal Number

Event
hazardous conditions and risk
to life

VS Rawat, LME

Member of MARCOS team-

Killed two terrorists in a fierce

Shaurya Chakra

(SD) (176601-T)

Ops Rakshak
close encounter and rescued his
wounded leader.

Nau Sena Medal

KK Shinde, SEA I

Member of MARCOS team-

Killed one militant and forced the

CD II (177214-K)

Ops Rakshak
militants to flee into the nallah.

Dalel Singh, LEMR

Member of MARCOS team-

-do-

Nau Sena Medal

(SD) (I74333-N)

Ops Rakshak

Defused two landmines to clear

Nau Sena Medal

Lt DS Sihag

Commander of MARCOS team-
the team route, lost his life while

(POSTH) (04173-H)

Ops Rakshak
defusing the last mine which
was detonated by terrorists
using a remote firing device.

-do-

Nau Sena Medal

Mahavir Singh,

Member of MARCOS -

POCD I (POSTH)

Ops Rakshak

(166745-T)

Nau Sena Medal

Mahattam Ram,

Member of MARCOS

Saved lives of team members,
eliminated one foreign terrorist

MCERAII (SD)

and fatally injured others.

(191906-A)

-do-

Nau Sena Medal

KS Majgaine, LSCD

-do-

II
f 178567-10

Nau Sena Medal

Helicopter Pilot & Captain of Aircraft

Evacuated casualties in

Lt Cdr Utpal Datta
turbulent conditions under

(03364-W)

direct enemy shelling at an
altitude above 14500 feet.

Displayed exemplary fortitude,

National Award

Lt Cdr Uday Kumar

321/Hansa Flight
determination & professionalism
by Ministry of

Sondhi (02897 H)

in flying with an artificial leg for

Social Justice &

10 years and saving many lives in

Empowerment

SAR missions.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 2 1

48

Welfare

Welfare lists high among the Navy’s list of principal University) and the Indian Navy and the IGNOU-Navy obligations. The service reacts with empathy and alacrity
when issues affect the well-being, health and safety of Educational Programme (INEP) came into force in its men. Welfare of men and their families has been the September 2000. Eight programmes are provided through most effective way of keeping its ranks motivated and this initiative: Master in Business Administration (MBA), less anxious about families, when at sea. The 90s decade BCA (Bachelor of Computer Application), Certificate saw some path-breaking initiatives in the critical area of m Computing, Bachelor of Library and Information welfare. Developments in schooling, improved and new SciencefB Lib Sc), PG Diploma in Journalism and Mass educational programmes, setting up of family welfare Communications, Bachelor of Science(B SC), Bachelor of centres and enhancement of health facilities are examples Commerce(B Com) and Bachelor of Art(BA).

o a renewed endeavour to improve the lives of men

Four regional centres were set up in Mumbai, Vizag,

Policies concerning welfare continually evolved and Kochi and New Delhi. Each of them has a Study Centre received the highest priority, as new ways were worked out
to make families happier.

housing course and reference material and audio-video
i rary. ie Regional and Study Centres are administered
by concerned Command Education Officers and the

E d ucation
overall administration is controlled by PDNE at NHQ.

IGNOU-NAVY Educational Project (INEP)

ie ..Iidy Centre looks after the enrolment, payment of
tees, provision of study material, conduct of counselling

Avenues are provided for sailors to farther their sessions, examinations etc. Students could migrate from educational qualifications for promotions through service one Regional Centre to the other with ease.

exammano .like HEX, ET1 and ET1(M). The sailors who
h'gher educati°nal qualification aspired for Naval Institute of Technology (Mumbai) graduation an d post graduations on their own with colleges
doser to the place of work on the Distance Learning mode

Frequent transfers of service personnel left their wards

However, many of them never completed their courses due
a isa vantage with regards to higher and professional
o frequent transfers, operational deployments and non

*mPart Qua^ty vocational education to the
availability of avenues at the new stations. A need was felt-
navaI Personnel a Naval Institute of Technology

(NIT) was established on 25 Sep 1996 at Colaba, Mumbai,
e institute is self sustaining with full fledged laboratories

J n d ^ h ^ H ^ T 11^ 10 S6rVing ° fficers' sail°rs
and their dependants to enhance their academic
qualification though distance education.

MSBTF1 wrr f£ CiIiti0S an d iS rec° g n ised by AICTE and

• IT offers two courses with an intake of 60 seats
tor each course.

■
s r a d u a t i o n d e g r e e t o

•

Hotel Management & Catering Technology

•

Computer Engineering.

' L u “
n

COminUity
t0
aVOid

«
r

Students who get their diploma from NIT could enroll

• To improve post retirement opportunities view early tor BSC (Hospitality) or BE degree courses.

retirement age of sailors.

y

Naval M aritim e Academy(NAMAC)

A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed
between the IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open

Naval Maritime Academy(NAMAC) was set up at
isakhapatnam and Mumbai in Jul 1999 under the aegis

of Naval Educational Society(NES) and is administered a cost of 806 lakhs. The project comprised of a main mess by the respective Command Headquarters. The academy building including external services and allied facilities conducts a 4 year BSc(Tech) course in Marine Engineering. such as swimming pool, recreation grounds and sports The trainees are provided practical training on ships complex courts. The project was completed in April 2000.

deployed at sea and in the respective Naval Dockyards.

Accommodation for Junior Sailors. Accommodation

The Naval Maritime Academy has been recognised for naval personnel has always been a great concern.

by the D G shipping, India and a B.Sc (Tech) Degree is Though there was considerable improvement in awarded by Andra University (AU). Cadets on completion the satisfaction level in terms of accommodation, of the course are eligible to take up appointment as Trainee the deficiencies in accommodation of junior sailors Marine Engineers (Equivalent to Yh

Engineer) onboard increased. This was a result of upward revision of their merchant vessels.

accommodation scales from 14% to 35% in the Fifth Pay

Commission. Efforts were undertaken to make good the

A Memorandum of Understanding was signed with deficiencies through Annual Works Programmes (AWPs).

the Andhra University in Feb 2000 and the National Ship It was decided to provide 1057 dwelling units by AWP

Design Research centre (NSDRC) to offload about 60% of 2000-2001. The balance numbers are proposed to be B.Sc (Tech) curriculum and simulator based training. The sanctioned in subsequent years.

first batch of cadets passed out of the academy in Jun 03.

Pay Disbursement Through Banks. Pay disbursement

However, admission to courses at NAMAC(V) was stopped for officers and sailors was through cash till late 1997. Since in Aug 2007.

bulk cash handling and storage had its own inherent risks,
it was decided to make bank remittance compulsory both

W elfare A c tiv itie s
for officers and sailors with the exception of payment on

Fam ily Support Centres. It was felt that while account of leave and transfer and payment to under trainee professional issues concerning sailors were addressed by officers and sailors owing to their frequent movement to the Divisional System, there was a need for a mechanism different training establishments and ships. Negotiations to deal with personal issues too. The need foi family were carried out with certain public and private sector support services for servicemen and their families, which banks to centrally disburse all payments to the naval fell outside the Divisional System was taken cognisance of personnel posted all over the country.

and Family Support Centres were set up in Commands and

Efforts were made to avail the Electronic Clearing
various stations thereby ensuring a quality of life for men Service (ECS), which was jointly sponsored by the Indian and their families.

Banker's Association and the Reserve Bank of India. This
system involved a sponsor bank such as RBI or SBI with

M odernisation of INHS Asvini, Mumbai. A prestigious which all major establishments and units operate their Rs 100 crore project called Modernisation of Nava
imprest accounts, a clearinghouse operated by RBI or its

Hospital, INHS Asvini (825 Bedded Hospital) was taken up representative's bank and the various destination banks, at Mumbai. Sanction was accorded by the Government lor which are on the ECS network. The consolidated salary Rs 63.86 crore (Phase I) on Dec 1997 and 8.71 crore (Phase cheque presented by NAVPAY or BLOGO to a sponsor II) on Sept 1998. The project involved incorporation ot bank, along with the destination bank accounts details latest medical facilities in the hospital. The facilities were would afford direct credits to the destination accounts.

designed to conform to the existing architecture an ma re
optimum use of the present complex. The pioject was

To begin with, this system was successfully tried out
planned to be completed by the end of the year 20
at Chennai. Initially, disbursement of pay to officers was
implemented and the same was extended to sailors. This

As part of this modernisation, a Hospital Management was a morale booster since personnel were able to draw System project was started in 1998. A 160 node ospil a
their pay irrespective of their presence in station and also

Management System was installed at New Bloc m
reduced the major work of manual pay disbursement in

Asvini. This project was considered as a pioneer system units and ships.

and was to be implemented in other major naval hospita s
for maintenance of medical records at NHQ throug i a
central database.

W elfare Funds

The Directorate of Non-Public Funds. In July 1985, a

Naval Officers' Mess at New Delhi. Work on single
officer's accommodation at New Delhi was commence at
new Directorate of Financial Planning (Non Public Funds)

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 2 3

was established under the Chief of Personnel. It was to
be guided by an Investment Advisory Committee chaired
by the Vice Chief of the Naval Staff and comprising the

Chief of Personnel, the Assistant Chief of Logistics and the

Director of Non-Public Funds for profitable investment
of non-public funds namely the Naval Group Insurance
und, the INBA, the IN Amenities Fund, the Naval Officers

Contributory Education Fund, etc.

Indian Naval Benevolent Association. The objective
of the Indian Naval Benevolent Association (INBA) is to
relieve hardship and distress among serving and retired

“ c S v e S " ” ' “ d
famU1Cl R' <l“ s'!

“ ce

P
d 6 examined every week by the Reliefand Finance NGIF Housing Loan Scheme

Committee chaired by the Director Non-Public Funds.

th V*L' G°vernment expressed its inability to extend

Naval Group Insurance Scheme
the benefit of a housing loan of Rs 2.5 lakhs to service
personnel as was being given to civilian central
naC“ Cen!ed about the financial security of bereaved

™

’ the NaVy made a modest beginning with a
forTdw e^ emPl° yeeS' T° me6t 1116 6SSential requirement
self-help Family Assistance Scheme in 1 9 6 9 with n ffi
fir,

Unit’ a HousinS Loan Scheme, directly
nanced from NGIF, was introduced in 1988.

1975r'lJieN,^ RS I0 .and sa^orsR5 2 per month. I^^ cernber
h a v ^ to lr J V 0 6T re th3t ° fficerS and sailors d°es not
anractivS

1°™ bmks at floating rates which is

20 years n A V ^ ^ Spirals t0 abnormal levels in 10-

Dossfo Hn

°5 erS hŮSing l0an at feed rate with every

MS T

”

SCh' m“
o f t e t c
scenario

°

Cmg downward based on the market

■he members ,s pe, glob„

™ " e' !al^ ° f sector Jff6 ^ ° menaI esca^ation in prices of housing
of offirpr ° / &i 6 k ůsing has g°ne beyond the reach

•
o

,t s T

::T

,iat T
i v t

-
maximurrfh531

T° enal3^e our m em bers to obtain
medically boarded out
has hppn • 6ne *

Group Insurance, the housing loan
f r o m

^

11131 mdlviduals
absorbed for emplojroent^rTci^lli^jj^gpti™ !-3*3!0 * ^ t

S „ r Z'oTd “ “ S 25 ,akhS f”

“ “ “ 12 5
earning capacity. In order to
affectlngtheir
the disability cover was increased to

INBA Subsidiary Fund

Group Insurance to enable individual to ° [ ^ General
r s r ,n any privare ■

“ a«“ s for the^wlf S6^arate ^BA Subsidiary Fund was instituted

It s ta rts 6 - I *
ex-nava^ personnel and their families.

Ampniti ^
an initiaI corPus of Rs 1 crore from the IN
the INRA t Uif^ anC^ mar^ed a watershed in the history of
to npvoi
mieviate financial distress and provide succour
to naval pensioners in distress.

d e,J . ? “ 15 ~
officers and sailors with a one f

18 earlier' f°r Amenitf^p W3S g*ven an annual allocation from the IN
premium. Since few of the officers anH
n° n' refundable wpro

GS Un<^t0 augment its resources. Existing schemes
retire at a much younger age of
proved and new schemes introduced:

4 n v

®sPecia]1y sailors
was extended to 30

The enhancement in a phased manner of financial
assistance for specialised medical treatment from

S 0,000 to Rs 2 lakhs each for member and spouse
owards surgery and treatment for cardio vascular
peases, cancer, renal transplant and complete hip
e joint replacement.

3 2 4 TRA N SITIO N TO G U A RD IA N Sm P

,

Enhancem ent in a phased manner of the ex-gratia

The INBA Medical Benefit Scheme considers
grant on death to the next of kin to Rs 20,000 for
reimbursement of balance of medical expenses
officers and Rs 10,000 for sailors.

incurred on serious diseases depending upon the
financial status of the ex-naval personnel.

• Introduction of ex-gratia grant for the marriage of
daughters of idows of naval personnel who die in

•

Special scholarship for education of children of
service or as ensioners.

naval personnel who die in harness. The full cost of
education is reimbursed under this scheme.

•

Enhancemer:, in the annual scholarship for higher
education to the children of naval pensioners to Rs

Resettlement

3,000 for day scholars and Rs 6,000 for boarders.

The Directorate of Ex-Servicemen Affairs

•

Introduction of Grant for obtaining M.Phil, PhD

In June 1988, a new Directorate of Ex-Servicemen Affairs
degrees on own accord.

(DESA) was established under the Chief of Personnel

•

Reimbursement of coaching fee for JEE of IIT, MBBS, to assist ex-servicemen and their families in making a MBA and MCA for serving sailors children.

smooth transition to civil life and expeditiously deal with
their problems like settlement of pension and other dues,

•

Incentive for excellence in sports at state, national release of land and accommodation and finding suitable and international level.

avenues for resettlement.

INBA Benefits to Retired Naval Personnel

Since its inception, the charter of DESA has diversified
many folds:

•

Scholarships for post 10+2 education.

• Resettlement/rehabilitation of retired/released

•

Scholarships for handicapped children.

naval personnel.

•

Lump Sum Grant on death.

. Publicity of job opportunities through placement

•

Travel/Incidental Expenses of naval pensioners
service.

required to be transferred from one service hospita

• Liaison with DGR for employment of servicemen
to another out station service hospital for medical
disabled in action/harness.

treatment.

• Handling
representations
of
ex-servicemen,

•

Rehabilitation Grant to sailors invalided due to TB/
windows and dependants.

Paraplegia/Leprosy, etc.

• Co-ordination of financial assistance to ex-

•

Assistance for Self Employment.

servicemen.

.

Grant for Marriage o f Daughters of Widows.

• Publicity of measures taken by Govt, and the Navy
for welfare of ex-servicemen.

.

Treatment for serious diseases in civil hospitals.

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP 3 2 5

Select Bibliography

Title

Author

Publication

Nuclear Weapons & Indian Security — The

Bharat Karnad

Realist Foundations of Strategy

MacMillan India, 2000

My Presidential Years

R Venkata raman

Maritime History of India

Indus-Harper Collins India, 1994

RAdm Sridharan

Blue Print to Blue Water: The Indian Navy

Publication Division, Gol

1950-1965
y RAdm Satyindra Singh (Retd) Lancer Publishers,

Transition to Triumph : The Indian Navy

New Delhi, 1992

1965-1975
y

VAdm GM Hiranandani (Retd)

Lancer Publishers,

New Delhi, 1998

1975s moW

Eminence 1 ^ Indian Navy

VAdm GM Hiranandani (Retd)

Lancer Publishers,

The Story of Pakistan Navy

New Delhi, 2004

History Section

Naval Headquarters,

In Confidence

Islamabad, 1991

Anatoly Dobrynin

Open Secrets - India’s Intelligence Unveiled

Times Books, New York, 1997

MK Dhar

Manas Publication,

In the Line of Fire: A Memoir

New Delhi, 2005

Gen PervezMusharaff

S S S ’* * ' K-*1

Simon & Schuster, 2006

Kargil Review Commitlee

Sage Publications, New Delhi, 2000

Kargil: From Surprise to Victory

Gen VP Malik

The Pictorial History of the Submarine Ar:m

Harper Collins, New Delhi, 2006

War in the Indian Ocean

Naval Headquarters

VAdm M K R o y

Lancer Publishers,

Grooming Tomorrow’s Leaders: The National

New Delhi, 1995

Cadet Corps (1917-2006)

LtCol RS Chhetri

Lancer Publishers,

Muiistry of Defence Annual Report

New Delhi, 2006

(1990-2000)

Ministry of Defence

Betrayal of the Defence Forces : The Inside

Adm Vishnu Bhagwat

An

Manas Publication,

Admiral's Fall: The True Account of Vishnu

New Delhi, 2001

Bhagwats Dismissal

U Wilson John

Hr-Anand Publishers,

Sacked or SunJk

New Delhi, 1999

Brig RP Singh & Cmde Ranjit B

Manas Publication,

New Delhi 2000

Index

9/11 attacks, 7, 29

Changes in Command and Control Structure, 231-235

Changes in Naval Headquarters Organisation, 236-240

Afghanistan, 8, 9, 38, 63, 64

Chennai, 12,54,285

Africa, 4, 5, 8, 10, 33, 34, 38, 51,108, 307

China, 10,12,13, 17, 27, 28, 29, 31,34,35,59,108, 214

East, 33, 35

Commencement, Cessation & Resumption of Indigenous Sub

A1 Qaeda, 63
marine Construction, 144-150

Andaman and Nicobar (A&N) Islands, 4,13,15,16,156, 214,217,
overview, 144.

273, 285, 286, 289, 290, 302, 307
reconstructed chronology of, 144-149.

Anti Missile Defence (AMD) Systems, 188-191

Committees on Higher Defence Management —Excerpts on Asbarak system, 189-191
pects Affecting the Navy, 203-213
need for, 188
discipline and welfare, 210-213
estimates committee report, 204-207
preamble, 188
personnel, 207-210
sequence of events, 189
technological challenges, 188-189
preamble, 203-204
review of the management of defence, 213
trishul project, 189

Contribution of Research and Development to Self-Reliance,

Arabian Sea, 4, 7, 9,13,17,18, 63

182-185

ASEAN, 27, 29, 30
historical background, 182

Asia, 7, 33,34, 166
scientific progress, 182-186

Central Asia, 10, 33

Coast Guard, 285-289

Ecist /Vsis 4

Coast Guard Act of 1978, 285

South East Asia, 27, 28, 31, 33, 34, 54, 55, 294, 302
maritime zones of India, 285

South West, 63
preamble, 285

Assistance Rendered by Navy in Peace Time, 94-104
resources of, 287-289

Australia, 28, 31,148,305

Defence of Offshore Hydrocarbon Assets, 77-80

Background of the Somalia Conflict, 108-110
defence of offshore, 77-78

Background of Sri Lankan Tamil Conflict, 105-107
first offshore, 77

New Vessel and Air Traffic Management System (VATMS), 79-80
position today, 79

Provisos in UN convention on law of sea regarding “safety

292, 297
zones around offshore

Bhutan, 305

Structures" 78-79

BIMSTEC, 27

Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), 120,

Bombay, (see MUMBAJ)

130, 149, 151| 153,

125, 164, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189, 190, 191, 212, 215, 220,

Bri 5

T
f l S

275, m 290,294,305

238, 253, 271, 297

Development of Navy, 1947-1990,12-26

BSNL, 73

1971 war, 17

Bay of Bengal, 17

B u r m
a ' (Myanmar), 4, 17, 27, 29, 31/59, 60, 214, 291, 294, 302,
advent of anti-ship missiles, 16-17

305,312
aircraft, helicopter acquisitions and modernisations, 20
changeover to Russian naval acquisitions, 13-14

Cambodia, 27,28

China's invasion in 1962 and 1963-64 defence review, 13

Canada, 305
construction of major indigenous warships, 20-21

Cariappa, KM, 279
defence reviews after the 1971 war, 19-20

Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT), 204,253

Navy, 12

overview, 12

4 6 , 5 1 , 5 3 , 5 9 , 6 0 , 6 3 , 6 4 ,

6 5 , 6 7 , 7 0 , 7 2 ,

7 4 7 5 7 ft 7nc:

perceptions from declassified American foreign policy docu
ments, 17-19

1 0 8 , 1 1 3 , 1 1 4 , 1 1 5 , 1 1 6 , 1 3 8 , 1 3 9 ,

1 4 0 , 1 4 5 ,

1 4 7 Z

' ! c° 6 ’ l 0 7 '

Arabian Sea, 18-19

1 5 5 , 1 5 6 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 3 , 1 7 7 , 1 8 8 , 1 9 3 ,

2 0 6 , 2 1 1

2 1 2 '

I ' 154'

retrospect, 21

2 1 6 , 2 2 2 , 2 5 5 , 2 7 5 , 2 7 6 , 2 7 7 , 2 7 8 , 2 7 9 , 2 8 0 ' 2 8 1 '

ll* ’ 2l5’

Russian acquisitions, 16

2 9 1 , 2 9 2 , 2 9 4 , 2 9 5 , 2 9 7 , 2 9 9 , 3 0 2 , 3 0 4 , 3 0 5 , 3 0 6 3 1 2

' 2 9 ° ’

aircraft for vikrant, 16

Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), 73

Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF), 8 1
seaking anti-submarine helicopters, 16

September 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, 14-15

Indian Military Academy (IMA), 2 0 9
operations gibraltar and grand slam, 14-15

Indian Ocean, 5 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 11, 1 7 , 1 8 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 33, 34 38

Indian Ocean Deep Seabed Mining, 9 2 - 9 3
aCq“
nS' modernisations and conversions between

1976 and 1990, 20
allocation of india's seabed mining site, 92-93
from abroad, 20
average metal content of nodules, 9 2
indigenous construction, 20
development of seabed mining technology 93
modernisations, 20
international seabed area, 9 2
ships and submarines acquired between 1947 and 1975 21-26
mineral potential, 9 2
survey of site, 9 3

^ 5 T 9a9™20aCqUiSitiOnS Md m0dernisati0ns between 1976

Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF), 5 2 , 8 1 , 1 0 7 , 2 0 8 3 1 2
acquisitions, 20

I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r ( I A C ) , 1 6 3 - 1 6 5
modernisations, 20

Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) 3 2 ?

Dhar, MK, 57

Indonesia, 4 , 1 3 , 1 5 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 1 , 3 2 , 3 3 , 6 3 , 2 1 4 , 2 9 2 2 9 4 3 0 7

Diego Garcia, 8,9,36-42

" ™

0 n T e c h n o l o g y ( I T ) , 2 2 8 , 2 2 9 , 2 3 0 , 2 4 1
development of US facilities, 37-38

INS Chilka, 2 4 9 , 2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 4 , 2 6 5
historical background, 36-37

INS Hamla, 2 4 7 , 2 5 9 , 2 6 2 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 8

INSAgrani, 2 6 1 , 2 6 7

East India Company (EIC), 12 192
m c f , h ,iVa ji ’ 2 5 8 ' 2 5 9 ’ 2 6 1 - 2 6 3 , 2 6 6 , 2 6 9

Egypt, 7

INS Valsura, 2 6 0 , 2 6 1 , 2 6 3 , 2 6 6

Emergency Commission Scheme (ECS), 209
iT fo n Mana§ement System (ILMS), 1 1 2 , 1 6 0 , 1 6 2 ,

England, (see BRITAIN)

J - ' o , 1 / 8 , 1 7 9 , 1 8 0 - 1 8 1 , 2 2 7 , 2 3 0

Fifth Central Pay Commission, 310-311
development of, 180-181

Flag Officer Sea Training, 270
inventory management after, 181

Europe, 6,31,54,55, 108,153
logistics management, 180

Intelligence Bureau (IB), 56

France, 7,9,31,113,149,163,188

Inter Service Intelligence (ISI), 63

0rSanisation (IMO), 6 , 3 2 , 7 8

Gallantry Awards, 312-321

Iran, 8, 3 8 * 2 9 4 y

^ P 1110 0rganisation (IHO), 7 3

Gandhi, Indira, 214

Iraq, 8, 9 , 3 8 , 2 9 4

Gandhi, Rajiv, 9, 53,107, 141,152, 213, 268 308

Islam, 3 3
anga Mekong Cooperation, 27

Israel, 1 0 6

^ ™
y' 20' 145' 1^ 147, 148,159, 288

Global Positioning System (GPS), 72

294, 307,3708122, ^ 159' 183/184' 186' *93,233,292

! K k ! ° i f ' 31,32,34, l93' 287’ 3o2- 308

Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), 260

Gulf of Oman, 4,5

Karachi, 18, 19,188

Gulf War, 205

Gujarat, 56,312

^213^273 ^ 64, 65' 66' 6?>

68' 81' 82, 166, 190f 2°3, 2l> 212'

review committee of, 203, 211

Harnessing Information Technology, 228-230
o&K^'14; 63' 64, 65' 67' 68> 82' 203> 2 n > 279' 312

Kerala, 4, 234, 268

IT Policy for Navy, 228-230
overview, 228

Khan, Ayub, 14

He, Zheng, 35

K ° o ? i ' o 2 ' 3 2 , 6 7 ' 1 5 1 , 1 6 1 < 1 7 ° - 1 7 1 « 1 8 0 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 3 , 2 3 4 , 2 6 6 , 2 8 5 , 2 9 8 , 3 0 1 , 3 2 2

History of Early Indian Ocean Trade, 33-35

K o lk a t a , 1 2 , 1 7 , 1 9 2 , 2 9 0 , 3 0 1

India, 7 , 8, 9 , 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 , 1 8 , 19, 2 7 , 2 8 , 2 9 , 3 0 , 31 33 35 „ SŮth' S S

' ■J ' 3 5 ,

Kuwait, 7, 9 , 3 8

3 2 8 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Ladakh, 14, 65, 67, 203
board of inquires and disciplinary issues, 273-274

Lakshadweep, 4
leadership and, 272

Laos, 27, 28
officer like qualities and discipline, 271-272

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), 52,53,54,55,81,82,105,
preamble, 271

106, 107, 312
sports and adventure, 271-272

Local Area Networks (LANs), 229, 230

Mujahideen, 63,64

Logistics, 176-179

Mumbai, 12, 13, 15, 17, 20, 32, 47, 77, 78, 122, 133, 139, 146, 151,
developments, 177-178

158, 166, 180, 181, 182, 183, 192, 193, 218, 228, 233, 234, 235,
introduction of, 176-177

248, 270, 285, 286, 289, 290, 294, 300, 301, 304, 305, 306, 308,
overview, 176

312, 322, 323
professionalising, 177

Musharraf, Pervez, 64, 68, 69
reminiscences, 178-179
retrospect, 179

National Cadet Corps and its Naval Wing, 302-305

Looking East — Past, Present and Future, 27-30
activities, 303-305
beginning, 27
development of, 302-303

Chinese angle, 28
genesis of, 302
conclusion, 29
instructional staff for, 303
socio-cultural and economic realities, 27-28
prospect, 305

South East Asia — the present, 28-29

National Defence Academy (NDA), 209,244,258,259,265,272,265
towards enhanced interaction, 28-29

NATO, 144

Lombok Strait, 5, 6

Naval Air Arm, 151-162

Lord Curzon, 276, 277
air arm logistics, 160-161

Lord Esher, 277
aircraft carrier developments, 151-153

Lord Ismay, 211, 213, 279
aircraft refit, maintenance and modernisation infrastructure,

Lord Kitchener, 276, 277

161-163

Lord Mountbatten, 211, 279
alize anti-submarine aircraft, 155-157

Lord Roberts, 276
development of aircraft operating facilities ashore, 160
helicopter fleet, 157-159

Malacca Strait, 5, 6 , 10, 51,141
personnel and training, 159-160

Malaysia, 7,27,28, 29,32,273, 294,301,302
sea harrier fighter aircraft, 153-155

Maldives, 32, 289,292,305
trainer aircraft, 157

Malik, VP, 68, 69

Naval Ceremonial, 299-301

Maintenance, Repair and Refit Facilities, 166-171

Naval Hydrography and Marine Cartography, 290-295

Major Navies in Indian Ocean, 8-11

1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), 291

American Naval Presence in Indian Ocean, 9
developments, 293
conclusion, 11

INT Charts, 294
developments in 90s, 9
maritime boundary agreements, 291-292

French Naval Presence in Indian Ocean, 9-10
overview, 290-291

Constant Energy Supply, 10
retrospect

Need to Secure SLOCs, 10
survey flotilla, 292

Japanese Naval Presence in Indian Ocean, 10-11
surveys of national importance, 292
introduction, 8

Naval Oceanology and Meteorology, 296-298
perspective, 9

Naval Training, 255-267
unfolding of events (1945-80), 8-9
aviation, 256-257

Marine Commandos, 81-82
developments in, 261-265
deployments between 1991 and 2000, 82
establishments, major, 265-267
interaction with other 'special forces, 82
for executive officers, pattern of, 258-259

MCF organisation, 81
logistic officers, 259
preamble, 81
of officers, 257-258
role and training, 82
preamble, 255-256

Marine Commando Force (MCF), 81
retrospect, 267

Mauritius, 32, 37, 73,301
revitalisation of, 256

Mecca, 33
sailors, 260-261

Menon, VK Krishna, 193
submarine, 257

Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs), 229
technical officers, 259-260

Middle East, 4, 33,217

Navy's Participation in the Expeditions to Antarctica, 72-76

Morale and Discipline, 271-274

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 152, 280,302

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 2 9

Nepal, 305

Operation Tasha, 52-55

New Delhi, 15, 78,123,183,300,322

New Management Strategy (NMS), 222-229
british legacy of financial control, 222-223

Pakistan, 12,13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 28, 56, 63, 64 65
e,

Naval budget, 223-224

106,149,188, 203, 212, 213, 217, 292

'

' 67' '

Naval management strategy (NMS), 224-227

Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir, 203
preamble, 222

Panchayat, 31
progress, 227

Persian Gulf, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 35, 38, 67

New Naval Academy at Ezhimala, 268-269

Perspective Naval Planning, 214-221

New York, 32,38
background, 214

New Zealand, 28
defence planning staff function & objectives, 214-215

Nixon, Richard, 17,18
naval plans and projects, 215-221

Philippines, 63

Officers Training Academy (OTA), 209

Personnel and Talent Management, 241-254

Offshore Defence Advisory Group (ODAG) 77
career pattern of officers of specialised cadre 947

Oman, 32
command at sea, 243
command exam debate, 244

0 lI 9
t

29Nr
ral 085 COmmiSSi0n ( ° N G C ). 73, 77, 140, 159, 183
commodore/captain rank structure, 245

Operation Leech, 59-61
criteria appointment for flag rank, 246

Operation Muffet in Somalia 1992 to 1994, 45.51
general personnel issues, 250

India’s Participation in UN 'RESTORE HOPE’ 45-46
higher responsibility for senior sailors, 251
instances of direct Indian participation, 46-47
introduction, 241
assistance for humanitarian aid, 47
manpower planning, 253
search and rescue by sukanya, 46-47

Naval Recruitment Organisation (NRO), 250
introduction, 45
navy s civilian personnel, 252
lessons learnt, 51
new courses/training schemes, 248

Operation BOLSTER, 48-50
officers, 241

Operation MUFFET, 46
promotion to captain rank, 244-245

Operation SHIELD and Operation BOLSTER 47-48
promotion to flag rank, 245

O P -atlo n s,^ !

promotions, 244
proposed merger of E&L branches, 246
n w i n tranS iti0 n from UNIW t o U N O S O M , 47
retrospect°254°at 6XpertiS0 amon8st senior sailors, 251

UN Administered Humanitarian Operations 45

Operation PROVIDE RELIEF, 45
sailors cadre management, 251

Operation RESTORES HOPE, 45
sailors, 248

Operation Rainbow, 62

Operation Swan on the West Coast, 56-58

!!ip°ri neW r acceierated promotion scheme (snaps), 250
background, 56

,
r

°f tec,hnical offlcer for senior appointment, 246
intelligence aspects, 57
shnn-1011 °
lnica' officers for commander’s sea time, 243
snort service commission, 241-243
surveillance, 56-57
naval detachments, 56-57

„ . ^ ° n unrestricted line surface warfare officers, 246-247
ongc patrol, 57
sub cadre management, 247
sagar rakshak dal, 57

PoIanrd,n20UdeareXPlOSi°nteStS' 130
sanitised zone, 56

Portugal, 34

Operation Talwar during the Kargil War 63-71 g? 7n

Prabhakaran, V

, 105
analysis of the operation, 67-68

*

’

Prasad, Rajendra, 300
coast guard participation, 67
confrontation, 65

Project 17 Stealth Frigates, 128-132
genesis of conflict, 63-64

India s reaction to intrusion, 65-66

Rao, PV Narasimha, 27

Indian navy's operations, 66-67

Red Sea, 4,5, 7, 8, 9, 34,35,108, 306
intrusion, 65

Reagan, Ronald, 9

Pakistani perspective, 68

RovanC^ and AnaJySiS WinS (R&AW)’ 56
post war retrospect, 68-70

Royal Indian Navy (r i n ) 1 2
preamble, 63

Russia (see USSR)

prelude to conflict, 64-65

Russian Acquisitions, 113-119
retrospect, 70-71

Indo-Russian Defence Cooperation, 113-116
overview, 113
perspective, 116-119

3 3 0 TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

Sailing and Yachting, 306-309
exercises with other navies, 31

Indian Naval Sailing Association (INSA), 308
international fleet review — 2001,32

Indian Naval Sailing Vessel (INSV) Samudra, 307-308
international maritime convention on maritime search and
naval sailing club, 308
rescue, 32
preamble, 306

Milan series of sub-regional interactions, 31-32

Sea Cadet Sail Training Ship (STS) Varuna, 306

Tsunami, 31

Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 72

Sea Lines of Communication & Choke Points in Indian Ocean

(SLOCs), 4-7, 10, 11,51

Underwater Ranges, 186-187
introduction,

UNICEF, 47

4
safeguarding the,

UNITAF, 46, 47

5-7
emergence of new threats, 6-7

UNOSOM, 46,47, 48
piracy,

United Arab Emirates, 32

6-7
terrorism, 7

United Nations (UN), 17,45,46,47,51, 78, 82,108,214

UK (see BRITAIN)

major choke points of the Indian ocean, 5

US (USA), 7, 8, 9,12,13,14, 16, 17,19, 20, 27,29, 31,32, 37, 38, 63,

Indian ocean sea lines of communications (SLOCs), 5

64, 66, 106,108, 113,114, 130, 144,149, 158, 188, 203, 256, 279,
retrospect, 7

291,296,301,302
spectrum of incidents, 7

North America, 6
security of, 4-5

South America, 10

Sharma, Shankar Dayal, 300

USSR, 8, 9,12, 13,16,17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 28, 31, 38, 63, 74, 113,114,

Singapore, 7, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 287, 294, 305

115, 116, 122, 123, 128, 133, 137, 138, 140, 141, .144, 148, 149,

Singh Arun, 213

152, 154, 156, 162, 163, 165, 166, 177, 178, 180, 188, 189, 217,

Singh, Giani Zail, 300

219, 220, 225, 291, 305

Somalia, 45-51, 82,108

South Africa, 74, 75, 192, 301

Soviet Union, (see USSR)

Vajpayee, Atal Bihari, 67

Sri Lanka, 29, 32,52, 53, 54, 55, 78, 81,105,106,107, 208,285, 291, Vasco-da-Gama, 34

292, 305, 307,312

Venkataraman, R, 140,300

Vietnam, 17, 27, 28, 59, 294, 305

Strait of Hormuz, 5, 6, 34

Submarine Arm, 133-143

Vizag (Visakhapatnam), 12, 16, 52, 54, 55, 78, 81, 105, 137, 138,

Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems for battery-pro139, 141, 160, 166, 180, 181, 183, 218, 233, 255, 256, 257, 263, 270, 285, 293, 294,300, 301, 304, 305,307,308,322
pelled, 134-135

VSNL, 73
anti-submarine warfare and tactics, 135-137
developments between 1991 and 2000,137-138
induction of Russian 877 Ekmsindhughoshclass submarines, Warship Production and Acquisition, 120-127

138-140
background, 120-121
nuclear propulsion for submarines, 140-142
competitive consortia for warship production& warship expreamble, 133
port, 125-127
problems of submarine medium refits, 138
indigenous warship design after 1990,121-122
stealth and snorting, 133-134
joint ventures and offset clauses, 124-125
warfare and tactics, 133
retrospect, 124
vessels designed and constructed during 1991-2000,122-123

Tamil Nadu, 52, 53,105, 106,139, 160, 232, 234, 286, 312
warship modernisations and service life extension programmes, 123-124

Thailand, 27, 28, 29, 32, 60, 292

Washington, 32,38

Third Naval Base at Karwar, 172-175
acquisition of land, 172-174

Weapons & Electronics Systems Organisation (WESO), 120,121
background, 172

Weapons Workup Organisation (WWO), 270

Welfare, 322-325
choice of, 172
commencement of works, 174

Wide Area Networks (WANs), 229
relocation of men, material and ships from bombay to karwar, World War 1,192,277, 278,302

174

World War II, 8, 10, 12, 134, 144, 154, 170, 193, 276, 277, 278,

Towards Regional Maritime Cooperation, 31-32

279,302

TRANSITION TO GUARDIANSHIP

3 3 1

VAdm Gulab M Hiranandani, pvsm, avsm, nm, PhD

___________ __ 29 June 1931 - 01 September 2009 ---------------------

The author, VAdm GM Hiranandani (Retd) veteran of the 71 war and pre-eminent historian of the Indian Navy bade adieu to the material world and departed for his heavenly abode on 01 Sep 09, after a brief illness.

A prominent intellectual and erudite scholar, renowned for his in-depth knowledge and insightful views on Naval issues, Admiral Hiranandani had earlier authored 02 books on the history on the Indian Navy that are now part of Naval folklore. Considered to be the most definitive accounts of the happenings within the Navy, the two books now constitute part of the official syllabus of the Naval Academy and the Defence Services Staff College and are prescribed as compulsory reading for all officers.

He was an active member of Navy Foundation, Delhi Charter and was the editorial consultant of the 'Indian Defence Review and 'Defence Watch' and contributed regularly to many other defence journals.

Appointed as Officer on Special Duty for compiling the history of the Indian Navy 1995, Admiral Hiranandani remained dedicated to the completion of his assignment till the very end. With little regard for material comfort or physical well-being he was virtually at work till his last day, completing work on his third book when he received his maker s final call. But, by then, he had completed his mission.

t h^ ^ US ^ePar*ec^' satisfied that he had well and truly answered his calling, with the 'Music inside him' out for all

Table of Contents

- F o r e w o r d
- A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
- P r e f a c e
- G l o s s a r y & A b b r e v i a t i o n s
- P r e a m
- t h e I n d i a n O
- S e c u r i t y o f t h e S L O C s
- M
- 3 .
- T h e S e p t e m
- T h e R u s s i a n A c q u i s i t i o n s
- O p e r a t i o n T a s h a

- O r g a n i s a t i o n a l S t r u c t u r e

- 6 .

- 1 3 . G o o d w i l l V i s i t s t o F o r e i g n P o r t s

- 1 4 . V i s i t s o f F o r e i g n N a v a l S h i p s 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 0

- Indian Ocean Deep Seabed M ining

- O p e r a t i o n L e e c h i n 1 9 9 8

- Assistance Rendered by the Navy in Peace Time

- Background o f Sri Lankan Tamil Conflict
- 8 .
- A n a l y s i s o f t h e O p e r a t i o n
- P r e a m b l e

- I n d i a ' s A n t a r c t i c a E x p e d i t i o n s

- 11

- R e t r o s p e c t

- 1 7 . P r o j e c t . 1 7 S t e a l t h F r i g a t e s

- b l e

- 2 1 . I n d i g e n o u s A i r c r a f t C a r r i e r ( I A C )

- 2 2 . M
- 1 8 . H
- 1 3 3

- 2 3 . T h i r d N a v a l B a s e a t K a r w

- N u c l e a r P r o p u l s i o n f o r S u b m

- 2 4 . L o g i s t i c s

- 2 6 . T h e C o n t r i b u t i o n o f R e s e a r c h a n d D

- 2 0 . T h e N a v a l A i r A r m

- 1 8 4